. 


Hon.  George  K.  Nash,  Governor  of  Ohio. 


Ohio 

Centennial  Anniversary 

Celebration 

AT  I 

CHILLICOTHE,   MAY  20-21,  1903  ; 

UNDER  THE  AUSPICES  OF  THE' 

OHIO  STATE  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  AND 
^^  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


Complete    Proceedings 


.      Edited  by  E.  O.  RANDALL 

Secretary  Ohio  Centennial  Commission;   Secretar;/  Qhio  State  Archaeological 
and  Historical  Society;    Reporter  Ohi^  Si'ipr^ine  'Couri 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SOCIETY 


PRESS    OF    FRED.    J.     HEER 
COLUMBUS    ;:    1903 


F+qs 

Of 


exchanQI 


•  '  ♦     * 


•     •    • 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Editor's  Preface  —  E.  O.  Randall v 

Centennial  Celebration   of   Ohio's   First   Constitution 1 

Centennial  Celebration  of  Ohio's  Admission  into  the  Union...  48 

Opening  Address  —  Gov.    George  K.   Nash 53 

The  Histoky  of  the  Northwest  Territory  to  the  Marietta  Set- 
tlement—  'Jiidson    Harmon    59 

History  Northwest  Territory  from  Marietta  Settlement  to  Or- 

ganizatjox    of    State  —  Martin    R.    Andrews 71 

Organization  and  Admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union  and  the 

Great  Seal  of  the  State  —  Rush  R.  Sloane 90 

Ohio  in  the  American  Revolution  —  E.  O.  Randall 120 

The  Military   History   of  Ohio,  including  the  War  of  1812  — 

Thomas  McArthnr  Anderson 147 

The  Military  History  of  Ohio,  from  the  War  of  1812,  including 

THE  Civil  and  Spanish  Wars  —  J.  Warren  Keifer 165 

Ohio  in  the  Navy  —  Murat  Halstead 207 

The  Governors  of  Ohio  under  the  First  Constitution  —  David 

Meade   Massie    238 

The  Governors  of  Ohio  under  the  Second  Constitution  —  James 

E.   Campbell 249 

Ohio  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  —  J.  B.  Foraker 273 

Ohio  in  the  House  of  Representatives  —  Charles  H.  Grosvenor. .  292 

The  Ohio  Judiciary  —  Moses  M.  Granger 318 

Industrial  Progress  of  Ohio  —  Marcus  A.  Hanna 382 

The  Public  Schools  of  Ohio  —  Lewis  D  Bonebrake 389 

Universities  of  Ohio  —  W.  O.  Thompson 426 

Ohio  in  the  Care  of  her  Unfortunate  Classes  —  R.  Brinkerhoff. .  490 

The  Ohio  Presidents  —  Thomas  Ewing,  Jr 510 

Ethnological  History  of  Ohio  —  B.  R.  Cowen  536 

The  Part  Taken  by  Women  in  the  History  and  Development 

OF  Ohio  —  Mrs  James  R.  Hopley  550 

The  Press  of  Ohio  —  S.  S.  Knabenschue , 565 

Ohio  Literary  Men  and  Women  —  W.  H.  Venable 582 

Religious  Influences  in  Ohio  —  Bishop  C.  C.  McCabe 664 

Address  of  Charles  Foster 675 

Address  of  Bishop  B.  W.  Arnett 677 

The  Ohio  Century  —  Austin  Matlack  Courtenay 681 

Personal   Sketches   of  the   Speakers 687 

Index , 717 

(i) 


678018 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CENTENNIAL. 

editor's  preface. 


THE  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  very 
successfully  celebrated  on  their  respective  dates,  the  cen- 
tennial anniversaries  of  the  settlement  of  Marietta  and  that 
of  Gallipolis.  For  several  years  past  it  had  been  the  aim  and 
desire  of  the  Society  to  properly  observe  the  one-hundredth  anni- 
versary of  Ohio's  organization  as  a  state,  which  memorable  event 
occurred  on  March  i,  1803.  The  subject  was  one  of  consideration 
-and  discussion  at  various  previous  meetings  of  the  trustees,  but 
was  not  formally  acted  upon  until  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Soci- 
ety held  June  6,  1902.  The  chief  problem  naturally  was  one  of  ex- 
pense. During  the  session  of  the  Seventy-fifth  General  Assembly 
in  the  winter  of  1902,  Hon.  David  M.  Massie,  a  life  member  of 
the  Society,  suggested  the  propriety  of  requesting  the  legislature 
to  recognize  the  proposed  anniversary  by  some  fitting  resolution. 
After  due  consultation  on  the  part  of  the  secretary  of  the  Society 
with  the  governor  and  leading  members  of  the  House,  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Massie  and  introduced 
by  Hon.  James  C.  Foster,  of  Ross  County.  It  unanimously 
passed  the  House  and  also  the  Senate,  where  it  was  presented  by 
Hon.  Thomas  M.  Watts,  senator  from  Highland  County.  It 
was : 

Whereas,  On  the  29th  day  of  November,  1802,  the  first  constitu- 
tion of  Ohio  was  ratified  by  the  convention  which  framed  it;    and 

Whereas,  On  February  17,*  1803,  congress  passed  an  act  admitting 
Ohio  into  the  Union  under  that  constitution ;  and. 

Whereas,  On  March  1,  1803,  the  first  General  Assembly  of  Ohio 
assembled  and  organized  and  Ohio  thereupon  became  a  state;    and, 

Whereas,  The  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society 
proposes    to    celebrate    the    centennial    anniversary    of    the    above    named 


*  This  date  was  wrongly  printed  in  the  Bill.     It  should  have  read 
'February  19,  1803." 

(iii) 


iv  Preface. 

great  and  important  events  in  the  history  of  Ohio  in  a  suitable  man- 
ner;  and, 

Whereas,  The  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio  recognizes 
the  importance  and  significance  of  these  events  and  believes  that  they 
should  be  duly  celebrated ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society 
be  requested  to  take  charge  of  said  celebration  and  conduct  it,  and  that 
the  governor  of  this  state  be  requested  and  empowered  to  appoint  seven 
honorary  commissioners  to  represent  the  state  in  the  preparation  for  and 
carrying  on  of.  this  centennial  celebration. 

This  resolution,  known  as  House  Joint  Resolution  No.  53, 
was  passed  April  21,  1902. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Society,  held  June  6,  1902,  the 
question  of  the  centennial  was  formally  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Society  by  the  secretary.  Mr.  W.  H.  Hunter,  one 
of  the  trustees,  spoke  earnestly  and  enthusiastically  in  favor  of 
the  Society  holding  the  celebration  of  the  Ohio  Centennial  in 
Chillicothe,  the  first  capital  of  the  state,  and  where  the  constitution 
was  adoped  on  November  29,  1802.  Col.  James  Kilbourne  and 
Col.  W.  A.  Taylor  and  other  prominent  members  of  the  Society 
also  favored  Chillicothe.  Petitions  to  the  same  effect  were  pre- 
sented from  the  City  Council  of  Chillicohte,  signed  by  its  Presi- 
dent, Fred  C.  Mader,  and  Robert  D.  Alexander,  City  Clerk ;  from 
the  Ministerial  Association  of  Chillicothe,  signed  by  Austin  M. 
Courtenay,  President,  and  Chauncy  M.  Hamben,  Secretary ;  from 
the  Merchants'  Protective  Association,  of  Chillicothe,  signed  by  its 
President,  Charles  Hoyt,  and  Secretary  H.  K.  Galbraith;  from 
the  Landlords'  Protective  Association,  signed  by  W.  D.  Mills, 
President,  and  from  the  Grocers'  Protective  Association. 

Prof.  C.  L.  Martzolff  thought  the  attention  of  the  public 
schools  should  be  called  to  the  anniversary  and  the  school 
teachers  interested  therein.  It  would  be  a  patriotic  and 
educational  feature  for  the  Society  to  prepare  a  brief  publi- 
cation concerning  the  centennial,  its  significance,  the  literature 
pertinent  thereto  and  a  program  of  exercises  to  be  followed 
by  the  various  grades  of  pupils  in  observing  the  centennial  day. 
This  idea  was  heartily  approved. 

The  decision  as  to  the  date  and  place  of  the  celebration 
was  referred  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  which  met  immediately 


Preface. 


vi  Preface. 

after  the  adjournment  of  the  Society.  At  this  meeting  it  was 
agreA  by  the  Trustees  that  the  Society  accept  the  invitation  from 
ChilHcothe  to  celebrate  at  that  place  the  Ohio  Centennial  Anni- 
versary —  the  day  to  be  later  determined  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  trustees. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  House  Joint  Resolu- 
tion No.  53,  Governor  Nash,  on  June  19,  1902,  appointed  the 
following  commissioners  to  co-operate  with  the  Ohio  State  Ar- 
chaeological and  Historical  Society :  Gen.  J.  Warren  Keifer, 
Springfield;  Hon.  Rush  R.  Sloane,  Sandusky;  General  B.  R. 
Cowen,  Cincinnati ;  General  James  Barnett,  Cleveland ;  Hon. 
David  S.  Gray,  Columbus ;  General  Charles  M.  Anderson,  Green- 
ville;  Hon.  Robert  W.   Manly,  ChilHcothe. 

On  October  22,  1902,  during  its  extraordinary  session,  the 
General  Assembly  (75th),  appropriated  to  the  Ohio  State  Archae- 
ological and  Historical  Society  "for  expenses  of  the  centennial 
anniversary  of  the  admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union  *  *  * 
to  be  paid  out  upon  vouchers  approved  by  the  Governor  and  Sec- 
retary of  said  Society,"  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars  ($10,000). 

The  Trustees  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical 
Society  at  this  time  were:  Judge  James  H.  Anderson,  Columbus; 
Bishop  B.  W.  Arnett,  Wilberforce ;  Hon.  Elroy  M.  Avery,  Cleve- 
land ;  Mr.  George  F.  Bareis,  Canal  Winchester ;  Gen.  R.  Brinker- 
hofif,  Mansfield ;  Judge  M.  D.  Follett,  Marietta ;  Hon.  Charles  P. 
Grififin*,  Toledo;  Hon.  R.  E.  Hills,  Delaware;  Mr.  W.  H. 
Hunter,  ChilHcothe ;  Col.  James  Kilbourne,  Columbus ;  Rev.  N. 
B.  C.  Love.  Deshler;  Prof.  J.  P.  MacLean,  Franklin;  Prof.  C. 
L.  Martzolff,  New  Lexington ;  Hon.  A.  R.  Mclntire,  Mt.  'Ver- 
non ;  Prof.  B.  F.  Prince,  Springfield ;  Mr.  E.  O.  Randall,  Co- 
lumbus ;  Hon.  S.  S.  Rickly,  Columbus ;  Hon.  D.  J.  Ryan,  Co- 
lumbus :  Rev.  H.  A.  Thompson,  Dayton  ;  Gen.  George  B.  Wright, 
Columbus  and  Prof.  G.  Frederick  Wright,  Oberlin.  This  board 
of  Trustees  had  chosen  at  its  annual  meeting,  June  6,  1902.  as  its 
Executive  Committee,  Messrs  Brinkerhoff,  Wright  (Geo.  B.), 
Bareis,    Rickly,    Mclntire,    Prince,    Ryan,    Wright    (G.    Fred), 


*Mr.  Griffin  died  at  Toledo,  December  18,  1902.  On  March  2, 
1903,  Governor  Nash  appointed  Col.  John  W.  Harper  of  Cincinnati  as 
the  successor   of   Mr.   Griffin. 


Preface.  vii 

Hunter  and  Randall.  Under  the  usual  method  of  procedure  by 
the  Society  this  Executive  Committee  acted  for  the  Trustees  in  the 
arrangements  for  the  centennial. 

On  November  14,  1902,  in  the  Judiciary  Building,  Columbus, 
was  held  the  first  joint  meeting  of  the  Centennial  Commission 
and  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Society.  Governor  Nash  was 
present  and  was  made  honorary  president  of  the  joint  commis- 
sion. General  J.  Warren  Keifer  was  made  permanent  chairman 
and  Mr.  E.  O.  Randall  permanent  secretary.  After  some  discus- 
sion concerning  the  relative  authority  and  power  of  the  com- 
mission appointed  by  the  Governor  and  the  executive  committee 
of  the  Society,  it  was  decided,  without  opposition,  that  the  cen- 
tennial commission  and  executive  committee  act  throughout  in 
all  respects  as  a  single  committee,  it  being  understood  that  the 
centennial  was  to  be  celebrated  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ohio 
State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society,  but  with  the  advice 
and  co-operation  of  the  commission  appointed  by  the  Governor. 
This  united  committee  was  thereafter  known  as  the  Joint  Cen- 
tennial Commission.    The  following  resolution  was  adopted: 

"That  the  centennial  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  Ohio 
be  celebrated  at  Chillicothe,  Saturday,  November  29,  1902,  and  that  the 
centennial  of  the  organization  of  Ohio  into  the  Union  (that  date  being 
March  1,  1803)  be  celebrated  at  Chillicothe,  the  first  state  capital,  on 
Wednesday  and  Thursday,  May  20  and  21,  1903." 

This  date  in  May  was  selected  in  preference  to  the  historic 
and  correct  one  of  March  i,  as  the  latter  date  this  year  (1903) 
fell  on  Sunday,  and  moreover  stormy  and  uncertain  March  would 
be  a  more  inconvenient  and  inclement  season  for  the  attendance 
of  the  people  than  the  pleasant  and  merry  month,  of  May. 

The  ceremonies  of  the  anniversary  of  the  first  constitutional 
convention,  November  29,  1902,  were  to  be  entirely  under  the 
auspices  and  directioii  of  the  local  authorities  at  Chillicothe,  but 
the  Centennial  Commission  and  all  officials  and  members  of  the 
State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  were  invited  to  be 
present  as  guests  of  honor. 

Governor  Nash  being  called  upon  for  his  views  as  to  the 
nature  of  the  proposed  centennial  celebration,  stated  that  it  was 


VIU 


Preface. 


his  idea  that  it  should  be  a  Hterary  and  historical  event,  with  no< 
attempt  at  an  exposition ;  prominent  and  competent  speakers 
should  be  chosen  to  deliver  addresses  pertinent  to  the  occasion. 
The  legislative  appropriation  was  not  sufficient  for  any  military, 
industrial  or  spectacular  display.  If  the  patriotic  people  of  Chil- 
licothe  desired  to  have  an  exhibition  of  historical  relics,  a  parade 
or  other  attractive   features  fitting  and  interesting,  they  should 


PAINT   STREET    (  CHIIXICOTHE  )    1810. 


be  permitted  and  encouraged  to  do  so.  In  this  view  the  members 
of  the  Joint  Commission  generally  concurred. 

General  Charles  M.  Anderson  suggested  that  the  program  of 
subjects  for  the  speeches  be  so  designated  and  arranged  as  to 
practically  present  in  sequence  a  history  of  the  state  from  the  time 
of  the  establishment  of  the  Northwest  Territory  to  the  present 
time,  that  of  the  centennial  celebration. 

Hon.  A.  R.  Mclntire  presented  the  plan  which  had  been  con- 
templated by  the  Society  to  have  a  celebration  throughout  the 


Preface.  ix 

state  by  the  school  children  on  some  day,  proximate  as  possible 
to  the  actual  date,  March  i. 

The  secretary  of  the  Joint  Centennial  Commission  was 
authorized  to  have  designed,  engraved  and  printed  a  handsome 
symbolic  souvenir  invitation  to  be  sent  to  such  recipients,  in  Ohio 
and  other  states,  as  might  be  thought  entitled  to  such  courtesy 
and  recognition. 

The  Joint  Centennial  Commission  then  selected  an  executive 
committee  which  was  empowered  to  formulate  a  program  in  de- 
tail for  the  centennial  and  report  at  the  earliest  convenience  to 
the  Joint  Centennial  Commission.  The  Executive  Committee 
thus  chosen  consisted  of  Messrs.  Keifer,  Gray,  Manly,  Brinker- 
hoff.  Hunter,  Ryan  and  Randall.  The  Executive  Committee 
held  meetings  at  Chillicothe  on  November  29,  1902,  and  Colum- 
bus, December  13,   1902. 

On  November  29,  1902,  the  Centennial  celebration  of  the 
adoption  of  Ohio's  first  constitution  took  place  at  Chillicothe. 
As  the  convening  of  that  memorable  first  convention  and  its 
deliberations  were  an  inseparable  part  of  the  proceedings  by 
which  Ohio  was  organized  into  a  State,  the  centennial  anni- 
versary exercises  of  that  event  may  be  regarded  as  a  proper 
prelude  to  the  celebration  of  Ohio's  Statehood.  The  proceedings 
at  Chillicothe  on  November  29,  1902,  are  therefore  given  in 
full  in  this  volume.  On  that  occasion  the  Hon.  Daniel  J.  Ryan, 
trustee  of  The  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society, 
delivered  the  oration  on  "Ohio's  First  Constitution,"  and  Hon. 
William  T.  McClintick,  a  life  member  of  the  Society,  made  a 
most  interesting  address  upon  "The  Men  and  Times  of  the  First 
Convention." 

On  December  29,  1902,  the  Joint  Centennial  Commission 
held  its  second  meeting  at  which  the  Executive  Committee  made 
its  report  of  the  proposed  topics  and  speakers  selected  for  the 
centennial.  At  this  meeting  the  committee  appointed  by  the  So- 
ciety to  arrange  for  the  school  children's  celebration  also  made  its 
report.  That  committee,  consisting  of  Prof.  C.  L.  Martzolff,Hon. 
D.  J.  Ryan  and  Prof.  Frank  B.  Pearson,  presented  a  carefully  pre- 
pared scheme  for  the  celebration,  by  the  pupils  of  the  public 
schools,  of  the  admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union.    That  day  was- 


Preface. 


if^&mMiXthi 


State  of  ©hin 

r  c I]  x\  c  i?r  1 0  tj  a  II  til  It  c  ;|.i  r  c  i?  mi  t  a  t  the 

» 

(trlchratinu  uf  thr  uuc  Inuirire^th 
^mnitrniinrij 

a  i:    x  lis 

Adnti0«3i4in  to  tltr  ilmua 

tu  be  hcU^  at  ChiUinitlie 

iV  r  v^  a  r  0 1^  a  ri  a  u  ^  ("")  h  u  xis  r»  *i  n 

iilaij  t ti)  ru ti rt ii  axi  i^  t  i\\  c\\  t tj  -  Rrtt t 

tiiuctinni  huttdnH't  n\x\>  three 


(^'^itin  nrtniiHfft  ^oUjfllnum.tt'lwrcli  ifhsil; 


Preface. 


xt 


l^Ititt  Ccnt'inntiui  Ccldu'iit-iiux 

viiu>i-v  lUi'  iiut^^uii-i^  oi 

# 

lUtiti  ^'luK*  Aci-Uui-oUnurul 

a«i>  <ihi^htru-ul  ^m-irhi 

U-"i-utftnu4jl   CLiuiinuv^tsu'ii 

-    OmUi 

•isriU-o;.-,u-ai-  I'v.  N'li^ii                                          •            ■ 

o:.n..":f.' Warren  ^JiinU-r      ~                               '    ,          , 

.    (>Jrit,i"!u)vU-;' .<il- Aiu">i-i-^iui 

-t»'.>-n.  .-<)ituu'^  I'nu-iu-a 

Om-h.  »4vKAL"invou. 

l»>.un.D.ain^*,()>r.>q                               ,     . 

^inuuK.iii.Jihuilu 

U'hin.l\u?h  i\.-^Uu>uc 

(i-.Vi'i  utuu'    (l^inn  nu  ftoc 

lUu.>  ?^l.iU^  Arcluu-oUu'u»-al 

.uu>  'iM^l.uiv..l*^u-tolu          . 

<'n-;* 

ilU-.U".n.Kar..lnU 

Jilv.  ^.?.iNid-.lu       .                          ■      .      . 

•                                     tiunt.D.rii.Kiuui 

(ijvn.  O')0.n-iu-  U'.lTlriiJh't 

.yr»u'.o;..lKi-o;"i.i^K-ialit 

a- 

..      ' 

y'oi 

xii  Preface. 

to  be  known  as  "Ohio  Day."  It  was  decided  to  hold  that  cele- 
brati#i  on  Friday,  February  27,  1903,  that  being  the  nearest  avail- 
able date  for  the  schools  to  the  actual  date  of  March  i.  The  com- 
mittee submitted  a  complete  schedule  of  exercises  for  that  day, 
an  outline  of  sufficiently  varied  nature  to  suit  the  different  grades 
of  pupils  and  to  cover  points  of  interest  in  Ohio  history  from  the 
Mound  Builders  to  the  present  time.  This  program  in  the  form 
■of  a  pamphlet  was  to  be  entitled  the  "Ohio  Centennial  Syllabus" 
and  was  to  be  sent,  as  far  as  possible,  to  the  teachers  throughout 
the  state.  The  plan  had  the  approval  of  Governor  Nash  and 
Hon.  L.  D.  Bonebrake,  State  Commissioner  of  Schools,  and  the 
■co-operation  of  Hon.  O.  T.  Corson,  editor  Ohio  Educational 
Monthly.  The  Joint  Centennial  Commission  unanimously  en- 
•dorsed  the  project  and  authorized  the  committee  to  proceed 
with  the  publication  and  distribution  of  the  syllabus. 

Governor  Nash,  General  Keifer,  General  Brinkerhoff  and 
Mr.  Manly  was  chosen  a  committee  to  visit  Washington  and 
personally  invite  President  Roosevelt,  Senators  Foraker  and 
Hanna  and  Congressman  Grosvenor,  of  Ohio,  to  be  present  at  the 
anniversary  and  make  addresses  upon  the  topics  assigned  them. 

On  January  21,  1903,  the  committee  as  chosen,  journeyed  to 
Washington  and  received  cordial  acceptances  from  Senators  For- 
aker and  Hanna  and  Congressman  Grosvenor.  The  President  ex- 
pressed great  regret  that  he  would,  at  the  time  mentioned  for  the 
centennial,  be  on  his  California  tour. 

On  February  23,  1903,  the  Executive  Committee  again  met 
and  further  perfected  the  proposed  program.  Most  of  the  speak- 
ers invited  had  accepted,  but  a  few  unavoidable  declinations  re- 
mained to  be  provided  for. 

On  February  27  the  school  celebration  designated  as  "Ohio 
Day"  was  observed  by  most  of  the  public  schools  throughout  the 
state.  Fifteen  thousand  copies  of  "The  Ohio  Centennial  Sylla- 
bus" had  been  sent  to  the  teachers  including  every  county  of  Ohio. 
The  pupils  had  been  instructed  and  drilled  according  to  the  sug- 
gestions of  the  syllabus  which  made  an  interesting  pamphlet  of  65 
pages,  comprising  an  introduction  by  School  Commissioner  Bone- 
l)rake;  brief  recital  of  the  history  and  work  of  the  Ohio  State 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Society ;  statement  of  the  committee 


Preface. 


xui 


xiv  Preface. 

which  prepared  the  syllabus,  setting  forth  the  purpose  of  the 
schfiol  celebration ;  the  origin  of  the  plan  and  steps  taken  to  carry 
it  out.  The  material  chosen  for  this  booklet  was  carefully  se- 
lected by  the  committee  from  leading  histories,  volumes  of  poems, 
standard  works  of  literature,  publications  of  the  Ohio  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Society,  etc. ;  the  syllabus  also  contained 
a  valuable  list  of  reference  books  pertinent  to  Ohio  history.  The 
publication  was  issued  in  an  attractive  form  with  an  artistic  cover 
upon  which  was  printed  in  colors  the  national  flag.  The  demand 
for  this  booklet  far  exceeded  the  ability  of  the  committee  to  sup- 
ply it.  By  means  of  this  syllabus,  hundreds  of  thousands  of  the 
pupils  in  the  Ohio  schools  celebrated  with  song  and  recitation 
and  patriotic  exercises,  the  hundredth  birthday  of  the  Buckeye 
state,  "Ohio,  firstborn  of  the  great  Northwest."  It  was  the  most 
inspiring,  educational  and  influential  feature  of  the  centennial 
proceedings  as  inaugurated  by  the  State  Archaeological  and  His- 
torical Society.  Probably  in  no  part  of  the  country  at  any  time 
has  so  complete  a  program  of  a  state  event  been  so  universally 
observed  by  the  public  school  children.  The  results  of  the  Ohio 
Day  will  certainly  be  inestimable,  for  the  proceedings  not  only 
added  vastly  to  the  information  and  interest  of  the  rising  gener- 
ation in  the  career  of  their  own  state,  but  it  was  an  impressive 
and  significant  occasion  to  the  youthful  participants,  and  well  cal- 
culated to  stimulate  and  strengthen  their  study  of  the  growth  and 
achievements  not  merely   of  Ohio,   but  the  American  Republic. 

The  Joint  Centennial  Commission  held  its  third  meeting  on 
March  6,  1903,  in  consultation  with  a  committee  from  Chillicothe, 
consisting  of  Mayor  W.  D.  Yaple,  General  S.  H.  Hurst,  Mr.  D. 
H.  Roche  and  Mr.  W.  H.  Brimson.  The  work  of  the  commission 
and  the  local  Chillcothe  committee  thus  far  accomplished,  was  re- 
viewed and  further  details  of  the  centennial  were  mutually  and 
harmoniously  agreed  upon. 

Early  in  April,  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission,  according 
to  the  authority  vested  in  him,  sent  out  some  seven  thousand  of 
the  engraved  invitations  to  the  Centennial.  These  invitations 
were  issued  to :  Members  of  the  Ohio  General  Assembly ;  all  the 
newspapers  in  Ohio ;  presidents  of  all  colleges  and  universities ; 
hundreds  of  superintendents  and  teachers  of  public  schools;   offi- 


Preface. 


XV 


cers  of  leading  labor  organizations ;  mayors  of  cities  and  villages ; 
trustees  and  superintendents  of  all  state  institutions;  Grand 
Army  Republic  Posts ;  chapters  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  Daughters  of  the  Revolution  and  Colonial  Dames ; 
Societies  of  Ohio  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs ;  members  of 
Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society ;  county,  cir- 
cuit, supreme  and  Federal  (Ohio)  judges;  officials  and  employes 
in  State  Capitol  and  Judiciary  Buildings;    members  of  outgoing 


f^:^      ' 

^ 

3 

1  ''ii^^tt^HlHtei 

1  "^    "^^V        \/ 

1 

m^^ 

^^^^^^^^^HB^Lj'''  V 

1 

«**'**^     ^^^^^^^^^^^^B 

^^■^rm-^. 

*l 

FRUIT  HII.I, 


HOME   OF  GOVERNORS   DUNCAN   m'ARTHUR  AND 
WILUAM   ALIvEN. 


and  incoming  congress;  governors  of  all  states  and  territories;- 
the  president,  cabinet,  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  and  important  na- 
tional officials;  prominent  and  official  citizens  in  chief  Ohio 
cities ;  Ohio  Societies  in  New  York  and  other  states ;  distin- 
guished literary,  professional  and  notable  persons  in  various  parts 
of  the  country. 


xvi  Preface. 

On  May  5,  1903,  Governor  Nash  issued  the  following  proc- 
lai^tion,  which  was  published  in  the  newspapers  throughout  the 
state : 

Proclamation 

On  March  1,  1803,  the  first  General  Assembly  of  Ohio  met  and 
organized  at 'Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  at  that  time  the  State  of  Ohio  en- 
tered  its   career  of  statehood. 

The  centennial  celebration  of  this  event  will  be  held  at  Chillicothe, 
May  20  and  21,  by  authority  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Ohio  and  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical   Society. 

The  growth  and  development  of  Ohio  during  the  century  of  its 
statehood  has  been  one  commensurate  with  the  greatness  of  our  Nation. 
It  is  fitting  that  its  achievements  be  properly  observed,  to  the  end  that 
the  commemoration  of  its  great  deeds  and  the  lives  of  its  founders  may 
be  not  only  perpetuated  for  the  benefit  of  generations  to  come,  but  may 
be  a  source  of  inspiration  to  the  living  of  to-day. 

Now,  therefore,  in  behalf  of  the  State.  I  invite  its  officials  and  the 
people  thereof  to  assemble  at  Chillicothe  on  the  dates  aforesaid  and  par- 
ticipate in  the  celebration  there  to  be  observed. 

George  K.  Nash,  Governor. 

L.   C.  Laylin,  Secretary  of  State. 


The  Executive  Committee  met  on  May  8,  and  as  a  result  of 
many  weeks,  indeed  months,  of  labor  and  deliberation  and  con- 
ference with  the  Joint  Centennial  Commission  and  the  Chilli- 
cothe committees,  announced  the  following  detailed  program 
for  the  two  days'  centennial  celebration : 

OHIO  CENTRNNIAIv  CELEBRATION,  CHILLICOTHE,  OHIO,  MAY 
20  AND  21,  1903. 

OFFICIAL   PROGRAM. 
*         Reception  of  guests. 

9am  — Presentation  of  plaster  medallion  of  Governor  Edward  Tif- 
fin, Ohio's  first  governor,  to  Ross  County  by  Mr.  William  H.  Hunter; 
exercises  to  occur  in  the  Common  Please  court  room  in  the  court  house  on 
the  site  of  the  first  capitol,  Judge  J.  G.  Douglass  to  preside.  Rev.  R.  C. 
Galbraith  will  deliver  the  invocation ;  Miss  Anna  Cook,  a  great-grand- 
daughter of  Governor  Tiffin,  will  unveil  the  tablet.  The  presentation 
address  will  be  made  by  Hon.  Archibald  Mayo  for  Mr.  Hunter,  and 
the  acceptance  to  be  made  on  behalf  of  the  county  by  Mr.  Horatio  C. 
Claypool. 


(xvii) 


xviii  Preface. 

J.0  A  M  — Centennial  celebration  of  Ohio's  statehood  opens  in  au- 
ditomim  in  the  City  Park,  Governor  George  K.  Nash  presiding. 

Selection   by.   the   Fourth    Regiment    Band,    Columbus. 

Invocation,  Rev.  A.  M.  Courtenay,  pastor  of  Walnut  Street  M.  E. 
church. 

Address  of  welcome,  Hon.   W.   D.   Yaple,   Mayor  of   Chillicothe. 

Responses  in  behalf  of  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  So- 
ciety, General  J.   Warren  Keifer,   Springfield. 

Music  by  chorus  of  school   children. 

Opening  address,    Governor    George   K.    Nash. 

"The  History  of  the  Northwest  Territory  to  the  Marietta  Settle- 
ment,"  Hon.  Judson  Harmon,    Cincinnati. 

Music,    chorus   of   school   children. 

"The*  History  of  the  Northwest  Territory  from  the  Marietta  Set- 
tlement to  the  Organization  of  the  State,"  Prof.  Martin  B.  Andrews, 
Marietta. 

"The  Date  of  the  Admission  of  Ohio  into  the  U.  iion  and  the  Great 
Seal  of  the  State,"  Judge  Rush  R.   Sloane,   Sandusky. 

"The  Star  Spangled  Banner,"  by  the  Fourth  Regiment  Band  of 
Columbus. 

Intermission. 

Wednesday  Afternoon,  May  20. 

Music  by  the  Fourth  Regiment  Band. . 

2  p.  M  — Invocation,  Rev.  F.  H.  Bene,  rector  of  St.  Peter's  Catholic 
Church. 

"Ohio  in  the  American  Revolution,"  Hon.  E.  O.  Randall,  Columbus. 

"The  Military  History  of  Ohio,  Including  the  War  of  1812,"  Gen- 
eral Thomas  Anderson,  U.  S.  A.,  Sandusky. 

Music,  "The  Hills  and  Vales  Resound,"  mass  chorus. 

"The  Military  History  of  Ohio  from  the  War  of  1812,  including  the 
Civil  War  and  Spanish-American  War,"  General  J.  Warren  Keifer, 
Springfield. 

"Ohio  in  the  Navy,"  Hon.  Murat  Halstead.  Cincinnati. 
•  Music,  "Old  Glory,"  solo,  George  U.   Sosman  and  mass  chorus. 

"The  Governors  of  Ohio  Under  the  First  Constitution,"  Hon.  David 
Meade  Massie,  Chillicothe. 

"The  Governors  of  Ohio  Under  the  Second  Constitution,"  Hon. 
James  E.  Campbell,  New  York  City. 

"Ohio  in  the  United  States  Senate,"  Hon.  J.  B.  Foraker,  Cincinnati. 

Music,  "Centennial  Hymn,"  mass  chorus. 

"Ohio  in  the  National  House  of  Representatives,"  General  Charles 
H.  Grosvenor,  Athens. 

Music,   "America,"   mass   chorus. 

Intermission. 


Preface.  xix 


Wednesday   Evening,  May   20. 

7:30   p.    M. — Music,    Kipling's   "Recessional,"    mass   chorus. 

Invocation,  Rev.  S.  N.  Watson,  D.  D.,  rector  of  St.  Paul's  Epis- 
copal  Church. 

"The  Judiciary  of  Ohio,"  Judge  Moses  M.  Granger,  Zanesville. 

"The  Industrial  Progress  of  Ohio,"  Hon.  Marcus  A.  Hanna, 
Cleveland. 

Music,  "The  Red,  White  and  Blue,"  solo,  S.  A.  Roach  and  mass 
chorus. 

"The  Public  Schools  of  Ohio,"  Hon.  Lewis  D.  Bonebrake,  Co- 
lumbus. 

"The  Universities  of  Ohio,"  President  W.  O.  Thompson,  O.  S.  U., 
Columbus. 

Music,  "To  Thee,  O  Country,"  mass  chorus. 

"The  Achievements  of  Ohio  in  the  Care  of  Her  Unfortunates,"  Gen- 
eral  R.    Brinkerhaff,   Mansfield. 

"The  Part  Taken  by  Women  in  the  History  and  Development  of 
Ohio."   Mrs.  J.    R.    Hopley,    Bucyrus. 

Music.  "Star  Spangled  Banner." 

"The  Ethnological  History  of  Ohio,"  Judge  B.  R.  Cowen,  Cin- 
cinnati. 

Benediction.   Rev.   J.   L.   Roemer,  pastor   First   Presbyterian   Church. 

Music,    "Hail    Columbia." 

After  the  close  of  the  exercises  the  speakers,  the  distinguished  guests 
present  and  the  members  of  the  State  Centennial  Commission,  the  State 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  and  the  visiting  representatives  of 
the  press  and  the  Executive  Committee  in  charge  of  affairs  in  ChilHcothe 
will  be  entertained  at  a  banquet  under  the  auspices  of  the  Press  Club  of 
ChilHcothe  in  the  Eintracht  Hall. 

Thursday  Morning,  May  21. 

Second  day's   session,   General   R.   Brinkerhoff  presiding. 

10  A.  M.     Music  by  the  Fourth  Regiment  Band. 

Invocation,  Rev.  Joseph  Reinicke,  pastor  of  German  Salem  Church. 

"The  Ohio  Presidents,"  Thomas  Ewing,  Jr.,   New  York   City. 

"The  Press  of  Ohio,"  S.  S.  Knabenshue,  Toledo. 

Music  by  the  Fourth  Regiment  Band. 

"Ohio  Literary  Men  and  Women,"  Prof.  W.  H.  Venable,  Cincinnati. 

"Religious  Influences  in  Ohio,"  Bishop  C.  C.  McCabe,  Omaha.  Neb. 

Music  by  the  Fourth  Regiment  Band. 

Introductions  and  extemporaneous  remarks  by  distinguished  visitors. 

Benediction,  Rev.  G.  H.  Schnur,  pastor  of  Lutheran  Calvary  Church. 

Music,  "The  Stars  and  Stripes  Forever,"  Fourth  Regiment  Band. 

Intermission. 


XX  Preface. 

2  p.  M. — A  grand  parade  of  all  military  and  civic  societies  in  the 
city  and  of  visiting  delegates,  to  be  reviewed  by  the  governor,  dis- 
tingwshed  speakers,  etc. 

Band   concerts   at   different   localities   during   the   afternoon. 

7  p.  M. — Band  concerts  in  the  City  Park,  the  Fourth  Regiment  Band, 
the  Veteran  Drum  Corps  of  Columbus  and  the  Neely  Cadet  Band  oi 
Sorth  Salem. 

An  elaborate  display  of  fire  works  will  close  the  ceremonies  attend- 
ing this  celebration  of  Ohio's  one  hundredth  birthday. 

The  speakers  will  necessarily  be  limited  to  twenty  minutes  in  their 
addresses  before  the  audience.  They  are,  however,  expected  to  prepare 
papers  fully  and  accurately  treating  their  respective  topics ;  these  papers 
will  be  published  in  the  souvenir  volume  by  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological, 
and  Historical   Society. 


The  exercises  of  the  centennial  were  held  on  Wednesday  and 
Thursday,  May  20  and  21,  1903,  according  to  the  proposed  pro- 
gram. All  of  the  speakers  were  present  as  advertised  except 
Hon.  D.  M.  Massie,  who  was  unexpectedly 
detained  at  his  post  in  Havana,  Cuba,  and 
Governor  James  E.  Campbell,  who  was  un- 
avoidably prevented  from  leaving  New 
York  as  intended.  Both  these  gentlemen 
forwarded  their  manuscripts  as  requested  for 
publication.  There  were  some  minor  changes 
in  the  program.  Mr.  Randall  gave  his  al- 
lotted time  and  place  to  Judge  Moses  M. 
Granger,  in  order  that  the  Judge  might  be 
heard  by  the  members  of  the  Ohio  Supreme 
Court,  who  were  all  present  at  that  time, 
but  were  obliged  to  leave  later  in  the  after- 
noon. General  J.  Warren  Keifer  presided 
during  the  morning  session  and  Secretary 
Randall  presided  at  the  afternoon  and  even- 
ing sessions  of  Wednesday.  General  Brink- 
erhofif  presided  during  the  session  on  Thurs- 
day. Rev.  A.  M.  Courtenay,  of  Chillicothe,  by  invitation  too 
late  for  the  placing  of  his  name  on  the  program,  read  on  the 
morning  of  the  second  day,  a  centennial  ode  well  worthy  of  the 
occasion.     At  this  session  Hon.  Albert  Douglas  offered  a  reso- 


CENTENNIAI.   BADGE 


Preface.  xxi 

lution  that  Governor  Nash  in  his  next  annual  message  to  the 
General  Assembly,  suggest  an  appropriation  to  the  Ohio  State 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  for  the  erection  of  a  monu- 
ment on  the  State  House  grounds  at  Columbus,  to  Governor  Ar- 
thur St.  Clair.     The  resolution  was  as  follows : 

Recognizing  that  the  people  of  Ohio  have  for  one  hundred  years 
done  injustice  to  the  name  and  fame  of  Major  General  Arthur  St.  Clair, 
valiant  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  beloved  friend  of  Washington,  presi- 
dent of  the  Continental  Congres,  and  for  fourteen  arduous,  formative 
years  the  devoted  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 

Believing  that,  whatever  his  mistakes  or  faults,  his  work  and  his 
accomplishments  in  that  critical  period  of  our  history  deserve  our  grati- 
tude, and  should  receive  formal  acknowledgement  from  the  men  of 
our  time,  and. 

Encouraged  by  the  just  and  eloquent  utterances  from  this  platform 
of  our  preseiil  governor,  George  K.  Nash ;  therefore, 

■  Be  it  Resolved,  By  us,  citizens  of  Ohio,  assembled  at  this  centennial 
celebration  of  our  statehood,  that  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  His- 
torical Society,  and  the  governor  of  Ohio,  be  and  they  are  hereby  most 
earnestly  requested  to  urge  upon  the  General  Assembly  of  Ohio,  at  its 
next  session,  the  propriety  of  erecting,  in  the  State  House  grounds  at 
Columbus,  a  bronze  statue  of  General  Arthur  St.  Clair  in  recognition 
of  his  great  service  to  this  commonwealth,  whose  firm  foundation  he 
helped  to  lay. 

This  resolution  was  in  furtherance  of  the  expression  irt 
Governor  Nash's  address  in  favor  of  honoring  the  memory  of 
St.  Clair  with  a  monument  at  his  "lonely  grave."  The  resolu- 
tion of  Mr.  Douglas  preferred  the  site  of  the  capitol  groimds  at 
Columbus,  where  the  people  of  Ohio  could  have  the  benefit  of 
its  inspiring  presence.  The  resolution  was  unanimously  and 
enthusiastically  endorsed  by  the  audience. 

Following  the  order  of  the  regular  speakers  the  last  session 
of  the  literary  exercises  was  closed  by  extemporaneous  speeches 
by  ex-Gov.  Charles  Foster  and  Bishop  B.  W.  Arnett.  The  brief 
remarks  of  the  genial  ex-governor  were  most  cordially  received. 
The  distinguished  colored  divine  was  never  in  better  form  or 
feeling  and  his  witty  and  eloquent  remarks  greatly  pleased  the 
audience.  A  most  dramatic  ending  to  the  program  was  rendered 
when  at  the  suggestion  of  General  Keifer,  Bishop  McCabe  seated 
himself  at  the  organ  and  with  his  magnificent  voice  led  in  the 


xxii  PrefUce. 

"Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic,"  accompanied  by  the  vast  audi- 
en<R,  the  members  of  which  rose  to  their  feet  and  sang  with  a 
patriotic  emotion  that  was  little  short  of  religious  fervor.  Indeed, 
all  the  proceedings  in  the  great  tent  were  of  a  most  inspiring  and 
interesting  character.  From  three  to  five  thousand  people  were 
present  at  each  session.  Old  and  young,  the  learned  scholar  and 
profound  professor,  the  school  boy,  the  gray-haired  pioneer,  the 
farmer  from  his  field,  the  country  laddie  and  his  happy  lassie  by 
his  side,all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men,  women  and  children,  sat 


ADENA  —  HOME   OF   GOVERNOR     THOMAS  WORTHINGTON. 


hour  after  hour  listening  patiently  and  attentively  to  speech  after 
speech  as  the  orators  came  and  went.  The  weather  was  delight- 
fully pleasant  and  every  one  seemed  contented  and  comfortable. 
The  musical  portion  of  the  program  was  most  enlivening  and 
restful.  The  Fourth  Regiment  Band  discoursed  national  strains. 
The  vocal  music  under  the  leadership  of  Captain  E.  R.  McKee, 
was  of  the  highest  order.  The  mass  chorus,  accompanied  by  the 
Young  Men's  Orchestra,  rendered  the  familiar,  loyal  and  patriotic 


Preface.  xxiii 

airs  with  a  zest  and  power  that  often  eHcited  unbounded  applause 
from  the  dehghted  auditors.  At  the  opening  of  the  session  on 
Thursday  morning  a  variety  to  the  musical  feature  was  offered 
by  a  chorus  of  some  two  hundred  pupils  of  the  primary  grade  of 
the  Chillicothe  public  schools.  The  enthusiastic  little  youngsters 
marched  in  wearing  paper  hats  in  corrugated  folds  of  red,  white 
and  blue,  and  each  carrying  a  little  flag  in  his  hand.  Led  by 
Miss  Purdum,  they  sang  "The  Old  Buckeye  State"  and  the  "Red 
White  and  Blue"  while  they  spiritedly  waved  their  tiny  edi- 
tions of  "Old  Glory"  to  the  intense  and  most  pathetic  pleas- 
ure of  the  audience.  The  youthful  patriots  then  filed  out 
one  by  one,  each  stopping  to  shake  the  hand  of  smiling 
Governor  Nash  as  they  proudly  descended  from  the  platform. 
It  was  a  scene  long  to  be  remembered  —  the  great  audience  in 
the  arena  and  on  the  elevated  tiers  of  seats,  the  band  at  the  further 
end  of  the  tent  playing  "The  Star  Spangled  Banner"  while  the 
unique  scene  just  noted  was  being  enacted  upon  the  stage  before 
the  speakers  and  distinguished  guests. 

The  historic  and  hustling  city  of  Chillicothe  met  the  require- 
ments of  the  occasion  in  the  most  unqualified  and  praise-worthy 
manner.  Located  on  the  time-honored  Scioto  with  its  rich  mem- 
ories of  Indian  warfare  and  pioneer  struggle,  imbedded  in  the 
picturesque  setting, 

That   hills   and   valleys,    dales   and  fields 
Woods   or   steepy   mountain   yields, 

Chillicothe  had  enhanced  her  natural  charms  by  appearing  in  gala 
attire.  Streamers  and  flags  adorned  the  public  buildings  and 
private  residences.  Graceful  and  stately  arches  spanned  her  two 
main  streets  near  their  intersection.  A  series  of  lofty  wooden 
columns,  resting  on  massive  pedestals  and  surmounted  by  large 
globes,  flanked  either  side  of  the  main  (Paint)  street  to  the  park 
entrance,  and  thence  down  to  the  park  avenue  to  the  great  tent. 
These  columns  designed  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Bennett,  were  tastefully 
decorated  and  from  them  bright  banners  waved  athwart  the 
azure  expanse  of  a  cloudless  sky. 

The  local  committees  having  in  charge  the  arrangements 
for  and  execution  of  the  program  in  Chillicothe  most  admirably 


(xxiv) 


Preface.  xxv 

and  efficiently  performed  their  respective  duties.  The  Chairmen 
of  the  several  committees  constituted  what  was  known  as  the  Chil- 
licothe  Executive  Committee.  The  personnel  of  that  committee 
was  as  follows.  Chairman,  Major  William  Poland;  Secretary, 
Burton  E.  Stevenson ;  Parade,  A.  R.  Wolfe ;  Entertainment,  Hon. 
Albert  Douglas;  Finance,  Col.  Richard  Enderhn ;  Music,  F.  C. 
Arbenz ;  Program,  E.  S.  Wenis ;  Decoration,  Henry  H.  Bennett ;. 
Badges,  Burton  E.  Stevenson;  Fireworks,  William  H.  Hunter;. 
Construction,  Joseph  Gerber;  Bureau  of  Information,  Capt.  E. 
R.  McKee;  Grounds,  Ferdinand  Marzluff;  Transportation,  W. 
H.  Brimson;  Reception,  Hon.  Wallace  D.  Yaple;  Publicity, 
Burton  E.  Stevenson ;  Relics  and  Museum,  William  B.  Mills ;. 
Floral  Section  of  Parade,  Mrs.  John  A.  Nipgen ;  Women's  Com- 
mittee, Miss  Alice  Bennett. 

Vast  crowds,  representing  every  portion  of  the  state  and 
country,  flocked  on  either  day  to  the  animated  city  that  proudly 
bore  the  honor  of  being  Ohio's  first  capital  and  the  birthplace  of 
the  first  state  carved  from  the  Northwest  Territory.  The  local  ar- 
rangements, the  result  of  the  thought  and  labor  of  the  city  com- 
mittees, were  well  nigh  perfect  and  redounded  greatly  to  the 
credit  of  the  hospitable  and  generous  Chillicotheans.  Thousands 
upon  thousands  of  visitors  were  courteously  and  bountifully  cared 
for.  No  accident  or  disturbance  of  any  kind  whatever  marred  or 
jarred  the  enjoyment  or  dignity  of  the  two-days'  celebration. 
The  weather  seemed  made  to  order,  old  •  Sol  himself  smiled 
serenely  ^.nd  gently  upon  the  scene.  The  Neely  Cadet  Band 
paraded  the  streets  and  enlivened  the  occasion  with  stirring 
strains,  while  the  Veteran  Drum  Corps  of  Columbus,  with  fife 
and  drum,  revived  the  traditions  of  '76  and  the  rnemories  of  '61 
and  '65  in  the  thrilling  tunes  of  "Yankee  Doodle"  and  "Dixie." 
The  proverbial  latch-string  was  out  at  every  door  and  the  good 
people  of  the  town  offered  many  social  and  public  functions  that 
ministered  to  the  pleasure  and  comfort  of  the  visitors. 

In  the  G.  A.  R.  Memorial  Hall,  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
W.  B.  Mills,  there  was  placed  on  exhibition  <.  rare  and  extensive 
collection  of  archaeological,  Indian  and  historical  relics,  paintings^ 
books,  papers,  manuscripts,  clothing,  household  utensils  and  vari- 
ous other  objects  connected  with  the  early  history  of  the  state 


XXVI 


Preface. 


and  gathered  from  the  vicinity  of  ChiHicothe,  which  was  not  only 
one#of  the  first  centers  of  Ohio's  early  civilization,  but  was  also 
located  in  the  midst  of  the  country  most  prolifically  populated  by 
that  mysterious  race,  the  predecessor  of  the  white  man  and  per- 
haps also  of  the  Red  man  —  the  Mound  Builder.  The  museum 
therefore  easily  presented  a  most  unusual  collection  of  pre-historic 
implements,  both  of  peace  and  war.  The  historical  features  of 
the  exhibit  were  equally  complete  and  valuable,  illustrative  of 
the  early  life  of  Ohio's  pioneers  and  founders  —  both  the  simple, 
strenuous  forester  and  the  luxurious  (?)  aristocrat  of  ye  olden 
time  town.  In  the  exhibition  of  archaeology  the  Ohio  State 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  took  a  prominent  part 
under  the  management  of  its  curator.  Prof.  W.  C.  Mills. 

Wednesday  evening  following  the  exercises  in  the  tent  a 
"Snack"  was  given  by  the  Press  Club  of  ChiHicothe  in  honor  of 
the  Ohio  Editors  and  Publishers  who  were  guests  of  the  city  to 
attend  the  celebration.  Those  thus  handsomely  entertained  by 
the  Press  Club  included  not  only  the  newspapermen,  but  the 
speakers,  officials  and  notables  of  the  centennial.  This  unique 
affair  was  held  in  Eintracht  Hall.  Mr.  W.  H.  Hunter,  editor  of 
the  Nezvs- Advertiser,  President  of  the  Press  Club,  called  the 
merry  diners  to  order  and  in  a  few  fitting  words  introduced 
as  toastmaster  Colonel  G.  W.  C.  Perry,  the  editor  of  the  ChiHi- 
cothe Gazette,  which  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  paper 
established  in  Ohio,  therefore  "the  oldest 
paper  in  the  state  —  in  fact,  a  paper  older 
than  the  state  itself,"  for  it  was  founded 
in  ChiHicothe  in  1796  by  Nathaniel  Willis. 
This  Nestor  of  Ohio  newspapers  showed  its 
appreciation  of  the  centennial,  and  at  the  same 
time  evidenced  its  aged  activity  by  issuing  a 
voluminous  centennial  edition  containing  the 
centennial  addresses,  pictures  of  Chillicothe's 
historic  spots  and  portraits  of  the  speakers  and 
notables.  Colonel  Perry  introduced  the  face- 
tious and  fluent  toast  responders  who  were: 
Senator  Marcus  A.  Hanna,  ex-Governor  Charles  Foster,  ex- 
Governor  Asa  S.  Bushnell,  General  Charles  H.  Grosvenor,  Hon: 
Albert  Douglass  and  General  J.  Warren  Keifer. 


G.   W.   C.   PERRY. 


Preface. 


xxvu 


Thursday  afternoon  the  distinguished  women  in  attendance 
upon  the  celebration  were  tendered  a  reception  by  the  Woman's 
Centennial  Committee,  Miss  Alice  Bennett,  Chairman,  at  the 
Women's  Headquarters  in  Clough  Hall.  It  was  a  brilliant  social 
function  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ladies'   Century  Club,  the 


AVENUE   IN   YOCTANGEE   PARK  I^EADING   TO   CENTENNIAI, 
TENT,   CHILLICOTHE. 


Daughters  of  the  Revolution  and  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution,  of  Chillicothe.  There  were  present  many  of  the 
officials  of  various  women's  clubs  and  societies,  literary  and  patri- 
otic, in  the  state. 


xxviii  Preface. 

^The  official  program  of  oratory,  song  and  music  that  closed 
the  centennial  in  the  canves  auditorium  Thursday  noon,  was  fol- 
lowed in  the  afternoon  by  local  features  of  great  merit.  At  2 
•o'clock  an  industrial,  illustrative  and  spectacular  parade  was  suc- 
cessfully carried  out.  Participating  therein  were  orders,  clubs 
and  societies  of  diverse  character  from  various  portions  of  the 
state ;  the  primary  pupils,  high  school  cadets  and  grizzled  G.  A. 
R.  heroes,  business  and  military  organizations,  benevolent,  musi- 
cal, secret,  patriotic  and  labor  societies  with  historical  floats,  floral 
•displays,  bands  and  blaring  trumpets  passed  in  review  before  the 
grand  stand  upon  which  were  seated  Governor  Nash,  General 
Keifer,  General  Brinkerhofif,  Senator  Hanna,  Mayor  Yaple  and  a 
number  of  state  and  centennial  officials. 

In  the  evening  the  finishing  touches  were  put  to  the  two 
•days  celebration  in  the  way  of  an  elaborate  fireworks  display  on 
the  island  of  the  little  lake  in  the  Yoctangee  Park.  The  lumin- 
.ated  pieces  were  characteristic  of  the  anniversary.  A  curious  and 
somewhat  amusing  finale  was  unexpectedly  interjected  into  the 
proceedings  by  Jupiter  Pluvius,  the  mythological  and  original 
"rain-maker,"  who  having  graciously  and  considerately  refrained 
thus  far  from  breaking  into  the  exercises,  could  no  longer  retain 
himself,  and  without  warning  bestowed  his  blessing  upon  the 
close  in  refreshing  and  copious  showers,  adding  not  a  little  to 
the  erratic  flickerings  of  the  expiring  fireworks  and  the  exhilirat- 
ing  drenching  of  the  thousands  of  unprotected  on-lookers. 

Thus  ended  the  Ohio  centennial  celebration.  It  passed  into 
history,  a  fond  and  unfading  memory  for  all  who  were  fortunate 
enough  to  have  been  present,  either  as  participators  or  spectators. 

"Ohio,   name   for  what  is  good  and  grand, 
With  pride  we  hail  thee  as  our  native  land: 
With  jealous  pride  we  sing  our  heartfelt  lay- 
To  laud  thy  name,  this  first  Centennial  Day." 


Preface, 


XXIX 


THE   FIRST   STATE  HOUSE,   CHII,I,ICOTHE,  OHIO. 


CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION 

OF  THE 

ADOPTION  OF  OHIO'S  FIRST  CONSTITUTION* 


The  centennial  of  the  adoption- Of 'the' Gcns-ti^utfOii' oi"  Ohio, 
was  appropriately  celebrated  at  Chillicothe'  Saturday,  November 
29,  1902,  by  the  unveiling  of  a  tablet,  marking  the  location  of  the 
first  state  house  of  Ohio,  which  is  the  site-  of  the  present  court 
house.  This  ceremony  was  followed  by  an  address  delivered  in 
Memorial  Hall. 

The  first  suggestion  that  a  tablet  be  erected  to  mark  the 
site  of  the  old  stone  court  house  of  Ross  County,  used  as  the 
original  state  house  of  Ohio,  was  made  by  Mr.  John  Bennett,  of 
Chillicothe,  author  of  "Master  Skylark,"  "Barnaby  Lee,"  etc. 
The  suggestion  was  presented  to  the  Century  Club,  a  woman's 
organization  formed  in  1896,  the  Chillicothe  centennial  year, 
by  its  president,  Miss  Alice  Bennett.  It  was  decided  to  make 
the  work  one  of  public  subscription.  The  matter  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  committee  composed  of  Miss  Helen  Franklin 
Stone,  Mrs.  James  Clifford  Douglas,  Miss  Helen  E.  Veaill,  Miss 
Bessie  Carlisle,  of  the  Century  Club;  Miss  Eliza  Irwin  Van 
Meter,  Mrs.  David  Meade  Massie,  Miss  Mary  Petrea  McClin- 
tick,  of  Massie  Chapter,  D.  A.  R. ;  Miss  Diathea  Tiffin  Cook, 
of  Tiffin  Chapter,  D.  R. ;  William  Trimble  McClintick,  Esq., 
of  the  Ross  County  Historical  Society;  Judge  James  Clifford 
Douglas,  representing  the  Bar;  Captain  Rufus  Hosier,  of  the 
county  commissioners,  since  deceased ;  Hon.  David  Meade  Massie, 
grandson  of  the  founder  of  Chillicothe,  representing  the  pioneers ; 
and  Mr.'  Henry  Holcomb  Bennett,  representing  the  citizens  at 
large. 

The  tablet  was  designed  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Bennett,  and  executed 
by  John  Williams,  of  New  York,  who  very  successfully  carried 
out  in  bronze  the  spirit  of  the  design.  The  tablet,  which  is 
36^  inches  long  by  26  inches  high,  is  set  in  the  base  of  a  pilaster 

0.  c.  —  1 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


on  the  right  of  the  entrance  to  the  court  house.  In  the  upper 
hair  the  tablet  bears  two  medallions,  separated  by  the  Roman 
fasces.  In  the  one  on  the  right  is  the  great  seal  of  the  state 
of  Ohio;  in  the  other  the  old  stone  state  house.  Both  medal- 
lions surmount  half  wreaths  of  buckeye  leaves.  Below  is  this 
inscription : 


or  a  El  J*  SiT£,  STOOD  THE  FIRST  STATE  HOUSE  OE  OHIO, 
WHEREIN  WAS  ADOPTED  THE  ORIGlNAIv  CON- 
STITUTION OF  THE  COMMONWEAI.TH, 
NOVEMBER  XXIX,  MDCCCII." 


PRESENTATION    OF   TABLET. 

At  II  o'clock  A.  M.,  the  people  gathered  on  the  esplanade  of 
the  court  house,  and  after  patriotic  airs  rendered  by  the  Young 
Men's  Orchestra,  Robert  W.  Manly,  a  great-grandson  of  the  first 
governor  of  Ohio,  presented  the  tablet  in  the  following  fitting 
address. 
Honorable  Mayor  of  Chillicothe  and  Fellow-Citizens: 

We  are  assembled  this  morning  to  participate  in  the  un- 
veiling of  a  tablet,  marking  the  site  of  the  building  which  was 
used  as  Ohio's  first  state  house. 

The  building  was  of  great  historic  interest.  Within  its  walls 
was  held  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature  of  the   Northwest 

Territory;  one  hundred  years  ago  to- 
day within  its  walls  Ohio's  first  con- 
stitution was  adopted  by  the  members 
of  the  constitutional  convention ;  for 
twelve  years  it  served  as  Ohio's  state 
house ;  in  it  the  political  and  economic 
policies  of  our  state  were  formulated 
and  put  into  execution,  the  beneficial 
effects  of  which  policies  still  influence 
the  administration  of  our  state  affairs. 
In  1798  General  Arthur  St.  Clair, 
governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory, 
appointed  for  Ross  County  justices  of 
ROBERT  w.  MANLY.  ^  court  of  quartcr  session,  and  in  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  -3 

same  year  the  court  appointed  commissioners  to  arrange  for 
the  erection  of  a  court  house  and  other  necessary  county  build- 
ings and  a  deed  was  secured  for  the  land  upon  which  to  erect 
the  same. 

In  the  year  1799,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  the  Northwest  Territory  was  to  be  removed  from 
Cincinnati  to  Chillicothe,  the  court  ordered  that  a  levy  of  taxes 
be  made  for  the  purpose  of  raising  funds  for  the  erection  of  a 
"stone  court  house." 

In  1800  the  court  appointed  a  commission  to  advertise  for 
bids  for  the  erection  of  a  court  house  and  also  appointed  a  com- 
mission to  superintend  the  erection  of  the  building. 

In  1 80 1  the  erection  of  the  building  was  completed  and  the 
Territorial  Legislature  of  i8ot-2  was  held  in  the  new  structure. 
In  1852  the  building  was  torn  down  to  take  the  place  of  our 
present  court  house. 

During  the  past  year  the  ladies  of  our  city,  members  of  the 
Century  Club,  inaugurated  a  movement  to  mark  with  a  tablet  the 
site  of  the  old  state  house.  The  chapters  of  the  Daughters  of 
the  Revolution  and  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution 
in  this  city,  took  up  the  movement,  and  these  three  organizations 
with  the  assistance  of  many  of  our  citizens  together  with  Mr. 
Henry  H.  Bennett,  of  this  city,  as  designer,  provided  the  tablet 
we  are  to  unveil  this  morning. 

And  now,  sir,  representing  the  members  of  the  Century  Club, 
the  Daughters  of  the  Revolution  and  the  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  I  present,  on  their  behalf,  to  the  public,  through 
you,  this  tablet  which  marks  the  site  of  that  building  which  was 
used  as  the  first  state  house  of  Ohio. 

The  acceptance  of  the  tablet. 

Following  the  presentation  address.  Miss  Effie  Scott,  great- 
granddaughter  of  Gov.  McArthur  and  granddaughter,  of  Gov. 
Allen,  unveiled  the  tablet.  .  . 

Hon.  W.  D.  Yaple,  the  mayor  of  the  city,  accepted  the  tablet 
in  an  address,  as  follows: 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


Members  of  the  Century  Club,  Daughters  of  the  Revolution,  Daughters 
■W  ■         of  the  American  Revolution  and  Ladies  and  Gentlemen: 

From  the  most  ancient  time  it  has  been  a  custom  among 
all   nations,   in   all   stages   of   civilization,   to  erect  monuments, 

statues  and  tablets  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  individuals,  and  in  com- 
memoration of  historical  events  and 
occurrences.  But  for  this  custom  much 
that  we  now  recognize  as  the  world's 
history  would  have  been  lost.  The 
great  pyramids  of  Egypt,  the  won- 
der of  all  ages  since  their  erection,, 
still  bear  and  for  ages  to  come  will 
bear  mute  testimony  of  the  existence 
of  a  great  nation  whose  prowess  long 
since  vanished  from  the  face  of  the 
earth,  while  the  inscriptions  upon  the 
obelisks  and  temples  erected  during 
the  flourishing  period  of  that  people^ 
perpetuate  much  of  the  history. 

In  our  time  the  Federal  Government  and  many  of  our  state 
governments  have  expended  and  are  still  expending  large  sums 
of  money  in  the  erection  of  monuments  on  the  great  battle-fields 
of  our  several  wars,  and  converting  them  into  national  parks,, 
so  that  we  are  not  without  precedent  in  assembling  here  for  the 
purpose  of  formally  dedicating  this  tablet  in  commemoration  of 
an  event  of  importance  in  the  history  of  our  city,  county,  state 
and  nation. 

With  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States 
but  little  more  than  a  century  ago,  there  came  into  being  a  re- 
public whose  form  of  government  was  an  experiment  on  the  part 
of  those  who  formed  it,  and  which  was  looked  upon  with  sus- 
picion and  jealousy  by  the  powers  of  Europe;  but  after  weather- 
ing the  storm  which  beset  it  during  the  first  few  years  of  its  exist- 
ence, it  entered  upon  a  period  of  growth  and  development  truly 
wonderful,  until  to-day  the  experiment  of  1787  has  proven  a 


HON.   W.    D.   YAPLE. 


Ohio  Centennial.  5 

*'world  power"  and  an  American  citizen  is  respected  in  foreign 
countries  as  was  the  Roman  citizen  in  the  pahny  days  of  Rome. 

Ohio  was  the  fourth  state  to  be  added  to  the  original  thirteen 
and  the  first  to  be  carved  out  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  and 
as  the  inscription  on  the  tablet  just  unveiled  recites,  "On  this 
site  stood  the  first  state  house  of  Ohio,  wherein  was  adopted 
the  original  constitution  of  the  commonwealth,  November  29, 
1802." 

From  the  time  Ohio  became  a  state  her  growth  and  progress 
have  been  factors  in  the  growth  and  development  of  the  nation. 

In  times  of  war  her  people  have  shown  their  patriotism  by 
their  readiness  to  respond  to  the  call  to  arms;  and  among  the 
military  heroes  she  is  proud  to  number  among  her  sons  such 
national  idols  as  Grant,  Sherman,  Sheridan  and  Custer. 

In  times  of  peace  she  has  contributed  her  full  quota  to  the 
ranks  of  the  nation's  statesmen,  and  the  nation  has  honored 
Ohio  by  elevating  five  of  her  sons  to  the  presidency,  Grant,  Hayes, 
Garfield,  Harrison  and  McKinley. 

Chillicothe  claims  many  of  Ohio's  distinguished  sons,  among 
whom  may  be  mentioned  Massie,  Tiffin,  Worthington,  McArthur, 
Allen  and  Thurman ;  she  has  furnished  to  the  commonwealth 
four  governors,  and  to  the  nation  four  senators  and  nine  repre- 
sentatives in  Congress,  and  the  wife  of  one  of  its  chief  execu- 
tives. 

We  are  fortunate  in  having  with  us  to-day  in  the  person  of 
the  eloquent  gentleman  who  has  presented  this  tablet  on  behalf 
of  its  donors,  a  lineal  descendant  of  our  first  governor,  Edward 
Tiffin ;  and  in  the  person  of  the  young  lady  who  unveiled  it  a 
great-granddaughter  of  Governor  McArthur  and  a  granddaugh- 
ter of  William  Allen,  the  last  of  Ross  County's  citizens  to  occupy 
the  governor's  chair. 

I  have  the  honor  to  represent  the  people  of  this  city  and 
county,  and  to  accept  for  them,  and  in  their  name,  this  tablet, 
donated  and  erected  by  the  Century  Club,  the  Daughters  of  the 
Revolution,  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  and  nu- 
merous citizens,  in  commemoration  of  the  adoption  of  the  first 
constitution  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  on  the  one  hundredth  an- 
niversary thereof. 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications, 


W^:K 


WC3  ws=; 
^-^  w  lie  '^ 


§S"^ 


Ohio  Centennial.  7 

May  it  remain  in  its  place  to  relate  its  historic  story  to  all 
who  may  pause  to  read  so  long  as  Ohio  remains  a  state  and  re- 
tains her  proud  position  in  the  union  of  states. 

DISTINGUISHED    VISITORS. 

After  an  invitation  extended  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Bennett  to  the 
people  to  attend  the  afternoon  ceremonies  at  Memorial  Hall,  an 
informal  reception  was  held  in  the 
court  house.  The  strangers  were  in- 
troduced to  Col.  Wm.  N.  King,  of 
Columbus,  great-grandson  of  Gov. 
Worthington,  Mrs.  Mary  Manly,  Miss 
Diathea  Cook,  Mrs.  Frank  Gilmore 
and  Miss  Eleanor  Cook,  granddaugh- 
ters of  Gov.  Tiffin ;  Col.  Matthews  and 
sister,  Mrs.  Blackburn,  of  Cleveland, 
great-grandchildren  of  Gov.  Hunting- 
ton;  Dr.  Walter  S.  Scott,  W.  Allen 
Scott,  descendants  of  Gov.  McArthur 
and  Gov.  William  Allen;  Miss  Doro- 
thy W.  McArthur  and  Mrs.  Allen  W. 
McArthur,  relatives  of  Gov.  McAr- 
thur, and  Mr.  C.  E.  Kirker,  of  Manchester,  great-grandson  and 
Mrs.  C.  E.  Bedwell,  of  Columbus,  great-granddaughter  of  Speaker 
Kirker  of  the  first  Ohio  House  of  Representatives,  and  also  gov- 
ernor of  the  state ;  Gen.  J.  Warren  Keifer,  of  Springfield,  speaker 
of  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  and  chairman  of 
the  State  Centennial  Commission  and  Historical  Society  Exec- 
utive Committee;  Mr.  S.  S.  Knabenshue,  editor  of  the  Toledo 
Blade,  and  a  noted  archaeologist;  Judge  Rush  R.  Sloane,  San- 
dusky, president  of  the  Fire  Lands  Historical  Society;  Mr.  E. 
O.  Randall,  secretary  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  His- 
torical Society ;  Mr.  Fred.  J.  Heer,  state  printer  and  publisher 
of  the  Ohio  State  Historical  Society  publications. 


H.   H.   BENNETT. 


MEMORIAL   HALL  EXERCISES. 

The  afternoon  exercises  at  Memorial  Hall  were  of  a  most  in- 
teresting character  and  the  attendance  was  large.     Judge  J.  C. 


8 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


Douglas  presided  and  after  a  patriotic  chorus  by  the  Euterpean 
clul%  Mr.  WilHam  T.  McQintick,  of  Chillicothe,  was  introduced 
and  spoke  as  follows  : 

F  ellozv-C  ountrymen : 

I  bid  you  a  hearty  welcome  on  this,  the  day  which  marks 
the  one  hundredth  year  since  the  adoption  of  the  first  constitu- 
tion of  the  state  of  Ohio. 

It  is  fit  that  one  who  was  born  in  Ohio  as  early  as  February, 
1819,  should  bid  you  such  a  welcome, 
for  such  a  one  may  well  serve  as  a 
connecting  link  between  the  past  and 
the  present, — the  past  of  one  hundred 
years  ago,  when  Ohio  was  almost  a 
wilderness,  and  the  present,  when  it 
is  almost  a  garden  full  of  the  fruits 
and  flowers  of  the  highest  cultivation, 
and  when  the  wilderness  has  literally 
been  made  to  bloom  and  blossom  as 
the  rose. 

I  have  said  that  I  feel  myself  to  be 
a  connecting  link  between  the  past  and 
present,  and  so  I  am,  for  I  have  per- 
sonally known  all  the  governors  of 
the  state  from  Edward  Tiffin  and  Thomas  Worthington  down 
to  our  present  governor,  George  K.  Nash,  except  Samuel  Hunt- 
ington; who  died  in  18 17,  before  I  was  born;  Return  Jonathan 
Meigs,  who  died  in  1825,  when  I  was  but  six  years  old,  and  Ethan 
Allen  Brown,  who  removed  from  the  state  at  an  early  day. 

I  had  the  honor  of  having  a  tooth  pulled  by  Dr.  Edward 
Tiffin,  in  my  childhood,  and  my  recollection  of  Governor  Worth- 
ington riding  down  High  street  on  Sunday  morning  on  a  gray 
horse,  with  his  little  son,  William  Drake,  behind  him,  hitching 
his  horse  to  a  post  and  then  mounting  the  stile  into  my  father's 
front  yard  and  making  his  way,  with  his  little  son,  to  a  rear  room 
in  my  father's  house  to  attend  a  Methodist  class  meeting,  of  which 
my  father  was  the  leader,  is  as  fresh  as  if  it  had  happened  yes- 
terday. William  Drake  and  myself  were  provided  with  small 
stools  on  which  we  sat  while  the  meeting  progressed.    I  also  fol- 


WII.T.IAM    T.   MCCIvINTlCK. 


Ohio  Centennial.  ^ 

lowed  the  procession  which  carried  Governor  Worthington  to 
his  grave,  at  Adena,  in  1827. 

Nathaniel  Massie,  the  surveyor  and  pioneer  of  the  North- 
west and  the  founder  of  our  town  of  Chillicothe  in  1796,  died 
before  I  was  born,  but  I  knew  his  widow  and  all  his  children, 
all  his  grandchildren  and  many  of  his  great-grandchildren.  One 
of  his  grandsons,  Hon.  D.  M.  Massie,  is  a  resident  of  our  city, 
and  would  gladly  have  participated  with  us  in  this  celebration, 
did  not  his  duties  as  commissioner  in  Cuba  forbid  his  presence 
here. 

I  might  name  many  other  distinguished  men  of  that  early 
period  with  whom  I  have  spoken  and  shaken  hands,  such  as  Jacob 
Burnet,  that  great  lawyer  and  judge,  who  came  to  Ohio  in  1796, 
and  remained  here  until  his  death  in  1853;  William  Henry  Har- 
rison, the  hero  of  Tippecanoe,  whose  history  is  identified  with  the 
Northwest  Territory,  and  the  state  of  Ohio,  from  1795  or  earlier, 
until  his  death  at  the  White  House  in  Washington  City  in  April, 
1841,  while  president  of  the  United  States;  Duncan  McArthur, 
whose  services  in  peace  and  war  are  known  to  us  all,  and  who 
died  at  his  Fruit  Hill  home,  near  this  city,  in  1840, —  long  will  his 
memory  be  honored  and  revered;  William  Creighton,  Jr.,  who 
passed  through  Chillicothe  on  his  way  to  Kentucky,  in  1796,  look- 
ing for  a  location,  and  after  returning  to  Virginia,  again  came, 
in  1798,  to  Chillicothe,  where  he  made  his  permanent  home. 
After  the  admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union,  he  was  our  first 
secretary  of  state ;  afterward  United  States  attorney  for  the  dis- 
trict of  Ohio ;  then  a  member  of  the  Ohio  Legislature,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  States  Congress,  in  which  office  he  served  at 
intervals  for  many  years.  He  was  president  of  the  branch  bank 
of  the  United  States  in  Chillicothe  during  its  existence,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  office  of  United  States  district  judge  in  1828, 
which  he  held  until  March  4,  1829.  After  his  retirement  from 
Congress  in  1833  he  was  not  again  a  candidate  for  any  public 
office.  He  was,  along  with  Col.  Wm.  Key  Bond,  my  preceptor  in 
law  studies  from  1837  to  1840,  and  afterward  my  partner  in  prac- 
tice. I  never  knew  a  more  genial  and  kindly  man,  a  more  sincere 
lover  of  the  poor,  or  a  stauncher  friend.     He  died  October  2,  185 1. 


10  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Did  time  permit,  I  might  swell  this  list  to  a  very  large  num- 
bePof  the  eminent  men  of  that  early  period  with  whom  I  was  per- 
sonally acquainted.     - 

The  change  in  the  face  of  the  country  which  has  taken  place 
in  that  part  of  the  Great  West  which  constitutes  the  state  of 
Ohio,  since  the  adoption  of  the  state  constitution  in  1802,  and 
the  present  time,  might  well  challenge  comment,  as  most  extra- 
ordinary and  wonderful  —  but  we  must  hasten  to  consider  the 
story  of  the  old  house  memorable  in  the  history  of  the  state  as. 
the  first  state  house  of  Ohio. 

My  early  recollection  of  the  court  house  square,  bounded 
east  by  Paint  street,  north  by  the  alley  between  Second  and  Main 
streets,  west  by  private  property  (now  the  Presbyterian  church), 
and  south  by  Main  street,  goes  back  to  a  period  when  there 
were  but  three  houses  on  the  lot.  These  were  the  court  house 
proper,  of  stone,  about  sixty  feet  square,  curving  outwardly  on 
the  west  side;  another  brick  house  of  two  stories  of  about  the 
vSame  size  as  the  court  house,  which  siood-  about  ten  feet  south 
of  it,  fronting  toward  Main  street,  the  upper  story  of  which  was 
connected  with  the  upper  story  of  the  court  house  by  an  en- 
closed corridor,  lighted  by  windows  on  either  side.  The  third 
house  was  the  jail,  in  the  rear  of  the  court  house,  in  which  Wil- 
liam Rutledge,  the  jailor,  resided  with  his  family. 

I  was  told  in  my  childhood  that  the  brick  house  fronting 
toward  Main  street  had  been  a  part  of  the  state  house  prior 
to  the  removal  of  the  capital  from  Chillicothe  to  Columbus,  the 
lower  story  being  occupied  by  the  state  offices,  and  the  upper 
story  by  the  Ohio  Senate;  while  the  upper  story  of  the  court 
house  was  occupied  by  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  en- 
closed corridor  being  the  means  of  communication  between  the 
two  houses,  through  which  a  sergeant-at-arms  could  pass,  or 
one  body  join  the  other  when  required  to  meet  in  joint  session. 

The  lower  room  of  the  court  house  proper  was  used  for  the 
sittings  of  the  United  States  District  and  Circuit  Courts,  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Ohio,  and  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  the 
county. 

I  do  not  remember  the  tearing  down  and  removal  of  the 
building  which  had  its  frontage  toward  Main  street.    It  was  prob- 


Ohio  Centennial.  11 

ably  done  after  1830,  and  contemporaneously  with  the  erection 
of  the  two-story  brick  edifice  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Main  and 
Paint  streets,  which  latter  had  a  frontage  of  probably  forty  feet 
on  Paint  street,  and  fifty  feet  on  Main  street,  the  lower  story  be- 
ing occupied  on  Paint  street  by  the  offices  of  the  clerk  of  courts 
and  the  county  auditor,  and  the  frontage  on  Main  street  by  a. 
wide  hall  and  stairway  and  the  office  of  the  county  recorder. 
The  upper  story  was  occupied  by  lawyers'  offices. 

I  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Ohio  in  March,  1840.  I  remem- 
ber the  court  room  as  it  was  then,  and  doubtless  had  been  from 
the  beginning.  The  judge's  bench  was  in  the  curve  at  the  west 
side,  about  six  or  eight  feet  above  the  floor,  with  space  for  the 
presiding  judge  and  his  three  associates  in  the  Common  Pleas; 
the  clerk's  desk  in  front,  about  four  feet  lower,  with  juror's  seats 
on  either  side,  on  the  same  level ;  the  sheriff's  box  and  the  wit-» 
ness  stand  on  the  south  side,  and  the  lawyers'  desks  arranged  in 
front,  the  whole  enclosed  by  a  bar,  so  as  to  shut  it  off  from  the 
crowd  of  spectators  who  thronged  the  room  on  the  opening  day 
of  the  court  or  when  causes  of  general  interest  were  being  heard. 
Four  tall,  fluted  pillars  were  interspersed  at  equal  intervals  for 
the  support  of  the  upper  floor. 

The  room  was  heated  in  winter  by  a  wide  open  fire-place,  in- 
side the  bar,  on  the  north  side  of  the  house,  and  by  an  old-fash- 
ioned tin  plate  stove  in  the  center,  outside  the  bar. 

The  stairway  started  near  a  door  on  the  north  side  of  the 
house,  and  extended  upward  with  the  wall  on  that  side,  about 
half  way,  when  it  turned  to  the  right  along  the  east  side,  to  the 
upper  floor,  which  was  occupied  by  a  large  room  for  the  use  of 
the  grand  and  petit  juries  as  occasion  required,  with  two  smaller 
rooms  for  witnesses  and  other  purposes.  In  this  large  upper 
room  were  also  held  the  meetings  of  literary  societies,  with  lec- 
tures on  literary  subjects,  and  otherwise  by  the  citizens,  when  not 
occupied  for  public  purposes. 

Later  a  two-story  building  of  limited  dimensions  was  erected 
south  of  the  court  house,  fronting  directly  on  Main  street,  the 
lower  story  of  which,  when  I  returned  from  college  in  1837,  was. 
occupied  by  a  volunteer  fire  company,  the  "Citizen's,"  of  which  I 
was  a  member,  and  the  upper  story  for  the  mayor's  office.    This. 


12  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

building  was  not  removed  until  1853  or  1854,  prior  to  the  erection 
of  tde  present  court  house. 

In  1840,  the  bench  was  occupied  by  the  Hon.  John  H.  Keith 
as  presiding-  judge,  with  his  three  associates,  from  the  business 
walks  of  life.  Col.  Wm.  Key  Bond  had  removed  to  Cincinnati 
and  Gen.  John  L.  Green  had  taken  his  place  as  the  partner  of  Mr. 
Creighton.  The  firms  Creighton  &  Green  and  Allen  &  Thurman 
had  the  largest  practice.  The  other  lawyers  were  Thomas  Scott 
&  Son,  Henry  Brush,  Benjamin  G.  Leonard,  Frederick  Grimke, 
Richard  Douglas,  Joseph  Sill,  William  S.  Murphy,  Jonathan  F. 
Woodside,  Henry  Massie,  John  L.  Taylor,  Robert  Bethel,  Gusta- 
vus  Scott,  James  Caldwell,  Amos  Holton,  and  perhaps  others,  not 
now  recalled. 

Mr.  Theodore  Sherer,  who  had  read-  the  law  with  Messrs. 
Allen  &  Thurman,  and  I,  with  Creighton  &  Bond,  were  admitted 
to  the  bar  by  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  circuit  in  Scioto  County, 
Ohio,  in  March,  1840.  From  that  time  we  continued  to  fight 
•our  legal  battles  in  the  old  court  house  until  the  spring  of  1852, 
when  one  day  in  March  of  that  year,  I  was  passing  through 
the  court  house  yard  on  the  way  to  my  office  upstairs  in  the 
building  I  have  heretofore  described  as  on  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Paint  streets,  I  heard  Charles  Martin,  then  sheriif  of  the 
county,  crying  off,  under  the  order  of  the  county  commissioners, 
the  court  house  for  sale.  "Who  bids?"  said  he.  In  jest  I  said, 
"Seventy-five  dollars,"  and  passed  on  to  my  office,  forgetful  of 
my  jest,  and  was  soon  absorbed  in  the  study  of  some  case. 
What  was  my  surprise,  when  some  minutes  later  the  sheriff  ap- 
peared to  inform  me  that  I  was  the  purchaser  of  the  court  house. 
What  was  I  to  do  with  it?  It  ought  to  have  been  allowed  to 
stand  as  a  monument  of  the  early  days  in  Ohio  history,  but  the 
commissioners  were  inexorable,  and  the  terms  of  sale  required  it 
to  be  taken  down  and  removed  without  delay.  Unfortunately  for 
the  city,  but  very  fortunately  for  me,  "the  great  fire"  occurred  on 
April  I,  1852,  and  a  demand  for  stone,  brick  and  lumber  sprang 
up  for  rebuilding,  and  so  the  old  court  house  vanished  into  cellar 
walls,  stables,  etc.,  and  became  a  thing  of  the  past  save  a  few 
relics  which  curiosity  lovers  preserved. 


Ohio  Centennial. 


18 


The  court  house  square  was  soon  covered  with  stone  and  lum- 
ber for  the  present  building,  but  the  corner  stone  was  not  laid 
until  July  12,  1855,  when  the  Hon.  Thomas  Scott  and  myself 
had  the  honor  of  delivering  addresses  on  the  occasion  from  a 
point  where  the  northeast  pillar  of  the  portico  now  stands. 

Such  was  my  personal  connection  with  the  building,  on  whose 
frontage  we  have  this  day  placed  a  tablet  commemorating 


THE    SITE    ON  WHICH    STOOD   THE    FIRST   STATE    HOUSE 

OF  OHIO  WHEREIN  WAS  ADOPTED  THE  ORIGINAI, 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  COMMON WEAI^TH." 


THE  FIRST   CONSTITUTION. 

WHAT  INFLUENCED   ITS   ADOPTION    AND   ITS   INFLUENCE  ON   OHIO. 

Hon.  Daniel  J.  Ryan,  of  Columbus,  ex-secretary  of  state 
of  Ohio,  author  of  "The  Constitutional  History  of  Ohio"  and 
a  trustee  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society, 
was  introduced  by  Judge  J.  C.  Douglas,  and  spoke  as  follows: 

Fellow-Citizens  of  Ohio: 

In  order  to  appreciate  intelligently  the  event  which  we  cele- 
brate here  to-day  it  is  necessary  that  we  have  a  clear  conception 
of  the  principal  actors  concerned 
therein,  and  of  the  times  and  sur- 
roundings of  a  century  ago-  in  the  Sci- 
oto Valley.  The  first  constitutional 
convention,  from  an  intellectual  stand- 
point, is  the  greatest,  as  well  as 
the  most  picturesque  episode  in  the 
history  of  our  state,  and  the  events 
which  led  up  to  it  read  like  a  romance. 
The  conversion  of  a  wilderness  into  a 
garden;  the  invasion  of  the  Virgin- 
ians ;  the  overthrow  of  the  great  Ar- 
thur St.  Clair ;  the  struggle  for  state- 
hood;   the  victory  of  the  people  over 

^,  r  .  r     ^1  HON.    D.  J.    RYAN. 

the  aristocracy;    the  framing  of  the 

constitution  for  a  people  without  their  consultation  or  consent, 

are  all  events  that  form  a  background  for  a  picture  that  has  no 


14  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

parallel  in  American  history.  And  all  these  scenes  were  enacted 
in  ^theatre  of  intellect;  the  only  weapons  were  tongues  and 
pens,  but  they  were  directed  by  men  who  for  brains  and  bravery 
are  worthy  of  every  tribute  of  admiration  and  respect  that  the 
people  of  Ohio  can  to-day  bestow  upon  them. 

Six  years  prior  to  1802,  there  came  into  the  Scioto  Valley  a 
young  Virginian  named  Nathaniel  Massie.  He  had  served  in  the 
Revolutionary  War  from  his  native  state  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
and  at  nineteen  started  to  Kentucky  to  pursue  his  vocation  of 
surveying  the  public  lands  and  placing  warrants  for  soldiers  of 
the  Revolution.  He  founded  Manchester  in  Adams  County,  and 
in  1796  penetrated  the  Scioto  Valley,  which  was  then  a  beauti- 
ful but  savagely  wild  territory.  He  located  in  the  region  about 
us  to-day  and  laid  out  Chillicothe.  It  is  easy  to  understand  how 
he  was  attracted  to  this  glorious  land,  which  then,  as  now,  bore 
all  the  evidence  of  the  richness  of  nature. 

One  of  his  companions  in  his  tours  of  surveying  and  explo- 
ration was  John  McDonald,  afterward  of  Poplar  Ridge  in  this 
(Ross)  county,  and  sixty-two  years  ago  he  wrote  a  description 
of  the  land  about  Chillicothe  as  he  saw  it  with  Massie  in  1796. 
His  little  volume — "McDonald's  Sketches" — is  now  exceedingly 
rare  and  on  that  account  I  take  the  liberty  to  repeat  in  his  plain 
style  what  he  wrote.  His  description  of  the  surroundings  of  the 
site  selected  by  Massie  for  his  town,  and  the  condition  of  the  same 
territory  to-day  shows  a  wondrous  transformation  from  a  land 
of  savagery  to  the  garden  spot  of  a  commonwealth  of  the  highest 
civilization.  Here  is  his  picture  of  the  Scioto  Valley  in  the  spring 
of  1796:  "About  four  or  five  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Paint 
Creek,  the  river  (Scioto)  suddenly  makes  a  bend,  and  runs  a 
short  distance  east,  thence  southeast  to  the  mouth  of  Paint  Creek. 
That  stream,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Scioto,  for  four  or  five 
miles  above  its  mouth,  runs  almost  parallel  with  the  Scioto.  Be- 
tween these  two  streams  there  is  a  large  and  beautiful  bottom, 
four  or  five  miles  in  length,  and  varying  from  one  to  two  miles  in 
breadth,  and  contains  within  the  space  upwards  of  three  thousand 
acres.  This  bottom  (as  also  the  bottoms  of  the  Scioto  and  Paint 
Creek  generally),  is  very  fertile;  the  loam  of  alluvial  formation 
being  from  three  to  ten  feet  in  depth.    These  bottoms,  when  first 


Ohio  Centennial.  15 

settled,  were  generally  covered  by  a  heavy  growth  of  timber,  such 
as  black  walnut,  sugar  tree,  cherry,  buckeye,  hackberry  and  other 
trees  which  denote  a  rich  soil.  A  portion  of  them,  however,  were 
found  destitute  of  timber,  and  formed  beautiful  prairies,  clothed 
vv^ith  blue  grass  and  blue  sedgegrass,  which  grew  to  the  height  of 
from  four  to  eight  feet,  and  furnished  a  bountiful  supply  of  pas- 
ture in  summer  and  hay  in  winter,  for  the  live  stock  of  the. set- 
tlers. The  outer  edges  of  these  prairies  were  beautifully  fringed 
around  with  the  plum  tree,  the  red  and  black  haw,  the  mulberry 
and  crab  apple.  In  the  month  of  May,  when  those  nurseries  of 
nature's  God  were  in  full  bloom,  the  sight  was  completely  grati- 
fied, while  the  fragrance  and  delicious  perfume,  which  filled  the 
surrounding  atmosphere,  was  sufficient  to  fill  and  lull  the  soul 
with  ecstacies  of  pleasure.  The  western  boundary  of  this  valley, 
between  the  two  streams,  is  a  hill  two  or  three  hundred  feet  in 
height.  Its  base  to  the  south  is  closely  washed  by  Paint  Creek, 
and  where  this  stream  first  enters  the  valley,  it  terminates  in  an 
abrupt  point,  and  then  extends  upon  the  valley  of  the  Scioto,  in  a 
northwest  and  north  course,  for  many  miles,  and  forms  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  the  bottoms  along  that  stream.  From  the  point 
where  the  hill  abruptly  terminates  at  Paint  Creek,  running  north- 
northeast  at  the  distance  of  abotit  one  mile  across  the  valley, 
you  reach  the  bank  of  the  Scioto,  at  the  sudden  bend  it  makes  to 
the  east.  The  valley  between  this  bend  of  the  Scioto  and  Paint 
Creek,  immediately  below  the  point  of  the  hill,  was  selected 
as  a  site  for  the  town.  This  part  of  the  valley  was  chosen,  as  it 
consisted  of  the  high  and  dry  land  not  subject  to  the  floods  of 
the  river,  which  frequently  inundated  the  valley  towards  the 
mouth  of  Paint  Creek," 

It  was  amid  these  natural  surroundings  that  Massie  selected 
the  site  that  was  to  be  the  standing  point  of  a  great,  powerful, 
wealthy  and  patriotic  state. 

The  territory  of  the  Scioto  Valley  had  for  centuries  been  the 
selected  living  place  of  divers  races  of  men.  In  the  very  dawn  of 
human  knowledge  it  was  populated  by  the  mysterious  race  of 
mound  builders  and  was  the  seat  of  their  cities,  camping  places, 
fortifications  and  altars.  Attracted,  doubtless,  by  the  magnificent 
:soil,  beautiful  scenery  and  natural  resources,  both  of  the  animal 


16  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications.' 

and  vegetable  kingdom,  they  filled  this  valley  in  great  numbers 
ui^il  driven  away  or  destroyed  by  a  succeeding  race.  After  them 
came  the  Shawanees,  famed  for  their  bravery  and  numbers,  and 
occupied  for  perhaps  centuries  the  land  along  the  Scioto  River 
in  their  populous  towns.  They  too,  lived  in  this  elysium  of  nat- 
ural bliss,  receiving  from  bounteous  nature  all  that  forest  and 
chase  could  give.  The  very  beauty  and  richness"  of  the  land  made 
them  guard  it  with  such  jealous  spirit,  that  when  Massie  first 
entered  it,  it  was  a  great  and  expansive  territory  of  danger  and 
death  to  the  white  man. 

Chillicothe,  in  the  very  heart  of  the  Virginia  Military  Dis- 
trict, at  once  attracted  immigration  from  Virginia.  It  was  in 
the  midst  of  a  great  domain  reserved  by  that  state  for  the  use 
and  settlement  of  her  loyal  sons  that  served  in  the  war  for  inde- 
pendence. The  influx  of  settlers  commenced  as  soon  as  the  town 
was  laid  out  and  even  before  the  winter  of  1796  it  had  stores  and 
taverns  and  shops  for  mechanics.  The  influence  of  civilized  life 
soon  began  to  unfold  and  within  a  few  years  a  substantial  town 
was  in  full  operation,  with  a  population  of  one  thousand. 

In  the  spring  of  1798  there  came  to  Chillicothe  from  Berkeley 
County,  Virginia,  one  whose  life  and  actions  influenced  the  his- 
tory of  Ohio  in  a  greater  degree  than  any  man  in  its  history.  This 
was  Edward  Tiffin.  He  played  such  an  important  part  in  subse- 
quent events,  including  the  first  constitutional  convention,  that  we 
may  well  pause  in  our  labors  to-day  to  view  a  full  length  portrait 
of  his  remarkable  career.  It  will  help  us  to  understand  his 
power  and  the  wonderful  work  he  accomplished.  He  appeared 
upon  the  scene  of  action  in  the  Northwest  Territory  in  its  creative 
period,  when  the  work  of  moulding  the  destinies  of  a  future  com- 
monwealth was  committed  to  the  care  of  very  few  men.  Head 
and  shoulders  above  them  all  stood  Edward  Tiffin.  His  subse- 
quent official  life  displayed  a  greater  general  average  of  states- 
manship than  any  of  his  contemporaries.  He  met  successfully 
all  the  opportunities  and  responsibilities  of  his  life,  which  is  the 
best  indication  of  ability.  His  work  in  creating,  advancing  and 
developing  Ohio  has  not  been  equalled  by  any  man  in  its  history. 
His  boyhood  was  spent  in  the  city  of  Carlisle,  England,  where 
he  was  born  June  19,  1766.     He  emigrated  to  this  country  whert 


Ohio  Centennial.  17 

eighteen,  and  after  an  excellent  medical  education  obtained  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  settled  in  Berkeley  County,  Vir- 
ginia. There  amid  the  scenes  and  lives  of  the  early  Virginians 
he  spent  several  years  as  a  quiet  and  successful  physician.  When 
he  came  to  Chillicothe  he  was  still  a  physician,  practicing  with 
marked  success  financially  and  professionally.  In  the  sparsely 
settled  Scioto  Valley  his  labors  carried  him  over  many  miles  of 
travel,  and  he  formed  the  friendships  that  explain  much  of  his 
popularity  in  after  years.  He  had  decided  views  on  politics ;  the 
principles  of  Jefiferson  were  adopted  by  him  early  in  his  Virginian 
life,  and  his  anti-Federal  proclivities  were  well-known  in  his  new 
home. 

In  1799  the  people  of  the  Northwest  Territory  assumed  the 
legislative  form  of  government  and  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Ordinance  of  1787,  they  elected  a  legislature,  there  being  at  that 
time  five  thousand  male  voters  in  the  territory.  Dr.  Tiffin  was 
sent  as  representative  from  Chillicothe  and  upon  the  assembling 
of  the  first  Territorial  Legislature  at  Cincinnati  he  was  unani- 
moiisly  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  which 
position  he  held  until  Ohio  became  a  state.  He  was  a  man  of 
strong  religious  and  moral  convictions.  In  his  early  life  he  was 
an  Episcopalian;  in  1790  he  associated  himself  with  the  Metho- 
dist Church  and  was  consecrated  by  Francis  Asbury,  the  mis- 
sionary bishop,  as  a  local  preacher.  Thus  he  brought  into  the 
new  territory  beyond  the  Ohio,  with  his  professional  skill,  the 
still  greater  influence  of  the  spiritual  physician.  In  both  capaci- 
ties he  firmly  held  the  confidence  of  his  fellow-citizens^  throughout 
his  life.  Upon  his  entry  into  the  Church  he  manumitted  his 
slaves,  and  his  subsequent  record  shows  how  sincere  were  his 
convictions  on  this  subject.  As  president  of  the  first  constitu- 
tional convention  he  won  still  greater  honors  and  established  his 
reputation  as  a  man  of  unquestioned  ability ;  indeed  so  pro- 
nounced and  universal  was  this  that  he  was  elected  governor  of 
the  new  state  in  January,  1803,  without  opposition.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1805,  without  opposition,  and  in  1807  declined  a  third 
term  wdiich  public  sentiment  was  ready  to  confer  upon  him.  Dur- 
ing his  second  term  he  summarily  arrested  the  participants  in  the 

o.  c  — 2 


18  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Aaron  Burr  expedition,  which  resulted  in  the  flight  of  Burr  and 
tke  breaking  up  of  the  conspiracy.  His  vigorous  and  prompt 
measures  on  this  occasion  called  forth  a  public  letter  of  thanks 
from  President  Jefferson.  In  1807  he  was  elected  United  States 
senator  from  Ohio.  While  in  the  Senate  he  was  the  means  of 
securing  much  valuable  legislation  for  the  new  state.  Appro- 
priations for. the  Ohio  River,  and  for  surveying  the  public  lands 
were  obtained  by  him,  and  much  of  the  same  kind  of  practical 
work  which  characterized  him  as  governor  marked  his  senatorial 
term.  He  resigned  in  March,  1809,  owing  to  the  death  of  his 
wife.  It  so  affected  him  that  he  determined  to  retire  from  public 
life.  Returning  to  his  once  happy  home  in  Chillicothe,  it  was 
his  intention  to  spend  his  remaining  days  in  peace,  but  notwith- 
standing his  desires  his  fellow-citizens  elected  him  to  the  Legis- 
lature, where  he  was  unanimously  elected  speaker  of  the  House. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  commissioner  of  the  Land  Office; 
being  the  first  to  hold  that  office,  he  systematized  the  claims  and 
surveys  of  the  public  lands.  He  was  in  Washington  in  1814 
when  it  was  burned  by  the  British.  President  Madison,  his 
cabinet  and  the  heads  of  the  departments  fled  'like  cowards  in 
the  panic  and  all  the  public  records  of  the  American  Republic 
were  destroyed  except  the  records  of  the  Land  Commissioner's 
office.  Edward  Tiffin  stayed  and  saved  the  complete  records  of 
his  department.  So  complete,  compact  and  systematic  were  they 
maintained,  and  so  cool  and  level-headed  was  their  custodian  that 
they  were  removed  to  a  place  of  concealment  in  Loudon  County, 
Virginia,  ten  miles  out  of  Washington.  All  the  other  depart- 
ments lost 'all  their  records;  Edward  Tiffin  saved  all  of  his.  He 
closed  his  life  as  surveyor-general  of  the  West,  which  position 
he  held  during  the  administration  of  Madison,  Monroe,  John 
Quincy  Adams  and  into  Jackson's.  He  died  here  in  Chillicothe 
amidst  the  people'  who  loved  and  honored  him  for  more  than  a 
third  of  a  century,  after  a  remarkable  life  of  usefulness  and  dis- 
tinction. 

This  was  the  Edward  Tiffin  that  confronted  Arthur  St.  Clair 
in  the  great  contest  for  statehood  which  resulted  in  the  conven- 
tion, the  century  of  which  we  celebrate  to-day.  And  Tiffin  had  a 
foeman  worthy  of  his  steel.     Arthur  St.  Clair,  the  first  and  only 


Ohio  Centennial.  19 

governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  was  one  of  the  most  bril- 
Hant  and  distinguished  miHtary  characters  of  the  Revohitionary 
War,  A  contemporary  writer  cahs  him  "the  great  St.  Clair," 
and  while  in  the  gubernatorial  chair  of  the  Northwest,  Judge 
Burnet  marked- him  as  "unquestionably  a  man  of  uprightness  of 
purpose,  as  well  as  suavity  of  manners."  Courtly,  scholarly  and 
honest,  he  was  a  fitting  representative  of  the  government  in  a 
new  land.  St.  Clair,  as  his  name  indicates,  was  of  French  origin 
although  his  ancestors  had  for  centuries  lived  in  Scotland,  where 
he  was  born  in  1734.  He  received  his  education  at  Edinburgh 
University,  and  was  indentured  as  a  student  of  medicine.  He 
disliked  this,  and  purchasing  his  time,  he  entered  the  English 
army  in  1757.  He  was  in  the  French  and  Indian  War,  and  served 
under  General  Wolfe  at  Quebec,  where  his  conduct  was  gallant 
and  effective.  He  resigned  from  the  English  army  in  1762  and 
settled  down  to  civil  life  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  filled  many 
positions  of  trust,  honor  and  importance.  When  the  colonists 
rebelled  against  Great  Britain,  St.  Clair  threw  his  entire  fortune 
and  enthusiasm  on  the  side  of  his  country.  In  1775  he  was  sum- 
moned to  Philadelphia  by  a  letter  from  John  Hancock,  president 
of  the  Continental  Congress,  which  was  then  in  session.  His 
record  from  thence  is  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  Republic.  He 
was  the  assistant  and  confidant  of  Washington ;  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  his  military  family  and  shared  the  hardships  of  Valley 
Forge,  together  with  the  victories  of  many  hard  fought  battles. 
St.  Clair^  after  the  Revolution,  retired  to  civil  life.  His  fortune 
was  gone  in  the  whirligig  of  war.  He  started  into  the  Revolu- 
tion a  rich  man ;  when  peace  was  declared  the  riches  had  flown. 
In  1786  he  was  in  Congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  as  a  hero  of 
two  wars  and  a  distinguished  patriot  he  was  elected  its  president 
in  1787.  This  Congress  formulated  and  passed  the  Ordinance 
of  1787,  under  which  St.  Clair  was  nominated  to  the  governor- 
ship of  the  Northwest  Territory,  which  occurred  October  5. 
Governor  St.  Clair  accepted  his  new  honor  with  misgivings.  He 
says  in  his  letters  that  it  was  forced  upon  him  by  his  friends,  who 
expected  that  there,  was  more  pecuniary  compensation  attached 
to  it  than  even-ts  proved.  It  was  supposed  that  the  opportunities 
for  land  speculation  would  be  so  great  that  St.  Clair  would  make 


20  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

money  out  of  his  advantages  of  position.  But  he  was  not  so 
in||ined,  nor  did  he  expect  such  a  result.  He  was  satisfied  with 
and  frankly  stated,  that  he  had  the  "ambition  of  becoming  the 
father  of  a  country  and  laying  the  foundation  for  the  happiness 
of  millions  then  unborn."  His  unfortunate  career  as  governor 
showed  that  he  thwarted  in  every  way  his  expressed  ambitions. 
When  Edward  Tiffin  entered  upon  the  scene  of  action  in  the 
Northwest  Territory,  Arthur  St.  Clair  was  an  old  man,  worn 
with  the  campaigns  of  war  and  the  conflicts  of  politics.  There 
was  little  save  its  dignity  to  show  that  the  classic  face  was  that 
of  the  handsome  Ensign  St.  Clair,  who  used  to  wield  the  accom- 
plishments of  the  drawing-room  among  the  Bowdoins  and  Bay- 
ards of  Boston  thirty  years  before. 

The  entrance  of  the  followers  of  Thomas  Jefferson  into  the 
Northwest  Territory  was  the  commencement  of  a  political  war 
against  Governor  St.  Clair  that  for  persistency  and  bitterness  was 
equal  to  the  famous  controversy  of  Alexander  Hamilton  and 
Aaron  Burr.  Edward  Tiffin  had  as  his  chief  associates  and  lieu- 
tenants Nathaniel  Massie,  Thomas  Worthington,  Jeremiah  Mor- 
row and  Return  J.  Meigs,  Jr.,  all  men  of  the  highest  character 
and  inspired  by  noble  ambitions.  They  believed  in  the  people;, 
they  were  not  only  opposed  to  the  Federalistic  principles  of  St. 
Clair,  but  resented  the  arbitrary  and  offensive  methods  of  his. 
administration.  The  Scotch  governor  knew  of  but  two  ways  to 
control  or  govern  men ;  they  were  to  pull  them  or  drive  them. 
The  Virginians  would  stand  for  neither  method.  So  their  oppo- 
sition to  St.  Clair  went  not  only  to  his  principles,  but  to  his- 
methods.  His  exercise  of  the  veto  power  invited  the  strongest 
opposition.  He  was  an  advocate  of  strong  government.  He  did 
not  believe  in  conferring  on  the  citizen  the  fullest  powers  and 
responsibilities  of  American  citizenship.  He  favored  property 
qualification  for  electors.  He  got  into  a  controversy  with  the 
Legislature  over  his  own  powers  and  prerogatives.  He  claimed 
and  exercised  the  power  of  locating  county  seats  and  erecting 
new  counties.  This  the  Legislature  denied,  and  attempted  to 
enact  laws  on  this  subject  which  he  promptly  vetoed.  In  his 
contest  with  the*  Virginians  he  was  supported  by  other  able  Fed- 


Ohio  Centennial.  21 

eralists  in  the  persons  of  General  Putnam,  Dr.  Cutler  and  Judge 
Jacob  Burnet. 

It  is  not  essential  to  our  purpose  to  go  into  the  details  of 
the  controversy  that  waged  in  the  territory  from  1799  to  1802. 
There  were  acts  of  Congress,  of  the  Territorial  Legislature,  and 
of  the  governor,  that  furnished  food  for  the  bitterest  contests. 
The  Virginians  were  playing  for  the  greatest  stake  in  American 
politics  —  a  state  of  the  Union.  The  Federalists  were  making 
their  last  stand,  struggling  for  power  both  in  the  East  and  the 
West.  It  was  almost  pathetic  to  see  the  noble  compatriot  of 
Washington  bending  beneath  the  new  storm  that  was  arising. 
The  reign  of  the  people  was  abroad  in  the  Northwest.  Whatever 
virtue  of  Washington's,  Hamilton's  and  St.  Clair's  Federal  views' 
as  to  concentrated  power  had  in  the  then  populous  East,  they 
were  not  respected  by  the  yeoman  of  Ohio.  The  settler  who 
fought  his  way  into  the  heart  of  the  Great  West  believed  that' 
he  should  have  a  full  share  in  its  government.  And  this  was 
why  the  position  of  Tiffin  was  popular  with  the  voters  of  his  day. 
In  the  face  of  almost  insuperable  impediments,  Tiffin  won  his 
fight  for  statehood. 

The  enabling  act  of  Congress  providing  for  the  erection  of 
the  new  state  was  approved  April  30,  1802.  It  fixed  the  bound- 
aries and  provided  for  holding  the  constitutional  convention  on 
the  first  Monday  of  the  following  November.  Edward  Tiffin 
was  very  naturally  elected  to  that  body,  and  was  as  naturally 
selected  as  its  president.  His  belief  in  the  people  is  prevalent 
upon  nearly  every  page  of  the  organic  law.  The  very  first  ques- 
tion of  criticism  that  always  arises  in  a  consideration  of  this 
convention  and  of  the  constitution  which  it  produced  is  that  rela- 
tive to  the  fact  that  that  instrument  was  never  submitted  to  the 
people  for  adoption  or  inspection.  How  did  it  develop  that  these 
men  who  made  such  a  magnificent  struggle  for  popular  rights 
failed  to  submit  their  work  to  the  people?  A  single  reference 
to  the  enabling  act  will  show  the  reason  for  the  apparent  dere- 
liction. The  fifth  section  provides  that  the  convention  shall  first 
determine  whether  it  is  expedient  to  form  a  state  constitution 
and  government.     This  it  did  on  the  third  day  by  a  vote  of  32 


22  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

to  A.     The  only  opposing  vote  being  Ephraim  Cutler  of  Wasn- 
ington  County. 

Such  a  conclusion  being  arrived  at,  the  act  specifically  au- 
thorized the  convention  "to  form  a  constitution  and  state  govern- 
ment." It  required  no  approval  of  the  people.  There  was  no 
legal  machinery  provided  to  secure  such  expression.  It  was  the 
evident  intent  of  the  framers  of  the  act  in  question  to  commit 
the  whole  and  exclusive  duty  of  forming  the  first  constitution 
of  Ohio  to  the  convention.  The  theory  on  which  the  convention 
was  formed  was  that  under  the  act  of  Congress  it  (the  conven- 
tion) was  a  strictly  representative  body,  acting  for  and  in  the 
name  of  the  sovereign  people,  and  that  it  possessed  by  actual 
transfer  all  the  inherent  power  of  the  sovereign,  limited  only  by 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  In  other  words,  it  was 
a  virtual  assemblage  of  the  people,  of  whom,  by  reason  of  their 
great  numbers  and  remoteness  from  each  other,  an  actual  con- 
stitutional convention  was  impossible.  They  met  clothed  with 
all  the  power  the  sovereign  would  have  if  gathered  together. 
The  convention  might  say  what  Louis  XIV  said:  "We  are  the 
State."  The  soundness  of  this  position  is  strengthened  when 
we  search  the  records  on  the  adoption  of  the  constitutions  of 
other  states.  The  result  shows  that  the  following  submitted 
their  first  constitution  to  the  people  for  expression :  California, 
Colorado,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Min- 
nesota, Mississippi,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  Oregon,  Texas,  West 
Virginia  and  Wisconsin,  fifteen  in  number.  The  states  which 
did  not  submit  their  first  constitution  to  the  people  are  as  follows : 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Maryland,  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Florida,  Illi- 
nois, Indiana,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire, 
Ohio,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Vermont;  in  all  twenty- 
one  states  whose  conventions,  with  that  of  Ohio,  regarded  them- 
selves as  the  sovereign  source  of  power.  So  far  as  this  feature 
of  the  first  constitutional  convention  is  concerned,  it  may  be  re- 
garded as  settled  that  it  was  neither  extraordinary,  nor  without 
dignified  and  patriotic  precedent. 

'  The   spirit   of   the   contest    which    culminated    in    statehood 
seemed  to  run  through  the  constitution.    The  executive  branch  of 


.  Ohio  Centennial.  23 

the  state  government  was  stripped  of  all  authority.  It  left  the 
name  of  "governor"  to  apply  to  an  office  that  had  more  honor 
and  dignity  than  power.  The  men  who  controlled  the  convention 
did  not  believe  in  dividing  legislative  power,  and  therefore  gave 
to  the  General  Assembly  sole  power  of  making  laws.  They  did 
not  propose  that  the  governor  should  interfere  by  means  of  the 
veto  power.  And  it  can  be  truthfully  said  as  a  tribute  to  these 
views  of  Tiffin  and  the  men  of  1802,  that  after  a  hundred  years 
there  has  not  developed  a  sufficiently  different  public  sentiment 
to  change  the  active  veto  principle  of  their  organic  law.  Next 
year  the  people  of  Ohio  vote  on  an  amendment  to  their  constitu- 
tion expressly  granting  the  governor  the  right  of  veto.  The 
total  absence  of  property  qualifications  for  office  is  another  in- 
dication of  the  antagonism  of  the  convention  to  the  views  of  St. 
Clair.  They  seemed  determined  to  outlaw  every  element  of 
aristocracy.  This  provision  has  also  stood  test  of  two  subse- 
quent constitutional  conventions,  and  stands  firmer  in  our  or- 
ganic law  than  ever. 

In  apportioning  the  sovereign  power  of  the  people  among 
their  official  agents  the  convention  gave  by  far  the  greatest  power 
to  the  Legislature.  The  right  to  make  all  the  laws  without  any 
limitation  but  constitution  itself  has  been  carried  up  to  modern 
times.  The  money  of  the  state  was  committed  wholly  to  the 
Legislature  and  that  is  where  it  is  to-day. 

The  general  provisions  of  the  bill  of  rights  and  the  specific 
powers  of  the  state  government  have  been  practically  those  under 
which  the  people  of  Ohio  have  lived  for  one  hundred  years.  The 
second  constitution  of  Ohio  adopted  in  185 1  by  a  vote  of  the 
people  followed  throughout  substantially  the  government  lines 
laid  down  by  the  first  constitutional  convention.  The  changes 
introduced  were  the  result  of  the  advanced  progress  of  the  state 
rather  than  a  difference  of  constitutional  ideas. 

When  Thomas  Jefferson  expressed  his  opinion  to  Jeremiah 
Morrow  in  1803  on  the  constitution  he  approved  it  generally, 
except  the  provision  relating  to  the  erection  of  the  judiciary, 
which  he  thought  was  too  restricted  for  the  future  wants  of  the 
state.     He  said,  "They  had  legislated  too  much."    Whatever  was 


24  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

done  by  the  men  of  the  first  convention  their  descendants  followed 
them  in  1851,  for  the  same  restrictions  are  apparent  in  the  second 
constitution. 

The  satisfaction  which  the  original  constitution  gave  the 
people  of  the  state  is  illustrated  by  their  refusal  to  change  it  for 
fifty  years.  When  Thomas  Worthington  was  governor  in  181 7, 
he  recommended  the  holding  of  a  convention  to  form  a  new 
constitution.  Afterwards,  in  1818,  Governor  Ethan  Allen  Brown 
made  a  similar  recommendation,  and  in  1819  the  question  of 
a  second  constitutional  convention  was  submitted  to  the  people 
of  Ohio,  and  in  a  total  vote  of  36,302  was  rejected  by  a  majority 
of  22,328  votes. 

The  principal  objection  to  the  original  constitution  was  the 
fact  that  the  judiciary  and  state  officers  were  appointed  by  a 
joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  General  Assembly.  Jefferson 
saw  this  would  give  trouble  in  the  future.  Its  operations  as  after- 
wards developed,  caused  scandal,  contention  and  disgrace,  and 
hence  the  demand  of  Governors  Worthington  and  Brown  for  an 
opportunity  to  change. 

This  conflict  between  the  judiciary  and  the  Legislature  com- 
menced in  18 18  and  lasted  for  several  years  to  the  great  dis- 
turbance of  the  proper  administration  of  law.  It  appears  that  in 
1805  the  Legislature  gave  justices  of  the  peace  jurisdiction  with- 
out a  jury  to  the  amount  of  fifty  dollars.  As  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  guaranteed  trial  by  jury  to  the  suits  in  which  over 
twenty  dollars  was  involved  the  Supreme  Court  very  properly 
in  a  case  before  it,  decided  the  law  void  and  unconstitutional, 
for  the  constitution  of  Ohio  provided  that  '*the  right  of  trial  by 
jury  shall  be  inviolate."  The  judicial  decision  was  constructed 
as  an  insult  by  the  Legislature.  As  a  result  resolutions  of  im- 
peachment were  preferred  in  the  Sixth  General  Assembly  against 
Judges  Huntington  and  Tod  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  Judge 
Pease,  presiding  judge  of  the  Third  Circuit.  Nothing  was  done 
at  this  session.  While  these  articles  of  impeachment  were  pend- 
ing Judge  Huntington  was  elected  governor,  and  of  course  re- 
signed the  judgeship.  But  the  efforts  at  impeachment  went  on. 
Charges,  however,  were  not  made  against  Governor  Huntington, 
but  were  preferred  against  Jud'^es  Tod  and  Pease. 


Ohio  Centennial.  -25 

Their  answer  to  the  charges  of  impeachment  was  the  con- 
stitutions of  the  United  States  and  the  state  of  Ohio.  The  result 
was  an  acquittal  in  both  cases.  Another  incident  growing  out  of 
the  legislative  power  conferred  by  the  first  constitution  was  the 
sweeping  resolution  passed  in  1819.  This  resolution  passed  in 
January  swept  out  of  office  every  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  the  secretary  of  state,  the  au- 
ditor, the  treasurer  of  state,  and  also  all  the  justices  of  the  peace 
throughout  the  state.  This  resulted  in  interminable  conflict  and 
confusion,  but  it  was  the  exercise  of  the  power  of  the  Legis- 
lature. 

If  it  were  not  for  this  single  feature  which  caused  these  vio- 
lent party  strifes  there  is  every  probability  that  we  would  be  living 
under  the  constitution  of  1802  to-day.  Indeed,  a  reference  to  the 
political  literature  of  the  time  preceding  the  holding  of  the  con- 
vention of  1 85 1,  will  show  that  the  election  of  the  judiciary  and 
other  state  offices  was  the  most  potent  argument  used  in  favoring 
a  new  constitution. 

This  convention  that  laid  the  political  foundations  of  the 
state  of  Ohio  so  heavy  and  deep  that,  substantially,  they  have 
never  been  changed,  was  formed  of  strong  men.  Out  of  the 
thirty-five  all  but  two  of  them  were  from  southern  and  south- 
eastern Ohio.  The  Western  Reserve  played  little  part  in  this 
great  work.  She  opposed  both  the  territorial  government  and 
the  state  government.  It  is  to  the  men  who  came  from  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  that  the  credit  for  the 
founding  of  Ohio  must  be  given.  They  were  the  characters 
that  dominated  the  first  convention.  It  was  their  ideas  of  gov- 
ernment that  were  injected  into  the  first  constitution,  and  for 
the  first  fifty  and  the  last  fifty  years  of  the  state  those  ideas  have 
prevailed.  And  the  one  man  who  conducted  all,  who  influenced 
all,  who  executed  all,  was  the  minister,  physician,  parliamen- 
tarian, governor, .  senator  and  honest  man  —  Edward  Tiffin,  of 
Chillicothe. 


UNVEILING  OF  A  MEDALLION  TO 
GOVERNOR  EDWARD  TIFFIN. 


The  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  organization  of  Ohio 
as  a  state,  opened  at  the  Ross  County  Court  House,  Chillicothe,. 
at  9  o'clock,  Wednesday  morning,  May  20.  At  this  session  a 
medallion  portrait  of  the  first  governor  of  Ohio,  Edward  Tiffin,, 
was  presented  to  Ross  County  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Hunter.  The  por- 
trait in  relief  was  placed  in  a  niche  above  the  judge's  bench. 
The  medallion  of  the  historic  governor  was  the  work  of  Charles 
P.  Filson,  of  Steubenville,  Ohio,  the  painter  and  sculptor,  and 
great-nephew  of  John  Filson,  the  pioneer  surveyor,  artist,  histo- 
rian and  one  of  the  founders  of  Losantiville,  the  first  settlement 
of  Cincinnati.  The  medallion  is  thirty  inches  in  diameter  and  is 
an  excellent  likeness  of  Ohio's  first  governor  at  the  age  of  forty^ 
when  he  was  in  the  zenith  of  his  activities.  Besides  the  artist, 
Vv^Iio  was  present  to  enjoy  the  manifest  appreciation  of  his  mas- 
terpiece, there  were  in  the  assembled  audience  descendants  and 
distant  relatives  of  former  governors  of  the  state,  among  whom 

were  Edward  Tiffin  Cook,  Mrs.  Mary 
Manly,  Miss  Diathea  Cook  and  Miss 
Eleanor  Cook,  grandson  and  grand- 
daughters, and  Hon.  R.  W.  Manly, 
Miss  Anna  Cook  and  Miss  Martha 
Cook,  great-grandson  and  great- 
granddaughters  of  Governor  Tiffin. 
Hon.  J.  C.  Douglas,  judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas  Court,  presided.  He 
briefly  stated  the  object  of  the  ses- 
sion, and  introduced  Rev.  R.  C.  Gal- 
braith,  D.  D.,  who  offered  a  fervent 
prayer. 

Mr.  Hunter,  after  a  few  words  of 

praise  for  the  artist,  who,  he  stated,. 

painted  the  magnificent   portrait   of   Senator   Ross  now  on  the 


?6 


Ohio  Centennial. 


2T 


28 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


wsil  of  the  Chillicothe  Library,  introduced  Miss  Anna  Cook, 
who  gracefully  removed  the  silken  flag,  which  up  to  this  time, 
obscured  the  counterfeit  features  of  the  illustrious  founder  of 
the  state. 

Judge  Douglas  then  introduced  Hon.  Archibald  Mayo,  who, 
he  stated,  represented  Mr.  Hunter.     Mr.  Mayo  spoke  as  follows : 


ADDRESS  OF  HON.  ARCHIBALD  MAYO. 

Commissioners  of  Ross  County  and  Fellow-Citizens  of  Ohio: 

The  thought  that  one  hundred  years  ago  Ohio  became  a 
state  is  an  abstraction.  It  is  only  when,  peering  through  the 
haze  of  years,  we  perceive,  with  increasing  distinctness,  the  men 

of  that  time  with  their  surroundings 
and  the  events,  before  and  after,  which 
link  themselves  to  Ohio's  birth,  that 
interest  awakens  and  enthusiasm 
grows  apace. 

Our  esteemed  fellow-citizen,  Wil- 
liam H.  Hunter,  has  done  much  to  aid 
us  in  that  respect.  He  came  here  re- 
cently from  Jefferson  County,  whose 
annalist  he  is,  and  being  a  member  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  and  stu- 
dious of  all  things  concerning  the 
Northwest,  he  found  a  congenial  at- 
mosphere in  the  associations  of  his 
new  home.  His  interest  in  them  led 
him  not  long  since  to  present  to  us  a  fine  portrait  in  oil  of  that 
United  States  senator  of  Pennsylvania  after  whom  this  county 
was  named.  And  now  he  presents  to  you,  the  commissioners 
of  Ross  County  in  trust  for  the  people  of  the  county  and,  in  a 
larger  sense,  of  the  state,  a  plastic  portrait  of  Edward  Tiffin,  our 
first  governor,  who  on  the  day  we  celebrate  marked  the  triumph 
of  free  institutions  over  autocratic  ideas  and  breathed  into  the 
perfected  organization  of  a  new  republic  the  breath  of  life. 
The  gift  is  to  adorn  the  walls  of  this  court  house,  which  stands 
on  the  site  of  the  one  built  by  the  territorial  county  of  Ross  in 


ARCHIBAI^D   IvIAYO. 


Ohio  Centennial.  29 

the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  one,  where  sat  the  constitutional 
convention  over  which  the  future  first  governor  presided  and 
where  the  first  and  many  succeeding  General  Assembhes  of  Ohio 
enacted  laws  for  the  young  commonwealth.  Mr.  Hunter's  gifts 
are  so  liberal,  impartial  and  appropriate,  so  sure  to  be  valuable 
and  interesting  to  us  and  to  those  who  come  after  us,  that  I 
consider  it  a  privilege  to  be  present  and,  at  his  request  and  that 
of  the  centennial  executive  committee,  to  accompany  his  gra- 
cious offering  by  some  remarks  concerning  the  life  and  times  of 
Governor  Tiffin. 

After  General  Anthony  Wayne's  victory  at  "Fallen  Timbers'* 
and  the  Greenville  treaty  had  brought  Indian  warfare  to  an  end 
and  the  Ohio  settlements  began  to  receive  an  influx  of  Revolu- 
tionary officers  and  soldiers  and  of  educated  young  men  in  search 
of  opportunity  and  fortune,  Edward  Tiffin  and  his  wife's  brother, 
Thomas  Worthington  —  both  destined  to  high  place  in  State  and 
Nation  —  came  to  Chillicothe.  Worthington's  friend  and  cor- 
respondent, Nathaniel  Massie,  the  able  and  intrepid  pioneer,  had 
established  the  town  two  years  before.  It  was  within  the  limits 
of  the  land  known  as  the  Virginia  Military  District,  which  Vir- 
ginia, in  ceding  her  claims  in  the  Northwest  to  the  United 
States,  had  reserved  for  bounty  to  her  Revolutionary  sol- 
diers. Tiffin,  Worthington,  their  wives.  Tiffin's  parents  and 
their  other  children,  a  number  of  laborers  and  mechanics  and 
some  of  their  former  slaves,  made  up  quite  a  party  which  reached 
here  in  April,  1798,  when  Tiffin  was  about  thirty-two  and  Worth- 
ington about  twenty-five  years  old.  Worthington  was  a  man  of 
some  fortune,  and  Tiffin  had  accumulated  means.  The  former  at 
once  began  the  erection  of  Adena,  which  was  finished  in  1805, 
while  he  represented  Ohio  in  the  United  States  Senate;  whose 
furnishings  were  in  part  imported  and  brought  across  the  moun- 
tains from  the  coast.  It  is  a  substantial  residence,  still  standing 
on  the  elevated  land  northwest  of  the  city,  and  was  in  its  day 
deemed  the  finest  mansion  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 

The  latter  built  a  comfortable  stone  house  on  Water  street 
near  High,  on  a  four-acre  lot  which  extended  on  High  street 
beyond  the  residence  of  the  late  James  B.  Scott  —  Tiffin's  father 
and  mother  being  buried  on  what  afterwards  became  the  Scott 


30  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

li^mestead  —  and  on  Water  street  to  a  brook  where  runs  a  street 
now  known  as  Park  but  formerly  as  Deer  Creek  street.  Beauti- 
ful terraced  gardens  extended  along  the  Water  street  front  of 
the  place..  This  was  his  home  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
Dr.  Tiffin  brought  with  him  skill  and  experience  in  the  profession 
of  medicine  and  surgery,  for  which  he  had  great  aptitude  and 
which  he  had  successfully  practiced  for  twelve  years  in  what  was 
then' Berkeley  County,  Virginia.  He  had  in  youth  received  a  fair 
education ;  he  was  of  exemplary  character  and  habits  firmly 
established ;  and,  above  all,  he  and  his  wife  had  been  "converted" 
in  the  great  revival  of  religion  which  under  Methodist  auspices 
had  swept  over  Virginia  a  year  or  two  before  they  left  that 
state.  In  consequence,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Tiffin  and  Thomas  Worth- 
ington  and  wife,  becoming  troubled  in  conscience  because  of  slav- 
ery, had  manumitted  their  slaves.  They  were  attracted  by  the 
fact  that  under  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  passed  for  its  government, 
the  territory  lying  northwest  of  the  Ohio  River,  had  been  forever 
dedicated  to  freedom  as  well  as  by  the  fame  of  its  wonderful 
fertility  and  beauty.  General  Arthur  St.  Clair  was  then  the  gov- 
ernor, appointed  by  the  President,  of  that  great  Northwest  Terri- 
tory out  of  which  Ohio  and  states  west  and  northwest  of  her  were 
subsequently  formed.  General  Washington  sent  to  him  a  letter 
introducing  Tiffin  and  recommending  him  for  the  fine  character 
in  private  and  public  life  manifested  by  him  in  their  long  ac- 
quaintance and  stating  also,  that  Tiffin  had  by  diligent  study 
acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  law. 

Dr.  Tiffin,  as  he  was  generally  called,  was  a  man  of  vigor 
and  versatility,  alert  to  know  the  'Svhat"  and  the  "how"  of  the 
world  about  him.  He  was  active  in  mind  and  body,  quick  of 
step  and  gesture  and  full  of  enthusiastic  impulses.  In  mind,  body 
and  spiritual  nature  he  was  at  all  times  a  thoroughly  wide-awake 
man.  Whatever  he  did  was  with  impetuous  ardor  which  over- 
came obstacles.  .  Before  his  "conversion"  he  was  a  gay  young 
man  of  the  world ;  the  "glass  of  fashion" ;  full  of  wit  and  re- 
source, of  grateful  and  persuasive  address,  fond  of  so- 
ciety and  was  the  animating  spirit  of  all  social  gatherings. 
Afterward  these  qualities,  turned  into  another  channel,  made 
his    religion    attractive,    and    while    it    was    not    in    his    nature 


Ohio  Centennial.  31 

to  lose,  relish  for  brightness,  grace  and  joyousness,  neither  could 
he  refrain  from  ardently  preaching  the  "glad  tidings  of  the  greaf 
joy"  which  had  filled  his  own  soul.  His  lively  temper  did  not 
allow  him  ever  to  escape  the  censure  of  the  more  sober  minded 
while  no  criticism  could  cool  his  religious  ardor.  He  did  not 
so  tower  above  others  as  to  disable  him  from  viewing  men  and 
things  from  the  standpoint  of  those  about  him  although  he  ex- 
amined them  with  keener  insight  and  more  profound  reflection. 
He  wa^>  a  practical  man  who  took  hold  of  the  world's  affairs  with 
lively  interest  in  current  events  and  active  efforts  to  shape  them 
to  desired  ends.  His  interest  in  men  and  their  concerns  was  so 
ap  jarent  as  to  draw  them  to  him.  Men  instinctively  sought  his 
aid,  relied  upon  him  and  put  him  to  the  front,  not  so  much  for 
his  greatness  or  from  unquestioning  concurrence  in  his  views  as 
because  they  loved  him  and  believed  in  him.  His  methods  and 
motives  were  governed  by  a  strong  grasp  on  moral  and  religious 
truth.  He  loved  liberty  and  righteousness.  These  affections 
were  the  strong  passions  of  his  nature. 

It  is  quite  possible  to  seek  good  ends  and  be  unpopular;  to 
love  liberty  and  retard  it;  to  be  pious  and  make  religion  unat- 
tractive. It  was  not  so  with  Tiffin.  Hence  it  came  about  that, 
within  a  few  months  after  he  reached  the  new  town  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Scioto  River  he  was  made  clerk  of  the  Territorial 
court  and  the  next  year  when  the  Territorial  Legislature  came  into 
existence  he  was  not  only  a  member  of  that  body,  but  also  clerk  of 
the  Supreme  and  inferior  courts  and  so  continued  until  the  era  of 
statehood  in  1803.  The  Legislature  first  met  in  Cincinnati  and 
Dr.  Tiffin  was  unanimously  'hosen  speaker  of  the  House.  That 
body  whose  members  came  li'om  widely  scattered  regions  of  the 
vast  wilderness  stretching  from  the  Ohio  River  to  the  great  lakes 
and  from  the  Pennsylvania  border  to  the  Mississippi  River,  be- 
came at  odds  with  Governor  St.  Clair.  Its  second  session  was 
held  in  Chillicothe  because  in  the  meantime,  through  the  efforts 
of  William  Henry  Harrison,  the  territorial  delegate  in  Congress, 
(afterwards  president  of  the  United  States),  the  territory  had 
heen  divided  much  against  St.  Clair's  will.  That  portion  lying 
west  of  the  Great  Miami  River  became  the  Indiana  Territory  with 
Harrison  for  its  governor.     The  portion  east  of  that  river  re- 


32  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

tai§ed  the  name  and  organization  of  the  Northwest  Territory^ 
with  St.  Clair  as  its  governor  and  Chillicothe  designated  as  its 
capital.  The  controversy  between  the  governor  and  Legislature 
became  more  acrimonious.  When  an  election  was  held  within 
the  new  boundaries  for  the  succeeding  Legislature,  the  governor's 
friends  secured  a  majority  and  yet  Tiffin,  who  along  with  Na- 
thaniel Massie  and  Thomas  Worthington  and  others,  was  active 
and  influential  in  opposition  to  St.  Clair's  views  and  purposes, 
was  so  popular  and  was  regarded  as  so  fair  a  man  that  he  was 
again  unanimously  chosen  speaker. 

When,  under  the  new  administration  of  Thomas  Jefferson,, 
Congress  authorized  the  people  of  the  territory  to  elect  delegates 
to  a  convention  which  was  to  decide  whether  a  state  government 
v;as  desired  and  if  so  was  to  adopt  a  state  constitution,  Tiffin 
was  elected  a  member  of  that  convention  and  then  unanimously 
selected  as  its  presiding  officer.  This  convention  met  in  the 
fall  of  1802  in  the  court  house  which  had  been  erected  the  pre- 
vious year.  Tiffin  had  great  influence  in  this  body.  The  consti- 
tution "being  adopted  an  election  for  governor  and  state  officers 
was  soon  held  and  Tiffin  was  elected  governor.  After  serving 
two  terms  he  was  chosen  by  the  Legislature  to  represent  the  state 
in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States;  and  after  his  resignation  of 
that  office  he  consented  to  become  a  member  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature, which  office  he  held  two  successive  terms,  until  President 
Madison  did  him  the  unsolicited  honor  to  ask  him  to  become 
the  head  and  organizer  of  the  newly-created  Land  Office,  which 
was  the  germ  of  the  present  Interior  Department.  When  with 
great  labor  and  ability  he  had  fully  established  this  department 
he  exchanged  that  office  at  his  own  request  for  that  of  surveyor- 
general  of  the  Northwest,  which  enabled  him  to  remain  at  home 
with  his  office  in  Chillicothe.  This  position  he  retained  until  the 
eve  of  his  death. 

No  man  whose  aspirations  for  liberty  and  religion  were  so 
strong  and  persistent  and  who  was  so  ready  at  all  times  to  battle 
for  his  convictions  against  all  comers,  ever  retained  throughout 
life  the  respect  and  attachment  of  his  constituents  and  of  public 
men  in  a  more  conspicuous  and  remarkable  degree  than  did  Ed- 
ward Tiffin. 


Ohio  Centennial.  35 

His  love  of  liberty  manifested  itself  strongly  in  the  tenacity 
with  which  he  clung  to  his  anti-slavery  views  on  all  occasions. 
It  was  evidenced  by  his  prompt  opposition  to  the  efforts  of  cer- 
tain southern  gentlemen,  owning  land  in  the  Virginia  Military 
District,  to  secure  permission  to  move  upon  their  lands  with  their 
slaves.  The  Ordinance  of  1787  forbade  this,  but  Judge  Burnet, 
who  was  a  member  of  the  governor's  council  and  party,  declared 
that  "such  was  the  feeling  and  temper  of  the  delegates  in  regard 
to  the  system  of  human  slavery,  that  if  there  had  been  no  such 
provision  in  the  Ordinance,  the  request  would  have  been  refused, 
as  it  was,  by  a  unanimous  vote."  When  he  was  a  candidate  for 
membership  in  the  constitutional  convention  of  1802,  he  pub- 
lished in  the  Chillicothe  Gazette  the  statement  that  if  the  Or- 
dinance did  not  prohibit  it,  he  would  regard  its  introduction  as 
being  the  greatest  injury  that  could  be  inflicted  on  posterity. 

In  1807,  when  the  Indiana  Territorial  Legislature  wished  to 
allow  slavery  temporarily  and  memorialized  Congress  to  suspend 
the  operation  of  the  anti-slavery  clause  of  the  territorial  ordi- 
nance. Tiffin,  then  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate,  to 
whose  committee  this  application  was  referred,  reported  and  voted 
against  it. 

His  biographer  relates  that  an  English  traveler  who  found  in 
this  country  scarcely  anything  or  anybody  to  commend,  spoke  of 
Tiffin,  the  then  governor,  as  a  plain,  honest,  well-informed,  very 
religious  man,  and  said  that  he  had  learned  that  "the  governor 
was  very  much  opposed  to  the  system  of  human  slavery  and  was 
most  efficient  in  excluding  it  from  Ohio." 

The  ordinance  for  the  government  of  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory provided :  "There  shall  neither  be  slavery,  nor  involuntary 
servitude  in  the  said  territory,  otherwise  than  in  the  punishment 
of  crimes."  The  insertion  of  an  anti-slavery  clause  was  at  the 
instance  of  Jefferson.  The  state  constitution  framed  by  Tiffin 
and  his  Jeffersonian  co-workers,  emphasized  the  prohibition. 

In  Edward  Tiffin's  view,  the  contest  with  St.  Clair  was  one 
for  popular  liberty,  and  on  his  part  there  was  no  other  motive.. 
Tt  was  commenced  by  wrongful  assertion  of  the  prerogative  on 
the  part  of  the  governor,  when  he  vetoed  the  acts  of  the  Assem- 

o.  c  — 3 


34  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

bl^  establishing  new  counties  and  fixing  county  seats.  In  the 
subsequent  battle  for  and  against  statehood  St.  Clair  maintained 
that  "a  multitude  of  indigent  and  ignorant  people  are  but  ill- 
qualified  to  form  a  constitution  and  government  for  themselves." 
Tiffin  in  turn  published  an  address  to  the  people  in  which  he  said : 
**A  territorial  government  is  ill  adapted  to  the  feelings  and  genius 
of  free  Americans,"  and  that  "it  is  only  necessary  to  direct  at- 
tention to  the  ordinance  of  Congress  for  the  government  of  the 
territory  to  convince  one  of  the  utter  impossibility  of  a  govern- 
ment conducive  to  national  happiness  in  this  enlightened  day 
being  administered  under  it  unless  by  persons  more  than  mortal. 
It  was  formulated  at  a  time  when  civil  liberty  was  not  fully  under- 
stood as  it  is  now,  and  contemplated  only  a  government  of  the 
few  over  the  many.'' 

The  contest  between  the  governor  and  the  popular  Assembly 
of  the  Northwest  Territory  was  like  those  between  the  colonial 
legislatures  on  the  one  hand  and  their  governors  and  councils 
appointed  by  the  crown  upon  the  other,  which  were  so  frequent 
in  pre-Revolutionary  annals  and  so  significant  of  coming  events, 
culminating  in  a  war  for  independence. 

The  causes  of  quarrel  were  the  same:  the  assertion  of 
prerogative  on  the  one  hand  and  of  popular  needs  and  rights 
on  the  other;  the  authority  of  the  crown's  representative  exer- 
cised in  the  interest  of  policies  and  parties  in  the  distant  govern- 
ment, opposed  to  those  who  aimed  to  protect  home  interests  and 
local  self-government.  They  who  controlled  the  policy  of  the 
mother  country  had  regarded  the  people  of  the  colonies  as  Gov- 
ernor St.  Clair  did  the  territorial  inhabitants,  as  "too  ignorant 
and  indigent"  for  self-government.  If  St.  Clair  had  succeeded 
—  and  he  might  have  done  so,  had  Jefiferson  been  defeated  —  he 
would  have  kept  the  territory  under  subjection  for  many  years, 
and  ultimately  created  Ohio  with  the  Scioto  River  as  her  western 
boundary,  with  Marietta  for  her  capital  —  for  such  was  the  de- 
sign—  in  order  that  she  might  be  securely  dominated  by  the 
party  of  which  Alexander  Hamilton,  that  brilliant  genius  who 
had  no  faith  in  popular  government,  was  the  chief;  and  have  a 
governor,  who,  like  St.  Clair  and  his  party  in  Congress,  believed 
that  a  ruler  appointed  by  a  power  from  without,  and  with  an  ab- 


Ohio  Centennial.  35 

solute  veto  on  anything  the  people  approved,  was  on  the  whole 
best  calculated  to  promote  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  the  com- 
mon people. 

Tiffin  did  not  leave  Virginia  with  any  partisan  ideas,  nor 
did  the  differences  with  the  governor  grow  out  of  any  on  the 
part  of  himself  and  friends.  He  came  here  as  the  young  friend  of 
General  Washington,  with  his  letter  of  high  eulogy.  He  revered 
that  great  and  good  man  then  and  always.  Washington  was  in- 
deed conservative.  He  belonged  to  a  generation  of  wealthy, 
slave-holding  Virginians,  a  landed  aristocracy,  and  held  much  to 
the  traditions  and  ideas  of  the  class  and  period  to  which  he  be- 
longed. He  was  fond  of  the  brilliant  Hamilton,  who  had  been 
his  military  aid  and  afterward  founder  of  the  treasury  system, 
and  undoubtedly  that  great  intellect  had  much  influence  with  him 
in  public  matters.  Washington,  too,  had  the  greatness  of  mind 
that  dwells  in  regions  of  thought  remote  from  those  of  the  subtle 
schemer,  and  was  not  able  to  fully  comprehend  the  ideas  and 
motives  of  those  who  gained  his  confidence.  He  stood  at  the 
threshold  of  the  old  and  new,  and  having  performed  his  own 
great  part,  left  the  management  of  political  plans  to  younger  men. 
Jefferson's  ideas  were  those  of  the  far-seeing  philosophic  states- 
man, who  perceived  the  opportunity  for  a  great  advance  and  for 
realizing,  in  large  part,  at  least,  the  vision  of  a  government  of  the 
people,  for  the  people,  and  by  the  people,  such  as  the  Federalists 
had  not  contemplated,  and  indeed,  dreaded.  They  believed  in  a 
government  of  the  people  and  thought  that  government  and  plenty 
of  it  was  good  for  them.  They  believed  in  government  for  the 
people,  and  thought  themselves  quite  competent  to  furnish  it, 
as  St.  Clair  thought  he  could  for  the  people  of  the  Northwest 
Territory.  But  they  did  not  look  with  complacency  on  a  govern- 
ment by  the  people  themselves,  and  their  constant  struggle  when 
the  constitution  was  being  framed  was  to  keep  the  government 
as  far  away  from  any  direct  management  by  the  people  as  pos- 
sible; and  not  succeeding  in  this  as  fully  as  they  hoped,  they 
aimed  by  liberal  construction,  by  implication,  to  supply  what  they 
considered  its  deficiencies.  The  Jeffersonians  believed  that  the 
only  way  to  prevent  a  substantial  return  to  old-world  govern- 
mental ideas  and  conditions  lay  in  a  strict  construction  of  the 


36  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

powers  granted  by  the  Federal  government,  and  a  constant  re- 
minder of  the  great  fact  that  all  powers  of  government  resided 
primarily  in  each  state ;  that  by  the  adoption  of  the  United  States 
constitution,  each  state  had  granted  a  portion,  and  only  a  portion 
of  its  own  powers  to  the  common  government ;  that  all  other 
powers  remained  with  each  state  government  and  ultimate  au- 
thority with  the  people;  that  the  powers  of  government  which 
did  not  belong  to  the  United  States  were  more  numerous  and 
quite  as  important  as  those  which  did  belong  to  it;  that  as  the 
United  States  government  was  supreme  in  the  limit  of  the  powers 
granted  to  it,  so  each  state  was  sovereign  within  the  limits  of  the 
powers  which  it  had  reserved  to  itself ;  and  that,  as  to  new  states, 
they  were  to  be  formed  out  of  the  common  territory  and  come  in 
on  an  equal .  footing  with  the  original  states.  Now,  Edward 
Tiffin,  as  I  have  said,  was  an  ardent  lover  of  liberty,  and  that 
being  so,  he  could  not,  with  his  intensely  ardent  disposition,  avoid 
becoming  warmed  up  on  the  Jeffersonian  side  during  the  great 
.political  struggle  going  on  in  the  states  in  the  year  1800;  es- 
pecially as  then,  and  for  some  time  before,  he  and  his  friends  were 
struggling  against  the  methods  and  purposes  of  one  who,  in  his 
own  person,  fairly  embodied  the  principles  and  characteristics, 
and  the  autocratic  spirit  which  marked  the  leaders  of  his  party. 

General  St.  Clair  was  also  the  friend  of  Washington.  -He 
had  served  with  credit  to  his  state  and  the  common  cause  in  the 
struggle  against  the  mother  country.  He  had  represented  Penn- 
sylvania in  the  Continental  Congress  with  ability  and  had  pre- 
sided over  its  deliberations.  He  had  been  appointed  governor 
of  a  great  territory  of  which  the  future  Ohio  constituted  a  small 
part.  His  abode  in  it  was  merely  the  headquarters  of  his  official- 
ism. His  authority  was  from  without.  His  home  was  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania  from  whence  he  came  and  to  which  he  returned. 
His  military  career  in  the  territory  was  a  disastrous  failure.  His 
army  was  ignominiously  defeated  and  cut  to  pieces  in  battle 
with  the  Indians.  His  civil  administration  was  unfortunately 
turbulent  and  ineffectual,  and  after  a  protracted  dispute  with  the 
people's  representatives  and  leading  men  of  the  territory  con- 
cerning the  limits  of  his  prerogatives  —  in  which  he  was  clearly 


Ohio  Centennial.  37 

in  the  wrong  —  and  concerning  the  fitness  of  the  people  to  have  a 
government  of  their  own,  it  ended  in  discomfiture. 

He  was  in  no  sense  identified  with  Ohio  except  that  he  must 
be  remembered  as  one  who  spent  himself  in  trying  to  prevent  her 
birth  and  failing  in  that,  in  seeking,  for  party  purposes,  to  bring 
her  into  this  world  maimed  and  deformed.  He  was  a  Federalist 
of  the  strictest  sect  and  an  acrimonious  partisan.  The  odious 
Alien  and  Sedition  laws  which  had  startled  a  people  fresh  from 
revolution  "like  a  fire  bell  in  the  night,"  rang  the  doom  of  his 
party  but  they  were  congenial  to  his  spirit  and  he  published  a 
pamphlet  in  their  defence.  He  could  not  realize  that  "night's 
candles  were  burnt  out."  The  sun-burst  of  untried  popular  gov- 
ernment dazzled  and  pained  his  failing  vision.  The  new-born 
Spirit  of  Liberty  was  too  bold  and  strident  for  his  conventional 
notions.  His  party  belongs  only  to  history.  It  is  a  thing  of 
our  remote  past.  It  ruffled  bravely  for  a  time  but  it  had  little 
vitality.  No  modern  party  acknowledges  kinship  with  it.  Each 
of  our  great  parties  claims  descent  from  the  followers  of  Jeffer- 
son. 

Until  slavery,  having  grown  immensely  profitable  where  cot- 
ton was  king,  controlled  a  large  section  of  the  Democratic  organi- 
zation and  forced  it  to  insist  (in  true  Federalistic  fashion,  and  in 
the  name  of  "vested  rights"  and  "property  interests,"  those  shib- 
boleths of  Despotism  in  its  contest  with  freedom  and  progress 
in  every  age  and  country)  on  the  exercise  by  the  United  States 
of  arbitrary  authority  to  force  slavery  on  unwilling  territories 
and  to  make  slave-catchers  of  free  states  and  people,  the  ideas 
of  Jefferson  prevailed. 

Until  the  same  power  drove  Southern  states,  in  despite  of 
reason,  to  break  up  the  Union  and  sought  to  escape  consequences 
under  cover  of  an  alleged  constitutional  right  of  a  state  to  with- 
draw, reason  or  no  reason  —  until  that  fatal  hour  there  was  no 
question  that  the  Jeffersonian  doctrine  I  have  outlined,  known  as 
the  "state  rights"  creed,  was  throughout  its  history  the  Demo- 
cratic party's  principle  of  cohesion,  and  that  all  its  cardinal  posi- 
tions were  the  real  or  supposed  corollaries  of  that  doctrine. 

Certain  liberal  and  anti-slavery  elements  of  the  Whig  party 
sloughed  off  the  aristocratic  and  slavery  supporting  as  well  as 


88  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

th^  slave-holding  elements,  and  united  with  rebellious  and  anti- 
slavery  Democrats  to  form  the  Republican  party,  whose  early 
leaders  always  insisted  that  they  were  the  revivalists  of  genuine 
Jeffersonian  ideas. 

It  is  now  as  well  recognized  a  fact  that  Jefferson's  victory  in 
1800  staid  a  reactionary  movement  towards  monarchial  types  of 
administration  and,  in  truth,  saved  the  Republic  as  that,  the 
Northern  armies  in  the  great  civil  conflict  of  later  years,  main- 
tained the  territorial  integrity  of  the  Union,  and,  incidentally, 
brought  to  block  the  state-sheltered  institution  of  slavery.  Of 
this  great  battle  for  liberty  the  contest  with  St.  Clair  was  at  first  a 
preliminary  skirmish  and  at  last  a  part. 

The  warfare  led  by  Jefferson  against  arbitrary  exercise  of 
power  by  the  Federalists  in  the  administration  of  the  national 
government,  led  to  such  comparisons  and  inferences,  as  tended 
to  enlist  very  strongly  the  interest  of  Tiffin  and  his  co-workers 
in  the  territory.  The  subsequent  prompt  aid  which  they  received 
from  Jefferson  and  his  party  in  Congress  soon  after  his  in- 
auguration in  establishing  their  own  liberty  and  opportunities 
for  civic  progress,  bound  them  "with  hooks  of  steel"  to  the  sup- 
port of  those  who  had  already  saved  the  nation.  Happily  they 
were  destined  to  direct  its  affairs  for  many  years,  to  establish  the 
idea  and  practice  of  popular  government,  and  to  give  hope  that 
even  the  strong  tendencies  toward  Federalism — inseparable  from 
periods  of  great  material  prosperity  of  the  sort  which  concen- 
trates the  control  of  great  wealth  and  power  —  may  never  do 
more  than  create  a  passing  alarm  or  awaken  the  people  once 
again  to  the  resolute  application  of  such  corrective  measures  as 
will  suffice  to  perpetuate  free  institutions. 

It  is  well  known  that  Jefferson  feared  the  effect  of  a  national 
judiciary  selected  without  reference  to  the  people,  with  a  perma- 
nent tenure  which  the  people  could  not  disturb;  and  he  was 
strengthened  in  that  view  by  the  fact  that  strong  Federal  par- 
tisans had  become  intrenched  in  those  courts;  and  that  while 
popular  disapproval  had  changed  the  complexion  of  every  branch 
of  the  national  government,  it  could  not  reach  them.  Tiffin,  too, 
believed  this  feature  of  the  government  to  be  inimical  to  liberty; 
and  five  days  after  he  took  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate 


Ohio  Centennial.  39 

he  proposed  an  amendment  to  the  constitution  providing  for  the 
removal  of  supreme  and  district  court  judges  upon  the  request 
of  two-thirds  of  both  houses  of  Congress. 

Love  of  Hberty  manifested  itself  again  in  the  action  of  the 
constitutional  convention,  over  which  Tiffin  presided  and  in  the 
shaping  of  which  he  was  influential,  in  refusing  to  allow  the  state 
governor  a  negative  of  any  sort,  either  absolute  or  qualified,  upon 
legislation.  St.  Clair  had  exercised  an  absolute  veto.  No  act 
could  pass  by  a  two-thirds  or  any  other  vote  without  his 
consent.  He  was,  in  effect,  the  third  House.  Many  have 
thought  that  his  antagonists  went,  in  framing  the  Ohio  consti- 
tution, to  the  opposite  extreme.  Tiffin  was  then,  doubtless,  a 
prospective  governor,  but  he  favored  this  strict  separation  of  the 
legislative  and  executive  departments  of  government.  Worth- 
ington  was  subsequently  governor,  but  he  sought  no  greater  au- 
thority. They  and  the  rest  of  those  who  graced  the  gubernatorial 
position,  whose  wisdom  and  virtue  gave  them  merited  influence 
with  their  party  friends,  and  in  matters  nonpartisan  with  others 
as  well,  have  not  needed  the  veto  power  to  make  their  wisdom 
properly  effectual  to  restrain  and  to  encourage.  The  average 
sense  is  in  the  long  run  better  than  the  individual  sense  of  the 
greatest  and  best  —  if  peradventure  it  remains  usual  to  make 
governors  of  states  out  of  the  greatest  and  best  material.  And  if 
—  which  Heaven  forbid  !  —  it  should  ever  happen  that  governors 
become  incidents  of  the  operation  of  a  political  engine  and  re- 
sponsive to  the  engineer's  direction,  our  fathers  would  indeed 
be  vindicated  in  their  belief  that  every  veto  power  injured  liberty. 
No  words  can  picture  the  wonderful  strides  in  every  sort  of 
desirable  progress  made  by  Ohio  during  the  period  between  the 
making  of  the  first  and  second  constitutions  of  the  state.  Yet 
the  constitution  of  185 1  did  not  extend  the  governor's  veto 
power.  In  that  respect  the  first  instrument  seemed,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  the  very  able  men  constituting  the  second  convention,  to 
have  vindicated  itself. 

This  feature  is  conceded  by  great  thinkers  the  world  over 
to  have  constituted  an  epoch-making  event  and  to  constitute,  at 
any  rate,  a  firm  and  advance  step  in  popular  government. 


40  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

•Governor  Tiffin  and  Governor  Worthington  and  their  suc- 
cessors under  the  first  constitution  were  men  of  hke  civic  creeds, 
but  all  of  them  were  great  friends  of  public  improvements  and  all 
exerted  themselves  to  open  up  the  roads  and  waterways  and  to 
increase  the  facilities  of  the  people.  All  were  friends  of  popular 
education  and  labored  assiduously  to  advance  these  great  in- 
terests, and  they  accomplished  quite  as  much  in  all  these  direc- 
tions as  they  could  have  done  by  the  exercise  of  any  greater  pre- 
rogative. And  probably  Hon.  D.  J.  Ryan,  in  his  work  on  Ohio, 
does  not  overstate  Governor  Tiffin's  share  in  these  great  labors 
when  he  says:  "No  man  who  has  ever  filled  the  gubernatorial 
chair  of  Ohio  possessed  greater  genius  for  the  administration  of 
public  affairs  than  Edward  Tiffin.  His  work  in  advancing  and 
-developing  the  state  has  not  been  equaled  by  that  of  any  other 
man  in  its  history." 

If  it  could  be  said  that  the  Legislature,  in  course  of  time, 
came  to.be  of  a  different  political  complexion  and  that  progress 
came  accordingly,  then  it  was  surely  well  that  the  veto  power 
did  not  come  between  it  and  its  work. 

It  is  the  truth  of  history,  however,  that  Federalists,  whether 
so  in  name  or  in  fact,  had  little  to  do  with  developing  Ohio.  The 
Federalists  of  Ohio  were  found  among  the  New  England  settlers, 
and  Rufus  King  has  pointed  out  that  the  New  England  immi- 
gration to  Ohio,  contrary  to  popular  supposition,  was  small ;  that 
class  had  substantially  nothing  to  do  with  the  formation  of  the 
Ohio  constitution  or  the  organization  of  the  state.  When  the 
governor  and  state  officers  were  to  be  elected  under  it,  the  Fed- 
eralists refused  to  vote,  they  were  so  much  put  out  with  the  situ- 
ation, and  Tiffin  was  elected  governor  with  scarcely  a  dissenting 
vote.  The  northern  part  of  the  state  was  then  an  Indian  reserva- 
tion and  the  northwest  portion  of  the  state  so  remained  until 
fifteen  years  later  and  for  a  long  period  after  that  was  substan- 
tially uninhabited.  The  northeast  portion,  including  the  Western 
Reserve,  remained  but  slightly  developed  until  the  canals  were 
constructed,  and  the  main  lines  were  not  completed  until  1833, 
and  the  whole  system  was  not  completed  until  considerably  later, 
and  there  was  very  little  worth  while  to  speak  of  in  that  region 
until  after  the  state  had  been  builded,  its  institutions  and  char- 


Ohio  Centennial.  41 

acter  well  settled  and  the  lines  and  principle  of  its  growth  and 
greatness  fully  marked  on  the  basis  defined  by  the  Ordinance  of 
1787,  and  the  constitution  of  the  state,  under  the  auspices  of 
Governor  Tiffin  and  the  men  of  his  creed  and  party  or  affiliation 
who  continued  for  so  long  to  hold  the  offices,  establish  the  policy 
and  make  the  laws  of  the  commonwealth.  The  central  belt  of 
the  state  was  settled  principally  by  Germans  and  Scotch-Irish; 
the  Miami  country  by  people  of  New  Jersey  and  the  Middle 
States;  the  Virginian  district,  whose  center  was  Chillicothe,  by 
Virginians  both  from  the  Valley  and  Tidewater,  and  the  Ohio 
River,  with  its  tributaries,  the  Miami,  Scioto  and  Muskingum, 
w^ere  the  chief  channels  of  the  state's  commerce.  The  bulk  of 
the  population  was  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  and 
Cincinnati  and  Chillicothe  the  most  important  towns.  Before 
the  northern  part  of  the  state  had  taken  on  any  considerable 
movement  and  while  its  population  was  quite  scanty,  the  great 
canal  improvement  which  gave  such  a  tremendous  impetus  to  the 
state  and  particularly  to  the  northern  portion,  was  projected, 
provided  for  by  appropriate  legislation,  and  then  constructed 
"by  the  state  under  the  auspices  to  which  I  have  referred. 

The  Ordinance  of  1787  and  the  state  constitution  adopted 
"by  Tiffin  and  his  co-ad jutors,  declared  that  "Religion,  morality 
and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the  hap- 
piness of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall  for- 
ever be  encouraged" ;  and  these  were  classed  as  "among  the  fun- 
damental principles  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  which  formed 
the  basis  whereon  these  republics,  their  laws  and  constitutions 
are  erected." 

Governor  Tiffin  regarded  education  as  the  handmaid  of 
religion  and  morality,  and  like  them  essential  to  the  public  ser- 
vice and  welfare. 

His  public  and  official  conduct  was  always  guided  by  pro- 
found, persistent,  untiring  purpose  to  advance  the  cause  of  re- 
ligious morality  and  education.  But  this  did  by  no  means  have 
its  inspiration  merely  in  a  sense  of  official  duty,  nor  did  he  ever 
confine  his  efforts  to  official  action  or  public  service.  In  and 
out  of  office,  his  influence  was  exerted  in  this  behalf.  At  the 
;same    time    that    canal    commissioners    were    appointed,    school 


42  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

commissioners  were  appointed.  Upon  their  report,  in  1826,  the 
free  school  system  of  which  we  hear  so  much,  was  instituted  by 
law  and  Tiffin,  then  living  in  Chillicothe,  saw,  three  years  before 
his  death,  the  fruition  of  his  hopes  and  efforts  in  that  direction. 
The  system,  by  gradual  development  and  continued  legislative 
action,  has  become  that  which  we  this  day  enjoy. 

Governor  Tiffin  was  above  all  else  a  religious  man.  In  his 
first  message  he  declared  that  "The  prosperity  and  happiness  of 
every  people  is  invariably  in  proportion  to  their  religious  moral- 
ity," and  hoped  "that  the  people  of  Ohio  would  assume  and  for- 
ever maintain  such  advanced  positions  in  industry,  frugality,  tem- 
perance and  every  moral  virtue  as  would  gain  for  them  the 
admiration  of  the  whole  world."  He  both  practiced  and  preached 
his  religion.  From  the  hour  when  he  and  his  wife,  in  1790,  the 
year  after  their  marriage,  were  "converted" — under  the  ministry 
of  Rev.  Thomas  Scott,  who  also  afterward  came  to  Ohio  and 
became  one  of  the  judges  of  our  Supreme  Court  —  to  the  hour 
of  death  he  was  an  apostle  of  the  creed  he  professed.  He  began 
at  once  to  gather  congregations  about  him  on  the  "Lord's  Day'* 
and  to  press  upon  his  friends  and  neighbors  the  beauty  of  holi- 
ness. During  life,  he  continued  this  same  course,  and  never 
allowed  the  duties  of  his  profession  or  a  public  station  to  wean 
him  from  what  he  deemed  a  much  higher  service  to  the  com- 
munity. His  religion  was  of  that  Christian  type  which  united 
love  to  God  and  to  fellowman.  Still  did  his  charities  abound. 
His  benefactions  were  unstinted  and  even  when  confined  to  his 
bed  in  his  sickness,  it  is  said  by  his  biographer.  Col.  William  E. 
Gilmore,  he  kept  certain  days  of  the  week  devoted  to  gratuitously 
diagnosing  cases  of,  and  prescribing  for,  the  poor. 

While  love  of  liberty  and  devotion  to  religion  were  the 
grand  passions  of  his  nature  they  were  not  all.  He  loved  Ohio. 
He  probably  regarded,  as  did  most  public  men  of  his  day,  the 
office  of  governor  as  much  greater  than  that  of  being  one  of  two 
representatives  of  the  state  in  the  National  Senate.  He  resigned 
his  seat  in  the  Senate  shortly  after  his  service  in  that  body  began, 
but  accepted  an  election  to  a  membership  in  the  State  Legislature, 
which  place  he  held  for  two  terms.  He  resigned  a  place  at  the 
head  of  the  Land  Department  in  the  national  capital  to  become 


Ohio  Centennial.  43'- 

the  surveyor-general  of  the  Northwest,  with  his  office  on  his 
home  lot  in  this  city.  He  believed  that  he  could  do  more  good 
here  than  elsewhere,  and  was,  above  all  things,  interested  in  the 
development  of  the  state. 

He  was  proud  of  Ohio,  the  state  he  had  done  so  much  to 
create.  He  loved  to  uphold  her  prerogatives  and  maintain  her 
prestige;  but  Tiffin,  like  all  men  then,  of  his  political  ideas,  was 
none  the  less  a  lover  of  the  Union,  quick  to  combat  its  real  or 
supposed  foes. 

During  his  governorship,  when  convinced  that  Aaron  Burr 
was  gathering  men,  boats  and  provisions  and  warlike  muni- 
tions on  the  Ohio  border,  in  furtherance  of  a  conspiracy  against 
the  Union,  he  did  not  wait  for  the  action  of  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment, nor  for  any  instructions  from  it  or  any  department 
of  it ;  he  got  the  Legislature  into  secret  session  and,  without  the 
veto  power,  procured  the  passage  of  "an  act  to  prevent  certain 
acts  hostile  to  the  peace  and  tranquility  of  the  United  States, 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  this  state." 

The  governor  acted  promptly,  seized  the  boats,  provisions,, 
etc.,  and  the  Burr  expedition  came  to  speedy  grief. 

Jefferson  in  his  subsequent  letter,  commendatory  of  the 
prompt  state  action,  said :  "It  is  happy  illustration,  too,  of  the 
importance  of  preserving  to  the  state  authorities  all  that  vigor 
which  the  constitution  foresaw  would  be  necessary,  not  only  for 
their  own  safety,  but  for  that  of  the  whole." 

Looking  back  at  this  Burr  affair  in  view  of  all  ascertained 
facts.  Burr's  alleged  treasonable  designs  seem  very  much  of  a 
myth,  but  there  is  no  denying  that  the  matter  was  regarded  seri- 
ously and  that  Burr  procured  one  thing  at  least  which  was  very 
much  to  his  taste,  and  that  was  a  dramatic  situation. 

Although  Tiffin  was  in  public  service,  and  that  substantially 
by  common  consent,  during  nearly  the  entire  period  of  his  resi- 
dence in  the  state,  he  kept  his  soul  unstained.  He  utilized  no^ 
opportunity  for  private  aggrandizement.  His  industry  was  unflag- 
ging, his  fidelity  perfect,  his  tact  and  wisdom  unquestionable.. 
His  domestic  life  was  fortunate  indeed.  He  was  twice  married. 
His  wives  were  Christian  helpmates  full  of  sweet  piety  and 
good    works.       His    second    marriage    was    blessed    with    five 


44  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

children  of  whom  four  were  daughters.  His  son  died  as  the 
result  of  an  accident  in  young  manhood.  Two  of  his  daughters, 
Mrs.  Scott  Cook,  and  Miss  Diathea  Tiffin,  recently  passed  from 
among  us,  mourned  by  the  entire  community,  leaving  behind 
them  the  "sweet  savor  of  a  life  well  spent."  Mrs.  Reynolds  and 
'Mrs.  Dr.  Comegys,  of  Cincinnati  —  women  of  like  mould  —  died 
at  an  earlier  period.  His  children  and  his  grandchildren  and  his 
great-grandchildren,  one  of  whom  has  had  the  goodness  to  grace 
this  day  by  unveiling  the  counterfeit  presentment  of  her  great 
and  good  ancestor,  have  held  high  the  honor  of  his  name  and  well 
sustained  the  heredity  of  noble  blood. 

Edward  Tiffin  was  born  in  Carlisle,  England.  This  is  a 
famous  site.  Here  the  semi-mythical,  semi-historical  king  Arthur 
is  reputed  to  have  held  his  court  and  gathered  about  his  Round 
Table,  Sir  Launcelot,  Sir  Galleahad  and  all  that  company  of 
knights,  the  fame  of  whose  exploits  furnished  material  for  Ten- 
nyson's "Idylls  of  the  King,"  and  filled  the  lines  of  many  poets 
and  romancers.  King  Arthur  stands  in  all  these  wondrous  tales 
the  fit  exemplar  of  a  noble  life,  the  knight  without  reproach  or 
stain ;  and  when  at  last,  he  yielded  his  magic  sword  "Excaliber," 
and  turned  his  face  to  die,  it  is  said  that  gentle  hands  of  minister- 
ing spirits  carried  him  away  to  the  enchanted  vale  of  Avalon, 
whence  he  was  destined  in  the  after  times  to  return  and  rule 
a  redeemed  land  and  reunite  about  the  "table  round"  the  broken 
circle  of  his' knights,  coming  purified  from  quests  of  Holy  Grail. 
And  now  my  fancy  pictures  that  the  good  king  in  very  truth 
did  come  again  to  old  Carlisle,  and  later  in  a  new  world  found  a 
land  redeemed  from  old-world  ways  of  greed  and  ruthless  power ; 
gathered  there  about  him  knights  good  and  true  who  had 
proven  their  valor  in  wild  forests  beset  with  wild  beasts  and 
wiMer  men,  in  search  of  the  Holy  Grail  of  Freedom  and  had 
traversed  flood  and  fell  to  form  a  state  whose  cornerstone  should 
be  Liberty  and  capstone  Virtue  —  Massie,  McDonald,  McArthur, 
Worthington,  Creighton,  Morrow,  Byrd,  Meigs  and  all  the  rest 
of  that  gallant  train.  With  reminiscent  eyes,  we  see  him  now 
amid  that  circle  of  strong  souls  with  noble  yet  unafifected  mien, 
a  People's  knight  indeed. 


Ohio  Centennial. 


45 


In  accepting  the  medallion  for  Ross  County,  speaking  for  the 
commissioners,  Mr.  Horatio  C.  Claypool,  the  prosecuting  attor- 
ney, said: 

MR.    CLAYPOOl's   speech. 
Mr.  President: 

The  pleasant  duty  of  accepting,  for  the  people  of  Ross 
County,  this  beautiful  and  appropriate  memento  of  our  early  con- 
stitutional history,  has  fallen  to  me  by 
reason  of  my  accidental  position  at  the 
close  of  our  first  century. 

Here,  as  we  start  on  our  journey 
of  another  hundred  years,  we  meet  to 
renew  our  obligations  and  to  refresh 
our  zeal  for  popular  government ;  and 
standing  upon  the  very  spot  of  our 
origin,  what  could  be  a  more  appro- 
priate introduction  to  our  festivities 
than  the  elevation  of  this  medallion  of 
Ohio's  first  governor?  The  thought- 
fulness  and  generosity  of  the  donor 
(Mr.  W.  H.  Hunter),  are  hardly 
more  apparent  on  this  occasion  than 
his  patriotism  and  state  pride,,  as  exemplified  in  his  choice  of  a 
subject  —  and  speaking  for  the  people  of  Ross  County,  we  ac- 
cept this  splendid  tribute  to  an  American  statesman,  and  in  re- 
turn have  nothing  to  ofifer  but  the  hearty  congratulation  of  our 
people. 

But  this  emblem  stands  for  something  more  than  personal 
greatness,  however  esteemed  and  renowned  Edward  Tiffin  may 
have  been ;  for  in  this  twentieth  century  we  do  not  worship  the 
individual  so  much  as  the  results  of  his  labors.  Our  meeting  to 
celebrate  on  this  occasion  is  a  happy  reminder  that  we  are  still 
hero  worshipers  as  in  the  days  of  old  —  the  commendable  change 
being  in  the  choice  of  subjects.  Human  nature  changes  slowly, 
indeed,  but  upon  the  pages  of  authentic  history  we  can  readily 
discern  the  havoc  which  scientific  investigation  has  wrought  upon 
superstition.  The  theory  of  the  ''divine  right  of  kings"  has 
crumbled  and  given  place  to  the  choice  of  the  people.     Step  by 


H.   C.   CI.AYPOOI,. 


46  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

step  humanity  has  been  going  in  the  right  direction.  While  the 
Persians  had  their  Xerxes,  and  Carthage  its  Hannibal,  worship- 
ing destroyers  of  human  life  and  human  happiness,  writing  the 
history  of  their  greatness  with  the  blood  of  the  slain,  we,  the 
American  people,  find  more  pleasing  worship  in  our  praises  of 
the  Jeffersons,  Lincolns  and  Tiffins,  the  men  whose  kindly  feel- 
ings for  humanity  will  cause  them  to  live  in  the  hearts  of  the 
people  while  democratic  principles  shall  prevail.  For,  while  our 
Revolutionary  heroes  stood  for  the  will  of  the  people  in  a  national 
sense,  the  founders  of  our  state  government,  as  they  sat  here, 
one  hundred  years  ago,  provided  for  us  the  most  liberal  govern- 
ment yet  known  to  man,  exerted  an  influence  for  good  that 
hastened  to  modify  restricted  liberty  throughout  this  nation, 
and  for  at  least  another  century,  we  hope  will  stand  a  menace  to 
usurpers  of  human  power. 

Governor  Tiffin  was  not  simply  the  head  of.  the  executive 
•department  of  our  state  government;  he  stood  for  something 
more  —  he  was  the  exponent  of  element  of  hardy  pioneers  of  our 
commonwealth,  who  believed  in  a  government  by  the  people,  and 
vi^ho  dared  to  formulate  a  constitution  providing  for  the  greatest 
personal  freedom  consistent  with  good  government.  In  no  other 
locality  does  history  show  so  complete  a  separation  of  the  execu- 
tive from  the  legislative  functions  of  government,  and  a  hundred 
years  of  experience  illustrates  the  wisdom  of  our  departure  from 
the  national  form. 

Those  fathers  of  ours  never  lost  sight  of  an  opportunity  of 
showing  their  opposition  to  what  was  then  known  as  a  strong 
government.  But,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  as  we  go  on  day  after 
day,  praising  our  dead  statesmen  and  pointing  out  their  green 
graves  upon  the  hill,  our  visitors  may  get  a  wrong  impression 
and  leave  the  city,  believing  that  all  our  greatness  lies  buried  upon 
our  hill  tops.  Let  us  here  and  now  assure  our  visitors  that  such 
an  opinion  would  be  foreign  to  the  facts.  We  have  live  men  here 
in  the  valley,  possessing  both  ability  and  inclination  to  fill  the 
chief  executive's  office,  with  no  thought  of  lowering  the  dignity 
of  the  place,  once  graced  by  Tiffin,  Worthington,  McArthur  and 
Allen. 


Ohio  Centennial.  47 

But  there  is  another  class  of  persons  who  should  not  be  for- 
gotten while  speaking  of  the  men  who  lendered  valuable  services 
to  our  state.  They  could  not  all  be  Solons,  however  praiseworthy 
the  vocation  of  the  statesman  may  be.  The  pioneer  of  a  hundred 
years  ago  found  our  valley  a  wilderness;  busy  sons  of  toil  were 
as  essential  as  statesmen.  The  man  with  a  gun  had  his  usefulness 
in  guarding  both  laborers  and  statesmen  against  the  assault  of 
wild  beasts  and  wilder  men,  and  upon  these  hills  may  lie  many  a 
Cromwell,  guiltless  of  his  country's  blood. 

In  this  connection  I  am  reminded  that  the  names  of  all  our 
true  heroes  do  not  find  a  place  on  the  pages  of  history.  For 
illustration,  it  is  said  upon  good  authority  that  when  McPherson 
fell  in  front  of  Atlanta,  the  surprise  was  so  great  that  for  a  few 
moments  he  was  deserted  by  all,  except  a  single  private,  who 
stood  bending  over  his  dying  commander ;  yet  history  is  searched 
in  vain  for  his  name,  though  reciting  the  incident. 

And  again,  as  we  recall  our  heroes  of  the  many  wars  in 
which  we  have  unfortunately  been  engaged  in  the  last  hundred 
years,  we  wish  to  remind  you  that  here  sleep  as  brave  soldiers  as 
ever  graced  a  field  of  battle.  History  is  full  of  the  names  and 
fame  of  Massie,  Sill  and  others  of  equal  renown. 

Let  us,  as  we  advance,  set  ourselves  high  ideals  of  a  perfect 
government  and  by  proper  enforcement  and  application  of  law 
in  this  court  of  justice,  watched  and  guarded  by  the  spirit  of 
Edward  Tiffin,  promote  our  liberty  and  independence  based  upon 
a  government  of  our  own  choosing,  and  upon  our  birthright 
of  free  men,  the  gift  of  Heaven,  secured  to  us  and  to  succeeding 
generations  to  guide  us  in  the  path  of  our  duty  and  when  the 
people  of  Ohio  meet  upon  these  grounds  one  hundred  years 
hence;  may  the  sun  be  still  shining  on  a  free,  intelligent  and 
happy  people,  worthy  descendants  of  a  noble  ancestry,  and  still 
worshiping  at  the  shrine  of  Ohio's  first  governor. 


CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION 

OF 

OHiaS  ADMISSION  INTO  THE  UNION. 


The  exercises  of  the  centennial  anniversary  of  Ohio's  state- 
hood began  promptly  at  ten  o'clock  a.  m.  on  Wednesday,  May 
20,  1903.  They  were  held  in  the  large  tent  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  which  served  as  an  admirable  auditorium,  in  the  beau- 
tiful Yoctangee  Park,  Chillicothe.  An  audience  of  some  five 
thousand  assembled  to  participate  in  the  interest  and  honor  of  the 
occasion.  Upon  the  stage  were  seated  many  of  the  speakers,  a 
number  of  distinguished  guests,  state  officials,  including  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  members  of  the  Centennial  Com- 
mission, trustees  and  officers  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological 
and  Historical  Society.  Back  of  the  speakers'  stand,  in  elevated 
seats,  was  the  chorus  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  pupils  of  the 
high  school  and  grammar  grades  of  the  city  schools.  The 
program  opened  with  a  stirring  national  air  by  the  Fourth 
Regiment  Band.  General  J.  Warren  Keifer  called  the  meeting  to 
order.  Rev.  A.  M.  Courtenay,  of  Chillicothe,  invoked  the  divine 
blessing  on  the  great  celebration.  His  prayer  was  most  fitting  in 
words,  sincere  in  expression  and  eloquent  in  delivery. 

Hon.  W.  D.  Yaple,  as  mayor  of  the  city,  then  extended  the 
welcome  of  Chillicothe  to  the  officials  of  the  centennial  and  the 
visiting  people  of  the  state. 

MAYOR    YAPLE's    ADDRESS. 

Your  Excellency,  the  Governor,  Citizens  of  Ohio,  Invited  Guests  of  the 
State: 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen  —  We  have  assembled  on  this  occa- 
sion to  celebrate,  in  an  appropriate  manner,  the  one  hundredth 
anniversary  of  one  of  the  most  important  events  in  American 
history  —  the  organization  of  Ohio  as  one  of  the  union  of  states. 

48 


•     Ohio  Centennial.  49 

It  was  an  important  event  to  Chillicothe,  for  it  was  here 
that  the  great  political  battle  was  waged  between  St.  Clair  and 
his  followers  on  one  side,  and  Tiffin,  Worthington  and  Massie 
on  the  other,  which  culminated  in  Ohio's  statehood;  it  was  an 
important  event  to  Ohio,  for  it  marked  the  beginning  of  her 
marvelous  development;  it  was  an  important  event  to  the  nation, 
for  it  gave  to  the  Union  one  of  its  most  powerful  and  pro- 
gressive states ;  it  was  an  important  event  to  the  advocates  of 
the  principle  of  democratic  government,  for  Ohio's  first  consti- 
tution was  the  first  of  the  American  constitutions  which  denied 
the  executive  authority  the  right  to  veto  the  acts  of  the  legislative 
body. 

It  was  one  hundred  years  on  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  last 
November  since  the  first  constitution  of  Ohio  was  adopted  by  the 
constitutional  convention  in  session  in  Chillicothe;  and  it  was 
one  hundred  years  on  the  first  day  of  last  March  since  the 
machinery  of  government  that  made  Ohio  one  of  the  union  of 
states  was  set  in  motion. 

It  was  here  that  the  first  seat  of  government  was  estab- 
lished, and  during  the  first  few  years  of  Ohio's  statehood  all 
roads  led  to  Chillicothe,  and  all  eyes  were  upon  the  little  city  lying 
in  the  fertile  and  picturesque  valley  of  the  Scioto,  and  beneath 
the  shadow  of  Mount  Logan.  Then  came  the  wonderful  growth 
and  development  of  the  state,  and  the  consequent  removal  of  the 
seat  of  government  to  a  more  central  location;  and  now  again, 
after  the  lapse  of  eighty-six  years,  all  roads  again  lead  to  the 
''ancient  metropolis'^;  and  when  we  consider  that  much  of  the 
early  history  of  the  state  belongs  to  Chillicothe  it  was  certainly 
appropriate  for  the  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  to 
select  this  city  as  the  proper  place  for  celebrating  the  state's  one 
hundredth  anniversary. 

I  am  not  commissioned  to  speak  of  Ohio's  progress,  or  to 
deal  at  length  with  historical  matters,  for  that  duty  belongs  to 
the  long  list  of  speakers  on  the  program  and  I  shall  not  trespass 
upon  their  time;  but  I  am  here  as  the  mayor  of  the  old  capital, 
to  extend  to  you  the  hand  of  welcome. 


50g  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Chillicothe  has  been  noted  from  the  earHest  days  for  her 
generous  hospitality;  she  has  never  yet  been  weighed  in  the  bal- 
ance and  found  wanting,  and  I  assure  you  that  upon  this  occa- 
sion her  citizens  will  maintain  her  well-merited  reputation ;  the 
latch  string  is  out,  and  I  am  glad  to  have  the  honor  and  pleasure 
of  extending  to  you,  on  behalf  of  our  citizens,  a  hearty  welcome 
and  the  freedom  of  the  city. 

To  the  hearty  welcome  of  Mayor  Yaple,  Gen.  J.  Warren 
Keifer,  chairman  of  the  centennial  commission,  responded  on 
behalf  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

Mayor,  and  Citizens  of  Chillicothe: 

On  behalf,  not  only  of  the  people  assembled  here,  but  of 
the  whole  people  of  Ohio,  I  am  commissioned  to  thank  you 
for  this  generous  welcome.  The  presence  of  so  many  dis- 
tinguished citizens  testifies  more  adequately  than  my  words  can 
express  their  deep  interest  in  this,  the  first  centennial  of  Ohio 
as  a  state,  and  their  deep  interest  in  the  inhabitants  of  this  his- 
toric city,  to  whom  so  much  is  due  for  the  ample  and  liberal 
preparations  made. 

This  city,  with  its  patriotic  people,  singularly  illustrates  the 
transformation  which  has  taken  place  in  our  state. 

Here,  a  little  more  than  one  hundred  years  ago,  was  the 
chief  habitation  of  the  most  warlike  (Shawanee)  of  the  savage 
tribes  of  Indians.  Here,  on  these  grounds,  have  been  enacted 
the  barbaric  scenes  incident  to  wild  savage  existence.  Here 
Boone,  Kenton,  and  others,  of  the  earliest  western  pioneers, 
who  as  advance  agents  of  a  coming  civilization,  fought,  and 
some  of  them,  in  captivity,  ran  the  gauntlet  and  were  doubtless 
burned  at  the  stake  to  testify  barbaric  vengeance. 

How  changed !  Here,  many  of  that  worthy  and  heroic 
class  met  and  planted  a  settlement,  established  trade  and  com- 
merce, built  churches  and  school-houses,  and  organized  a  com- 
munity which  became  the  territorial  capital  of  the  great  North- 
west Territory,  and,  one  hundred  years  ago,  the  capital  of  the 
first  of  the  states  born  of  the  immortal  Ordinance  of  1787. 

The  welcome  you,  Mr.  Mayor,  extended  to  us  is  the  more 
acceptable  because  you  speak  on  behalf  of  so  many  of  the  de- 


Ohio  Centennial.  51 

scendants  of  the  undaunted  pioneers  who  settled  here,  and  who 
largely  aided  in  giving  birth  to  a  state  in  our  Union  eternally 
dedicated  to  freedom. 

Here  was  the  home  of  Nathaniel  Massie,  John  McDonald, 
Dr.  Edward  Tiffin,  Thomas  Worthington,  Duncan  McArthur; 
later,  William  Allen  and  Allen  G.  Thurman. 

What  a  galaxy  of  great  men ! 

I  do  not  attempt  to  exhaust  the  list.  And  I  must  not  an- 
ticipate the  work  of  others. 

I  must  therefore  content  myself  by  expressing  the  sincere 
gratitude  of  those  present,  for  the  hospitality  and  warm  welcome 
extended  by  the  good  people  of  this  fair  city.  Chillicothe  will 
live  in  the  annals  of  Ohio  as  typical  of  the  planting  and  marvelous 
growth  of  a  new  and  higher  Christian  civilization  in  a  wilder- 
ness, and  to  testify  to  the  possibilities  that  may  be  reahzed  by 
a  race  of  people,  inspired  by  the  principles  of  universal  liberty 
for  all  mankind,  tempered  by  a  holy  religion,  practiced  in  the 
light  of  the  beatitudes,  proclaimed  to  the  world  by  Jesus  Christ 
in  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount. 

When  the  ceremonies  of  this  centennial  are  ended  we  shall 
carry  to  our  homes  a  happy  memory  of  the  people  of  this  city, 
as  well  as  of  the  pleasurable  enjoyment  the  time  and  the  occa- 
sion of  our  assembling  has  given  us. 

Again  I  repeat  the  thanks  of  this  vast  concourse  of  men 
and  fair  women  to  all  the  residents  of  this  city,  and  especially 
to  the  efficient  members  of  local  committees  who  have  so  as- 
siduously labored  for  the  success  of  this  centennial. 

And  now,  as  chairman  of  the  joint  committee,  composed  of 
the  executive  committee  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Society  —  the  society  that  inspired  the  idea  of  this 
centennial  and  has  done  so  much  to  make  it  a  success  —  and  the 
commission  authorized  by  law,  appointed  by  the  governor  of 
Ohio,  I  now  announce  that  the  formal  ceremonies  of  Ohio's 
first  centennial  are  ready  to  begin. 

The  program  prepared  is  long,  but  it  will  furnish  a  relation 
of  statehood-greatness  not  anywhere  equaled  in  ancient  or  mod- 
ern history.  Long  as  it  is,  it  is  more  subject  to  criticism  for 
important  subjects  omitted,  than  for  the  long  number  included. 


52  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  committee  congratulates  itself,  and  you,  upon  its  being 
able  to  present,  as  orators,  on  this  occasion,  some  of  the  great 
men  of  this  country,  all  of  whom,  I  believe,  are  of  Ohio,  if  not 
all  residents  of  the  state.  Many  of  Ohio's  present  honorable 
officials  are  before  you,  and  many  are  here  who  have,  with 
singular  fidelity,  filled  high  offices  in  the  state  and  nation. 

Here  are  Ohio's  senators  (Foraker  and  Hanna)  and  many 
of  her  representatives  in  Congress.  You  will  hear  from  some 
of  them. 

Here  are  all  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  a 
court  that  has,  without  exception^  brought  honor  to  the  state 
throughout  its  existence. 

Ohio  has  never  had  an  unworthy  governor  —  from  Edward 
Tiffin  to  the  present  one  —  thirty-eight  in  all. 

It  now  becomes  my  duty  to  introduce  to  you  your  pre- 
siding officer  for  this  day.  He  will  make  the  opening  address 
of  the  centennial.  You  know  him  and  his  history.  He  was  a 
farmer  boy  of  Medina,  where  born  (August  14,  1842)  ;  in  youth 
he  became  a  student  at  Oberlin  College,  leaving  it  while  yet  a 
boy  to  become  a  private  soldier  in  the  Civil  War ;  after  that  war 
closed  he  became  a  lawyer  in  Columbus,  Ohio ;  later,  attorney- 
general  of  Ohio ;  then  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Court  Com- 
mission ;  and  he  has  worthily  held  other  places  of  honor,  always 
ably  and  unpretentiously  discharging  the  high  and  important 
duties  devolving  upon  him.  .  He  has  twice.  (1899  and  1901)  been 
elected  governor  of  Ohio.  I  now  have  the  supreme  pleasure  of 
presenting  to  you,  as  the  first  speaker,  and  the  presiding  officer 
of  the  day,  your  distinguished  centennial  governor,  George  K. 
Nash. 


OPENING  ADDRESS 

GOVERNOR   GEORGE    K.    NASH. 


Mr.  Chairman  (turning  to  General  Keifer) :  I  desire  to 
thank  you  and  the  society  which  you  represent  for  the  honor 
which  you  have  conferred  by  asking  me  to  preside  at  this  cen- 
tennial celebration  of  the  birth  of  our  great  state,  Ohio. 

And  Citizens  of  Ohio  (turning  to  audience)  :  I  desire  to 
congratulate  you  to-day  upon  the  fact  that  Ohio  is  now  one 
hundred  years  old.  For  one  hundred  years  our  state  and  national 
union  have  lasted,  growing  stronger  and  better-  as  each  year 
passed  by;  for  one  hundred  years  they  have  preserved  your  lib- 
erty and  freedom,  without  license,  and  regulated  by  law. 

And,  citizens  of  Ohio,  we  have  many  things  for  which  to 
be  thankful.  Our  great  state  has  grown  from  a  small  beginning 
of  forty-five  thousand  people  until  to-day  she  is  a  great  empire 
with  a  population  of  about  four  and  one-half  million.  What 
one  hundred  years  ago  was  a  vast  forest  has  now  become  the 
garden  spot  of  our  country. 

In  all  the  industries  we  have  grown.  Our  state  which  one 
hundred  years  ago  did  not  know  a  railroad,  is  now  traversed 
by  eight  thousand  seven  hundred  miles  of  railroad.  Annually 
these  railroads  give  employment  to  sixty  thousand  men  and  their 
annual  wages  now  amount  to  forty-two  million  dollars.  The 
gross  receipts  of  these  great  arteries  of  trade  last  year  amounted 
to  one  hundred  and  one  million  dollars,  and  their  net  receipts 
amounted  to  about  ten  million  dollars. 

Our  mining  industries  during  this  one  hundred  years  have 
been  developed  until  last  year  twenty-five  thousand  men  were 
engaged  in  mining  coal.  They  produced  twenty  million  tons 
of  coal  of  the  value  of  twenty-three  million  dollars,  free  on  board 
cars  at  the  mines. 

*  Stenographer's   report. 


54'  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Our  manufacturing  industries  have  progressed  wonder- 
fully. One  hundred  years  ago  we  were  purely  an  agricultural 
community;  now  a  vast  army  of  three  hundred  and  forty-five 
thousand  men  are  employed  in  our  manufacturing  establishments. 
Their  earnings  last  year  amounted  to  the  sum  of  one  hundred 
and  forty-two  million  dollars  and  the  things  which  they  made 
were  of  a  far  greater  value  —  the  sum  of  eight  hundred  million 
dollars. 

But  it  is  not  alone  in  these  things  that  we  have  made  won- 
derful progress.  Our  greatest  glory  arises  from  the  fact  that 
we  have  faithfully  kept  during  these  one  hundred  years  all  the 
precepts  of  the  best  law  ever  framed  for  the  government  of 
mankind^ the  great  Ordinance  of   1787.     (Applause). 

That  ordinance  provided  that  in  the  Northwest  Territory 
and  in  the  states  to  be  erected  from  that  territory  no  slavery 
should  exist  except  for  the  punishment  of  crime.  That  precept' 
you  have  kept.  Not  only  has  the  institution  of  slavery  never 
existed  in  the  states  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  but  after  cruel 
war  it  has  disappeared  from  all  this  nation.     (Applause). 

Another  precept  taught  us  by  our  fathers  in  that  ordi- 
nance was  that  education  should  be  maintained  for  the  benefit 
of  the  people.  The  government  of  Ohio  has  provided  education 
for  all  her  children.  During  the  last  thirty-five  years  she  has 
devoted  to  the  support  of  her  common  schools  the  sum,  the 
vast  sum,  of  three  hundred  and  sixty  miUion  dollars;  and  dur- 
ing her  history  of  one  hundred  years  not  less  than  a  half  bil- 
lion dollars  have  been  expended  by  our  people  in  this  cause. 
(Applause.) 

That  ordinance  also  taught  us  that  religion,  as  well  as 
education,  is  necessary  for  the  happiness  of  our  people.  This 
precept,  too,  has  been  faithfully  kept.  Wherever  we  look,  whether 
in  the  North,  or  the  East,  or  the  West,  or  the  South,  we  find 
ample  means  for  the  promotion  of  religious  instruction. 

Another  vital  provision  was  made  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
when  it  was  declared  that  the  Northwest  Territory  and  the 
states  erected  therefrom  should  forever  remain  a  part  of  the 
United  States  of  America.     (More  applause.) 


Ohio  Centennial.  55 

A  sad  crisis  arose  in  our  history  when  others  differed  from 
us  in  this  respect.  They  differed  from  our  fathers;  they  main- 
tained that  this  great  union  of  states  was  a  mere  rope  of  sand 
from  which  any  state  could  withdraw  at  will.  Out  of  this 
controversy  arose  long  continued  war.  The  struggle  went  on 
from  1861  to  1865.  Three  hundred  thousand  gallant  soldiers 
from  Ohio  enlisted  in  the  cause  of  the  Union  and  for  the  purpose 
of  maintaining  the  theory  which  had  been  taught  them  by  their 
fathers.  (Applause.)  After  war,  victory  perched  upon  the 
banners  of  the  Union.  The  edict  of  battle  settled  this  controversy 
and  declared  that  every  state  in  this  nation,  as  well  as  the  states 
of  the  Northwest  Territory,  should  forever  remain  a  part  of  the 
United  States  of  America.    (Loud  applause.) 

This  happy  result  is  now  acquiesced  in  by  all  the  people  of 
this  country ;  by  the  people  of  the  South,  by  the  people  of  the 
North,  by  the  people  of  the  East  and  by  the  people  of  the  West, 
and  they  now  unite  in  proclaiming  the  doctrine  of  our  fathers  — 
that  all  the  states  of  this  Union  shall  forever  remain  a  part  of  the 
United  States  of  America:  In  this  fact  they  now  all  rejoice  and 
all  are  united  in  saying  that  our  beautiful  banner  shall  forever 
remain  the  loved  banner  of  all  the  people  of  the  Republic.  (Loud 
and  long  continued  applause.) 

Upon  the  things  accomplished  in  our  first  one  hundred  years, 
not  only  for  the  state  of  Ohio,  but  for  the  entire  country,  I  con- 
gratulate you. 

Fellow-citizens,  I  have  a  story  that  I  desire  to  tell  you.  It 
is  a  story  of  patriotic  effort  and  yet  it  seems  to  me  that  it  fur- 
nishes the  best  example  of  the  ingratitude  of  republics  of  any 
that  has  come  within  my  knowledge. 

In  1758  there  was  a  young  Scotchman  about  to  leave  his 
home.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
was  thoroughly  educated,  he  was  tall,  handsome  and  twenty- 
three  years  of  age.  He  enlisted  in  the  army  of  the  king  of  Great 
Britain  and  became  an  ensign  in  one  of  his  regiments.  He  left 
his  home  in  Scotland  and  came  to  America  under  Amherst. 
In  the  French-English  War  he  served  faithfully  and  bravely 
before  the  walls  of  Louisburg.  For  gallantry  in  that  action  he 
was  promoted  to  the  position  of  second  lieutenant  in  his  com- 


66  *  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

pany.  Then  a  few  years  later  he  was  joined  to  the  command 
of  the  great  and  gallant  Wolfe  in  the  final  struggle  between 
the  French  and  English,  for  the  possession  of  Canada.  Upon 
the  Plains  of  Abraham,  in  the  attack  upon  Quebec,  he  was  one  of 
the  brave  soldiers  who  followed  the  gallant  Wolfe,  who  fell  upon 
that  bloody  field.  One  of  the  color  bearers  fell,  bearing  down 
with  him  the  colors  of  his  regiment.  This  lieutenant  seized  those 
colors  covered  with  blood  and  carried  them  bravely  until  the  end 
of  that  conflict,  which  has  been  told  in  history  and  sung  in  song 
for  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  years. 

That  brave  Scotchman  was  Arthur  St.  Clair  (applause),  the 
first  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory.  (More  applause  and 
cheers.) 

He  resigned  from  the  English  army ;  he  became  the  hus- 
band of  a  loved  wife;  he  was  endowed  with  ample  fortune,  and 
in  1766  he  went  to  western  Pennsylvania  near  Pittsburg  and 
settled  among  her  beautiful  hills  and  became  one  of  the  leading 
pioneers  of  this  western  country. 

Time  went  by;  the  Revolution  for  our  freedom  commenced 
and  St.  Clair  was  called  upon  by  John  Hancock  in  1775  to  raise 
a  regiment  to  engage  in  our  great  struggle  for  liberty.  He 
responded  as  a  patriotic  man  always  responds. 

At  this  time  he  wrote  to  an  intimate  friend : 

I  hold  that  no  man  has  a  right  to  withhold  his  services  when  his 
country  needs  them.  Be  the  sacrifice  ever  so  great,  it  must  be  yielded 
upon  the  altar  of  patriotism. 

He  raised  a  regiment  of  Pennsylvanians.  He  joined  in  the 
expedition  of  Arnold  against  Montreal  for  the  capture  of  Can- 
ada. He  was  there  barely  in  time  to  save  the  army  of  Arnold 
from  utter  rout.  Then  he  was  called  by  Washington  to  New 
Jersey.  He  was  then  made  a  major-general  in  the  Revolutionary 
army.  He  engaged  with  Washington  in  the  battles  of  Trenton 
and  Princeton.  There  he  gave  advice  to  our  gallant  chief  which 
was  esteemed  most  highly.  After  those  victories  he  returned 
to  the  northern  territory  and  with  his  command  sought  to  stay 
the  invasion  of  Burgoyne.  He  was  through  all  those  conflicts 
which   finally   resulted   in   the   surrender  of   Burgoyne   and   his 


Ohio  Centennial.  57 

army.  Then  he  joined  Washington,  again  became  his  faithful 
adviser,  was  a  favorite  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  was  a  friend  of 
LaFayette,  the  brave  Frenchman  who  came  to  our  rescue.  By 
them  all  he  was  esteemed  and  honored.  At  Valley  Forge,  Wash- 
ington called  upon  this  brave  general,  with  his  fortune  to  come 
to  the  rescue  of  his  army.  With  his  own  money  he  assisted  in 
feeding  Washington's  soldiers ;  with  his  own  money  he  partially 
clothed  them;    by  his  patriotism  he  impoverished  himself. 

Later,  when  the  war  was  over,  he  became  president  of 
the  Continental  Congress.  He  was  its .  president  when  the 
Ordinance  of  1787  was  framed.  In  the  making  of  its  provi- 
sions he  took  an  active  part.  That  ordinance  became  the  law 
■of  this  territory.  Then  the  Continental  Congress  saw  fit  to  elect 
Arthur  St.  Clair  as  the  governor  of  the  territory,  whose  or- 
dinance he  helped  to  frame.  For  fourteen  years  he  remained 
here  as  the  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory.  His  labors 
were  very  irksome.  The  value  of  what  he  did  for  our  pioneers 
■can  never  be  over-estimated.  At  length  there  came  the  time  in 
1802  when  he  must  retire  from  office.  He  went  back  to  his 
iDeloved  Pennsylvania  hills. 

He  was  an  old  man,  yet  he  sought  to  recuperate  the  fortune 
which  he  had  lost.  He  pleaded  with  Congress  to  restore  the 
money  to  him  which  he  had  expended  upon  the  army  that  gave 
us  our  liberties ;  but  that  Congress,  poor  and  impoverished,  too, 
made  the  lame  excuse  that  St.  Clair's  claims  were  outlawed,  and 
they  were  not  paid. 

He  went  back  to  his  home  in  Pennsylvania  and  lived  in  a 
hovel  with  his  widowed  daughter.  At  last  one  day,  with  some 
truck  that  might  give  him  the  sustenance  of  life,  he  started  with 
his  pony  and  cart  to  a  nearby  town  and  on  the  way  a  wheel 
fell  into  a  rut.  The  aged  general  was  thrown  from  his  cart 
upon  the  stony  ground  and  severely  injured.  There  he  lay 
nearly  a  day  before  he  was  discovered  and  rescued.  In  a  few 
days  he  died.  He  was  by  his  Masonic  brothers  "buried  in  a  little 
country  graveyard  at  Greensburg.  They  erected  a  plain,  brown 
sandstone  monument  over  his  tomb  and  inscribed  upon  it  these 
words : 


68   •  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  earthly  remains  of  General  Arthur  St.  Clair  are  deposited  be- 
neath this  humble  monument;  which  is  erected  to  supply  the  place  of  a 
nobler  one,  due  from  his  country. 

It  is  too  late  to  do  justice  to  St.  Clair,  but  we  can  honor 
his  memory  by  erecting  over  that  lonely  grave  the  monument 
which  is  due  from  his  country. 

And,  now,  fellow-citizens,  I  propose,  if  you  concur  in  the 
proposition,  in  my  next  message  to  the  General  Assembly  of 
Ohio,  to  ask  that  body  to  appropriate  a  sufficient  sum  to  erect  a 
monument  over  the  grave  of  St.  Clair,  the  patriot  and  the  first 
governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory.  (Loud  and  long-continued 
applause  and  cheers.) 

General  Keifer,  the  chairman:  I  move  —  and  the  Gover- 
nor shall  put  the  motion — that  it  is  the  sense  of  this  assemblage 
that  the  Governor  ask  the  State  to  erect  a  monument  to  Gov- 
ernor St.  Clair. 

Motion  seconded  and  unanimously  carried. 

Governor  Nash  :  It  is  carried,  and  I  will  convey  your 
will  to  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State. 


The  remarks  of  Governor  Nash  were  followed  by  a  song 
by  the  children's  chorus.  The  enthusiasm  of  the  young  singers 
was  unbounded  and  their  voices  rang  out  with  joyous  spirit^ 
that  clearly  expressed  their  patriotism  and  civic  pride.  The 
numbers  they  rendered  during  the  morning  were:  "Hurrah 
for  the  Schools  of  Ohio,"  "Ohio  Beautiful"  and  "The  Buckeye." 
The  words  and  music  of  all  the  songs  were  the  product  of  Ohio 
authors.  The  youthful  singers  were  skillfully  directed  by  Miss 
Florence  Purdum,  the  music  directress  of  the  public  schools.  At 
the  close  of  the  first  song  Governor  Nash  introduced  Hon.  Jud- 
son  Harmon,  of  Cincinnati. 


THE  HISTORY 

OF  THE 

NORTHWEST  TERRITORY  TO  THE  MARIETTA 
SETTLEMENT. 

JUDSON    HARMON. 


Evidence  has  been  found  that  men  existed  in  this  region 
while  the  glaciers  were  pushing  their  way  over  it.  After  its  hills 
were  raised  up  and  its  plains  and  val- 
leys formed  it  became  the  home  of  a 
numerous  race,  as  the  thousands  of 
their  earthworks  and  relics  show.  But 
the  story  of  these  peoples  remains 
untold. 

Then  came  the  red  men  whose 
vague  and  conflicting  traditions  give 
only  confused  glimpses  of  warfare  and 
migration. 

There  were  very  few  white  men 
and  hardly  anything  that  could  be 
called  organized  society  or  govern- 
ment north  of  the  Ohio  River  before 
the  settlement  at  Marietta,  so  that  the  J^^^^^  harmon. 

history  of  this  region  before  that  time,  so  far  as  it  can  be  said  to 
have  one,  is  chiefly  an  abstract  of  title.  But  it  is  a  title  which 
finds  its  origin  in  daring  enterprise  and  perilous  adventure,  its 
muniments  in  fire  and  blood  and  its  chain  in  the  compacts  of  the 
greatest  nations  of  the  world. 

The  charters  of  the  colonies  of  Virginia,  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut  did  not  fix  their  western  boundaries,  and  they 
accordingly  insisted  that  their  territory  reached  as  far  as  the 
royal  domain.  But  there  was  nothing  to  define  the  extent  of 
that  domain.     No  rule  of  international  law  established  the  limits 


59 


60  "  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

of  title  by  discovery  in  such  a  case,  for  no  continent  had  ever 
been  discovered  before  since  the  nations  were  formed.  There 
v^as  no  rule  of  reason  which  would  push  such  title  back,  from  the 
coast  actually  discovered  and  occupied,  beyond  the  natural  boun- 
daries recognized  among  nations.  These,  in  this  case,  were  the 
Alleghany  mountains  and  the  sources  of  the  rivers  flowing  into 
the  sea. 

Within  a  few  years  after  the  founding  of  our  colonies,  while 
they  were  struggling  for  existence  near  the  sea  and  long  before 
the  foot  of  an  Englishman  had  climbed  the  mountains,  enter- 
prising and  daring  Frenchmen  made  the  circuit  of  the  great 
lakes  and  established  missions  and  trading-posts  along  their 
shores.  Theirs  were  the  first  sails  the  lake  breezes  ever  filled 
and  theirs  the  first  white  faces  the  red  men  of  the  interior  ever  saw. 

They  explored  the  rivers,  the  Cuyahoga,  the  Sandusky,  the 
Maumee,  discovering  the  short  portage  from  the  latter  to  the 
Wabash,  descending  the  Wabash  to  the  Ohio  and  that  to  the 
Mississippi.  They  went  up  the  Chicago  River,  carried  their 
canoes  across  to  the  Illinois,  paddled  to  the  Mississippi  and  down 
the  Mississippi  and  back  against  its  swift  current,  all  among 
unknown  and  often  hostile  savages.  And  along  many  of  these 
rivers,  also,  their  missions  and  posts  were  founded. 

They  were  for  a  time  kept  back  from  the  upper  Ohio  and 
its  tributaries  by  the  Iroquois  whom,  alone  of  all  the  Indian 
tribes,  they  had  the  misfortune  to  make  lasting  enemies.  But  at 
length  they  found  their  way  from  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to 
the  head  waters  of  the  Alleghany,  and  La  Salle  in  1670  went 
down  that  river  and  the  Ohio  to  the  falls. 

Parkman  and  others  have,  with  great  research  among  the 
archives  of  France  and  elsewhere,  given  to  history  the  stories 
of  La  Salle,  Marquette,  Joliet,  Hennepin  and  their  comrades  and 
successors,  the  discoverers  and  explorers  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory. The  heroism,  devotion,  endurance  and  enterprise  they 
displayed  were  never  surpassed  by  any  race  in  any  age,  and  the 
fine  statue  of  Marquette  in  his  priestly  robes  has  been  fitly  placed 
in  Statutory  Hall  in  Washington  by  one  of  the  states  which 
sprang  from  that  territory. 


Ohio  Centennial.  61 

But  the  contrast  was  painful  between  these  men  and  their 
government,  in  whose  name  and  on  whose  behalf  they  toiled,  suf- 
fered and  achieved.  Clinging  to  a  system  bad  in  every  feature, 
loaded  with  debts  foolishly  incurred,  embarrassed  by  ground- 
less wars  and  governed  by  kings  who  were  in  turn  ruled  by  the 
whims  of  dissolute  women,  France  was  destined  to  lose  what 
Frenchmen  had  won.  The  slower  but  more  persistent  Saxon 
was  to  make  his  home  in  the  great  Northwest  and  give  it  a  gov- 
ernment founded  on  the  will  of  the  individual  citizen  and  con- 
trived so  as  to  multiply  his  power  by  reducing  his  burdens  and 
preserve  to  him  the  fruits  of  his  efforts. 

In  spite  of  the  claims  of  title  in  which  the  British  long 
persisted,  derived  from  alleged  discovery  and  from  cession  by 
the  Iroquois  of  their  pretended  rights  by  conquest  from  other 
tribes,  the  true  source  of  title  to  the  Northwest  is  the  treaty  of 
1763  following  the  war  which  opened  with  Braddock's  defeat 
and  closed  with  the  fall  of  Quebec.  France  thereby  ceded  to- 
Great  Britain  the  entire  country  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  region  we  are  now  considering  was  then  wholly  unset- 
tled, beyond  the  few  sparse  French  villages  which  had  sprung 
up  around  some  of  the  posts  and  missions  along  the  Wabash,. 
IlHnois,  Mississippi  and  Detroit  Rivers  and  the  straits  of  Macki- 
naw, and  King  George  did  not  propose  to  acknowledge  the  vague 
claims  of  his  colonies.  So  he  forthwith,  by  proclamation,  de 
clared  it  royal  domain  and  forbade  further  settlements  in  it  or 
purchases  from  the  Indians.  This  was  done  partly  to  restrict 
the  growth  of  the  colonies,  with  which  trouble  was  already 
brewing,  and  partly  on  the  demand  of  the  commercial  interests 
which  represented  to  him  that  *'The  great  object  of  colonizing 
upon  the  continent  of  North  America  has  been  to  improve  and 
extend  the  commerce,  navigation  and  manufactures  of  this  king- 
dom. *  *  *  It  (Joes  appear  to  us  that  the  extension  of  the 
fur  trade  depends  entirely  upon  the  Indians  being  undisturbed 
in  the  possession  of  their  hunting-grounds,  and  that  all  coloniz- 
ing does  in  its  nature  and  must  in  its  consequences  operate  to 
the  prejudice  of  that  branch  of  commerce." 


62  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Piihlications. 

Some  of  the  royal  governors  and  others  also  warned  the 
king  that  the  settlement  of  the  interior  would  surely  lead  to 
ultimate  independence  of  the  colonies. 

The  entire  territory  was  soon  after,  by  act  of  Parliament, 
made  part  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  which  was  and  has  ever 
since  remained  loyal  to  the  crown. 

This  seeming  hardship  and  injustice  proved  to  be  one  of  the 
many  mercies  of  God  to  the  American  people,  like  the  fall  on 
the  Plains  of  Abraham  of  General  Wolfe,  who,  as  Thackeray 
suggests,  would  otherwise  doubtless  have  led  the  king's  forces 
in  our  War  of  Revolution.  It  was  one  of  the  provocations  which 
led  to  the  Revolution.  And  if,  instead  of  leaving  this  region  to 
the  savages,  it  had  been  settled  by  loyalists  from  Canada  or 
England,  we  should  have  had  the  enemy  in  the  rear  and  the 
result  of  the  war  might  have  been  different.  Success  would  cer- 
tainly have  been  harder  to  win,  while  the  territory  would  almost 
certainly  have  remained  British,  at  least  until  another  struggle 
;should  ensue. 

The  right  of  the  British  government  to  act  thus  was  un- 
doubted. Whatever  limitations  there  may  have  been  with  respect 
to  vested  private  titles,  there  were  none  upon  its  power  to  re- 
strict, alter  or  revoke  colonial  charters  so  far  as  they  conferred 
authority  over  unoccupied  territory.  So  whatever  rights  the 
■colonies  might  have  had  in  the  West  were  terminated. 

A  clear  title  to  the  Northwest  Territory  has  thus  been  traced 
to  King  George.  How  did  we  get  it  from  him?  Not  by 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  although  we  made  it  good  by 
force  of  arms,  because  Canada,  of  which  it  was  then  lawfully 
part,  did  not  join  in  the  declaration.  The  door  was  opened  to 
Canada  by  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  but  the  settlers  there 
preferred  British  rule  then  as  now. 

So  far  as  national  results  can  ever  be  traced  to  particular 
men  and  what  would  probably  have  been  can  be  inferred  from 
what  was,  this  country  owes  its  ownership  of  the  Northwest 
Territory  to  two  men. 

Virginia  still  persisted  in  her  claims  which,  under  the  pecu- 
liar terms  of  her  charter,  she  made  embrace  the  entire  North- 
^'est.    Traders  had  already  begun  to  penetrate  beyond  the  Ohio, 


OJiio  Centennial.  63 

as  well  as  the  peculiar  class  of  adventurers  who  had  a  touch  of 
the  outlaw  in  that  they  preferred  the  utter  freedom  of  the  forest 
to  the  restraints  of  society.  It  was  men  of  this  class  who  were 
responsible  for  many  of  the  atrocities  committed  on  and  by  the 
Indians.  They  greatly  resembled  the  French  woodsmen,  except 
in  their  relations  with  the  Indians.  They  passed  on  into  the 
wilderness  beyond  when  the  real  settlers  came  with  wife  and 
child,  Bible  and  hymn  book,  to  found  permanent  homes  and 
establish  liberty  under  law. 

Washington  in  1770  went  down  the  Ohio,  from  Fort  Pitt 
to  the  Kanawha,  casting  his  appreciative  eye  over  the  rich  bot- 
tom lands  on  both  sides  of  the  river  despite  the  royal  warning 
off  the  premises. 

In  1778-79,  soon  after  the  war  broke  out.  George  Rogers 
Clark,  of  Kentucky,  then  part  of  Virginia,  under  authority  of 
Governor  Patrick  Henry,  raised  a  small  force  with  which,  by  the 
very  highest  qualities  of  courage,  endurance  and  leadership  he 
captured  and  held  the  posts  at  and  around  Kaskaskia  and  Vm- 
cennes.  He  planned  the  seizure  of  Detroit  also,  but  his  force 
was  too  small  and  no  help  was  to  be  had. 

Virginia  at  once  proceeded  to  assert  authority  over  the  en- 
tire region  west  of  the  Ohio  by  making  it  the  county  of  Illinois. 
The  inhabitants  "professed  themselves  subjects  of  Virginia"  and 
''took  the  oath  of  fidelity." 

The  act  of  1778,  by  which  this  was  done,  declared  it  imprac- 
ticable to  extend  the  laws  of  the  commonwealth  there  until  the 
inhabitants  should  become  familiar  with  them  "by  intercourse 
with  their  fellow-citizens  on  the  east  side  of  the  Ohio."  It  pro- 
vided "a  temporary  form  of  government  adapted  to  their  cir- 
cumstances," to  be  carried  on  according  to  the  laws  to  which 
they  were  accustomed,  under  local  officers  to  be  chosen  by  them- 
selves and  a  "county  lieutenant  or  commander-in-chief"  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor.  Their  existing  rights,  property  and 
religion  were  to  be  respected. 

These  settlers,  who  were  all  French,  had  lived  for  a  hun- 
dred years  under  control  of  the  priests,  with  no  government  at 
all.     They  had  then  been  under  the  dominion  of  the  Province  of 


<>4  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Louisiana  for  a  time  during  which  Kaskaskia,  by  charter  of  Louis 
XV.,  became  the  first  incorporated  town  in  the  west. 

On  the  cession  of  Great  Britain  many  of  these  French  settlers 
moved  across  the  Mississippi  so  that  the  whole  population  of  the 
entire  Northwest  was  estimated  at  only  six  hundred  families. 
These  seem  to  have  reverted  to  the  rule  of  the  priests.  An  attempt 
of  the  British  commandant,  in  1768,  to  establish  civil  government 
failed.  General  Gage,  the  commandant  in  1772,  issued  a  proc- 
lamation declaring  that  the  settlers  on  the  Wabash  were  ''with- 
out government  and  without  laws,"  and  ordering  them  to  leave 
the  country.  And  a  memorial  from  Quebec  to  the  king,  in  1773, 
stated  that  there  were  no  courts  whose  jurisdiction  reached  the 
western  country,  so  that  agents  sent  there  who  proved  dishonest 
remained  out  of  reach,  making  the  posts  ''harbors  for  rogues  an4 
vagabonds." 

The  Quebec  act  in  1774  permitted  the  settlers  to  be  gov- 
erned by  their  own  laws  and  customs  and  was,  no  doubt,  the 
precedent  for  the  course  taken  by  Virginia. 

After  the  time  fixed  by  the  Virginia  act  of  1778  for  the 
temporar}^  government  established  by  it  had  expired,  there  was  no 
authorized  government  in  the  territory  during  the  remaining 
years  of  the  period  covered  by  this  address,  although  that  govern- 
ment appears  to  have  continued,  at  Vincennes  at  least,  for  some 
time  longer,  occupying  itself  with  granting  lands,  largely  to  its 
own  members.  There  was  then  no  English  or  American  settle- 
ment anywhere  in  the  region  and  none  of  any  sort  within  what  is 
now  Ohio. 

Clark  maintained  his  military  occupation  throughout  the 
Revolution,  making  several  expeditions  up  the  Miami  Rivers  to 
suppress  threatened  Indian  uprisings.  He  showed  diplomatic  tact 
equal  to  his  military  talents  by  making  and  keeping  the  settlers  and 
most  of  the  tribes  friendly.  So,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the 
British  at  Detroit,  we  were  practically  unmolested  from  that 
quarter  until  success  was  assured. 

To  accomplish  this  Clark  had  to  pledge  his  own  property 
and  credit,  which  resulted  in  beclouding  his  later  years.  What 
was  finally  done  for  him  was  too  little  and  too  late. 


Ohio  Centennial.  65 

Congress  was  determined  to  insist  on  the  Mississippi  as 
our  boundary  and  to  secure  its  free  navigation  to  the  Gulf.  Yet 
it  had  at  first,  under  the  French  ambassador's  persuasion,  au- 
thorized our  commissioner  to  Spain  to  yield  the  right  of  navi- 
gation, if  necessary,  to  secure  a  loan  and  bring  Spain  into  the 
alliance.  It  then  instructed  our  peace  commissioners  to  insist 
on  that  boundary  and  right,  but  authorized  them  to  yield,  if 
yield  they  must,  on  everything  but  independence. 

Spain  had  ceded  the  Floridas  to  Great  Britain  by  the  treaty 
of -1763,  receiving  from  France,  by  secret  treaty,  the  region 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  Spain  was  again  at  war  with  King 
George  and  had  retaken  the  Floridas  as  well  as  made  some  con- 
quests in  the  region  of  Lake  Michigan  on  which  she  founded 
claims  to  territory  there. 

Spain,  like  France,  had  a  Bourbon  king  and  Vergennes,  the 
French  minister,  wished  to  favor  Spain  at  the  expense  of  the 
colonies,  which  he,  naturally  perhaps,  thought  should  be  satisfied 
with  independence.  He  therefore  intended  that  in  the  negotia- 
tions for  peace  the  Ohio  should  be  recognized  as  the  boundary 
of  Canada.  By  making  this  concession  to  the  British  he  hoped 
to  gain  their  assent  to  the  claims  of  Spain  and  secure  for  her 
full  control  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  more  .surely  to  accomplish  his  purposes  he  secretly  com- 
menced a  separate  negotiation  with  the  British  so  as  to  leave 
our  commissioners  nothing  to  do  but  accept  the  terms  so  fixed. 

Our  interests  were  at  first  in  charge  of  Franklin,  who  was 
minister  to  France  and  one  of  the  peace  commissioners.  He 
admired  the  French  people,  of  whom  LaFayette  was  to  him  the 
type,  and  did  not  fully  realize  the  selfish  motives  which  had  led 
the  king  to  come  to  our  aid.  Franklin  was  then  an  old  man 
and  his  nature  was  too  frank  for  the  wariness  and  suspicion 
without  which  French  diplomacy  could  not  be  safely  met  by 
friend  or  foe. 

Then  John  Jay,  another  commissioner,  arrived  from  Spain, 
where  he  had  been  detained.  He  was  only  thirty-seven,  but  had 
already  been  president  of  Congress.  His  ancestors  had  been 
driven  from  France  by  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 


66  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

He  soon  suspected  and  then  discovered  the  purposes  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  French  minister  and  set  about  thwarting  them. 

We  never  know  how  often  nor  how  much  our  wits  are 
sharpened  and  our  wills  stiffened  by  inherited  antipathies,  because 
they  generally  act  unconsciously.  Jay  certainly  desired  the  result 
he  sought  as  a  benefit  to  America  and  not  as  an  injury  to  France, 
but  he  was  an  Huguenot  matched  against  a  Bourbon. 

Franklin  lent  an  unwilling  ear  to  Jay's  suspicions  and  proofs, 
so  Jay  sent  an  agent  of  his  own  to  England  to  watch  and  cir- 
cumvent the  French  emissary  who  had  gone  there.  Franklin 
reminded  him  of  their  instructions,  which  required  all  negotia- 
tions to  be  conducted  in  connection  with  the  French,  but  Jay 
thought  an  unforeseen  emergency  had  arisen  which  warranted 
disregarding  them.  By  the  terms  of  our  treaty  with  France  both 
nations  had  to  concur  in  terms  of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  but 
Jay  thought  the  situation  required  separate  negotiation  in  advance 
and  that  the  course  of  the  French  justified  it. 

Franklin  still  hesitated.  He  was  not  fully  convinced  of 
the  duplicity  of  the  French,  and  could  not  lightly  disregard  the 
obligations  of  courtesy  and  gratitude  and  those  of  obedience 
besides. 

Then  John  Adams  came  over  from  Holland.  He  heard  both 
and  sided  with  Jay.  The  separate  negotiation  went  on.  The 
boundaries,  the  Tory  claims  and  the  fisheries  were  the  chief  sub- 
jects of  dispute.  The  boundaries  were  Jay's  chief  concern.  He 
had  said  in  Congress  five  years  before: 

Extensive  wildernesses,  now  scarcely  known  or  explored,  remain 
yet  to  be  cultivated;  and  vast  lakes  and  rivers,  whose  waters  have  for 
ages  rolled  in  silence  to  the  ocean,  are  yet  to  hear  the  din  of  industry,  be- 
come subservient  to  commerce  and  boast  delightful  villas,  gilded  spires 
and  spacious  cities  rising  on  their  banks. 

He  insisted  on  the  line  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  lakes  and, 
with  Adams,  declared  he  would  never  sign  a  peace  which  fixed 
any  other. 

When  the  terms  of  the  treaty  as  to  America  were  finally 
settled  the  draft  was  submitted  to  Vergennes,  who  wrote  the 
French  ambassador  at  Philadelphia : 


Ohio  Centennial.  67 

The  boundaries  must  have  caused  astonishment  in  America.  No 
one  can  have  flattered  himself  that  the  EngHsh  ministers  would  go  beyond 
the  head-waters  of  the  rivers  falling  into  the  ocean. 

Franklin's  suavity  succeeded  in  pacifying  the  French  and 
after  some  efforts  to  change  its  terms  the  treaty  was  signed 
which  made  possible  our  celebration  here  to-day. 

While  Clark's  conquest  did  not  reach  the  northern  part  of 
the  territory,  it  supplied  the  strongest  support  for  the  Ameri- 
can claim.  The  territory  could  not  well  be  divided  according  to 
actual  occupation  because  there  was  no  natural  boundary  be- 
tween the  Ohio  and  the  lakes.  The  British  yielded  with  great 
reluctance  and  only  in  consideration  of  concessions  to  them  on 
other  points.  They  retained  possession  of  Detroit  and  other 
places  along  the  lakes  on  the  pretext,  which  was  not  wholly  with- 
out color,  that  we  had  not  fully  performed  our  obligations. 
No  doubt  they  repented  of  the  bargain  and  hoped  to  be  able 
to  escape  the  loss  of  the  territory  by  keeping  a  hold  on  it  until 
the  dissensions  they  confidently  expected  should  break  out  among 
the  states.  They  did  not  give  up  possession  until.  1795  and  in 
the  meantime  strengthened  their  hold  by  building  new  forts, 
one  of  which  was  on  the  Maumee  within  the  present  state  of 
Ohio. 

Ever  since  the  Confederation  had  been  formed  there  had 
been  contentions  among  the  states  over  the  claims  of  some  of 
them  to  this  western  country.  Those  which  had  none  insisted 
that  those  which  had  should  surrender  them  for  the  common 
benefit,  and  some  refused  to  sign  the  articles  unless  this  were 
done.     Maryland  held  out  until  the  war  was  nearly  over. 

New  York,  which  asserted  title  through  the  Iroquois,  had 
set  the  example  of  relinquishment  before  the  treaty,  which  fur- 
nished a  new  subject  of  dispute,  viz. :  whether  it  made  the  ter- 
ritory common  property  or  confirmed  the  colonial  claims  to  which 
the  several  states  had  succeeded.  The  states  were  tenacious,  but 
finally  Virginia  yielded,  her  deed  of  cession  being  signed  and 
delivered  by  Jefferson  in  1784,  and  Massachusetts  and  Con- 
necticut followed.  Sovereignty  was  entirely  surrendered  but 
ownership  of  certain  lands  reserved.  Congress  thus  acquired 
complete  dominion  over  the  country,  which  then  became  known 


68  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

as  the  Northwest  Territory  to  distinguish  it  from  the  unsettled 
regions  south  of  the  Ohio. 

Congress  had  two  objects  for  wishing  to  obtain  control  of  the 
western  country.     Washington  in  his  farewell  address  had  said : 

The  most  extensive  and  fertile  regions  of  the  West  will  yield  a 
most  happy  competence  to  those  who,  fond  of  domestic  enjoyment,  are 
seeking  for  personal  independence. 

Accordingly  from  the  close  of  the  war  the  soldiers  of  the 
Revolution  began  to  petition  Congress  for  grants  of  western 
lands. 

Congress  also  looked  to  sales  of  these  lands  for  relief  of 
the  bankrupt  treasury.  Without  waiting  for  cessions  from  the 
remaining  states,  which  had  then  become  only  a  question  of 
terms,  it  accordingly.  May,  1785,  ordered  a  survey  and  June, 
1785,  caused  a  proclamation  to  be  issued  stating  that  disorderly 
persons  had  settled  on  unoccupied  lands  beyond  the  Ohio,  thus 
interfering  with  the  survey  and  sale,  and  ordering  them  to  depart 
at  once. 

Various  plans  were  also  presented  for  dividing  the  territory 
with  a  view  to  ultimate  admission  as  states,  whi^  was  one  of 
the  conditions  of  the  cession.  The  outcome  was  the  famous 
Ordinance  of  1787,  the  forerunner  of  our  American  constitutions. 
It  established  a  single  territory  for  which  it  provided  general 
principles  and  the  machinery  of  government.  The  officers  were 
to  be  appointed  by  Congress  but  a  legislative  body  was  to  be 
chosen  by  the  people,  and  also  a  representative  in  Congress,  when 
the  free  male  inhabitants  of  full  age  should  reach  five  thousand. 
Not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  states  were  to  be  formed 
on  their  total  population  reaching  sixty  thousand  each. 

But  the  features  of  this  act  which  make  its  passage  an 
epoch  in  our  history  are  found  in  the  articles  which  were  made 
a  compact,  unalterable  except  by  common  consent,  between  the 
original  states  and  the  people  and  states  in  that  territory.  These 
articles  embody  all  the  fundamental  rights  with  which  every 
American  is  familiar  —  religious  and  poHtical  liberty,  trial  by 
jury,  exemption  from  cruel  and  unusual  punishments,  due  pro- 
cess of  law,  sanctity  of  property  and  contracts,  encouragement 


Ohio  Centennial.  69 

of  education,  morality  and  religion,  freedom  of  navigation,  and 
the  immediate  and  absolute  prohibition  of  slavery. 

This  last  was  an  abolition  as  well  as  a  prohibition  because 
slavery,  both  African  and  Indian,  had  been  intr9duced  by  the 
French  and  still  existed.  So  that  when  sixteen  years  later,  the 
territory  of  Louisiana,  the  northern  part  of  the  purchase,  was 
made  subject  to  this  ordinance,  the  French  settlers  com- 
plained because  their  slave  rights  were  thus  taken  away,  while 
those  in  the  southern  part,  the  territory  of  Orleans,  were  not. 
The  territory  of  Missouri  was  accordingly  established  by  an 
ordinance  which  omitted  this  prohibition.  Attempts  were  also 
made  to  repeal  this  clause  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  but  they 
failed.  The  result  on  the  history  of  the  two  regions  is  well 
known. 

One  of  the  articles  imposed  the  condition  of  "the  utmost 
good  faith"  toward  the  Indians,  secured  them  against  disturbance 
in  their  property,  rights  or  liberty  and  required  the  making  of 
*'laws  founded  in  justice  and  humanity"  "for  preventing  wrongs 
being  done  to  them  and  for  preserving  peace  and  friendship  with 
them." 

This  was  a  grateful  recognition  of  our  obligations  to  the 
tribes  of  that  region,  most  of  which,  under  the  influence  of  the 
friendly  Delawares  who  had  recently  settled  along  the  Mus- 
kingum, had  rejected  all  inducements  to  attack  us  in  the  rear 
during  the  Revolution.  The  Delawares  were  in  fact  our  allies 
imder  a  formal  treaty  made  at  Fort  Pitt  in  1778. 

The  Indian  title  cut  no  figure  in  the  conflicts  among  Euro- 
pean nations.  Though  always  acknowledged  by  them,  it  was 
treated  as  an  incumbrance  rather  than  a  title  because  of  its 
usually  vague  character  and  because  of  the  assumed  ownership 
of  civilized  races  from  discovery.  They  admitted  that  the  tribes 
had  rights  in  the  lands  they  roamed  over  or  occupied,  but  agreed 
on  the  rule  that  the  tribes  could  dispose  of  the  lands  only  to 
or  by  consent  of  the  government  which  had  extended  its 
authority  over  them.  So  grants  from  the  Indians  were  still  re- 
quired to  perfect  the  title  to  the  Northwest  Territory. 

Accordingly  by  treaties  with  the  tribes  which  occupied  the 
eastern  and  southeastern  parts  of  it  they  were  induced  to  move 


70 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


northward  and  westward.  Among  them  were  the  Shawanees  in 
whose  former  country  we  are  now  assembled.  The  most  des- 
perate Indian  warfare  in  our  history  was  still  to  come  with  the 
confederated  tribes  which  made  their  last  stand  contending  for 
the  Ohio  as  the  Indian  boundary;  but  it  came  after  the  found- 
ing of  Marietta. 

The  French  settlements  had  naturally  commenced  in  the 
north  and  extended  west  and  southwest.  A  new  and  greater 
tide,  which  was  not  to  ebb,  was  now  ready  to  flow  along  and 
across  the  Ohio  and  thence  over  the  entire  region.  And,  after 
centuries  of  conflict  for  its  possession,  the  rich  and  beautiful 
country  between  the  Ohio,  the  lakes  and  the  Mississippi  was 
ready  to  begin  its  emergence  from  solitude  to  busy  life,  and  from 
oppression  and  bloodshed  to  the  realization  of  what  mankind  has 
hoped  and  struggled  for  since  government  began  upon  the  earth. 


MT.  I.OGAN,  CHUvWCOTHE    OHIO. 
MOUNTAIN   RKPRRSRNTED   IN   THE   OHIO   SEAI,. 


THE  HISTORY 

OF  THE 

NORTHWEST  TERRITORY  FROM  THE  MARIETTA 

SETTLEMENT  TO  THE  ORGANIZATION 

OF  THE  STATE. 

MARTIN    R.   ANDREWS. 


Where  a  nation  has  for  many  centuries  occupied  the  same 
territory,  the  human  plant  slowly  yields  to  the  influence  of  its  own 
earth,  air  and  sky,  and  the  result  is  a  new  variety  with  its  own 
characteristics.  Our  history  is  too  brief  for  such  development. 
Our  life  is  made  up  of  many  stream- 
lets, each  of  which  had  flowed  in  its 
own  narrow  valley  for  a  long  time 
ere  it  joined  any  other.  Sometimes 
the  streams  flowed  side  by  side,  yet 
unmingled  and  distinct.  Sometimes 
there  was  the  rush  and  roar  of  con- 
tending forces,  but  gradually  the 
streamlets  lost  their  identity,  all 
merged  in  a  mighty  stream  resistless 
m  its  power.  So  thoroughly  have 
the  varied  elements  of  our  origins 
blended  in  the  great  commonwealth 
of  Ohio  that  we  can  now  recall  the 

,  ,.„  ,  .  ,  MARTIN  R.  ANDRE;wS. 

early    differences   and   contests   with- 
out fear  of  arousing  bitterness.     In  the  period  which  we  are  to 
consider,  the  blending  has  scarcely  begun;    hence  our  history 
m.ust  be  made  up  of  mere  glimpses  from  each  of  many  widely 
sundered  colonies. 

First  among  these  colonies  were  the  settlements  of  the  In- 
dians, for  many  of  the  tribes  in  what  is  now  Ohio  had  entered 
that  region  within  the  eighteenth  century.     In  the  fertile  valleys 

71 


72  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

they  had  built  their  wigwams,  and  they  claimed  as  their  own  all 
the  land  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio  River.  Within  the  area 
lived,  perhaps,  fifteen  hundred  warriors.  Had  the  land  been 
equally  divided  among  them,  each  would  have  possessed  an  es- 
tate of  seventeen  thousand  acres.  Since  only  the  squaws  had 
reached  the  agricultural  stage,  a  very  small  part  of  this  vast 
domain  was  cleared  and  cultivated.  It  is  not  strange,  then,  that 
the  Indians  were  ready  to  sell  their  lands  whenever  guns,  fire- 
water and  blankets  were  offered  in  exchange.  The  greatest  trou- 
ble to  the  purchaser  was  the  uncertainty  of  the  title.  It  was  hard 
to  secure  a  transfer  that  w^ould  not  be  contested  by  some  other 
red  claimant.  For  example,  when  Wayne  made  his  famous  treaty 
in  1795,  he  paid  a  goodly  sum  for  land  which  had  already  been 
purchased  at  Fort  Stanwix  in  1784,  at  Fort  Mcintosh  in  1785 
and  at  Fort  Harmar  in  1789. 

First  to  compete  with  the  Indians  in  the  wilderness  came 
the  ubiquitous  squatter.  In  this  class  were  to  be  found  hunters, 
traders,  farmers  and  escaped  criminals.  Of  their  number  we 
have  no  statistics,  for  the  census  enumerator  had  never  reached 
them,  but  one  official  of  a  frontier  garrison  o.n  the  Ohio  estimated 
that  fifteen  hundred  of  these  adventurous  intruders  had  moved 
into  unoccupied  territory  within  his  sphere  of  observation.  Many 
of  them  were  driven  away  by  the  soldiers  and  their  cabins  burned, 
but  it  seems  probable  that  they  soon  returned.  Among  these 
adventurers  there  may  have  been  some  worthy  pioneers,  but  the 
squatters,  as  a  class,  did  not  have  a  good  reputation  among  the 
officers  who  had  been  sent  to  the  frontiers.  John  Matthews,  a 
nephew  of  General  Rufus  Putnam,  saw  many  of  them  in  1787, 
and  in  a  private  letter  written  at  that  time,  he  said  of  them  and 
of  the  Indians :  "They  are  both  savages."  General  Harmar  said 
of  Captain  Pipe,  a  Delaware  chief:  "He  is  a  manly  old  fellow, 
and  much  more  -  of  a  gentleman  than  the  generality  of  these 
frontier  people."  Even  if  the  British  officers  and  traders  had  not 
been  constantly  inciting  the  Indians  to  hostile  acts,  the  outrages 
committed  by  these  lawless  whites  furnished  the  red  man  with 
abundant  excuses  for  going  upon  the  warpath.  The  better  class 
of  squatter  at  last  found  home  and  occupation  among  the  legiti- 
mate settlers ;  others  continued  their  vagrant  habits,   and  kept 


Ohio  Centennial.  73 

moving  forward  out  of  the  reach  of  law  and  civiHzation.  Many  a 
pioneer  found  the  land  he  had  purchased  from  the  government 
already  occupied  by  an  intruder,  who  was  unwilling  to  make 
room  for  the  legitimate  owner. 

There  are  traditions  of  rude  contests  in  those  early  days, 
contests  in  which  the  lawful  purchaser,  finding  his  cabin  burned 
by  a  stealthy  foe,  and  fearing  for  the  life  of  wife  and  children, 
abandoned  his  home  and  sought  a  new  one  in  the  wilderness. 
Sometimes  the  escaped  criminals  would  not  stop  on  the  frontier, 
but  would  go  to  the  Indians,  and  lead  them  back  to  rob  or  murder 
the  settlers.  A  few  of  the  same  kind  seem  to  have  been  in  the 
frontier  army,  for  General  Wilkinson  thought  it  necessary,  in 
1792,  to  issue  orders  that,  if  any  soldier  deserted  in  the  direction 
of  the  enemy,  scouts  were  to  pursue  him  and  bring  back  his 
head ;  that  for  such  service  the  scouts  were  to  receive  forty  dollars. 
He  added  this  grim  comment  to  his  order:  "One  head  lopped 
off  in  this  way  and  set  upon  a  pole  on  the  parade  might  do  last- 
ing good  m  the  way  of  deterring  others."  All  honor  is  due  to 
the  body  of  pioneers  who,  under  such  adverse  conditions,  held 
fast  to  the  religion  and  morality  of  their  fathers,  and  thus  laid 
the  foundations  of  stable  and  orderly  government. 

These  pioneers,  these  legitimate  settlers,  followed  closely 
upon  the  trail  of  the  squatter.  Armed  with  rifle,  ax  and  hoe, 
these  farmer  soldiers  were  ready  to  face  a  savage  foe  or  to  trans- 
form the  wilderness. 

The  first  party,  led  by  General  Rufus  Putnam,  landed  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Muskingum  on  the  seventh  of  April,  1788,  and  soon 
made  settlements  northward  as  far  as  Waterford,  and  southward 
to  Belpre.  The  following  winter  parties  under  the  general  direc- 
tion of  John  Cleves  Symmes,  formed  settlements  at  Columbia, 
Losantiville  and  North  Bend.  The  settlement  on  the  Muskingum 
was  named  Marietta,  in  honor  of  Queen  Marie  Antoinette,  whose 
soldiers  had  assisted  us  in  the  war  for  independence.  Judge 
Symmes  reported  that  he  had  named  the  settlement  in  his  pur- 
chase Cincinnati  in  honor  of  the  "knights,"  as  he  called  them,  who 
lived  there,  meaning  the  order  of  farmer  soldiers  who  bore  that 
name.  In  many  respects,  the  conditions  of  the  Marietta  and  Cin- 
cinnati   settlements    were    similar.     Since    the    first    settlements 


74  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

could  only  be  made  under  military  protection,  each  of  these  sites, 
had  been  selected  because  the  United  States  troops  had  erected 
a  fort  in  that  vicinity.  In  each  place  there  were  among  the  set- 
tlers many  veterans  of  the  Revolution,  who  came  to  the  wilder- 
ness in  the  hope  of  repairing  the  losses  they  had  incurred  in  the 
war  for  independence.  In  each  case,  the  movement  to  the  Ohio 
was  preceded  by  a  contract  with  Congress  for  a  large  undivided 
tract  of  land,  of  one  and  a  half  million  acres  about  the  Muskin- 
gum, and  a  million  between  the  Great  and  Little  Miami.  The  land 
was  engaged  at  the  rate  of  two-thirds  of  a  dollar  an  acre,  and 
payment  could  be  made  in  the  final  certificates  that  had  been 
issued  to  the  discharged  officers  and  soldiers. 

Each  company  failed  to  complete  the  purchase  of  all  the  land 
for  which  they  had  made  contract,  other  land  having  soon  been 
placed  on  the  market  at  more  favorable  rates.  The  system  of 
purchasing  land  in  large  blocks  was  soon  modified,  but  not  until 
it  had  driven  many  prospective  settlers  to  Kentucky,  where  a 
more  liberal  system  prevailed.  As  a  land  speculation,  the  Mus- 
kingum and  Miami  ventures  were  both  failures. 

Since  it  was  impossible  to  bring  a  large  supply  of  provisions 
with  the  pioneers,  the  first  work  of  the  spring  was  to  clear  some 
land  and  plant  a  field  of  corn.  At  Marietta,  a  hundred  acres 
were  cleared  and  cultivated  the  first  summer,  and  in  the  first 
year  of  the  settlement  at  Manchester  the  lower  of  the  Three 
Islands  was  transformed  into  a  cornfield.  Corn,  pumpkins  and 
beans,  with  game  from  the  forest  and  fish  from  the  streams,  fur- 
nished subsistence  for  the  liardy  pioneers,  yet  so  great  were  the 
demands  upon  the  time  and  strength  in  building  and  fortifying, 
in  planting  and  cultivating,  that  all  sources  of  supply  were  in- 
sufficient, and,  at  times,  there  was  almost  a  famine  in  some  of 
the  colonies.  If  we  compute  distances  by  the  time  or  the  expense 
of  transportation,  Sitka  is,  to-day,  as  near  Philadelphia  as  Cincin- 
nati was  in  1790.  At  that  time  General  Harmar,  finding  it  diffi- 
cult and  expensive  to  send  a  boat  once  a  month  five  hundred  miles 
up  the  Ohio  to  Pittsburg  to  a  post-office,  found  it  cheaper  to  send 
letters  by  private  messenger  to  Danville,  Kentucky,  and  thence 
over  the  mountains  to  be  mailed  at  Richmond.  Even  as  late  as 
1792,  the  transportation  of  a  message  from  Wayne,  who  was  near 


Ohio  Centennial.  75 

Pittsburg,  to  Wilkinson,  near  Cincinnati,  is  said  to  have  cost  a 
hundred  dollars.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  next  year,  two  packet 
boats,  well  armed  and  sheathed,  were  "poled"  up  the  river,  each 
making  the  round  trip  to  Pittsburg  in  a  month,  and  conveying 
letters  and  passengers  with  safety  and  dispatch. 

In  the  summer  of  1794  three  small  boats  were  constructed 
to  convey  the  mails  between  Wheeling  and  Limestone.  Secre- 
tary Pickering  sent  to  General  Putnam  the  necessary  papers  for 
establishing  a  post-office  at  Marietta  and  also  at  Gallipolis.  He 
also  directed  him  to  secure  a  postmaster  for  each  office.  For  the 
position  at  Marietta  General  Putnam  recommended  a  young  at- 
torney, Return  Jonathan  Meigs,  Jr.,  who  was  afterwards  post- 
master-general. The  methods  of  conveying  the  mail  by  boats 
proved  so  unsatisfactory  that  it  was  announced  in  1796  that  the 
next  year  the  route  would  be  overland  by  Zane's  Road  through 
Zanesville,  Lancaster  and  Chillicothe.  When  that  route  was 
adopted  mail  was  carried  once  a  week  on  horseback  from  Zanes- 
ville to  Marietta.  The  kind  of  roads  to  be  found  in  the  earlier 
days  may  be  imagined  from  the  instructions  given  by  Albert 
Gallatin  to  General  Putnam  fifteen  years  after  the  first  settle- 
ment had  been  made,  and  when  people  were  beginning  to  expect 
improved  conditions.  A  road  was  to  be  opened  from  Marietta 
to  St.  Clairsville,  through  a  rough  and  thickly-wooded  country, 
provided  the  entire  cost  of  construction  did  not  exceed  five  dollars 
a  mile.  Evidently,  making  the  road  ''passable  for  wagons"  meant 
little  more  than  cutting  down  trees  and  leaving  no  very  high 
stumps  in  the  way.  In  1795,  Griffin  Green  of  Marietta  paid  at 
the  rate  of  $7.75  for  each  hundred  weight  (112  lbs.)  conveyed 
by  wagon  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg.  Other  bills  for  haul- 
ing in  those  times  show  that  this  was  not  much  above  the  average 
price.  The  expense  of  transporting  goods  down  the  river  and 
back  into  the  remote  settlements  would  be  almost  as  much  more. 

Under  such  conditions  the  price  of  imported  goods  when 
measured  in  farm  products  was  almost  prohibitive.  For  example, 
the  farmer  who  wished  a  pound  of  tea  or  a  dozen  iron  spoons 
must  pay  in  exchange  a  hundred  pounds  of  pork  or  flour.  From 
necessity  the  pioneers  learned  to  limit  their  wants  to  the  product 
of  their  own  industry.     When  a  calico  gown  would  cost  enough 


76  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

meat  to  last  a  family  for  a  whole  winter,  our  grandmothers  wore 
with  dignity  and  grace  the  linen  or  the  linsey  which  their  own 
hands  had  woven  and  fashioned. 

With  a  mountain  barrier  between  them  and  the  Atlantic,  the 
people  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio  demanded  a  free  passage  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Very  early  the  surplus  products  of  the  farm 
were  transported  down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  in  flatboats 
to  New  Orleans  or  in  ships  to  the  West  Indies.  The  ships  were 
built  on  our  borders,  and  the  first  leader  to  engage  in  this  foreign 
trade  was  Commodore  Abraham  Whipple,  who  sailed  from  Mari- 
etta to  the  West  Indies  in  the  brig  St.  Clair.  The  Spanish  coins, 
the  quarter,  the  "levy"  and  the  ''fip,"  brought  into  this  country 
as  the  result  of  this  foreign  trade,  continued  in  circulation  in 
Ohio  until  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War. 

In  connection  with  the  act  authorizing  the  sale  of  land  to 
the  Ohio  Company  of  Associates,  there  was  an  arrangement  to 
sell  a  much  larger  tract  to  what  was  known  as  the  Scioto  Com- 
pany. Disaster  befell  this  venture,  whose  only  permanent  ad- 
dition to  the  state  was  the  settlement  at  Gallipolis.  Through  the 
influence  of  Barlow,  an  agent  of  the  Scioto  Company,  six  hun- 
dred French  emigrants  were  induced  to  embark  at  Havre  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1790.  Many  became  discouraged  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  but 
about  four  hundred  came  overland  to  Gallipolis  —  the  name  se- 
lected in  France  for  the  new  settlement  they  were  about  to  make 
—  and  occupied  the  cabins  prepared  for  them  by  Major  Burn- 
ham.  Among  these  were  workmen  whose  skill  seemed  marvel- 
ous to  the  frontiersman.  There  were  goldsmiths  and  watch- 
makers, sculptors  and  glassblowers.  Their  ignorance  of  wood- 
•craft  provoked  the  merriment  of  the  American  pioneers,  but  their 
beautiful  gardens  were  the  admiration  of  General  Putnam  and 
John  Heckewelder,  who  visited  them  in  1792.  Skilled  workmen 
were  scarce  on  the  frontier,  and  many  wandered  from  Gallipolis 
to  other  settlements  where  their  descendants  may  be  found  among 
the  best  families.  So  many  had  gone  from  Gallipolis  within  the 
first  five  years  of  its  existence  that  when  General  Putnam  came 
to  Gallipolis  to  distribute  among  the  settlers  the  land  in  the 
French  grant,  only  ninety-three  persons  over  eighteen  years  of 
age  were  present  to  draw  a  share. 


Ohio  Centennial.  77 

A  little  later  the  long  deserted  Moravian  settlement  was  re- 
occupied  by  the  heroic  missionaries  Zeisberger  and  Heckewelder^ 
and,  in  compliance  with  an  act  of  Congress,  General  Putnam  sur- 
veyed 12,000  acres  on  the  Tuscarawas  and  assigned  the  tract  for 
the  use  of  the  Christian  Indians.  Politically,  this  colony,  as  well 
as  the  one  at  Gallipolis,  was  in  Washington  County,  and  we  must 
neglect  the  details  of  local  history,  although  each  of  these  settle- 
ments could  furnish  material  for  many  volumes  of  poetry  and 
prose.  The  tract  of  land  withheld  from  the  general  government 
by  the  state  of  Connecticut,  and  therefore  called  the  Western 
Reserve,  or  New  Connecticut,  was  not  occupied  by  surveyor  or 
settler  before  1796,  and  its  growth  was  comparatively  slow  for 
many  years.  Trumbull  County,  which  at  first  included  all  the 
Reserve,  sent  one  representative  to  the  second  Territorial  Legis- 
lature and  two  to  the  constitutional  convention.  Its  history  had 
barely  begun  at  the  close  of  the  territorial  period.  If  we  would 
clearly  understand  the  conditions  in  the  Ohio  settlements  we  must 
bear  in  mind  that  from  the  very  first  there  was  a  state  of  war. 
There  was  a  brief  truce  along  the  Muskingum,  but  on  the  Ohio 
within  sixty  miles  above  and  below  the  mouth  of  the  Scioto, 
more  than  a  hundred  emigrants,  according  to  General  Putnam's 
estimate,  were  killed  by  the  Indians  within  five  years  after  the 
first  settlement  had  been  made.  Along  the  front  of  the  Miami 
colonies,  murders  and  thefts  were  frequent  until  the  advance  of 
our  army  and  a  liberal  premium  on  Indian  scalps  had  driven  the 
Indians  far  towards  the  north.  The  frequent  attacks  upon  the 
emigrants  near  the  mouth  of  the  Scioto  induced  General  Harmar, 
in  the  spring  of  1790,  to  march  in  that  direction  with  about  three 
hundred  soldiers,  but  the  wary  foe  heard  of  his  advance  and 
kept  out  of  his  way.  In  September  of  that  year  he  moved  north- 
ward from  Cincinnati  with  1,400  soldiers,  a  few  of  them  regulars, 
but  the  greater  part  militia  from  Kentucky  and  Pennsylvania. 
On  the  Miami  of  the  Lakes  he  destroyed  the  cornfields ;  but  two 
of  his  detachments  having  been  routed  with  a  total  loss  of  three 
hundred  men,  he  was  forced  to  retreat  without  waiting  to  bury  his 
dead.  His  campaign  had  exasperated  the  enemy,  but  not  over- 
awed them.  Governor  St.  Clair  than  undertook  a  campaign  in 
person,  advancing  to  the  hostile  country  with  a  force  of  2,300 


78  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

men,  nearly  all  of  whom  were  without  discipline.  On  the  fourth 
of  November,  1791,  in  what  is  now  Mercer  County,  he  suffered 
the  worst  defeat  that  was  ever  inflicted  by  the  Indians.  Just  after 
the  retreat,  Colonel  Darke,  who  had  served  with  Braddock,  said 
the  defeat  he  had  witnessed  in  his  youth  was  not  to  be  compared 
with  the  disaster  that  had  befallen  St.  Clair's  army. 

In  this  crisis,  General  Anthony  Wayne,  the  hero  of  Stony 
Point,  was  assigned  to  the  command,  and  in  June,  1792,  he  came 
to  Pittsburg,  and  began  to  enlist  recruits.  The  nicknames  "Mad 
Anthony"  and  '*Big  Wind"  suggest  rashness  and  impetuosity, 
yet  in  his  preparations  he  seemed  to  some  of  his  subordinates 
pfovokingly  slow.  At  Legionville,  twenty-two  miles  below  Pitts- 
burg, he  drilled  his  little  army  all  winter,  and  it  was  not  until 
April,  1793,  that  he  moved  to  Cincinnati.  He  remained  at  Fort 
W^ashington  all  summer.  He  knew  that,  in  order  to  meet  success- 
iully  an  enemy  united,  inspired  and  guided  by  British  officers, 
he  must  have  an  army  and  not  a  mob,  a  force  so  united  through 
persistent  drill  that  no  sudden  assault  would  throw  it  into  con- 
fusion. In  October,  as  his  army  moved  northward  from  Fort 
Washington,  a  march  of  ten  miles  a  day  was  found  to  be  a 
severe  one.  With  the  utmost  care  to  close  up  the  column,  it 
would  extend  five  miles  along  the  narrow  track  through  the 
wilderness.  The  army  had  not  gone  far  before  a  party  of  the 
savages  had  broken  through  the  lines  and  made  off  with  a  drove 
of  horses,  but  so  well  were  the  soldiers  drilled,  so  full  of  the 
spirit  of  their  bold  commander,  that  a  party  was  soon  in  hot 
pursuit  of  the  raiders,  and  the  Indians  barely  escaped  with  a  small 
part  of  their  booty.  The  march  of  the  column  had  not  been 
hindered  by  the  incident.  As  Wayne  moved  forward,  he  care- 
fully fortified  strategic  points,  and  left  them  in  command  of 
trusted  lieutenants.  One  of  the  important  duties  in  the  summer 
was  to  collect  hay  for  the  cattle  and  horses  belonging  to  the 
garrison.  In  the  summers  of  the  long  campaign  many  hundreds 
of  tons  were  collected  by  the  soldiers,  who  wielded  the  scythe  and 
rake  while  their  comrades  kept  guard  with  rifle  and  bayonet. 
In  December,  1793,  eighteen  months  after  he  had  assumed  com- 
mand, he  built  a  fort  at  Greenville.  There  was  no  rushing  into 
the  enemy's  country,  no  haste  to  make  an  attack.     On  the  con- 


Ohio  Centennial.  79 

trary,  there  was  a  constant  effort  to  avoid  battle,  and,  if  possible, 
to  secure  peace  through  negotiation. 

In  this  policy  he  was  following  the  wishes  of  Washington, 
whose  purpose  was  to  delay  hostilities  until  a  real  peace  could  be 
secured  with  England,  but  Wayne  and  Putnam,  even  after  the 
latter  had  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  tribes  about  Vincennes, 
were  convinced  that  the  only  way  to  teach  the  Delawares,  Shawa- 
nees  and  their  allies  a  lesson  in  peace  was  by  defeating  them  in 
battle.  Long  before  this  Putnam  had  asked  for  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga.  "I  would  build,"  said  he,  '*a  strong  post 
which  200  men  would  be  able  to  hold  against  all  the  Indians  in 
the  world."  To  this  suggestion  Secretary  Knox  had  replied,  "We 
are  in  a  delicate  situation,  politically,  with  respect  to  the  British 
government.  The  President  has,  therefore,  judged  it  prudent  to 
keep  at  a  distance  from  the  lakes  at  present."  After  two  years  of 
preparation  and  careful  advance,  Wayne  fought  the  first  battle  of 
the  campaign,  and  even  that  was  not  of  his  own  seeking.  Little 
Turtle  with  a  large  force  attacked  the  Americans  at  Fort  Recov- 
ery on  the  thirtieth  of  June,  1794,  but  he  was  soon  repulsed  by  a 
general  who  was  never  surprised,  and  who,  when  offering  peace, 
was  always  prepared  for  war.  Having  received  reinforcements, 
which  increased  his  army  to  three  thousand  men,  Wayne  moved 
forward  and  built  Fort  Defiance  and  Fort  Deposit.  All  his  offers 
of  peace  having  been  spurned,  he  himself  advanced  to  the  attack 
•on  the  thirtieth  of  August,  and,  after  a  fierce  battle,  utterly  routed 
the  combined  forces  of  Canadians  and  Indians  and  chased  them 
beyond  the  British  fort.  Thus  it  happened  that  the  war  with 
England,  which  begun  with  the  bloody  battle  of  Point  Pleasant  in 
1774,  was  almost  ended  twenty  years  later  by  Wayne's  victory  at 
F'allen  Timbers.  It  is  true  that  at  least  two  settlers  were  killed  on 
the  Muskingum  in  1795,  and  about  the  sarrie  time  there  was  a 
skirmish  near  the  Scioto  with  a  party  of  irreconcilable  Indians, 
iDut  the  chief  duty  now  was  negotiation.  Jay  had  at  last  secured 
a  treaty  with  England,  a  treaty  bitterly  denounced  by  many  patri- 
otic Americans,  yet  probably  the  best  that  could  be  secured  in  our 
condition  of  national  weakness,  and,  while  Wayne  waited  at 
Greenville,  the  savages  slowly  learned  that  they  could  no  longer 
receive  aid  and  comfort  from  the  British,  and  they,  too,  were 


80  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

ready  for  peace.  They  made  a  treaty  with  Wayne  at  Greenville, 
August  3,  1795,  in  which  they  gave  up  the  right  to  all  land  lying 
east  and  south  of  the  Cuyahoga  River,  and  a  line  extending  to  the 
Tuscarawas  River,  down  the  Tuscarawas  to  Fort  Laurens,  thence 
to  Loramie's  store,  and  thence  to  the  Ohio  River  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Kentucky  River.  Parts  of  this  line  can  still  be  seen 
in  the  northern  boundaries  of  Tuscarawas  and  Knox  Counties,, 
and  in  township  lines  of  Morrow,  Marion,  Union,  Logan  and 
Shelby. 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  Greenville  treaty,  Wayne  tarried 
on  the  frontier  to  receive  from  the  British  the  posts  they  still 
held  in  American  territory.  This  task  he  accomplished  early  in 
1796,  and  he  then  started  to  Philadelphia  to  answer  charges  pre- 
ferred against  him  by  enemies  who  are  no  longer  remembered  ex- 
cept as  the  slanderers  of  the  hero  of  Stony  Point  and  Fallen- 
Timbers.  He  died  on  the  voyage  across  Lake  Erie,  but  he  left 
no  stain  upon  his  reputation.  He  is  not  the  only  successful  com- 
mander who  has  been  pursued  by  the  malice  of  the  envious.  The 
same  fate  befell  Commodore  Perry  and  General  Jackson,  and  his- 
tory has  repeated  itself  in  more  recent  times. 

At  this  distance,  it  is  hard  for  us  to  realize  how  slowly  the 
colonies  grew  in  that  time  of  war.  Six  years  after  the  beginnings 
at  Marietta,  the  entire  population  of  actual  settlers  along  the 
Ohio,  including  the  French  at  Gallipolis  and  the  frontier  post  es- 
tablished at  Manchester  by  Massie,  probably  did  not  exceed  two 
thousand.  In  an  agricultural  sense,  the  real  settlement  of  Ohio 
began  after  Wayne's  victory.  Bef®re  this  event  many  of  the 
pioneers  were  cultivating  rented  land  near  the  forts;  they  now 
began  to  clear  their  own  land. 

The  census  of  1800  tells  a  significant  story  of  the  rapid 
changes  which  occurred  in  the  first  five  years  of  peace.  In  that 
time,  Washington  County,  which  then  extended  from  the  Tus- 
carawas to  Gallipolis,  and  westward  across  the  Hocking,  had  in- 
creased from  one  to  five  thousand.  Eastern  Ohio  had  received 
eight  thousand  immigrants,  and  there  were  thirteen  hundred 
pioneers  on  the  Western  Reserve,  but  the  greatest  increase  had 
been  in  the  Vitginia  Land  District  and  the  Symmes  Purchase. 
Each  of  these  now  had  a  population  more  than  twice  as  numer- 


Ohio  Centennial.  81 

ous  as  the  older  settlement  about  the  Muskingum.  The  immi- 
gration for  the  next  three  years  had  made  the  disparity  in  popu- 
lation still  greater.  In  a  free  country  it  was  inevitable  that  the 
power  should  pass  to  the  control  of  the  greater  number.  A  new 
form  of  government  was  necessary,  and  that  form  had  been 
provided  for  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  For  the  first  ten  years, 
there  had  been  in  the  territory  a  provisional  government,  which 
has  been  imitated  at  other  times  when  new  territory  has  suddenly 
come  into  our  possession.  The  first  government  established  in 
Louisiana  by  Jefferson,  and  the  commission  in  the  Philippines  are 
examples.  A  governor  and  three  judges  appointed  by  Congress 
had  power  to  adopt  such  laws  of  the  original  states  as  they  might 
deem  necessary.  Thus,  for  ten  years,  all  the  functions  of  territo- 
rial government  were  performed  by  four  men ;  but  in  each  county 
the  people  had  a  measure  of  home  rule.  In  three  years  after  the 
return  of  peace,  it  was  supposed  that  five  thousand  free  male  in- 
habitants at  least  twenty-one  years  old  resided  within  the  terri- 
tory. Governor  St.  Clair,  therefore,  ordered  an  election  of  terri- 
torial representatives.  When  this  election  was  ordered  (in  1798), 
tliere  were  in  the  territory  nine  counties,  erected  by  proclamation 
of  the  governor,  five  of  which,  Washington,  Hamilton,  Adams, 
Jefferson  and  Ross,  were  within  the  present  limits  of  Ohio,  or  at 
least  nearly  so.  Wayne  County  had  jurisdiction  over  parts  of 
what  are  now  Ohio  and  Indiana,  but  its  population  was  chiefly 
confined  to  the  vicinity  of  Detroit.  The  first  duty  of  the  twenty- 
two  representatives  was  to  select  ten  persons  from  whom  the 
President  was  to  select  five,  who  were  to  constitute  a  legislative 
council,  or  senate.  This  duty  having  been  performed  at  Cin- 
cinnati, in  February,  1799,  the  two  houses  met  for  legislative 
purposes  at  the  same  place  on  the  sixteenth  of  September.  Grad- 
ually the  lines  were  drawn  between  the  Federalists  and  Republic- 
ans, but  for  a  long  time  not  very  strictly.  William  Henry  Har- 
rison, a  supporter  of  Jefferson,  was  elected  the  first  delegate  to 
Congress.  Mr.  McMillen,  a  Federalist,  succeeded  him;  and  he, 
in  turn,  was  succeeded  by  another  Federalist,  Mr.  Fearing.  In 
this  legislature  appeared  Thomas  Worthington,  Nathaniel  Massie, 
and  Edward  Tiffin,  men  destined  to  become  leaders  in  Ohio  for 

o.  c.  —  6 


82  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

many  years.  They  had  scruples  that  would  hardly  trouble  the 
^'worker"  of  later  times.  Because  they  were  exerting  themselves 
to  secure  the  removal  of  St.  Clair,  they  thought  it  unbecoming 
that  any  one  of  them  should  be  appointed  his  successor.  Massie, 
in  particular,  let  it  be  known  that  he  would  not  accept  the  ap- 
pointment if  it  were  tendered  him.  Of  Worthington,  even  the 
letters  of  his  opponents,  written  in  the  time  of  intense  excitement, 
bear  witness  to  their  respect  for  his  character.  They  dubbed  him 
Sir  Thomas,  but  they  did  not  deny  him  true  knightly  qualities. 
In  later  years,  he  and  General  Putnam  were  engaged  in  the  same 
work  for  the  moral  and  religious  enlightenment  of  the  people. 
Both  were  officers  in  the  American  Bible  Society.  Dr.  Tiffin,  phy- 
sician, statesman  and  clergyman,  was  a  pioneer  preacher  in  the 
Methodist  Church.  The  first  two  years  in  the  nineteenth  century 
mark  the  climax  in  a  peaceful  revolution  in  political  and  social 
ideals,  a  revolution  whose  extent  we  can  hardly  appreciate  after 
the  lapse  of  a  century.  Statements  now  accepted  as  axioms  of 
political  science  by  all  parties  were  bitterly  disputed  at  the  close 
of  the  eighteenth  century  as  heresies  from  the  Jacobin  clubs  of 
Paris. 

Even  the  decimal  system  of  money,  so  convenient  to  us  now, 
was  very  troublesome  to  those  who  had  lived  in  colonial  times, 
and  they  continued  to  keep  their  accounts  in  pounds,  shillings  and 
pence.  For  example,  when  a  worthy  magistrate  imposed  a  fine 
of  sixty  ninetieths  of  a  dollar  he  was  thinking  of  five  shillings  of 
the  old  Pennsylvania  currency.  The  act  is  typical  of  the  old 
school  of  thought.  Men  of  that  school  could  not  frame  their 
speech  to  the  shibboleths  of  the  new  democracy.  The  early  rec- 
ords of  the  courts  refer  to  two  classes,  the  "yeomen"  and  the 
**gentlemen."  Such  distinctions  could  not  long  survive  among  a 
people,  who,  as  a  Colonel  Worthington  said,  "must  live  by  the 
sweat  of  their  brows."  Among  the  hardy  pioneers  the  word  gen- 
tleman acquired  a  new  and  more  honorable  meaning. 

The  political  strife  which  marked  the  closing  years  of  the 
territorial  period  was  embittered  by  personal  and  sectional  dis- 
putes, which  we  can  now  discuss  freely  since  we  have  become 
one  people  in  feeling  and  purpose.  Governor  St.  Clair  and  Col- 
onel John  Cleves  Symmes  could  not  agree  about  the  location  of  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  83 

land  to  be  donated  for  educational  purposes,  and  each  was  so  sure 
in  his  own  opinion  that  he  could  hardly  believe  the  other  honest. 
When  the  friends  of  Jefferson  began  to  seek  the  removal  of  St. 
Clair,  their  efforts  were  heartily  seconded  by  Symmes,  who 
longed  to  see  the  territory  freed  from  the  "tyranny"  of  "that 
aristocratic  old  sinner."  Racial  distinctions  also  marked  the  set- 
tlements which  were  made  soon  after  Wayne's  treaty.  As  the 
German  and  the  Scotch-Irish,  when  they  first  came  to  America, 
finding  the  coast  occupied  by  the  Puritan,  the  Quaker  or  the  Cav- 
alier, had  pushed  into  the  Appalachian  region,  again  in  the  west- 
ern country  they  sought  the  unoccupied  territory.  The  Yankee 
had  occupied  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum  and  of  the  Cuyahoga, 
the  Virginian  had  gone  far  up  the  Scioto  and  the  Miamis.  The 
other  classes  moved  forward  in  direct  lines,  and  made  their  homes 
in  the  interior. 

On  the  fourth  of  July,  1800,  all  the  territory  west  of  the 
treaty  line  and  the  meridian  of  Fort  Recovery  was  organized  into 
Indiana  Territory,  and  William  Henry  Harrison  became  the  first 
governor.  Three  representatives  and  one  member  of  the  council 
went  with  the  new  territory.  The  members  from  Detroit  kept 
their  seats  in  the  old  Legislature.  We  sometimes  hear  of  Ohio 
Territory,  but  its  full  official  title  was  "The  Eastern  Division  of 
the  Territory  of  the  United  States  Northwest  of  the  River  Ohio," 
and  the  seat  of  government  was  fixed  by  act  of  Congress  at 
Chillicothe. 

The  long  military  service  of  General  St.  Clair  had  not  fitted 
him  for  dealing  harmoniously  with  a  representative  body.  He  had 
had  some  dispute  with  the  judges  in  the  provisional  government, 
but  this  was  slight  in  comparison  with  the  storm  that  beset  him 
when  he  confronted  the  Legislature.  So  fully  had  the  disputes 
impressed  upon  the  minds  of  the  leaders  in  1802  the  danger  of 
executive  usurpation  that  the  constitutional  convention  gave  no 
veto  power  to  the  governor  of  Ohio.  The  Second  Territorial 
Legislature  met  in  Chillicothe,  November  21,  1801,  and  ad- 
journed, after  a  very  stormy  session,  to  meet  in  Cincinnati  in  No- 
vember, 1802,  but  ere  that  date  the  movement  for  statehood  was 
well  under  way,  and  the  second  session  of  that  Territorial  Legis- 
lature was  never  held.     Of  the  disputes  in  the  last  Territorial  Leg- 


84  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

islature  at  Chillicothe,  Mr.  Burnet,  a  Federalist  from  Hamilton 
County,  has  said:  ''There  was  an  unreasonable  warmth  and  jeal- 
ousy of  motive  on  both  sides."  The  representatives  from  Wash- 
ington, Trumbull  and  Jefferson  Counties  were  supported  by  the 
Detroit  members,  and  in  part  by  those  from  Hamilton.  This 
combination  the  Scioto  and  Miami  members  could  break  up  by 
excluding  the  inhabited  part  of  Wayne  County  from  the  new 
state.  They  were  determined  that  the  "tools  of  Arthur  the  First" 
should  not  be  in  the  majority.  The  Washington  representatives 
then  proposed  that  the  eastern  division  be  divided  into  two  states 
with  the  Scioto  as  a  partial  boundary.  This  would  have  made 
two  states,  each  of  which  would  have  been  larger  than  Mary- 
land, New  Jersey,  or  Massachusetts,  but,  fortunately,  we  say, 
for,  when  Ohio  points  to  her  famous  sons,  who  is  there  whp 
would  divide  them  into  two  groups,  and  separate  Grant  from 
Sherman,  or  Hayes  from  Garfield?  By  virtue  of  the  Enabling 
Act  of  Congress  approved  April  30,  1802,  thirty-five  members, 
representing  nine  counties,  Trumbull,  Jefferson,  Belmont,  Wash- 
ington, Fairfield,  Ross,  Adams,  Clermont  and  Hamilton,  on  a 
basis  of  one  member  for  twelve  hundred  inhabitants,  elected 
in  October,  -met  at  Chillicothe  in  November  and  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  state  of  Ohio.  Soon  after  the  convention 
met,  Governor  St.  Clair  was  removed  from  office  by  President 
Jefferson,  and  the  executive  duties  devolved  upon  the  secre- 
tary, Charles  Willing  Bird.  The  veteran  of  three  wars  then 
returned  to  Pennsylvania  and  lived  in  retirement.  That  he  had 
been  needlessly  arbitrary  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  is  prob- 
ably true.  To  the  charges  of  corruption  in  office,  it  is  only  nec- 
essary to  answer  that,  after  so  many  years  of  public  service,  he 
retired  a  poor  man  — so  poor,  indeed,  that  almost  his  only  sup- 
port in  his  old  age  was  the  small  pension  given  him  by  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania. 

There  was  such  haste  to  secure  a  state  government,  and  thus 
get  rid  of  the  ''tools"  of  St.  Clair,  as  they  were  called,  that  the 
convention  would  not  refer  the  constitution  they  had  made  to  the 
decision  of  the  popular  vote.  It  was  a  subject  for  ridicule  among 
the  opponents  of  statehood  that  a  constitution  that  began  with 
"We,  the  people,"  and  was  well  bepeopled  throughout,  was  not 


Ohio  Centennial.  85 

referred  to  the  people  at  all,  but  was  adopted  by  the  vote  of 
twenty-seven  men,  yet  E.  D.  Mansfield,  a  very  careful  student, 
has  pronounced  it  the  best  constitution  he  ever  saw,  ''for  the  rea- 
son that  it  had  the  fewest  limitations."  The  letters  of  the  two 
parties  in  the  contests  of  1802-03,  when  read  in  the  light  of  a  cen- 
tury of  practical  experience,  prove  that  no  one  on  either  side  was 
an  infallible  prophet.  The  millenium  had  not  begun  because  the 
Republicans  had  removed  from  office  such  'Tories"  as  St.  Clair, 
who  had  spent  the  best  part  of  his  life  in  defense  of  his  country, 
or  as  Putnam  and  his  associates,  who  had  fought  from  Lexing- 
ton to  Newburg,  and  had  afterwards  given  the  best  of  their  land 
to  the  defenders  of  the  frontier.  Nor  was  the  state  on  the  sure 
road  to  ruin  because  such  "Jacobins"  as  Worthington,  Massie  and 
Tiffin  had  come  to  the  front.  No  amount  of  political  mud  can  fix 
upon  a  person  or  party  an  inappropriate  nickname.  Hence  Tory 
and  Jacobin  ceased  to  be  useful  names  in  practical  politics. 

The  peaceful  revolution  that  removed  the  political  center 
from  the  Muskingum  to  the  Scioto  requires  no  philosophy,  op- 
timistic or  pessimistic,  for  its  explanation.  Twenty  thousand  peo- 
.ple  had  more  votes  than  five  thousand,  and,  since  the  twenty  thou- 
sand were  as  intelligent  as  any  other  group,  it  was  but  natural 
that  they  would  elect  men  from  their  own  midst.  At  first  there 
was  boundless  elation  am^ong  those  who  were  girding  on  their 
harness,  but  the  actual  struggles  gave  little  time  for  boasting  over 
those  who  had  put  it  off.  The  friends  of  Washington  emphasized 
law  as  the  shield  of  the  oppressed ;  the  friends  of  Jefferson  were 
the  champions  of  personal  liberty.  The  experience  of  a  century 
has  taught  us  that  both  are  necessary  in  a  government  by  the 
people  and  for  the  people.  We  have  all  learned  that  there  can  be 
no  true  liberty  unprotected-  by  law,  no  law  worthy  of  the  name 
which  does  not  respect  the  liberty  of  the  individual. 


86  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

NOTES  ON  THE  ABOVE. 


From  the  Hildreth  Collection  of  Manuscripts  in  Marietta  College 

Library. 

MAJOR  HASKELL  TO  GRIFFIN   GREENE. 

Headquarters,  Miami  of  the  Lake,  August  29,  1794. 

Sir  : 

The  last  time  I  wrote  you  was  from  St.  Clair  —  the  date  I  have 
forgot.  In  June  last  I  was  relieved  from  that  post  and  joined  the  4th 
Sub-Legion,  which.  I  have  commanded  ever  since.  The  28th  of  July 
the  Army  moved  forward  consisting  of  about  1,800  regulars,  and  1,500 
militia  from  Kentucky,  by  the  way  of  the  Battle  ground,  now  Fort 
Recovery,  then  turned  more  to  the  eastward  and  struck  St.  Marys  in 
20  miles  where  we  erected  a  small  fort  and  left  a  subaltern's  command, 
crossed  the  St.  Marys,  in  four  or  five  days'  marching  found  the  Oglaize, 
continuing  down  that  river  to  where  it  formed  a  junction  with  the  Miami 
of  the  Lake,  100  miles  from  Greeneville  by  the  route  we  took.  At  this 
place  we  built  a  garrison  and  left  a  Major  in  command.  The  army  pro- 
ceeded down  the  river  towards  the  lakes  47  miles  from  the  garrison  until 
the  20th  instant  in  the  morning  about  9  o'clock,  when  we  found  the  In- 
dians who  had  placed  themselves  for  us.  When  the  attack  commenced 
we  formed  and  charged  them  with  our  bayonets  and  pursued  them  two 
miles  thro'  a  very  bad  thicket  of  woods,  logs  and  underbrush,  and  with 
the  charge  of  the  cavalry,  routed  and  defeated  them.  Our  line  extended  in 
length  two  and  a  half  .miles,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  we  outflanked 
therri.  The  prisoner  (a  white  man),  we  took  says  they  compute  their 
numbers  to  1,200  Indians  and  250  white  men,  Detroit  militia,  in  action. 
Our  loss  in  the  engagement  was  two  officers  killed,  four  officers  wounded, 
about  30  soldiers  killed,  and  80  wounded.  The  Indians  suffered  much; 
perhaps  40  or  50  of  their  killed  fell  into  our  hands.  The  prisoner  was 
asked  why  they  did  not  fight  better.  He  said  we  would  give  them  no 
time  to  load  their  pieces  but  kept  them  constantly  on  the  run.  Two  miles 
advanced  of  the  action  is  a  British  Garrison,  established  last  spring, 
which  we  marched  around  within  pistol  shot  in  the  day  time.  It  was 
demanded  but  not  given  up.  Our  artillery  not  being  sufficient,  and  the 
place  too  strong  to  storm,  it  was  not  attempted,  but  we  burned  their  out-* 
houses,  destroyed  all  their  gardens,  cornfields  and  hay  within  musket  shot 
of  the  fort  and  down  beyond  them  8  or  9  miles  without  opposition.  The 
27th  instant  we  arrived  here,  where  a  fort  is,  and  are  to  halt  a  few  days 
to  refresh.  About  60  miles  we  have  marched  thro'  the  Indian  villages 
and  settlements,  and  have  destroyed  several  thousand  acres  of  corn,  beans, 
and  all  kinds  of  vegetables,  besides  their  houses,  with  furniture,  tools,  etc. 
A  party  has  gone  in  to  Fort  Recovery  for  a  supply  of  provisions  for  us. 


Ohio  Centennial.  87 

It  is  said  when  they  return  we  go  up  the  Miami  sixty  miles  to  where  St. 
Marys  forms  a  junction  with  the  St.  Joseph  and  destroy  all  the  corn  in 
that  country. 

In  great  haste  I  am,   Gentlemen, 

Your  humble  servant, 

J.   Haskell. 
Griffin  Greene,  Esq.,  and  Mr.  B.  I.  Gilman. 


COL.  ROBERT  OLIVER  TO  GRIFFIN  GREENE. 

(This  bears  no  postmark,  but  it  was  evidently  written  at  Chilli- 
cothe.) 

December  29,  1801. 

We  have  passed  a  law  declaring  the  assent  of  the  Territory  to  an 
alteration  of  the  original  boundary  lines  for  States.  This  has  offended 
the  counties  of  Ross,  Adams  and  part  of  Fairfield  and  we  had  like  tQ 
brought  an  old  house  over  our  heads.  The  grand  jurors  of  the  county, 
of  Adams  has  presented  the  Governor  and  Council  as  nuisances  in  the 
Territory.  However  this  is  not  all,  for  on  Christmas  Eve,  Mr.  Baldwin 
was  preparing  to  burn  a  barrel  of  tar  before  the  house  where  the  Gover- 
nor and  a  large  number  of  the  members  of  both  houses  who  gave  their 
voice  in  favor  of  the  above  bill  lodged,  and  to  burn  the  Governor  in  effigy,; 
and  if  any  opposition  was  made  to  whip  thern  that  made  it.  However 
Col.  Worthington  and  some  other  men  prevented,  but  on  Saturday  night 
last,  which  you  may  remember  was  the,  night  after,  a  number  of  men 
being  half  drunk  were,  as  we  believe,  determined  to  abuse  some  of  the 
members  down  at  their  quarters,  but  three  of  them,  a  little  drunker  than 
was  necessary,  came  down  before  the  others  (as  we  believe),  were  ready. 
Mr.  Schifflin  (Scheiffelin  of  Detroit),  a  member  from  the  county  of 
Wayne,  being  some  irritated  from  what  he  had  heard,  gave  them  some 
warm  words,  so  that  one  collared  him,  but  Schifflin  drew  his  dirk  and  I 
have  reason  to  believe,  had  it  not  been  for  C^pt.  Gregg,  he  would  have 
put  it  into  him  up  to  the  hilt.  They  were  immediately  separated,  but 
all  the  arms  in  the  house  were  soon  loaded  and  we  were  determined  to 
defend  the  house.  - 


GOV.  ST.  CLAIR  TO  PAUL  FEARING. 

(The  blanks  in  the  following  indicate  places  that  have  become' 
illegible). 

Chilicothey,    15th   January,    1802. 

Mr.  Worthington  and  Baldwin  must  have  been  at  Washington  for 
some  time.  Mr.'  McMillan  will  not  set  out  to  meet  them  till  the  25th, 
and  it  seems  to  be  uncertain  whether  Mr.  Tod  will  go  or  not.     I  believe 


88  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

there  are  two  reasons  for  that  uncertainty.  One  is  that  Mr.  Meigs  is 
already  gone  from  Marietta,  and  declared  himself  favorably  to  the  divi- 
sion *  *  *  wished  that  the  people  might  petition  for  that  measure, 
and  that  the  presenting  the  petition  might  be  committed  to  him  *  *  * 
another  is  that  there  would  be  some  difficulty  in  raising  the  money 
necessary  for  a  special  agent.  I  am  sorry  for  it  *  *  *  not  that  I 
think  the  business  would  be  in  bad  hands  if  committed  to  Mr.  Meigs,  but 
that  sending  some  person  from  Trumbull  would  be  the  means  of  uniting 
different  interests  and  giving  both  a  weight  they  could  not  separately 
have.  But  the  idea  of  putting  the  petitions  into  any  hands  but  yours 
was  never  entertained  by  those  who  prepared  the  measure. 

I  have  good  reason  to  think  that  new  efforts  will  be  made  by  the 
agents  from  this  place  to  work  my  removal,  and  from  their  conduct 
on  the  way  to  Washington  (for  I  have  heard  of  them  from  several 
places  on  their  way)  no  falsehood  or  calumny  that  malice  can  invent 
will  be  spared.  I  trust  in  the  integrity  of  my  conduct,  and  in  the  good 
offices  of  those  few  who  know  me,  to  counteract  them ;  and  yours,  I  trust, 
will  not  be  refused. 

The  riotous  and  unlawful  assemblies  at  this  place,  with  intention  to 
insiilt  and  maltreat  the  Governor  and  certain  members  of  the  Legisla- 
ture is  an  article  of  news,  and  as  it  will  be  first  announced  by  the  agent 
above  mentioned,  will  receive  its  coloring  from  them,  and  one  of  them, 
Baldwin,  was  a  principal  actor,  take  the  story  as  it  really  happened. 

On  Christmas  Eve,  Mr.  Baldwin  had  collected  a  mob  at  a  certain 
house  in  this  town,  and  was  proceeding  at  the  head  of  them  to  my  quar- 
ters, where  about  one-half  of  the  legislature  are  also  quartered,  in  order 
to  burn  the  Governor  in  effigy  before  the  house,  when  he  was  met  by 
Mr.  Worthington  and  only  prevented  from  it  by  the  firm  and  reiterated 
declaration  that,  if  he  proceeded,  he  (Mr.  Worthington),  would  put  him 
to  death  with  his  own  hands.  On  Christmas  evening  a  new  mob  as- 
sembled at  the  quarters  of  the  members  and  in  a  very  rude  manner  forced 
into  the  room  where  they  had  dined,  calling  for  liquor  —  saying  it  was  a 
tavern  and  they  had  an  equal  right  to  that  room  with  many  others,  and  it 
was  not  long  before  one  of  the  members  was  collared.  I  had  retired 
to  my  chamber  and  was  in  the  act  of  writing  to  you  when  the  affair 
happened,  and  by  my  exertions  and  that  of  the  peace  officers,  it  was 
quelled,  and  the  people  dispersed,  and  the  affair  brought  before  the  legis- 
lature on  Monday,  the  justice  having  refused  to  bind  them  over.  It  is 
probable  that  it  will  be  very  differently  represented.  But  Mr.  Worthing- 
ton was  on  the  spot,  who  not  only  prevented  the  first  insult  (which  I 
should  certainly  have  laughed  at)  but  had  he  not  come  to  that  house  on 
Christmas  night  *  *  *  after  I  had  gone  to  bed,  and  some  of  the 
more  violent  returned,  the  consequences  would  have  been  of  the  most 
serious  nature,  for  the  gentlemen  expected  it,  and  were  armed  to  defend 
themselves. 


Ohio  Centennial.  89 

JOHN    CLEVES    SYMMES   TO   GRIFFIN    GREENE. 

Washington  City^  21st  of  January,  1802. 

I  believe  the  Governor  will  soon  have  his  own  hands  full  of  con- 
tention and  vexation.  He  pretends  to  be  wise  enough  to  dictate  to  others 
—  let  us  see  whether  he  be  wise  enough  to  acquit  himself  of  crimes  and 
malpractices  in  his  office,  of  which  he  is  now  charged  by  Col.  Worth- 
ington  and  Mr.  Baldwin.  The  complaint  is  now  before  the  President. 
Though  I  have  not  seen  a  list  of  charges,  yet  I  believe  they  are  and 
might  be  numerous.  I  think  our  territory  will  not  be  divided  by  Con- 
gress, a  majority  of  whom  are  wishing  us  to  become  a  free  state,  as 
they  presume  if  Governor  St.  Clair,  that  old  aristocratic  sinner  was  once 
out  of  the  way  we  should  all  be  honest  and  wise  enough  to  make  good 
republicans. 


JOHN  CLEVES  SYMMES  TO  RETURN  JONATHAN  MEIGS,  SR. 

Cincinnati,  October  the  20th,  1806. 

Permit  me  to  enquire  how  much  the  sum  is  which  Congress  has 
allowed  to  each  of  the  late  judges  of  the  Territory,  N.  W.  of  the  Ohio, 
as  arrears  of  their  salaries  due  from  the  date  of  the  sitting  of  the  late 
Convention  until  the  full  organization  of  the  new  government  of  the 
State  of  Ohio,  for  I  never  could  learn  the  precise  sum  that  is  coming  to 
me  as  a  compensation  for  their  withholding  my  salary  during  that  sort  of 
interregnum. 


THE  ORGANIZATION  AND  ADMISSION 

OF 

OHIO   INTO  THE   UNION  AND  THE  GREAT  SEAL 
OF  THE  STATE. 

RUSH  R.    SLOANE. 


We  assemble  on  this  occasion  to  celebrate  the  centennial  of 
a  great  state,  and  the  executive  committee  have  assigned  me  the 
pleasing  duty  of  delivering  an  address   upon  the  date  of  the 

Organization  of  Ohio  and  Admission 
to  the  Union,  and  the  Great  Seal  of 
the  State. 

One  hundred  years  ago  on  the 
ninth  of  last  November,  a  small  body 
of  thirty-five  of  the  most  intelligent 
men  in  the  counties  of  the  then  east- 
ern division  of  the  territory  north- 
v^est  of  the  river  Ohio,  who  had,  since 
the  first  of  the  month,  been  gathered, 
in  this  then  primitive  village  of  Chil- 
licothe,  solemnly  affixed  their  names 
to  the  first  constitution  of  Ohio.  This 
instrument  made  Chillicothe  the  cap- 
RUSH  R.  si^oane:.  j^ai  Qf  the  new  state,  and  fixed  the 

time  for  the  completion  of  its  organization  as  the  first  Tuesday  in 
March,  1803,   (being  the  first  day  of  March.) 

Ohioans  ought  indeed  to  be  gratified  in  view  of  the  admir- 
able way  in  which  the  territory  and  state  were  settled;  this  be- 
gan just  after  the  War  of  Independence,  and  one  may  say,  largely 
settled  under  the  direction  of  men  who  had  been  enlarged  in 
mind  by  the  war,  and  by  the  period  of  constitutional  construc- 
tion following  it. 

Then  its  settlement  synchronized  with  the  revival  of  Chris- 


90 


Ohio  Centennial.  91 

tian  belief  and  the  home  missionary  activity  which  marked  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Besides  this,  and  most  educative,  it  was  settled  just  at  the 
time  when  the  older  states  had  taken  up  the  questions  of  the  pop- 
ular and  higher  education,  but  had  not  answered  them;  so  that: 
Ohio's  contributions  to  the  cause  of  education  were  not  mere: 
imitation  and  repetition  of  older  institutions  and  policies,  but  our 
Ohio  settlers  worked  on  the  same  problems  in  association  with 
the  East,  but  solved  them  independently  and  for  themselves. 

What  a  remarkable  transition  in  this  century  of  time !  Peo- 
pled by  sons  of  Europe's  greatest  nations,  gathered  from  Vir- 
ginia, New  England,  Pennsylvania,  New  York — children  of  such 
ancestors,  it  is  little  wonder  that  Ohio  is  a  great  state  and  her 
people  a  great  people !  For  years  she  was  styled  "The  Gateway- 
of  the  West."  The  equal  of  any  of  the  states  in  education  and  re- 
ligion, guided  by  principles  of  eternal  right,  when  Ohio's  voice 
has  spoken  the  Nation  has  responded.  When  others  doubted 
and  faltered,  her  people  led,  and  fearlessly  sustained  those  prin- 
ciples and  policies  which  have  become  the  law  of  the  Nation  and 
the  admiration  of  the  world. 

Her  people  led  the  way  in  the  abolition  of  slavery,  and  freelr 
gave  her  sons  to  defend  the  Nation's  life  in  the  hour  of  severest 
trial  and  greatest  danger. 

In  her  century  of  life  Ohio  has  increased  in  population  a 
thousand  fold,  while  during  the  same  period  she  has  added  to 
other  states  by  emigration,  two  millions  of  people,  over  one  mil- 
lion of  whom  were  born  in  Ohio.  Truly  an  illustrious  record. 
Only  complete  by  adding  her  exalted  claim  as  the  "Mother  of 
Presidents,"  and  the  peer  in  civilization  of  any  state  in  the  Union. 

Born  in  Ohio  and  a  life-long  resident  of  the  city  of  San- 
dusky, from  my  early  manhood  I  have  been  profoundly  inter- 
ested in  the  state  and  the  great  Northwest.  It  has  been  my  rec- 
reation to  study  its  peoples,  its  social  and  material  conditions, 
and  the  history  of  its  continuous  and  wonderful  advance  in  wealth 
and  civilization ;  and  naturally,  in  all  these  studies  and  reflections, 
my  mind  has  fastened  its  greatest  interest  upon  our  own  state 
of  Ohio.  Naturally,  too,  during  all  these  years  I  have  been 
gradually  collecting  the  written  history  of  the  state,  until  now  I 


■92  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

think  I  may  say,  perhaps  with  pardonable  pride,  at  least  without  the 
intention  of  boasting  of  it,  that  I  have  as  complete  an  individual 
collection  of  such  historical  data  as  can  be  found  within  her  bor- 
ders. Speaking  from  the  vantage  g^round  afforded  me  by  these 
studies  it  has  become  a  matter  of  increasing  surprise  to  me  that 
there  should  have  been  so  much  discussion  and  misunderstanding 
as  to  the  date  of  the  actual  organization  of  the  state  and  its  ad- 
mission to  the  Union;  for  the  determination  of  the  one  fact 
necessarily  determines  the  other,  as  I  shall  hope  to  clearly  demon- 
■strate.  I  shall  later  allude  to  the  principal  contentions  out  of 
which  the  confusion  on  this  subject  has  arisen,  but  before  I  go 
to  that  I  want  to  notice  the  well-meant  endeavor  of  the  Ohio 
Legislature  to  set  the  matter  at  rest,  and  to  briefly  comment  upon 
the  singular  ease  with  which  errors  creep  into  matters  in  which 
absolute  accuracy  is  of  the  highest  importance. 

Prior  to  the  adjournment  of  the  last  session  of  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Ohio  the  following  joint  resolution  was  adopted: 

JOINT  RESOLUTION, 

Relative  to  the  Centennial  Anniversary  of  the  Admission  of  Ohio  into 

the  Union. 

Whereas,  On  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  November,  1802,  the  first  con- 
stitution of  Ohio  was  ratified  by  the  convention  which  framed  it ;  and, 

Whereas,  On  February  17,  1803,  Congress  passed  an  act  admitting 
Ohio  into  the  Union  under  that  constitution ;    and, 

Whereas,  On  March  1,  1803,  the  first  General  Assembly  of  Ohio 
assembled  and  organized  and   Ohio  thereupon  became  a   state. 

Then;  follows  the  balance  of  the  resolution  which  is  in  refer- 
ence to  the  proper  celebration  of  these  events,  and  which  it  is 
not  necessary  to  my  present  purpose  to  quote. 

Now  the  significance  of  this  quotation  is  this:  The  first 
constitution  of  Ohio  wcls  adopted  by  the  convention  which  framed 
it,  as  above  stated,  on  November  29,  1802.  It  is  equally  true 
that  the  first  General  Assembly  of  Ohio,  met  and  organized  under 
that  constitution,  on  March  i,  1803;  but  it  is  not  true  that  on 
February  17,  1803,  Congress  passed  an  act  admitting  Ohio  into 
the  Union ;  indeed,  on  the  contrary,  it  has  been  the  widely  accepted 


Ohio  Centennial.  95 

idea  of  writers  and  historians  that  Congress  never  passed  any  act 
specifically  admitting  Ohio  to  the  Union.  I  think  I  shall  be  able 
to  show  that  this  is  an  error;  but  certain  it  is  that  Congress 
passed  no  such  act  on  the  seventeenth  of  February,  1803. 

An  act,  originating  in  the  Senate,  was  passed  by  the  body 
February  7,  1803,  went  to  the  House  and  was  passed  February 
12,  1803,  and  was  approved  February  19,  1803,  and  became  a 
law  from  that  date.  This  is  the  act  which  was  intended,  no 
doubt,  by  the  resolution  above  quoted.  This  latter  date  has  been 
much  contended  for  as  the  precise  date  of  the  admission  of  Ohio 
to  the  Union. 

I  shall  pass  this  matter,  for  the  present,  with  the  remark  that 
the  act  of  Congress  of  this  date  had  no  reference  to  the  admission 
of  Ohio  to  the  Union.  It  merely  extended  the  operation  of  the 
laws  of  the  United  States  to  the  new  state  then  in  process  of 
formation  and  created  a  Federal  district  court  to  take  the  place 
of  the  territorial  court,  when  that  should  be  superseded  by  the 
operation  of  the  constitution,  provided  for  the  appointment  of 
a  district  judge,  a  district  attorney  and  a  United  States  mar- 
shal, the  compensation  of  the  judge  to  begin  at  the  date  of  his 
appointment,  a  date  which  the  act  did  not  attempt  to  fix  but  left 
to  be  determined  by  those  events  which  should  finally  determine 
the  time  when  Ohio  should  cease  to  be  a  territory  and  become  a 
state.  The  second  session  of  the  Seventh  Congress  was  soon 
to  close,  and  had  not  provision  of  some  such  character  as  this 
been  made,  the  new  state  would  have  been  without  a  Federal 
court  until  after  the  first  Monday  in  December,  1803.  But  I 
shall  refer  to  this  act  more  at  length,  later. 

It  would  seem  that  this  resolution  of  Ohio's  last  General 
Assembly,  in  so  far  as  correct,  was  well-timed ;  for,  when  a  state 
has  entered  the  last  year  of  its  first  century  its  natal  day,  the  day 
on  which  its  state  life  began,  should  be  the  subject  of  neither 
doubt  nor  discussion.  I  am  convinced  that  a  candid  examination 
of  the  data  which  I  have  collected  will  finally  settle  any  remaining 
doubts  that  may  exist.  Indeed  I  think  that  a  brief  review  of  the 
early  history  of  the  territory  and  the  state,  and  of  the  acts  of  Con- 
gress in  reference  to  the  matter  will  be  of  interest  and  will  cause 


194  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

.some  surprise  that  there  should  ever  have  been  any  doubt  or  con- 
troversy upon  this  subject. 

Ohio  was  the  fourth  state  admitted  under  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States,  and  stood  seventeenth  on  the  roll  of  states. 
Vermont  and  Kentucky  were  formed  from  other  states,  and  had 
never  been  organized  as  territories.  Tennessee  had  been  known 
ras  the  "territory  south  of  the  river  Ohio."  For  none  of  these 
three  states  was  there  an  Enabling  Act  of  Congress.  Since  the 
admission  of  Ohio  by  the  Enabling  Act  of  April  30,  1802,  all  the 
states  since  admitted  have  been  under  acts,  the  features  of  which 
have  been  copied  largely  after  that  act. 

It  is  also  a  singular  fact  that,  of  all  the  states  that  have  been 
admitted  into  the  Union  since  the  national  life  began  in  1776, 
Ohio  is  the  only  one  in  regard  to  which  any  question  has  been 
raised  as  to  the  time  when  she  became  a  state.  This  can  be  ac- 
"counted  for,  in  part,  by  the  fact  that  no  early  history  of  the  state 
was  written.  Then  when  Harris's  "Tour"  was  published  in  1805, 
lie  made  the  grave  blunder  of  stating  that  "Ohio  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  by  an  act  of  Congress,  April  28,  1802."  There  is 
little  doubt  that  he  referred  to  the  Enabling  Act  of  April  30,  1802, 
•of  which  we  shall  have  more  to  say.  Books  of  any  sort  were  not 
plentiful  in  those  days,  and  newspapers  were  scarcer  than  books ! 

In  1833,  when  the  Hon.  S.  P.  Chase  published  his  sketch  of 
the  history  of  Ohio,  in  speaking  of  the  propositions  contained  in 
the  Enabling  Act,  and  the  modifications  of  them  proposed  by  the 
constitutional  convention  of  Ohio  in  1802,  and  submitted  to  Con- 
;gress  with  the  new  state  constitution,  he  says :  "Congress  as- 
sented to  the  proposed  modifications  and  thus  completed  the  com- 
pact ;  Ohio  was  now  a  state  and  a  member  of  the  Federal  Union." 
But  he  ^ives  no  date,  though  the  date  of  the  final  act  of  Congress 
assenting  to  these  modifications  is  March  3,  1803.  It  is,  how- 
^ever,  the  better  opinion  that  the  acceptance  or  rejection  either  of 
the  original  propositions  of  Congress  or  of  the  modifications 
above  alluded  to,  had  absolutely  nothing  to  do  with  the  forma- 
tion of  Ohio  or  her  admission  to  the  Union.  And  I  submit  it  as 
a  singular  fact  and  as  in  part  accounting  for  the  want  of  knowl- 
<edge  on  the  part  of  the  people  of  Ohio  as  to  the  early  history  of 
our  state,  that  this  work  of  Mr.  Chase's  was  the  first  published 


Ohio  Centennial.  95 

history  of  the  state,  and  when  issued  in  1833,  was  spoken  of  as 
an  invaluable  acquisition  to  every  enlightened  citizen  of  the  state ; 
and  Mr.  Chase  was  heralded  as  its  first  historian.  It  was  also 
commented  upon  that  the  first  volume  of  the  ''Statutes  of  Ohio 
and  the  Northwest  Territory"  by  S.  P.  Chase,  which  included 
the  preliminary  history  of  Ohio,  was  all  of  it  of  Ohio  manufac- 
ture. The  paper  was  made  by  E.  T.  Coxe  &  Company,  of  Zanes- 
ville,  and  the  printing  and  binding  were  done  in  Cincinnati. 

In  1838,  Caleb  Atwater,  in  his  history,  named  February  19, 
1803,  the  date  of  the  Federal  Judiciary  Act  of  Congress  before  re- 
ferred to,  as  the  date  of  admission.  Hickey,  on  the  Constitution, 
names  November  29,  1802,  the  date  of  the  adoption  of  that  in- 
strument, as  the  true  date.  Hildreth,  in  the  fifth  volume  of  his 
history,  fixes  the  date  as  March  i,  1803,  and,  in  my  judgment, 
he  is  correct.  Walker,  in  his  history  of  Athens  County,  names 
the  date  of  the  act  of  Congress  assenting  to  the  modifications  of 
the  propositions  of  the  enabling  kct,  as  proposed  by  the  constitu- 
tional convention,  which  was  March  3,  1803,  thus,  in  effect,  fol- 
lowing the  idea  of  Chase.  In  Black's  Ohio,  the  date  named  is 
February  19,  1803.  Hon.  Rufus  King  in  his  history  of  Ohio 
fixes  the  date  as  March  i,  1803,  as  does  also  Samuel  Adams 
Drake  in  his  history  of  the  Ohio  Valley  States.  In  1888,  Black's 
Story  of  Ohio  was  published ;  and  within  the  last  two  years  the 
president  of  an  Ohio  college,  a  leading  educator,  insisted  that 
Ohio  became  a  state  on  the  nineteenth  day  of  February,  1803. 
Even  the  late  president  of  Marietta  College  in  October,  1887,  in 
an  article  on  this  subject  published  in  one  of  the  popular  maga- 
zines, claims  that :  "The  question  as  to  the  admission  of  Ohio  is 
between  the  dates  November  29,  1802,  and  February  19,  1803," 
and  he  contends  that  the  latter  is  the  true  date  because  the  act 
of  Congress  of  that  date,  the  Federal  Judiciary  Act  before  re- 
ferred to,  to  use  his  language :  ''Transformed  Ohio  from  a  ter- 
ritory into  a  state." 

This  contention  might  be  dismissed  for  the  present  with 
the  remark  that  Congress  has  no  power  to  create  a  state,  hence 
it  could  not  work  the  alleged  transformation  even  if  so  disposed. 
The  creation  of  a  state  is  peculiarly  the  business  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  territory  in  question,  under  certain  sanctions  imposed 


96  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

by  the  Federal  constitution,  provided  that  territory  belongs  ta 
the  United  States.  It  is  fair  to  add,  however,  that  on  the  date 
contended  for  —  February  19,  1803  —  the  constitution  of  Ohio, 
together  with  the  memorial  heretofore  referred  to,  were  in  the 
possession  of  Congress ;  and  that  by  the  terms  of  the  constitution 
is*-  was  then  well  known  and  generally  understood  that  the  new 
state  would  complete  its  organization  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 
March,  1803,  that  day  falling  on  March  i. 

This  writer  also  overlooked  the  significant  fact  that  the 
court  provided  for  by  this  act  was  not  organized  until  March 
I,  1803,  and  that  the  first  session  of  the  court,  as  provided  by 
the  act  itself,  was  to  be  held  on  the  first  Monday  in  June,  1803. 

It  would  seem  that  these  facts  would  be  sufficient  to  effectu- 
,ally  dispose  of  the  argument  that  because  the  preamble  of  the 
act  in  question  recognizes  the  state  of  Ohio  by  name  and  the 
body  of  the  act  provides  for  the  administration  of  the  laws  of 
the  United  States  and  creates  a  Federal  court  to  administer  them 
therein,  it  thereby  creates  a  state  and  also  admits  it  into  the  Union  f 
But  I  shall  have  occasion  to  notice  this  argument  again  later  on. 

In  the  seventeenth  volume  of  the  Magazine  of  American 
History  are  two  articles  upon  this  subject;  one  argues  that  Ohio 
became  a  state  on  the  date  of  the  adoption  of  the  new  con- 
stitution, November  29,  1802;  the  other  contending  that  Ohio 
became  a  state  on  the  nineteenth  day  of  February,  1803,  and  his 
arguments  are  practically  the  same  as  those  already  noticed. 

It  is  true  that  the  act  of  Congress  of  that  date  is  the  first 
which  recognizes  Ohio  by  name,  but  it  is  equally  and  incon- 
testably  true  that  the  exact  status  of  Ohio  at  that  date  was  that 
of  a  body  politic,  an  unorganized  and  inchoate  state.  And  this 
was  the  status  of  the  state  from  the  date  of  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  November  29,  1802,  during  the  formative  period, 
when  under  Schedule  6  of  the  constitution  the  elections  of  Jan- 
uary II,  1803,  were  held  and  officers  necessary  for  the  com- 
plete civil  organization  of  the  state  were  elected;  and  up  to  the 
date  of  the  meeting  and  organization  of  the  first  General  As- 
sembly of  the  state  and  the  complete  and  final  civil  organization 
thereof  and  consequent  cessation  of  the  territorial-  government 
and  its  functions  on  the  first  day  of  March,  1803. 


Ohio  Centennial.  97 

Other  claims  and  arguments  as  to  Ohio's  natal  day  could 
be  given,  but  it  is  unnecessary,  as  the  references  already  made 
establish  the  fact  that  great  doubt  and  uncertainty  have  existed 
until  a  recent  period,  at  least  upon  this  important  question. 

My  first  claim  is :  That  the  act  of  Congress  of  April  30, 
1802,  commonly  called  the  Enabling  Act,  while  it  gave  the  in- 
habitants of  the  eastern  division  of  the  territory  northwest  of 
the  river  Ohio  permission  to  form  a  state,  did  not  of  itself  create 
the  state.  And  it  follows  that  April  30,  1802,  can  be  consid- 
ered neither  as  the  date  of  the  creation  of  the  state  nor  of  its 
admission  to  the  Union.  Although  by  force  of  the  first  section 
of  that  very  act  the  new  state  would  become  a  member  of  the 
Union  "when  formed,"  that  is  at  the  very  moment  when  its 
civil  organization  should  become  complete.  This  will  more 
clearly  appear' on  an  examination  of  the  preamble  and  first  sec- 
tion of  the  act  itself.     The  preamble  is  as  follows : 

An  act  to  enable  the  people  of  the  eastern  division  of  the  Ter- 
ritory Northwest  of  the  river  Ohio  to  form  a  state  government,  and  for 
the  admission  of  such  state  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with 
the  original  states;    and  for  other  purposes. 

Now  it  is  certainly  competent  for  us  to  look  at  this  preamble 
in  order  to  determine  what  were  the  original  intentions  of  its 
framers.  As  to  whether  or  not  those  intentions  were  carried  out 
we  must  look  to  the  act  itself.  It  is  evident  from  the  language 
employed  that  the  intention  was  not  only  to  confer  upon  the 
people  of  the  territory  in  question  the  right  to  form  a  state,  but 
also,  by  the  same  act,  to  admit  that  state,  when  formed,  to  the 
Union.  And  upon  reference  to  the  first  section  of  the  act  we 
see  that  this  intention  was  clearly  carried  out.     It  is  as  follows: 

Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  the  inhabitants  of  the  eastern  division  of  the 
territory  Northwest  of  the  river  Ohio,  be,  and  they  are  hereby  authorized 
to  form  for  themselves  a  constitution  and  state  government,  and  to  assume 
such  name  as  they  shall  deem  proper;  and  the  said  state  when  formed 
shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union,  upon  the  same  footing  with  the  original 
states,  in  all  respects  whatever. 

Now  it  seems  perfectly  clear  that  Congress  by  virtue  of  this 
act  not  only  granted  to  the  people  of  the  territory  in  question 
o.  c  — 7 


98  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

all  needful  permission  to  form  for  themselves  a  constitution  and 
state  government,  but  that  by  force  of  this  very  act  that  state, 
when  formed,  was  admitted  into  the  Union.  That  this  is  the 
correct  construction  of  the  act  is  plain  from  the  language  of  the 
preamble,  from  the  language  of  the  section  quoted,  and  from  the 
fact  that  no  other  formal  act  admitting  Ohio  to  the  Union  was 
ever  passed.  No  other  act  could  add  anything  to  this.  Ohio 
was  specifically  admitted  to  the  Union  by  this  act,  although  then 
neither  formed  nor  named. 

Now  in  further  confirmation  of  the  fact  that  this  is  the  cor- 
rect construction  of  this  act  and  to  show  that  it  is  the  construction 
placed  on  it  by  those  who  were  contemporary  to  these  events,  I 
will  give  you  a  brief  letter  written  by  one  of  the  brightest  and 
most  energetic  men  in  public  life  in  the  Northwestern  Territory 
in  those  days,  and  one  who  was  by  all  writers  admitted  to  have 
done  more  to  effect  Ohio's  admission  as  a  state  than  any  other, 
and  who  was  elected  the  first  United  States  senator  in  1803,  re- 
elected in  1 8 10  and  resigned  his  seat  in  the  Senate  in  18 14  to 
accept  the  ofiice  of  governor  of  Ohio,  an  office  to  which  he  was 
in  turn  re-elected.  This  letter  was  written  to  Col.  Nathaniel 
Massie,  who,  by  the  way,  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Charles  Wil- 
ling Byrd,  and  is  as  follows : 

Washington,  April  30th,  1802. 

I  do  myself  the  pleasure  to  enclose  you  a  copy  of  the  Act  for  the 
admission  of  the  Territory  into  the  Union  as  a  State.  I  leave  this  place 
in  an  hour. 

Thomas  Worthington. 

Now,  as  the  act  of  April  30,  1802,  admits  the  new  state 
when  formed,  the  important  ultimate  question  is,  on  what  date 
was  the  state  of  Ohio  formed  ? 

My  second  claim  is:  That  November  29,  1802,  the  date 
on  which  the  constitutional  convention  held  in  pursuance  of  the 
Enabling  Act  of  Congress  completed  its  work,  the  day  on  which 
the  first  constitution  of  Ohio  was  signed  and  approved,  cannot 
be  considered  as  the  day  on  which  the  state  was  formed,  because 
the  convention  by  its  work  up  to  that  point  had  created  only  a 
body  politic,  an  unorganized  or  inchoate  state;  the  complete  or- 


Ohio  Centennial.  99 

ganization  of  which  was  postponed  by  the  express  provisions  of 
the  constitution  itself  until  the  first  Tuesday  in  March,  1803, 
v/hich  day  was  March  i,  1803.  See  Article  I,  section  25,  con- 
stitution of  Ohio,  1802. 

That  the  territorial  condition  of  the  new  state  was  not 
terminated  by  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  on  November  29, 
1802,  and  that  it  did  continue  by  the  very  terms  of  the  instru- 
ment itself,  as  has  been  shown,  until  March  i,  1803,  was  thor- 
oughly understood  at  that  time.  In  the  first  place,  among  the 
membership  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  constitution 
eight,  or  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  entire  body,  were  then  mem- 
bers of  the  Territorial  Legislature,  and  they  may  be  presumed 
to  have  known  the  provisions  of  that  instrument  which  was  to 
legislate  them  out  of  office.  Then  we  find  in  "American  State 
Papers  —  Miscellaneous,''  volume  I,  page  343,  a  letter  written 
by  the  distinguished  Edward  Tiffin,  president  of  that  convention 
and  afterwards  governor  of  Ohio,  to  the  Honorable  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States,  trans- 
mitting to  Congress  the  constitution  for  submission  to  that  body, 
tinder  the  date  of  December  4,  1802 ;  and  he  directs  it  from  Chil- 
licothe,  N.  W.  Territory,  and  not  from  the  state  of  Ohio.  This 
distinctly  shows  what  was  understood  to  be  the  status  of  the  new 
state  at  that  time  and  its  accuracy  cannot  be  impeached. 

It  is  also  safe  to  say  that  President  Jefferson  knew  when 
Ohio  was  entitled  to  be  considered  as  one  of  the  states  of  the 
Union,  yet  in  his  annual  message  of  December  15,  1802,  he 
makes  no  allusion  to  the  admission  of  the  state,  and  as  late  as 
January  11,  1803,  ^^  is  still  unaware  of  its  existence,  as  is 
shown  by  the  following  entry  found  in  the  Executive  Journal 
of  the  United  States  Senate  for  the  year  1803,  page  433,  which 
is  very  significant: 

I  nominate  Joseph  Wood  of  the  North  Western  Territory,  to  be 
Register  of  the  Land  Office  at  Marietta  in  said  Territory  and  in  place  of 
P.  Foster  resigned ;  and  Griffith  Green  to  be  collector  for  the  District 
of  Marietta  in  the  North  Western  Territory  and  inspector  of  the  Revenue 
for  the  same,    January  11th,  1803. 

Th.  Jefferson. 


100  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  president  of  the  United  States,  if  anyone,  should  know 
to  a  certainty  whether  on  January  ii,  1803,  Marietta  was  lo- 
cated in  the  state  of  Ohio  or  in  the  Northwestern  Territory; 
and  it  may  be  safely  assumed  that  he  did  know,  and  that  at  that 
time  Ohio  was  not  a  state  of  the  Union.  The  date  of  these  ap- 
pointments and  the  residence  of  the  appointees,  as  named  by 
the  above  entry  are  conclusive  that  President  Jefferson  on  Jan- 
uary II,  1803,  knew  that  Marietta  was  then  a  city  of  the  North- 
western Territory,  and  that  the  state  of  Ohio  as  a  state  did  not 
then  exist. 

The  claim  that  Ohio  became  a  state  on  the  nineteenth  day  of 
February,  1803,  has  less  foundation,  perhaps,  than  any  of  the 
other  dates  contended  for;  but  by  reason  of  the  general  accept- 
ance of  that  date  in  some  quarters,  and  because  of  the  error  into 
which  the  Legislature  of  Ohio  seems  to  have  fallen  in  its  reso- 
lution passed  at  the  last  session  and  already  noted  herein,  I  deem 
it  important  enough  to  justify  further  explanation. 

The  claim  is  wholly  based  upon  the  language  employed  in 
the  preamble  of  an  act"  of  Congress  approved  on  that  date,  lan- 
guage which  is  used  not  in  reference  to  the  act  which  follows, 
but  is  a  recitation  of  the  purposes  of  the  prior  act  of  April 
30,  1802,  known  as  the  Enabling  Act,  and  of  what  had  been 
done  by  the  people  of  the  territory  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio 
under  and  by  virtue  thereof.  And  it  goes  on  to  state  that  by 
virtue  of  that  act  a  constitution  has  been  adopted  and  a  state 
formed,  which  has  been  admitted  to  the  Union  under  the  name 
of  Ohio. 

Now  this  is  all  of  it  in  the  preamble,  the  office  of  which  is 
merely  introductory  of  the  purposes  of  the  act  and  which  forms 
no  part  of  the  act  itself  and  hence  accomplishes  nothing. 

Coming  to  the  act  itself  we  find,  as  has  been  said,  that  it  has 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  the  creation  of  the  state  nor  its  ad- 
mission to  the  Union.  It  extends  the  operation  of  the  laws  of 
the  United  States  over  the  new  state  of  Ohio,  erecting  the  state 
into  a  judicial  district  for  the  purposes  of  a  Federal  district  court, 
creating  the  offices  of  judge,  district  attorney  and  marshal  for 
the  said  district,  these  being  necessary  steps  not  of  creating  the 
state  of  Ohio  nor  of  admitting  it  to  the  Union,  but  recognizing 


Ohio  Centennial.  *       101 

it  as  a  body  politic,  and  soon  to  emerge  from  that  condition  into 
one  of  complete  statehood  and  to  take  its  place  in  the  sisterhood 
of  states.  If  this  act  created  the  state  of  Ohio,  as  has  been 
claimed,  it  was  not  by  direct  language,  for  there  is  no  reference 
to  any  such  purpose  therein;  but  it  is  said  that  it  does  so  by 
necessary  implication;  and  the  proposition  is  stated  in  the  lan- 
guage of  one  as  follows : 

When,  therefore,  the  act  of  February  19,  1803,  declared  Ohio 
to  be  a  district  in  the  judiciary  system  of  the  United  States,  it  declared 
it  to  be  a  state.  The  establishment  of  a  district  court  to  take  the  place 
of  the  territorial  court  transformed  it  from  a  territory  into  a  state.  Ohio 
could  not  be  a  judicial  district  of  the  United  States'  and  at  the  same 
time  be  a  territory.     The  two  things  were  absolutely  incompatible. 

These  conclusions,  as  far  as  they  go,  are  just;  but  it  is  a 
matter  of  great  surprise  to  me  that  a  gentleman  of  ability  and 
scholarship  should  have  overlooked  certain  perfectly  obvious  facts 
of  history  in  connection  with  the  operation  of  this  act  of  Con- 
gress, which  completely  negative  the  conclusiohs'reaChed  by  hhn. 

No  date  was  named  in  the  act  itself  u^on  whrch  it  was  to 
go  into  operation  as  a  whole.  The  first  t'errn  of  the  court  escab  • 
lished  by  it  was  to  convene  on  the  first  Monday  of  June,  1803. 
The  compensation  of  the  judge  was  to  commence  from  the  date 
of  his  appointment.  The  constitution  of  the  new  state  was  be- 
fore Congress  and  every  member  of  the  Senate  and  the  House, 
as  well  as  the  president  of  the  United  States  himself,  clearly  un- 
derstood that  by  the  teems  of  Article  I,  section  25,  of  that  instru- 
ment the  state  of  Ohio  would  complete  her  civil  organization  on 
the  first  day  of  March,  1803,  and  that  by  the  third  section  of  the 
Schedule  it  was  provided  that:  "The  governor,  secretary  and 
judges,  and  all  other  officers  under  the  territorial  government 
were  to  hold  their  offices  and  continue  in  the  exercise  of  the  du- 
ties of  their  respective  departments  until  the  said  officers  are 
superseded  under  the  authority  of  this  constitution."  This  being 
the  exact  language  of  the  section. 

Now,  on  March  i,  1803,  President  Jefiferson  sent  to  the 
Senate  for  confirmation  as  district  judge  for  the  district  of 
Ohio,  the  name  of  Charles  Willing  Bird,  of  Ohio,  and  also 
the    names    of    Michael    Baldwin    and    David    Zeigler    to    be 


102  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

United  States  district  attorney  and  United  States  marshal 
respectively.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Federal  district  of 
Ohio  was  organized  under  this  act  of  February  19,  1803,  on 
the  same  day  that  the  state  of  Ohio  emerged  from  its  territorial 
condition  into  one  of  complete  statehood  —  March  i,  1803. 

This  is  the  earliest  date  on  which  Ohio  can  be  considered 
as  formed  into  complete  statehood,  nor  does  it  matter  what  action 
Congress  may  have  thereafter  taken.  The  law-making  power  is 
the  paramount  representative  of  the  sovereignty  of  the  state  and 
by  the  express  provisions  of  the  constitution  already  quoted  this 
was  the  date  on  which  the  first  General  Assembly  of  Ohio  met, 
on  which  the  state  government  was  organized,  on  which  the  ter- 
ritorial government  ceased  and  Ohio  became  a  state  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Union  for  all  purposes. 

The  statement  of  these  claims  becomes  immediately  persua- 
sive when  we  examine  the  history  of  the  period  in  question.  As 
early  as  in  Januar}^,  1802,  the  unpopularity  of  the  territorial  gov- 
ernor, Arthur^  S.t.  Ciair,  who  had  the  honor  originally  to  be  an 
appointee  of  President  Washington,  and  who  was  twice  re- 
apppmted  .by  prjesident.  Adams,  but  who  had  antagonized  the 
Territorial  Legislature  by  his  frequent  exercise  of  the  veto  power, 
led  to  the  formation  of  a  movement  among  the  people  of  the 
eastern  division  of  the  territory  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio  to 
form  a  new  state  and  to  secure  its  admission  into  the  Union. 
This  resulted  in  the  passage  by  Congress  of  the  act  of  April  30, 
1802,  the  Enabling  Act  before  referred  to,  which  among  other 
things  provided  for  the  calling  and  election  of  a  constitutional 
convention  to  meet  at  Chillicothe  on  the  first  Monday  in  Novem- 
ber, 1802.  The  seventh  section  of  this  act  proposed  certain  things 
which  apparently  have  been  considered  by  some  as  conditions 
upon  which  the  new  state  was  to  be  admitted  into  the  Union; 
but,  as  the  act  says,  these  propositions  were  "Offered  to  the  con- 
vention of  the  eastern  state  of  said  territory,  when  formed,  for 
their  free  acceptance  or  rejection,"  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  how 
their  acceptance  or  rejection  could  have  had  any  effect  on  the  ad- 
mission of  the  new  state  to  the  Union. 

The  Hon.  William  Wirt,  who  was  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States  from    1817  to   1829,  in  "Opinions  of  Attorneys- 


Ohio  Centennial.  103 

General  of  the  United  States,"  published  by  Blair  and  Rives, 
Washington,  D.  C,  1841,  on  page  1386,  in  speaking  of  this  sec- 
tion of  the  Enabling  Act,  says :  "The  state,  being  declared  'per- 
fectly free  to  accept  or  reject,'  I  cannot  perceive  that  the  admis- 
sion of  Ohio  into  the  Union  was  dependent  in  any  degree  upon 
her  acceptance  or  rejection  of  these  propositions;  but  that  on  the 
"contrary  the  section  in  question  contemplates  her  equally  as  a 
state  and  a  member  of  the  Union  whether  she  should  accept  or 
reject  these  propositions." 

The  constitutional  convention  chose  to  accept  the  proposi- 
tions with  certain  additions  and  modifications,  and,  in  a  separate 
memorial,  presented  the  latter,  which  were  afterwards  agreed  to 
by  Congress  in  an  act  approved  March  3,  1803,  and  it  is  signifi- 
cant that  the  constitution  contains  no  reference  to  the  original 
propositions  nor  to  their  modifications. 

This  act  of  March  3,  1803,  is  the  one  which  has  been  re- 
ferred to  as  completing  the  so-called  "compact"  between  the  new 
state  and  the  Union,  and  the  significance  of  the  foregoing  ex- 
tract is  that  it  shows  that  the  completion  of  that  compact  had  no 
effect  at  all  on  the  creation  of  the  state  nor  its  admission  to  the 
Union;   and  this  disposes  of  the  date  of  March  3,  1803. 

Now  as  to  the  date  of  March   i,   1803,  it  is  evident  that 
when  on  that  date  President  Jefferson  appointed  Messrs.   Byrd, 
Baldwin  and  Zeigler,  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  to  the  offices  namecl 
he  then  knew  that  the  eastern  division  of  the  territory  nOrrnwest 
of  the  river  Ohio  had  passed  out  of  existence;  and  that  without, 
any  intefregilUm  the  state  of  Ohio  had  taken  its  place.     Know- 
ing as  he  did  thit  by  the  terms  of  Article  I,  section  25,  of  the- 
new  constitution  of  the  state  the  General  Assembly  of  Ohia» 
was  to  convene  on  that  day,  he  al§6  knew  that  whatever  was  to 
be  done  to  complete  the  transfer  of  the  old  form  of  government 
to  the  new,  must  be  done  at  that  time.     All  of  these  acts  and 
appointments  are  in  entire  harmony  with  the  theory  that  this 
transition  took  place  on  March  i,  1803,  ^^^  they  are  irrecon- 
cilable with  any  other  date  as  the  time  of  the  admission  of  the 
state  to  the  Union. 

It  is  of  no  small  importance  in  connection  with  this  ques- 
tion of  the  time  of  Ohio's  admission  to  remember  that  these  ap- 


104  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

pointments  were  deliberate  and  long  considered  acts.  "Actions 
speak  louder  than  words,"  and  President  Jefferson  was  doing 
■just  what  presidents  have  been  doing  ever  since,  he  was  looking 
ahead,  and  he  wanted  his  friends  where  they  could  do  him  the 
most  good.  In  the  election  of  1797  he  had  been  defeated  by  John 
Adams  by  three  votes.  In  1801  the  vote  in  the  Electoral  College 
was  a  tie  between  Mr.  Jefferson  and  Aaron  Burr,  each  having  71 
votes.  The  election  devolved  upon  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives and  Mr.  Jefferson  was  only  successful  on  the  thirty-sixth 
ballot.  He  was  looking  ahead  to  1805,  ^^^  when  that  time  came 
he  had  builded  his  fences  so  well  that  out  of  176  electoral  votes 
he  received  162  to  Mr.  Pinckney's  14. 

Now  a  word  as  to  who  Messrs.  Byrd  and  Baldwin  were. 
Mr.  Byrd  was  appointed  as  the  secretary  of  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  river  Ohio  on  the  resignation  of  Captain  William 
Henry  Harrison,  who  was  elected  delegate  to  Congress  from  the 
territory  October  3,  1799.  The  Hon.  W.  T.  McClintick,  in  his 
history  of  "Ohio's  Birth  Struggle,"  says :  "He  was  not  yet  thirty 
years  of  age.  *  *  *  'pj^^  distinction  of  his  Virginia  ances- 
try, the  influence  of  his  wealthy  relatives  and  friends  in  Phil- 
adelphia which  was  then  the  seat  of  the  Federal  government, 
united  to  his  own  merit  and  reputation,  secured  his  appointment 
to  succeed  Captain  Harrison:  His  identification  with  the  Re- 
publican party  was  manifest  from  the  first."  And  the  same 
writer  says  of  Baldwin:  "He  was  a  young  man  who  came  to 
Chillicothe  in  1799,  and  soon  compelled  recognition  by  his  energy, 
learning  and  sparkling  intellectual  gifts."  Later  he  speaks  again 
of  "Secretary  Byrd,  who  from  his  official  position  was  able  to 
exert  a  powerful  influence  in  direct  antagonism  to  the  gover- 
nor." And  Hon.  W.  H.  Smith,  in  the  St.  Clair  Papers,  says: 
"There  were  no  ties  of  sympathy  between  the  governor  (St. 
Clair)  and  the  new  secretary."  On  November  22,  1802,  Presi- 
dent Jefferson  removed  Governor  St.  Clair,  and  in  the  letter  of 
James  Madison,  secretary  of  state,  to  Charles  W.  Byrd,  Chilli- 
cothe, he  states  that  St.  Clair's  "Commission  as  governor  of  the 
Northwestern  Territory  is  to  cease  on  his  receipt  of  the  notifica- 
tion ;  that  no  successor  has  yet  been  appointed,  and  consequently 
the  functions  of  the  office  devolve  upon  you  as  secretary  of  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  105 

said  territory."  No  successor  was  appointed  and  Charles  Willing 
Byrd,  the  friend  of  Jefferson  and  antagonist  of  St.  Clair,  con- 
tinued to  hold  the  positions  of  secretary  and  acting  governor  of 
the  territory  until  the  state  was  organized  on  March  i,  1803, 
when  he  became  judge  of  the  new  Federal  district  of  Ohio  under 
the  pre-arranged  plan  and  by  appointment  of  President  Jefferson. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  after  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence in  1776,  Connecticut  set  up  a  claim  to  the  north  part 
of  what  is  now  the  state  of  Ohio  north  of  Latitude  41  degrees 
north;  and  Virginia  claimed  south  of  that  line  as  being  within 
the  limits  of  her  charter.  This  latter  tract  was  called  the  Vir- 
ginia Military  Tract,  and  that  state  gave  the  same  to  her  soldiers 
of  the  Revolution  as  a  reward  for  their  services.  The  Western 
t^eserve  was  estimated  to  contain  about  two  and  one-half  mil- 
lions of  acres.  Five  hundred  thousand  acres  of  this  tract  Con- 
necticut gave  to  sufferers  by  fire  in  the  War  of  the  'Revolution, 
and  this  came  to  be  called  Sufferer's  Land  or  the  Firelands,  and 
this  gives  the  name  to  the  'Tirelands  Historical  Society"  of  na- 
tional repute. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Ordinance  of  1787  constituted  the 
Northwest  Territory  a  civil  government  with  restricted  powers. 
It  embraced  the  present  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin  and  a  part  of  Minnesota,  and  it  provided  that 
when  the  eastern  division  of  that  territory  had  sixty  thousand 
free  inhabitants  it  was  entitled  to  become  a  state.  And  Judge 
Burnet  in  his  notes  on  the  Northwest  Territory  says:  'Tears 
were  entertained  that  claims  adverse  to  those  of  the  United 
States  might  be  attended  with  unpleasant  results;  as  the  Terri- 
torial Legislature,  following  in  the  footsteps  of  the  governor  and 
judges  in  the  exercise  of  their  legislative  functions,  had  assumed 
jurisdiction  over  the  entire  territory  in  conformity  with  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1787  and  were  enforcing  the  execution  of  their  laws  by 
their  own  officers  and  judicial  tribunals.  These  unpleasant  ap- 
prehensions, however,  were  removed  before  any  collision  took 
place,  by  an  agreement  between  that  state  and  the  United  States." 
*  *  *  "By  that  arrangement  the  state  of  Connecticut  re- 
linquished to  the  United  States  all  right  of  jurisdiction;  and  the 


106  Ohio  Centennial, 

United  States  relinquished  to  Connecticut  all  right  of  title  to  the 
soil  of  the  disputed  territory." 

And  now  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  from  April  7^ 
1788,  the  date  of  the  first  settlement  at  Marietta,  the  people  of  the 
eastern  division  of  the  territory  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio 
lived  under  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  This  was  their  constitution 
and  fundamental  law  and  through  its  operation  the  first  local 
laws  suited  to  the  condition  of  the  people  were  adopted  and  pub- 
lished, in  the  territory,  by  the  governor  and  three  judges  chosen 
by  Congress.  This  government  continued  until  1799,  when  the 
territory,  having  five  thousand  free  male  inhabitants,  a  territorial 
government  was  formed  on  the  sixteenth  day  of  September,  1799, 
and  this  continued  until  the  first  day  of  March,  1803. 

Under  these  conditions  it  twice  became  the  duty  of  Con- 
gress to  directly  determine  the  date  when  Ohio  passed  from  the 
territorial  condition  to  that  of  complete  statehood. 

The  first  occasion  was  on  January  24,  1803,  when  a  reso- 
lution was  offered  in  the  House  of  Representatives  which  is  as 
follows : 

Resolved,  That  inasmuch  as  the  late  territory  of  the  United 
States  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio  have,  by  virtue  of  an  act  of  Con- 
gress, passed  on  the  first  of  May,  One  thousand  eight  hundred  and  two 
(April  30,  1802)  formed  a  constitution  and  state  government  and  have; 
thereby  and  by  virtue  of  the  act  of  Congress  aforesaid,  become  a  sepa- 
rate and  independent  state  by  the  name  of  Ohio;  that  Paul  Fearing 
a  member  of  this  House  who  was  elected  by  the  late  territorial  govern- 
ment of  the  territory  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio,  is  no  longer  entitle^ 
to  a  seat  in  this  House. 

This  resolution  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  elections, 
and  on  January  31,  1803,  that  committee  reported  the  following 
resolution : 

Resolved,  That  Paul  Fearing,  the  delegate  from  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  river  Ohio,    is  still  entitled  to  a   seat  in  this  House, 

which  was  adopted,  and  that  gentleman  retained  his  seat  and 
received  compensation  as  the  territorial  delegate  during  the 
second  session  of  the  Seventh  Congress,  which  of  course  ad- 
joiirned  sine  die  before  the  new  state  of  Ohio  had  any  opportunity 
to  supersede  him  under  the  authority  of  her  constitution. 


Ohio  Centennial.  lOT 

The  second  occasion  was  on  the  report  of  the  committee 
on  claims  to  whom  had  been  referred  the  claim  of  Judge  Return 
J.  Meigs.  The  report  was  communicated  to  the  House  February 
i8,  1805. 

At  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  Ohio  Mr. 
Meigs  was  a  Federal  judge  for  the  eastern  division  of  the  terri- 
tory northwest  of  the  river  Ohio  and  by  the  provisions  of  that 
instrument  hereinbefore  quoted  he  retained  that  office  and  con- 
tinued to  exercise  its  functions  and  perform  its  duties  until  April- 
15,  1803. 

It  is  said  in  the  report  above  referred  to  under  the  head  of 
Claims,  American  State  Papers,  page  311,  Eighth  Congress,  sec- 
ond session,  No.  162,  in  a  letter  from  Albert  Gallatin,  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  to  Mr.  Dana,  chairman  of  the  committee  on- 
claims,  under  date  of  December  12,  1804,  that:  "The  account- 
ing officers  of  the  treasury  considering  the  question  of  the  time' 
when  the  salaries  of  the  several  officers  of  the  Northwestern  Ter- 
ritory had  ceased  as  doubtful,  applied  to  the  attorney-general 
and  in  conformity  with  his  opinion  settled  the  accounts  and  paid- 
the  salaries  of  these  officers  only  to  the  twenty-ninth  day  of 
November,  i8o'2." 

This  ruling  of  Attorney-General  Levi  Lincoln,  of  Massachu-- 
setts,  applied  to  the  governor,  secretary  and  judges  of  the  terri- 
tory, and  they  not  being  willing  to  lose  their  compensation  for 
the  period  after  November  29,  1802,  applied  to  the  Legislature" 
of  Ohio  therefor.  That  body  decided  that  the  claim  was  an  ob- 
ligation of  the  United  States  and  refused  to  pay  it.  The  claim 
above  referred  to  was  then  presented  to  Congress.  A  short  ex- 
tract or  two  from  the  report  of  the  committee  on  claims  will' 
show  how  the  question  was  disposed  of.  Commenting  on  the- 
Paul  Fearing  case  above  referred  to,  the.  report  says : 

The  committee  owe  respect  to  the  opinion  thus  manifested  by  the* 
House;  and  they  consider  the  territorial  government  as  having  existed- 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States  until  the  meeting  of  the  Legis- 
lature on  the  first  Tuesday  in  March,  1803,  under  the  constitution  of  the 
state  of  Ohio. 

That  all  judges  and  other  territorial  officers  may  receive  compen- 
sation to  which  they  are  entitled  from  the  United   States  equally  with 


108  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

the   memorialist  the  committee  propose  the   following  resolution  to   the 
House : 

Resolved,  That  the  proper  accounting  officers  be  authorized  to 
•settle  the  accounts  of  the  governor,  secretary  and  judges  of  the  -late 
territory  of  the  United  States  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio  for  their 
services  while  acting  in  those  capacities  respectively  at  any  time  before 
the  first  Tuesday  in   March,   1803. 

This  resolution  was  adopted,  and  while  it  did  not  meet  the 
full  claim  of  the  memorialist  it  certainly  did  settle  the  controversy 
as  to  when  the  territorial  condition  ceased  and  when  the  life  of 
the  state  of  Ohio  began. 

This  resolution  of  the  House  of  Representatives  was  carried 
into  effect  by  an  act  of  Congress  approved  February  21,  1806. 

AN  ACT 

Per  the  Relief  of  the  Governor,  Secretary  and  Judges  of  the  Late  Ter- 
ritory Northwest  of  the  River  Ohio. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled: 
That  the  proper  accounting  officers  of  the  treasury  be,  and  they 
are  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  settle  at  the  rate^of  compensation 
lieretofore  established  the  account  of  the  governor,  secretary  and  judges 
of  the  late  territory  of  the  United  States  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio 
for  their  services  while  acting  in  those  capacities  respectively  at  any  time 
between  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  November,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  two  and  the  first  Tuesday  in  March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  three. 

These  men  were  officials  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
northwest  of  the  river  Ohio  and  would  receive  compensation  to 
the  time  when  that  territory  ceased  its  existence,  and  when  the 
law-making  power  and  sovereignty  were  no  longer  in  the  terri- 
tory but  were  transferred  to  the  state  of  Ohio. 

And  this  was  March  i,  1803,  to  which  time  under  this  act 
of  Congress  these  officials  received  their  pay.  This  act  was,  and 
ever  since  has  been,  considered  as  an  authoritative  decision  as  to 
the  date  when  Ohio  became  a  state  and  the  territory  ceased  its 
political  existence,  and  to  my  mind  sets  at  rest  all  controversy  as 
to  when  Ohio  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 


Ohio  CentenniaL  109* 

THE  GREAT  SEAL  OF  THE  STATE  OF  OHIO. 

In  the  history  of  the  great  seal  of  Ohio  there  is  much  to- 
surprise  and  attract  attention,  as  the  changes  in  the  seal  have  beem 
peculiar,  and  many  without  authority  of  legislative  enactment,. 
as  I  shall  demonstrate. 

My  purpose  is  to  review  all  of  the  enactments,  and  in  this 
pursuit  shall  show  what  was  done  in  the  beginning.  When  the 
Ohio  constitution  was  framed,  November  29,  1802,  by  Section 
14  of  Article  2,  it  was  provided : 

There  shall  be  a  seal  of  this  state  which  shall  be  kept  by  the 
governor  and  used  by  him  officially,  and  shall  be  called,  "The  Great  Seal 
of  the  State  of  Ohio." 

There  were  no  directions  given  in  the  constitution  as  to  the 
diameter,  device  or  engraving  on  the  seal ;  these  matters  of  detail 
were  all  left  to  the  action  of  the  Legislature  of  the  state ;  and,  on 
the  twenty-fifth  day  of  March,  1803,  an  act  was  passed  designating 
duties  of  the  secretary  of  state,  section  2  of  which  provided : 

That  the  secretary  of  state  shall  procure  a  seal  two  inches  in 
diameter,  for  the  use  of  the  state,  on  which  shall  be  engraved  the  fol- 
lowing device :  On  the  right  side  near  the  bottom,  a  sheaf  of  wheat  and 
on  the  left  a  bundle  of  seventeen  arrows,  both  standing  erect ;  in  the 
background,  and  rising  above  the  sheaf  and  bundle  of  arrows  a  moun- 
tain, over  which  shall  appear  a  rising  sun,  the  state  seal  to  be  sur- 
rounded by  these   words,   "The   Great   Seal  of  the   State  of  Ohio." 

The  recognition  of  a  seal  among  the  nations  of  the  world 
goes  back  long  anterior  to  the  engraved  devices  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians. The  witness  of  the  seal  has  been  deemed  necessary  and. 
essential  in  all  important  transactions  for  many  centuries.  Its  use 
is  the  solemn  assurance  that  what  it  authenticates  is  a  well-consid- 
ered act,  and  is  evidence  of  the  highest  authority.  The  great  seal 
of  Ohio  was  created  by  our  constitution,  and  it  should  be  main- 
tained by  a  fixed  law  of  the  state.  This,  however,  has  not  been 
the  fact  in  relation  to  it;  for,  on  February  19,  1805,  an  act  was:, 
passed  repealing  the  above-named  act,  and  enacting  the  following: 
section  on  this  subject : 

Section  5.  That  the  secretary  of  state  shall  procure  a  seal  of 
the  Supreme  Court  for  each  clerk  thereof  that  may  be  appointed,  of  one 


^110  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

inch  and  three-fourths  in  diameter;  and  also  one  other  seal  one  inch  and 
a  half  in  diameter,  for  the  use  of  each  and  every  county  hereafter  to 
be  created,  on  which  seals  shall  be  engraved  the  following  device:  On 
the  right  side  near  the  bottom,  a  sheaf  of  wheat  and  on  the  left  a  bundle 
of  seventeen  arrows,  both  standing  erect;  in  the  background  and  ris- 
ing above  the  sheaf  and  arrows  a  mountain,  over  which  shall  appear  a 
rising  sun.  The  seal  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  be  surrounded  by  these 
words:  "The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  Ohio,"  and  the  county  seal 

with  these  words :    "Common  Pleas  Court  of  the  County  of  ;" 

.and  the  expenses  of  said  seals  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  state  treasury. 

Now  we  find  that  subsequent  to  the  act  of  February  19,  1805, 
prescribing  the  device  for  the  seals  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  other 
courts,  the  said  act  was  repealed  by  an  act  passed  on  the  thirty- 
:first  day  of  January,  183 1,  which  was  in  the  words  following: 

That  the  act  defining  and  regulating  the  duties  of  the  secretary 
■  of  state,  passed  February  19,  1805,  be  and  the  same  hereby  is  repealed. 

That  the  secretary  of  state  shall  procure,  at  the  expense  of  the 
state,  for  each  organized  county  where  the  same  has  not  already  been 
done,  a  seal  for  the  Supreme  Court,  and  also  for  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas,  of  the  same  description  and  device  with  those  heretofore  procured 
for  other  counties,  and  shall  transmit  the  same  to  the  clerks  of  the 
respective  courts. 

This  act,  it  will  be  seen,  repeals  the  previous  legislation  on 
the  subject,  and  in  its  place  enacts  a  single  section  authorizing 
the  secretary  of  state  to  procure  seals  for  each  county  where  it 
has  not  already  been  done.  But  nothing  is  said  in  this  act,  and 
no  provision  was  made,  for  the  great  seal  of  the  state,  which  had 
been  repealed  by  the  act  of  1805. 

A  correct  seal  of  states  and  nations  has  always  been  the  high- 
►est  evidence  of  authority  and  authenticity  of  the  acts  of  the  execu- 
tive ;  and  this  device  for  the  first  great  seal  of  Ohio,  as  fixed  by 
the  act  in  question,  was  unostentatious,  appropriate,  and  replete 
with  historic  sentiment.  On  the  right,  the  sheaf  of  wheat  indi- 
'Cated  the  great  agricultural  advantages  of  the  state  for  which  it 
has  always  been  distinguished.  The  bundle  of  seventeen  arrows 
on  the  left  hand  symbolized  the  union  of  the  states  (Ohio  being 
the  seventeenth  state  admitted  to  the  Union),  and  united  under 
^ne  government,  and  bound  together  for  general  protection  and 
^defense.     The  rising  sun  appearing  over  the  mountain  was  shin- 


Ohio  Centennial.  Ill 

ing  on  the  first  state  west  of  the  mountains,  as  well  as  the  first 
state  born  of  the  immortal  Ordinance  of  1787;  thus  illustrating 
in  the  device  on  the  great  seal  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  a  grand  and 
glorious  destiny  and  history. 

Then  next  in  order  comes  the  "new  constitution,"  adopted 
March  10,  1851 ;  which  provided,  in  the  exact  language  of  our 
iirst  constitution,  for  the  "Great  Seal  of  State,"  and  also,  by  sec- 
tion I  of  the  Schedule,  provided  that  "All  laws  of  this  state  in 
force  on  the  first  day  of  September,  1851,  not  inconsistent  with 
this  constitution  shall  continue  in  force  until  amended  or  re- 
pealed." From  this  time  until  the  act  of  April  6,  1866,  nothing 
occurred  in  relation  to  the  state  seal.    This  act  is  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State 
of  Ohio :  That  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  state  of  Ohio  shall  con- 
sist of  the  following  device :  A  shield,  upon  which  shall  be  engraved  on 
the  left,  in  the  foreground,  a  bundle  of  17  arrows ;  to  the  right  of  the 
arrows,  a  sheaf  of  wheat;  both  standing  erect;  in  the  background,  and 
rising  above  the  sheaf  and  arrows,  a  range  of  mountains,  over  which 
shall  appear  a  rising  sun;  between  the  base  of  the  mountains  and  the 
-arrows  and  sheaf,  in  the  left  foreground,  a  river  shall  be  represented 
flowing  toward  the  right  foreground ;  supporting  the  shield,  on  the  right, 
shall  be  the  figure  of  a  farmer,  with  implements  of  agriculture,  and  sheafs 
of  wheat  standing  erect  and  recumbent ;  and  in  the  distance,  a  locomotive 
and  train  of  cars ;  supporting  the  shield,  on  the  left,  shall  be  the  figure 
of  a  srhith  with  anvil  and  hammer;  and  in  the  distance,  water,  with  a 
steamboat;  at  the  bottom  of  the  shield  there  shall  be  a  motto,  in  these 
"words :    "Imperium  in  Imperio." 

Sec.  2.  The  great  seal  of  the  state  shall  be  two  and  one-half  inches 
in  diameter,  on  which  shall  be  engraved  the  device  included  within  the 
shield,  as  described  in  the  preceding  section,  and  it  shall  be  surrounded 
"with  these  words :    "The  Great   Seal  of  the  State  of  Ohio." 

The  seal  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  be  two  and  one-half  inches 
in  diameter,  and  bear  the  same  device  as  the  great  seal  of  the  state,  and 
t)e  surrounded  with  these  words :  "The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of 
Ohio." 

The  county  seal  shall  be  one  inch  and  three-quarters  in  diameter, 
of  the  same  device  as  the  great  seal  of  the  state,  and  surrounded  with 
these  words :    "Common  Pleas  of  the  County  of " 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  procure 
a  great  seal  for  the  use  of  the  state,  a  seal  for  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
a  seal  for  each  county,  of  the  device  and  the  respective  sizes  as  here- 
inbefore  described;   and  it   shall  be   the   duty  of  the   secretary  of  state 


112  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

to  cause  all  commissions  and  official  papers  issued  hereafter,  to  be  printed 
with  an  engraved  impression  of  the  coat  of  arms. 

Sec.  4.  After  two  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  it  shall  be 
unlawful  for  any  notary  public,  or  other  officer  required  by  law  to  use 
an  official  seal,  to  use  one  except  of  a  uniform  size,  which  shall  be 
one  and  one-fourth  inches  in  diameter,  or  of  other  design  than  that 
provided  in  the  first  section  of  this  act. 

Sec.  5.  To  enable  the  secretary  of  state  to  carry  out  the  provi- 
sions of  the  third  section  of  this  act,  there  is  hereby  appropriated  from. 
any  money  in  the  state  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of 
not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars  to  be  audited  on  the  order  of  the 
secretary  of  state. 

Sec.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after 
the  first  day  of  July,  1866. 

P.    Hitchcock, 
Speaker  Pro  tern,  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
Andrew  G.  McBurney^ 

President  of  the  Senate. 

Now,  next  in  sequence  of  time,  is  the  following,  which  is 
found  in  the  report  of  the  secretary  of  state,  made  in  i866: 

As  required  by  the  act  of  April  6,  1866,  a  new  great  seal  for  the 
state,  a  seal  for  the  Supreme  Court,  and  an  engraved  heading  with  the 
coats  of  arms,  for  commissions  and  other  official  papers,  have  been 
procured. 

On  account  of  the  great  difficulty  in  securing  the  services  of  com- 
petent artists  to  execute  the  work,  it  was  found  impossible  to  comply 
with  that  clause  of  the  law  limiting  the  time  for  the  use  of  the  old  seal 
to  the  first  day  of  July.  It  was  thought  to  be  much  more  important  to 
carry  out  the  spirit  of. the  act,  and  to  have  the  work  executed  in  the 
best  style  of  art,  comporting  with  the  dignity  and  position  of  the  state. 
The  great  seal,  which  was  furnished  by  M'essrs.  Tiffany  &  Company,  of 
New  York,  is  cut  in  steel  in  the  highest  style  of  art,  and  is  probably 
equal  to  anything  of  the  kind  in  America.  The  engraving  was  executed 
by  the  American  Bank  Note  Company,  of  New  York,  which  is  a  suf- 
ficient guaranty  for  the  character  of  the  work.  The  seals  and  presses  for 
the  county  courts  are  now  being  cut  and  cast,  and  will  be  ready  for 
delivery  some  time  in  January.  These  will  be  superior  to  any  furnished 
heretofore.  No  provision  has  yet  been  made  for  seals  for  the  district 
courts.    This  omission  should  be  provided  for  at  an  early  date. 

It  would  seem  somewhat  singular  that,  so  soon  as  in  Novem- 
ber—less than  five  months  after  the  act  of  April  6,  i866,  went 
into  effect — the  secretary  of  state  should  ask  for  further  legisla- 


Ohio  Centennial.  113 

tion  for  district  courts;  but  the  Legislature  quickly  responded, 
and  the  result  was  the  passage  of  an  act  which  is  as  follows : 

AN  ACT 

To  amend  Sections  2,  3  and  4  of  an  act  entitled  ''An  act  to  provide  the 
devices  of  the  great  seal  and  coat  of  arms  of  the  state  of  Ohio," 
passed  April  6,  1866  (O.  L.  63,  185). 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State 
of  Ohio :  That  sections  2,  3  and  4,  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide 
the  devices  of  the  great  seal  and  coat  of  arms  of  the  state  of  Ohio," 
passed  April  6,  1866,  be  so  amended  as  to  read  as  follows : 

Sec  2.  The  great  seal  of  the  state  shall  be  two  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter,  on  which  shall  be  engraved  the  device  included  in 
the  shield  as  described  in  the  preceding  section,  and  it  shall  be  sur- 
rounded with  the  words :    "The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  Ohio." 

The  seal  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  be  two  and  one-half  inches 
in  diameter,  and  bear  the  same  device  as  the  great  seal  of  the  state, 
and  be  surrounded  with  these  words :  "The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of 
Ohio." 

The  seal  for  the  district  court,  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  for 
the  probate  court  of  each  county,  shall  be  one  inch  and  three-quarters 
in  diameter,  of  the  same  device  as  the  great  seal  of  the  state,  and 
surrounded    with    these    words,    respectively :     "District    Court    of    Ohio 

, County."  "Common  Pleas  Court  of  the  County 

of   "    "Probate   Court,    County."     (In  each  case 

insert  the  name  of  the  proper  county.) 

The  seal  for  the  superior  court  of  any  city  or  county  shall  be 
of  the  same  size,  and  shall  have  the  same  device,  as  the  seal  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas,  and  shall  be  surrounded,  respectively,  with  these 

words:  "Superior  Court  of   "    (Here  insert  the  name  of  the 

proper   city.)      "Superior    Court    of "     (Here   insert   the    name 

of  the  proper  county.) 

The  auditor  of  state,  secretary  of  state  (and  adjutant-general) 
shall  keep  a  seal  of  office,  which  shall  be  used  in  the  authentication  of 
all  official  documents  requiring  the  use  of  a  seal ;  provided  that  the  great 
seal  of  the  state  shall  be  deemed  the  official  seal  of  the  governor. 

The  seals  of  all  state  and  county  officers  required  by  law  to  use 
a  seal,  shall  be  one  inch  and  three  quarters  in  diameter,  and  shall  bear 
the  same  device  as  the  great  seal  of  the  state. 

The  seals  of  notaries  public  shall  be  one  and  one-quarter  inches 
in  diameter,  and  shall  contain  the  same  device  as  that  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided   for   the   great    seal   of   the    state,    and    shall   be    surrounded    with 

the  words  "Notarial  Seal,  County."     (Here  insert  the  name 

of  the  proper  county.) 
o.   J.  — 8 


114  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  procure 
a  great  seal  for  the  use  of  the  state,  seals  for  the  auditor  of  state, 
secretary  of  state,  and  adjutant-general,  a  seal  for  the  Supreme  Court, 
a  seal  for  the  district  court,  and  a  seal  for  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  of  each  county,  of  the  device  and  respective  sizes  as  hereinbefore 
described;  find  it  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to 
cause  all  commissions  and  official  papers  issued  hereafter  to  be  printed 
with  an  engraved  impression  of  the  coat  of  arms. 

Sec.  4.  From  and  after  the  first  day  of  April,  1868,  it  shall  be 
unlawful  for  any  notary  public  or  other  officer  required  by  law  to  use  an 
official  seal,  to  use  one  except  of  the  size  hereinbefore  designated,  or  of 
other  design  than  that  provided  in  this  act  for  the  great  seal  of  the  state. 

Sec.  5.  That  sections  2,  3  and  4  of  the  aforesaid  act  be,  and  the 
same  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  6.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after 
its  passage.  Ed.  A.  Parrott, 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
Andrew  G.  McBurney, 
President  of  the  Senate. 

Now  upon  reading  these  acts  it  will  be  noted  that  the  act  of 
April  1 6,  1867,  largely  increased  the  number  of  seals  to  be  pro- 
cured by  the  secretary  of  state,  necessarily  increasing  the  ex- 
pense to  the  state,  as  well  as  to  all  of  the  notaries  public.  Some 
one  undoubtedly  realized  how  well  it  would  pay  to  replace  all  the 
seals  and  presses  used  for  county,  judicial,  notarial,  and  other 
officials,  as  required  by  said  acts,  changing  the  device  and  requir- 
ing new  dies. 

This  created  no  little  opposition  to  the  whole  scheme ;  and  the 
fact  that  already  the  $1,000  appropriated  by  the  act  of  April  6, 
1866,  had  been  more  than  exhausted,  and  the  fear  of  a  much  larger 
appropriation  necessary  for  the  completion  of  the  work  directed 
by  the  amended  sections  in  the  act  of  April  16,  1867,  caused  much 
discussion  and  opposition.  The  newly  elected  Legislature  was 
Democratic;  and  the  result  was  that,  on  May  9,  1868,  the  follow- 
ing act  was  passed,  repealing  the  act  of  1866  and  the  amendments 
in  the  act  of  1867,  as  follows: 

AN  ACT 

To  provide  the  devices  and  great  seal  and  coat  of  arms  of  the  state 
of  Ohio ;  and  to  repeal  the  act  passed  April  6,  1866,  providing  for 
the  devices,  great  seal,  and  coat  of  arms  for  this  state,  and  the  act 
amendatory  thereto,  passed  April  16,  1867. 


"  Ohio  Centennial.  1 1.5 

Sectton-  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
Ohio:  That  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  state  of  Ohio  shall  consist  of  the 
following  device :  A  shield,  in  form  a  circle.  On  it,  in  the  foreground, 
on  the  right,  a  sheaf  of  wheat ;  on  the  left,  a  bundle  of  seventeen  arrows, 
both  standing  erect;  in  the  background,  and  rising' above  the  sheaf  and 
arrows,  a  mountain  range,  over  which  shall  appear  a  rising  sun. 

Sec.  2.  The  great  seal  of  the  state  shall  be  two  and  one-half  inches 
in  diameter,  on  which  shall  be  engraved  the  device  as  described  in  the 
preceding  section,  and  it  shall  be  surrounded  with  these  words:  "The 
Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  Ohio." 

The  seal  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  be  two  and  one-half  inches 
in  diameter,  surrounded  with  these  words :  "The  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State  of  Ohio."  The  seal  of  the  district  court,  for  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas,  and  for  the  probate  court,  of  each  county,  shall  each  be 
one  inch  and  three-quarters  in  diameter,   surrounded  with  these  words : 

"District  Court  of  Ohio, .County."     "Common  Pleas  Court  of 

the  County  of  Ohio."     "Probate  Court  of  County, 

Ohio."  (In  each  case  insert  the  name  of  the  proper  county.)  The  seal 
for  the  superior  court  of  any  city  or  county  shall  be  of  the  same  size 
as  the  seal  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,   and  each  respectively,   shall 

be  surrounded  with  these  words :    "Superior  Court  of Ohio." 

(Here  insert  the  name  of  the  proper  city.)  "The  Superior  Court  of 
County,  Ohio."     (Here  insert  the  name  of  the  proper  county.) 

The  seal  of  the  secretary  of  state  shall  be  two  inches  and  one- 
fourth  in  diameter,  surrounded  with  these  words :  "The  Seal  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  of  Ohio."  The  seal  of  the  auditor  of  state  shall  be  one 
inch  and  three-fourths  in  diameter,  which  shall  be  surrounded  by  these 
words :  "Seal  of  the  Auditor  of  State  of  Ohio."  The  seal  of  the  treas- 
urer of  state  shall  be  one  inch  and  three-fourths  in  diameter,  sur- 
rounded by  these  words :  "Seal  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  State  of  Ohio." 
The  seal  of  the  comptroller  of  the  treasury  shall  be  one  inch  and  three- 
fourths  in  diameter,  surrounded  by  the  words :  "Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury  of  Ohio." 

The  seals  of  all  the  other  state  and  county  and  municipal .  officers 
required  by  law  to  use  a  seal,  will  be  one  inch  and  three-quarters  in 
diameter,  surrounded  with  the  appropriate  name  of  the  office. 

The  seals  of  notaries  public  shall  not  be  less  than  one  inch  and 
one- fourth  in  diameter,  and  shall  be  surrounded  with  the  words :   "No- 

taria"l  Seal,   County,  Ohio."     (Here  insert  the  name  of  the 

proper  county),  and  shall  contain  at  least  so  much  of  the  coat  of  arms 
as  shall  exhibit  the  mountain  range,  the  rising  sun,  the  bundle  of  arrows 
and  the  sheaf  of  wheat;    all  the  seals  other  than  notarid  seals,  mentioned 
in  the- foregoing  section,  shall  contain  the  words  and  devices  mentioned* 
in  this  act,  and  no  other. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  procure 
a  great  seal  for  the  use  of  the   state,   and  a  seal   for  each  of  the  state 


116  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

officers  named  in  this  act,  and  a  seal  for  the  Supreme  Court,  of  the 
words  and  devices  and  respective  sizes  hereinbefore  described;  and  it 
shall  also  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  cause  all  commissions 
and  official  papers  issued  after  this  act  shall  take  effect,  to  be  printed 
with  an  engraved  impression  of  the  coat  of  arms. 

Sec.  4.  The  act  passed  April  6,  1866  (O.  L.  63,  185)  entitled  "An 
act  to  provide  the  devices  and  great  seal  and  coat  of  arms  of  the  state 
of  Ohio,"  and  said  act  as  amended  April  16,  1867  (O.  L.  64,  191)  be, 
and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  5.  This  act  to  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its 
passage.  John  F.  Follett, 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
William   Lawrence, 
President  of  the  Senate. 
Passed  May  9,  1868. 

We  have  now  shown  that  the  law  passed  in  1803,  which  first 
provided  for  the  great  seal  of  the  state  was  repealed  in  1805,  and 
from  that  year  until  April  6,  1866,  there  was  no  act  re-establish- 
ing it.  So  that,  for  more  than  sixty  years,  the  state  of  Ohio  had 
no  law  in  force  upon  this  subject,  save  the  provision  of  the  consti- 
tutions of  1802  and  1 85 1,  which  simply  provided  that  there  should 
be  a  seal,  but  left  the  form  and  device  of  the  same  to  the  Legisla- 
ture. 

What  a  singular  oversight  in  legislation !  Is  it  not  remark- 
able that  in  this  long  period  of  years  some  of  the  state  officials, 
the  codifiers  of  the  statutes,  or  the  members  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  1851,  among  whom  were  many  of  the  ablest  law- 
yers of  the  state,  should  not  have  discovered  it? 

We  can  now  understand  that  it  was  because  there  was  no 
law  which  required  a  particular  form  or  device,  that  there  were 
so  many  different  devices  used  upon  the  seals  of  our  state  during 
this  long  period  of  years.  In  the  absence  of  any  act  or  statute 
upon  this  subject,  any  one  who  was  aware  of  the  repeal  of  the  act 
of  1803,  could  secure  a  seal  according  to  his  caprice  or  inter- 
est; and  this  evidently  was  the  result,  as  we  find  that  about 
the  time  of  the  inauguration  of  the  canal  system  in  Ohio,  the  canal 
or  river  with  the  canal-boat  upon  it,  first  appeared  on  our  state 
seal.  The  mountain,  as  it  was  designated  in  the  act  of  1803,  has 
never  appeared  on  any  of  the  seals  of  state,  nor  has  it  figured  in 
the  coat  of  arms  of  the  state,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  dis- 


Ohio  Centennial.  117 

cover ;  but  on  the  seal  provided  under  that  act,  as  well  as  the  seals 
and  coats  of  arms  of  later  statutes,  in  conformity  to  the  practice 
under  the  former  and  the  language  of  the  latter,  it  has  always 
been  "a.  range  of  mountains,"  which  is  more  appropriate  to  Ohio, 
as  the  first-born  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 

It  is  useless  to  attempt  to  give  a  description  of  all  of  these 
devices,  which  had  their  origin  in  individual  taste  and  not  in  any 
statute.  You  will  see  on  most  of  them  the  date  "1802,"  or  ''1803," 
in  cardinal  numbers.  On  some  you  will  see  a  broad-horn  floating 
on  a  river;  and  later,  the  canal-boat  and  canal.  And  I  have  in 
my  possession  commissions  issued  to  my  father  and  myself  by 
Governors  McArthur,  Shannon,  Seabury  Ford,  R.  Wood,  Medill, 
and  ChasCj  signed  by  them,  and  not  one  seal  on  all  of  these  com- 
missions which  complies  with  any  law  of  the  state.  All  of  them 
have  a  canal-boat  as  a  part  of  the  device  on  the  seal.  Then  I 
have  four  commissions  signed  by  Governors  Ethan  A.  Brown, 
Trimble,  Chase  and  Dennison,  exactly  in  compliance  with  the 
seal  required  by  the  act  of  1803;  but  used  upon  these  documents 
issued  long  years  after  the  law  defining  the  device  on  the  seal, 
had  been   repealed. 

The  act  of  1866  and  the  amendment  of  the  next  year,  both  of 
which  I  have  given  in  full,  as  you  will  see  by  reference  to  them, 
required  a  most  elaborate  seal  and  coat  of  arms ;  too  much  for  a 
device  on  the  seal,  too  complicated  and  expensive,  and,  coupled 
with  the  motto :  'Tmperium  in  Imperio,"  it  gave  offense  to  great 
numbers  of  our  people.  These  acts  were  passed  by  a  Republican 
Legislature,  and  were  repealed  by  the  Democratic  Legislature  of 
1868,  and  only  remained  in  force  about  two  years.  They  were  re- 
pealed none  too  soon ! 

By  the  law  enacted  May  9,  1868,  we  are  restored  to  almost 
exactly  the  device  of  the  great  seal  of  state  adopted  on  the  twenty- 
fifth  of  March,  one  hundred  years  ago,  the  only  change  being  the 
substitution  of  the  phrase :  "A  range  of  mountains,"  for  "A  moun- 
tain," as  it  was  in  the  first  act.  That  law  is  in  force  to-day,  and 
that  device  forms  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  state  now  authorized 
by  law.  Its  simplicity  is  most  commendable,  and  is  in  marked 
contrast  to  that  of  the  act  of  1866  and  the  amendatory  act  of  1867, 
which  added  to  the  original  device  the  "river,"  the  "farmer  with 


118  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

implements  of  agriculture,"  "a  locomotive  and  train  of  cars,"  "the 
figure  of  a  smith  with  anvil  and  hammer,"  and  at  the  bottom  the 
motto :     "Imperium  in  Imperio,"  as  a  sort  of  climax  of  absurdity ! 

Among  the  variations  from  any  authorized  form,  I  have  often 
seen  a  device  of  a  sheaf  of  wheat  and  a  bundle  of  arrows  in  the 
foreground,  a  range  of  mountains  in  the  background,  over  which 
a  rising  sun  appeared,  and  in  front  a  canal-boat  in  a  river;  and 
around  the  margin  of  the  seal,  the  words :  *'The  Great  Seal  of 
the  State  of  Ohio,"  and  the  date  "1802."  Another  form  had  the 
date  ''1803,"  expressed  in  the  letters  "MDCCCIII,"  with  the  sheaf 
of  wheat  and  bundle  of  arrows,  the  sun  rising  over  the  mountains 
in  the  background,  and  no  river.  Another  form  is  impressed  on 
a  commission  issued  in  1828,  which  is  exactly  in  accordance  with 
the  device  by  the  act  of  1803,  except  that  it  bears  the  date  "1802"  ; 
and  before  the  coat  of  arms  was  established  in  1866,  I  have  seen 
five  different  devices  on  the  state  seals,  only  one  of  which  was  in 
the  form  of  the  coat  of  arms  that  was  abolished  by  the  act  of  1868, 
authorized,  and  seals  in  name  only. 

After  this  review  of  the  history  of  the  "Great  Seal  of  the 
State  of  Ohio,"  it  will  no  longer  be  necessary  to  assert  the  import- 
ance of  a  fixed  law  on  this  subject,  for  it  is  undeniable.  And  in 
this  connection  I  may  take  the  liberty  of  calling  attention  to  the 
fact  that  on  recent  commissions  issued  by  the  secretaries  of  state, 
as  well  as  by  the  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court,  there  may  be  seen 
the  form  of  the  coat  of  arms  that  was  abolished  by  the  act  of  1868. 
This  ought  not  to  happen. 

I  have  a  commission  issued  to  me  in  1871  by  Governor  R.  B. 
Hayes,  appointing  me  a  delegate  to  a  national  commercial  con- 
vention at  Detroit;  and  the  state  seal  which  appears  upon  it  is 
the  seal  authorized  by  the  act  of  1868,  but  the  coat  of  arms  en- 
graved upon  it  is  the  same  as  that  required  by  the  act  of  1866, 
with  the  motto,  "Imperium  in  Imperio,"  at  the  bottom.  This  com- 
mission bears  date  more  than  three  years  after  that  device  had 
been  repealed.  I  also  have  before  me  a  commission  issued  from 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  state,  by  the  clerk  of  that  court  in  1882, 
on  which  appears  the  same  coat  of  arms,  with  the  exception  that 
the  motto  is  eliminated.     This  blank  was  printed  after  1880,  and 


Ohio  Centennial.  119 

the  elimination  of  the  motto  shows  that  it,  at  least,  was  known  to 
have  been  abolished. 

I  could  refer  to  many  other  violations  of  that  act,  but  it  is 
not  necessary.  The  third  section  of  the  act  in  question  makes  it 
the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state: 

To  cause  all  commissions  and  official  papers  issued  after  said  act 
shall  take  effect  to  be  printed  with  an  engraved  impression  of  the  coat 
of  arms. 

In  concluding  this  address,  it  is  a  strong  conviction  with 
me — one  that  is  sustained  by  a  searching  examination — that  it 
was  the  prevailing  opinion  in  1802  that  when  the  constitution  was 
signed  on  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  November,  Ohio  had  put  on  the 
robes  of  complete  statehood.  This  was  the  opinion  of  the  public 
generally ;  and,  while  not  correct — as  the  opinion  of  the  public  is 
likely  not  to  be — it  explains  the  fact  that  during  that  year  a  state 
seal  was  procured  which  bore  the  date  1802  upon  it,  indicating  a 
disposition  to  date  the  birth  of  the  state  from  the  date  of  the  con- 
stitution. This  is  the  only  way  in  which  we  can  account  for  the 
dates  and  devices  on  our  state  seals  in  use  when  Trimble,  Lucas, 
Wood,  Chase,  Dennison,  Tod  and  Brough  were  governors  of 
Ohio. 

Let  us  maintain  the  plain,  instructive,  appropriate  state  seal 
now  in  force,  so  replete  with  the  memories  of  a  hundred  years 
and  the  historic  sentiment  of  an  "indestructible  state  in  an  inde- 
structible Union." 


OHIO  IN  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 


E.    O.    RANDALL. 


Napoleon  said  "History  is  a  fable  agreed  upon"  and  Lord 
Brougham  once  exclaimed  "Teach  me  anything  but  history,  for 
that    is    always    false."     The   correct    history   of    the   American 

Revolution  has  not  yet  been  written. 
When  it  is  justly  and  fully  set  forth 
the  Northwest  Territory  and  espe- 
cially that  portion  now,  and  for  a  cen- 
tury known  as  Ohio,  will  be  accorded 
its  due  prominence  and  influence  in 
the  glorious  struggle  that  resulted  in 
the  independence  of  the  United  States. 
Ohio  was  the  arena  for  activities  and 
achievements  that  history  has  not  yet 
sufficiently  appreciated.  True  there 
were  no  colonies  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  But  some  of  the  colonies 
through  their  charters  and  grants, 
with  much  justice,  claimed  the  country 
between  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  "Beautiful  River."  Moreover, 
the  valleys  and  river  ways  of  the  later  Buckeye  state  had  settlers 
who  in  no  insignificant  degree  bore  the  brunt  of  the  war  for 
independence.  The  bitter  struggle  between  the  Gaul  and  the 
Saxon  for  supremacy  in  the  western  world  ended  in  the  tragic 
and  dramatic  victory  of  the  invincible  Wolfe  over  the  intrepid 
Montcalm  on  the  Heights  of  Abraham.  The  result  of  the  French 
and  Indian  War  was  that  the  flag  of  St.  George  and  the  Dragon 
floated  over  the  Northwest  Territory,  where  for  a  century  and 
a  half  had  waived  the  banner  bearing  the  Lillies  of  the  Bourbons. 
The  new  world  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Saxon.  The 
courage  and  endurance  the  colonists  had  displayed  in  the  French 


E.   O    RANDALL. 


uo 


Ohio  Centennial.  121 

and  Indian  War  had  both  dehghted  and  dismayed  the  mother 
country.  Dehghted  her,  because  the  colonies  contributed  mate- 
rially to  the  defeat  of  France.  Dismayed  her,  because  the  lusty 
strength  of  the  colonies,  revealed  in  that  war,  portended  danger 
should  their  spirit  of  independence  be  awakened.  The  Ameri- 
can colonies  fought  the  French  and  Indian  War  in  the  hope  and 
faith  that  in  the  case  of  victory,  they  were  to  be  its  benefici- 
aries and  come  into  possession  of  the  Ohio  Valley  as  a  coveted 
extension  of  their  Atlantic  coast  lodgments.  But  the  war  over, 
and  Britain  triumphant,  she  seized  the  "promised  land"  west 
of  the  Alleghanies  as  the  exclusive  dominion  of  the  Crown. 
It  was  to  be  administered  as  part  of  the  Province  of  Quebec. 
As  a  pretext  to  protect  the  Indians  and  secure  their  allegiance, 
she  forbade  the  westward-bound  pioneers  to  settle  therein.  This 
arbitrary  and  short-sighted  policy  of  preclusion  culminated  in 
the  promulgation  of  the  Quebec  Act  by  Parliament  (May,  1774). 
That  act  drew  forth  one  of  the  most  brilliant  and  invective 
declarations  of  the  Earl  of  Chatham  on  the  floor  of  Parliament 
in  which  he  denounced  it  as  "cruel,  oppressive  and  odious"  and 
calculated  to  "lose  his-  Majesty  the  hearts  of  all  Americans." 
And  it  did.  It  was  one  of  the  causes  that  stirred  the  colonists 
to  open  protest  and  later  became  one  of  their  complaints  inserted 
in  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

The  Dunmore  War  was  the  direct  and  immediate  result  of 
the  Quebec  Act.  The  events  of  that  war  are  familiar  to  students 
of  western  history.  The  motives  of  that  war  have  seldom  been 
clearly  set  forth  or  properly  interpreted.  Dunmore,  the  royal 
governor  of  Virginia,  resolved  to  take  up  arms,  not,  it  is  true, 
for  the  independence  of  Virginia  or  the  Americans,  but  never- 
theless against  the  selfish  domination  of  the  Crown  in  its  attempt 
to  deprive  Virginia  of  her  claims  to  the  southern  half  of  Ohio. 
It  was  the  first  overt  defiance  of  Britain's  opposition  as  exerted 
in  the  Quebec  Act.  True,  Ohio  was  then  occupied  mainly  by 
Indians,  but  they  were  the  subsidized  and  faithful  allies  of 
Britain,  for  whom  and  with  whom  they  were  eager  to  fight 
to  defend  the  territory  reserved  for  their  hunting  grounds  and 
homes.  We  weh  know  it  is  maintained  that  Dunmore  had  also 
the   purpose   in   view   of  leading  the  Virginians   and   Pennsyl- 


122  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

vanians  into  the  horrors  of  savage  warfare,  that  it  might  in- 
timidate the  Americans  and  cause  them  to  pause  in  their  pur- 
suit of  hberty.  Dunmore  would  thus  strike  a  double  blow; 
one  for  the  restricted  rights  of  his  colony  and  one  for  the 
continued  supremacy  of  his  Majesty's  government.  View  it  as 
you  choose,  the  Dunmore  War  was  the  prelude,  the  opening 
occasion  of  the  American  Revolution.  The  dramatic  battle  of 
that  war  was  fought  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kanawha  on  the 
Virginia  banks  of  the  Ohio,  by  General  Lewis  and  fifteen  hun- 
dred Virginia  backwoodsmen  against  Cornstalk,  chief  of  the 
Shawanees,  and  the  federation  of  the  Ohio  Indian  tribes  with  an 
equal  number  of  chosen  braves.  The  battle,  fought  October  lo, 
1774,  was,  from  the  nature  of  the  circumstances,  the  first  battle 
of  the  Revolution.  The  Indians  were  the  suborned  subjects, 
the  hired  Hessians  of  the  British.  The  troops  under  Lewis  were 
not  British  regulars,  nor  militia,  but  the  forest  volunteer  co- 
lonial heroes  in  homespun  and  buckskin.  They  contended  for 
rights  denied  them ;  that  of  settlement  north  of  the  Ohio.  The 
savages  were  vanquished  and  Lewis  crossed  the  Ohio  and  joined 
Dunmore's  division  at  his  camp  just  northeast  of  the  historic 
town  of  Chillicothe.  Peace  was  made  with  the  Indians.  The 
blow  of  that  battle  was  twofold.  It  struck  the  arbitrary  power 
of  Britain,  while  it  staggered  his  ally,  the  Indian.  Again  it 
gave  courage  to  the  American  colonist  that  he  could  cope  with 
savage  foes.  But  the  conspicuous  significance  of  that  war  was 
the  incident  at  Fort  Gower  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hocking  River, 
where  the  army  encamped  on  its  return  home.  There  on  Novem- 
ber 5  was  held  an  historic  meeting  of  the  Virginia  officers. 
The  welcome  message  was  brought  them  of  the  patriotic  action 
taken  by  the  Continental  Congress  then  in  session  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  these  Virginia  officers  resolved  "That  we  will  bear 
the  most  faithful  allegiance  to  His  Majesty,  King  George  the 
Third,  whilst  His  Majesty  delights  to  reign  over  a  brave  and 
free  people ;  that  we  will,  at  the  expense  of  life,  and  every- 
thing dear  and  valuable,  exert  ourselves  in  support  of  his  crown, 
and  the  dignity  of  the  British  Empire.  But  as  the  love  of  lib- 
erty and  attachment  of  the  real  interests  and  just  rights  of 
America  outweigh  every  other  consideration,  we  resolve  that  we 


Ohio  Centennial.  123 

will  exert  every  power  within  us  for  the  defence  of  Ameri- 
can liberty,  and  for  the  support  of  her  just  rights  and  privi- 
leges; not  in  any  precipitate,  riotous  and  tumultuous  manner, 
but  when  regularly  called  forth  by  the  unanimous  voice  of  our 
countrymen." 

That  was  a  public,  formal,  spontaneous  declaration  of  Ameri- 
can freedom  announced  by  Virginia  colonists  on  the  banks  of 
the  Hocking  and  the  Ohio  in  the  future  Buckeye  state  more 
than  a  year  and  a  half  before  the  Liberty  Bell,  in  the  Quakei 
city,  rang  forth  the  glad  tidings  of  national  independence.  The 
American  Rjevolution  followed.  Of  the  graphic  and  potent 
events  of  that  war  in  the  New  England  colonies  we  have  naught 
to  do.  But  the  doings  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  related  to  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  command  our  intense  interest  and  attention. 
The  puny  and  plucky  rebelling  colonies  found  the  western  tribes, 
arrayed  against  them.  As  England  had  employed  the  mer- 
cenary Hessians  to  battle  for  her  at  the  front  in  New  Eng- 
land, she  engaged  the  merciless  redman  of  the  forest  to  plunder 
and  murder  for  her  in  the  rear  of  the  colonies,  on  the  western 
frontier.  The  Northwest  Territory  was  the  great  background 
of  the  Revolution.  The  fiendish  proposal  of  the  British  ministry 
to  secure  the  scalping  knife  and  the  tomahawk  in  aid  of  the 
mother  country  against  her  rebellious  child,  called  forth  from 
the  elder  Pitt  another  of  his  immortal  bursts  of  eloquence.  But 
the  British  power  would  not  abandon  its  brutal  plans.  The  mili- 
tary posts  of  the  British,  on  the  lakes  and  the  rivers  of  the 
Illinois  country,  were  rallying  centers  for  the  western  savages, 
who  were  provisioned,  armed  and  infuriated  against  the  Ameri- 
cans and  sent  forth  on  expeditions  of  massacre  and  rapine. 
Deeds  of  bravery  and  patriotism  were  enacted  in  the  Ohio  Val- 
ley more  romantic  than  the  often  rehearsed  events  in  the  Atlantic 
colonies.  The  soil  of  Ohio  was  the  scene  of  a  large  share  of 
the  struggle  for  existence  of  the  new-born  republic.  The  career 
of  the  colonists  from  Lexington  and  Concord  was  chiefly  a 
series  of  victories  during  the  years  1775  and  1776  to  the  autumn 
of  1777,  when  the  clouds  grew  heavy  and  the  storm  gathered  in 
the  South.  The  northern  army  of  Gates  had  disbanded  after  the 
surrender  of  Burgoyne   (October  17).     Howe  occupied  Phila- 


124  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Piihlications. 

delphia  and  comfortably  quartered  his  army  therein.  With  his 
soldiers  the  winter  of  1777-78  was  a  period  of  exultant  gaiety. 
He  only  awaited  the  milder  weather  of  spring  that  he  might 
dispatch  a  few  regiments  to  Valley  Forge  -and  disperse  or  destroy 
the  remnant  forces  of  Washington  that  were  well  nigh  ex- 
hausted by  the  hunger  and  cold  of  that  terrible  winter.  The 
cause  of  human  liberty  seemed  doomed  to  inevitable  defeat. 
General  Howe  held  the  Americans  at  bay  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  The  British  cause  was  being  strengthened  in  the  north- 
west. General  Hamilton  in  his  headquarters  at  Detroit,  proposed 
to  annihilate  any  assurance  of  success  the  Americans  might  hope 
for  beyond  the  Alleghanies.  But  there  was  a  Washington  in  the 
W^est  as  well  as.  in  the  East.  He  was  George  Rogers  Clark,  a 
huntsman  of  the  trackless  forest  interior  of  Kentucky,  who  with 
the  soul  of  a  patriot,  the  bravery  of  an  American  soldier  and  the 
mind  of  a  statesman,  hastened  on  foot,  through  six  hundred 
miles  of  wilderness,  to  Williamsburg,  the  capital  of  Virginia. 
There  he  obtained  audience  with  Patrick  Henry,  then  governor 
of  Virginia.  Clark  proposed  to  strike  the  vast  power  of  Great 
Britain  in  the  northwest  and  save  that  magnificent  territory  to 
American  independence.  His  plans  were  appreciated  and  ap- 
proved, but  troops  could  not  be  spared  him  from  the  Continental 
army ;  they  were  needed  to  a  man  in  the  East.  Clark  gathered 
two  hundred  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania  backwoodsmen  and  while 
the  sun  of  spring  was  melting  the  snows  of  Valley  Eorge  and 
hope  and  courage  were  again  animating  the  heart  of  Wash- 
ington, Clark  set  out  on  that  famous  expedition  for  the  cap- 
ture of  the  interior  northwest  posts  of  Great  Britain.  It  was 
the  campaign  of  the  ''rough  riders"  of  the  Revolution.  It  was 
the  dash  of  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah.  It  was  Sherman's 
^'march  to  the  sea."  through  the  interior  of  the  enemy's  country. 
That  campaign  of  Clark  broke  the  backbone  of  British  strength 
in  the  west.  The  British  posts  of  Illinois  and  Indiana  were  all 
taken  save  Detroit.  The  Northwest  was  secured  and  preserved 
to  the  United  States. 

The  theater  of  events  now  shifted  to  the  very  center  of 
Ohio.  The  Illinois  campaign  of  Clark  in  1778-79  was  followed 
l)y   innumerable   and   important   contests   in   the   valleys   of   the 


Ohio  Centennial.  125 

Miamis,  the  Maumee,  the  Sandusky,  the  Scioto,  the  Hockmg, 
the  Muskingum,  the  Tuscarawas  and  other  rivers  of  Ohio.  We 
have  time  only  to  enumerate  the  more  conspicuous  of  those  Ohio 
campaigns.    They  were  events  of  romance  and  tragedy. 

These  forest  isles  are  full  of  story;  — 

Here  many  a  one  of  old  renown 
First  sought  the  meteor  light  of  glory, 

And  midst  its  transient  flash  went  down. 

The  Continental  Congress  early  in  the  year  1778  began  to 
appreciate  the  danger  that  lay  in  the  Northwest,  and  compre- 
hended the  necessity  of  aggressive  warfare  in  that  vast  territory. 
Detroit,  the  western  capital  of  Great  Britain,  must  be  wrested 
from  her  possession.  The  Ohio  Indians,  the  allies  and  main- 
stay of  the  enemy,  must  be  crushed.  Congress  (June,  1778),  re- 
solved upon  a  trans-Alleghany  campaign.  The  war  should  be 
carried  into  Africa.  For  this  offensive  and  perilous  undertaking, 
which  included  the  capture  of  Detroit,  three  thousand  Continental 
militia  were  "voted"  and  an  appropriation  of  some  three-quarters 
of  a  million  dollars  made  to  defray  the  expense.  General  Lach- 
lin  Mcintosh  was  selected  to  direct  these  important  operations. 
But  it  was  one  thing  to  vote  men  and  money,  another  thing  to 
raise  either.  The  powers  of  the  young  republic  were  fully  taxed 
in  other  directions.  The  western  warfare  as  projected  had  to  be 
indefinitely  postponed.  However,  preparatory  to  this  proposed 
invasion  of  the  enemy's  country,  Fort  Mcintosh  was  built  on  the 
present  site  of  Beaver  (Pa.),  and  a  few  months  later,  in  the  fall 
of  1778,  seventy  miles  farther  west  on  the  banks  of  the  Tusca- 
rawas, near  the  present  village  of  Bolivar,  was  erected  Fort 
Laurens,  so  named  in  honor  of  the  then  president  of  Congress, 
Henry  Laurens.  It  was  the  first  fort  erected  by  Americans  within 
the  confines  of  Ohio.  The  fort  was  built  by  a  detachment  of  one 
thousand  men  under  the  command  of  General  Mcintosh.  After 
the  completion  of  the  fort  this  force,  with  their  leader,  returned 
to  Pittsburg,  leaving  the  stockade  in  charge  of  Col.  John  Gibson 
and  a  garrison  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  Continental  soldiers.  This 
most  western  outpost  of  the  American  army  was  the  scene  of 
many  fierce  attacks  by  and  bloody  encounters  with  the  hostile 


126  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Indians,  equipped  and  encouraged  by  the  British  authorities  at 
Detroit.  The  winter  of  1778-79  was  one  of  the  most  severe  and 
stormy  that  the  Ohio  country  had  experienced  in  many  years. 
The  plucky  soldiers  in  Fort  Laurens  suffered  from  hunger  and 
cold  to  a  dreadful  degree.  It  was  a  Valley  Forge  on  the  Tus- 
carawas. The  odds  were  finally  too  great  for  the  unreinforced 
garrison.  In  August,  1779,  following  an  attack  and  seige  by 
Indians,  supported  by  a  small  detachment  of  British  soldiers, 
all  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Henry  Bird  of  his  Majesty's 
army,  the  fort  was  abandoned.  This  fight  for,  and  failure  of, 
the  American  cause  at  Fort  Laurens,  was  an  event  in,  and  insepa- 
rable from,  the  Revolution  no  less  than  the  contemporaneous 
.•campaign  of'  the  successful  Sullivan  in  Pennsylvania  and  New 
York.  While  Col.  John  Gibson's  handful  of  soldiers  were  yield- 
ing the  fort  on  the  Tuscarawas,  General  John  Sullivan  (in  the 
summer  of  1779),  collected  a  large  body  of  soldiers  in  the  Wyo- 
ming Valley,  marched  up  the  Susquehanna  and  sucessfully  at- 
tacked, at  their  Chemung  fortifications,  the  combined  force  of 
British  regulars  under  Captain  McDonald,  the  Tory  partisans 
tinder  Colonel  John  Butler  and  the  Iroquois  Indians  under  the 
famous  Mohawk  chief,  Joseph  Brant.  Sullivan  followed  up  his 
victory  by  the  destruction  of  many  Indian  villages  in  the  New 
York  country.  But  his  successes  only  aroused  the  Ohio  Indians 
to  greater  enmity,  fury  and  cruelty.  The  series  of  events  on 
either  side  of  the  Alleghanies  is,  from  this  time  on,  replete  with 
striking  parallels  and  equally  important  results.  Ohio  was  thence- 
forth to  become  the  hotbed  of  Indian  attacks  and  repulses  under 
the  instigation,  armament  and  direction  of  British  officials.  From 
the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  British,  at 
Detroit,  in  Canada,  and  at  various  Indian  stations,  were  particu- 
larly active  in  exciting  the  tribesmen  to  hostility.  Space  does  not 
permit  us  to  follow  the  thrilling  details  of  these  bloody  and 
brutal  encounters.  The  Revolution  in  the  East  was  with  civilized 
soldiery.    In  the  West  it  was  with  infuriated  savages. 

Those  western   Pioneers  an  impulse  felt, 
Which  their  less  hardy  sons  scarce  comprehend; 

Alone,  in  Nature's  wildest  scenes  they  dwelt; 
And  fought  with  deadly  strife  for  every  inch  of  ground 


Ohio  Centennial.  127 

The  Kentucky  country  south  of  the  Ohio,  which  was  at  this 
date  part  of  Virginia,  was  settled  by  Virginians  who  had  estab- 
hshed  permanent  and  secure  stations  on  the  Ohio  and  the  inland 
Kentucky  rivers.  Kentucky,  therefore,  no  less  than  Virginia  and 
Pennsylvania,  supplied  plucky  pioneers  and  brave  patriots  to  do 
battle  in  the  Ohio  country  for  the  struggling  American  Republic. 
Historians  both  great  and  small  have  done  scant  justice  to  the 
warlike  operations  in  Ohio  bearing  upon  and  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary period. 

While  the  dashing  Wayne  was  engaged  in  his  brilliant  as- 
sault upon  Stony  Point  in  the  summer  of  1779,  Captain  John 
Bowman,  the  former  companion  of  George  Rogers  Clark,  was 
(July)  making  a  bold  incursion  into  the  heart  of  the  Indian  settle- 
ments in  Ohio.  Bowman,  with  Captain  Logan  as  second  in 
command,  enrolled  one  hundred  and  sixty  Kentucky  volunteers, 
marched  from  Harrodsburg,  crossed  the  Ohio  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Licking  and  proceeded  up  the  Little  Miami  Valley  to  Old 
ChilHcothe,  the  Indian  stronghold  of  the  Shawanees.  The  Indian 
town  was  burned  and  much  devastation  wrought  in  the  land  of 
the  redmen,  but  the  expedition  was  compelled  to  return  leaving 
the  fierce  forest  warriors  in  "no  degree  daunted  or  crippled." 
The  expedition  was  not  without  its  effect,  however,  for  it  checked 
in  another  quarter,  the  movements  of  the  British  and  Indians. 
Captain  Henry  Bird,  following  the  abandonment  of  Fort  Laurens, 
had  collected  two  hundred  Indians  at  the  Mingo  town  and  was 
about  to  start  for  Kentucky  when  the  news  of  Bowman's  attack 
on  Chillicothe  reached  Bird's  camp.  Quickly  Bird's  Indians  dis- 
solved in  a  panic,  many  hastening  to  defend  their  towns ;  some 
even  desired  to  make  peace  with  the  Americans. 

The  earlier  part  of  the  year  1780  was  a  disastrous  and  de- 
pressing one  for  the  colonists,  especially  on  the  southern  sea- 
board. While  matters  were  progressing  slowly  in  the  North,  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  in  the  South,  invested  Charleston,  which  in  April 
surrendered  to  its  British  besiegers.  Savannah  was  already 
in  the  possession  of  the  enemy  and  thus  Georgia  and  South 
Carolina  seemed  lost  to  the  Americans.  The  defeat  of  Gates  by 
Cornwallis  at  Camden,  N.  J.,  (August)  was  followed  by  the  trea- 
sonous attempt  of  Arnold  to  betray  West  Point  (September).   But 


128  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

the  fortitude  and  bravery  of  the  Americans  would  not  falter.  In 
the  wilderness  of  Ohio  they  were  likewise  sturdily  struggling 
against  great  odds.  If  the  American  affairs  were  going  badly  in 
the  New  England  and  the  southern  states,  the  Virginian  settlers 
in  Kentucky  were  maintaining  the  cause  of  liberty  on  the  battle- 
field of  Ohio.  Had  the  Ohio  and  Kentucky  sections  been  lost  to 
the  colonists  at  this  time  the  whole  course  of  the  Revolution  might 
have  been  changed. 

In  May  of  this  same  year  (1780)  the  British  at  Detroit  de- 
cided upon  an  expedition  through  Ohio  to  Kentucky.  The  pur- 
pose being  to  break  up  the  settlement  south  of  the  Ohio  and  drive 
the  American  pioneers  back  over  the  mountains.  Major  A.  S. 
De  Peyster  was  the  British  commandant  at  Detroit  under  whom 
the  arrangements  were  perfected.  The  pretentious  plan  was,  that 
the  Indian,  Canadian  and  British  regular  forces,  provided  with 
artillery,  under  command  of  Captain  Henry  Bird,  should 
march  directly  to  Louisville,  on  the  Ohio,  and  after  its  destruc- 
tion, take  the  other  stations  in  regular  order.  Kentucky  was  ta 
be  rescued  from  the  pioneer  patriots.  Captain  Bird  with  a  force 
of  nearly  a  thousand  men  and  six  small  cannon,  deviating 
from  the  route  first  outlined,  proceeded  from  Detroit  by  way  of 
the  Miamis  across  Ohio  to  the  Licking  River.  The  small  stock- 
ades at  Ruddle's  and  Martin's  stations  (Ky.)  were  seized,  the 
settlers  taken  prisoners  and  scalped  and  massacred  or  carried  off 
by  the  Indians,  whose  inhuman  propensities  Bird  could  not  re- 
strain. Bird  had  not  the  hardihood  to  follow  up  his  success, 
but  beat  a  retreat  to  Detroit  by  the  route  which  he  had  come. 
It  was  the  John  Morgan  raid  of  the  Revolution  in  Ohio.  The 
alarm  was  sounded  at  once  through  the  Kentucky  settlements, 
and  a  retaliatory  invasion  of  the  Shawanee  towns  on  the  Mad 
River  and  Little  Miami  was  agreed  upon.  George  Rogers  Clark 
hastened  from  Fort  Jefferson,  which  he  had  built  on  the  banks  of 
the  Mississippi,  to  the  scene  of  action  in  Kentucky.  As  with 
the  Scotch  hero  of  old  "one  blast  upon  his  bugle  horn  was  worth 
a  thousand  men."  Clark  summoned  every  sturdy  backwoods- 
man to  his  expedition ;  "four-fifths  of  all  the  grown  men  were 
drafted  and  bidden  to  gather  instantly  for  a  campaign."  They 
turned  out  almost  to  a  man,  leaving  the  boys  and  women  to  guard 


Ohio  Centennial.  129 

the  home  stockades  until  they  should  return.  The  troops  were 
gathered  at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking  to  the  number  of  nine 
hundred  and  seventy.  Benjamin  Logan  was  Clark's  second  in 
command.  Many  famous  frontiersmen,  including  Boone,  Kenton, 
Harrod,  Floyd  and  others  were  in  that  little  army,  a  regiment 
going  forth  in  the  cause  of  freedom  no  less  than  did  the  Green 
Mountain  Boys  of  Vermont  under  the  enthusiastic  and  daring 
Ethan  Allen.  Clark  led  this  force  up  the  Miami  to  the  old  Chilli- 
cothe,*  which  was  reached  early  in  August.  The  Indians  had 
forestalled  the  enemy's  arrival  and  had  burned  and  deserted  their 
town.  Clark  proceeded  some  twelve  miles  northwest  of  Piquaf 
(Pickaway),  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Mad  River. 

Piqua  at  this  time  was  quite  an  Indian  village,  with  many 
wood  huts  and  a  rude  log  fort  within  its  limits,  surrounded  by 
pickets.  Here  Clark  successfully  attacked  the  Indian  forces,  per- 
haps a  thousand  strong.  The  redmen  stoutly  defended  their 
stronghold  but  could  not  withstand  the  cannonading  of  Clark's 
little  three  pounder.  The  savages  fled,  the  town  was  destroyed 
as  were  some  neighboring  villages  and  many  fields  of  crops. 
Clark  and  his  Kentucky  recruits  returned  to  their  southern  homes, 
having  been  away  less  than  a  month.  This  expedition  was  a  great 
blow  to  the  Indians  and  a  decided  discouragement  to  their  friends 
and  backers,  the  British. 

So,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  during  the  year  1780  the  Revolution 
was  vigorously  prosecuted  in  the*  Ohio  country.  Detroit  was  the 
western  headquarters  of  the  British.  Fort  Pitt  was  the  western 
headquarters  of  the  Americans.  Ohio  lay  midway  between.  It 
was  therefore  the  arena  of  the  contest.  Kentucky  was  the  re- 
cruiting ground  for  the  Americans,  Ohio  the  battle-field.  From 
Detroit  emerged  French-Canadians,  English  Tories  and  British 
regulars  with  small  and  large  Indian  bands  to  burn  and  kill,  or 
worse,  in  behalf  of  His  Majesty,  King  George.    About  this  time 

*  Old  Chillicothe  was  located  about  three  miles  north  of  the  present 
Xenia. 

t  Piqua  is  claimed  as  the  birthplace  of  Tecumseh,  who  with  his 
mother  was  doubtless  here  at  Clark's  attack.  Tecumseh  was  at  this 
time  about  eleven  years  old  and  it  was  doubtless  his  first  experience  in 
witnessing  the  race  war  in  which  he  was  later  to  enact  so  conspicuous  a 
part. 

o.   c  — 9 


130  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

an  official  report  from  Detroit  to  Lord  Germaine,  British  min- 
ister of  war,  read :  "It  would  be  endless  and  difficult  to  enumer- 
ate to  your  lordship  the  parties  that  are  continually  employed  — 
by  the  British  —  upon  the  back  settlements.  From  the  Illinois 
country  to  the  frontiers  of  New  York  there  is  a  continual  suc- 
cession *  *  *  the  perpetual  terror  and  losses  of  the  inhab- 
itants will,  I  hope,  operate  powerfully  in  our  favor."  The  hideous 
and  inhuman  war  was  conducted  against  not  only  armed  settlers, 
but  non-combatants,  women  and  children.  The  British  policy 
was  that  of  extermination  of  the  American  colonists  west  of  the 
Alleghanies. 

On  October  19,  1781,  Cornwallis  surrendered  to  Washington 
at  Yorktown  and  the  War  of  the  Revolution  in  the  East  was  at  an 
end.  Not  so  in  Ohio.  It  continued  there  with  unabated,  even 
increasing  fury  and  horror.  Detroit  still  remained  the  British 
western  capital,  and  the  purveying  depot  of  supplies  for  hostile 
Indians. 

In  the  year  1782  occurred  the  memorable  expedition  of  Colo- 
nel William  Crawford  for  the  purpose  of  dispersing  the  Indians 
rendezvousing  near  Upper  Sandusky,  and  of  destroying  their 
town,  in  order  to  give  "ease  and  safety  to  the  inhabitants  of  this 
(Ohio)  country"  and  prepare  the  way  to  an  attack  upon  De- 
troit.* Upper  Sandusky  had  become  the  chief  rallying  center  for 
the  British  Indians  before  setting  out  upon  their  border  attacks. 


*  It  was  in  the  spring  of  this  same  year  (1782)  that  occurred  the 
Gnadenhutten  massacre.  The  Moravian  missionaries  had  made  converts 
of  the  Delaware  Indians  at  Gnadenhutten  and  other  nearby  points,  on 
the  Tuscarawas.  These  Indians  did  not  believe  in  war  and  so  refused  to 
aid  either  the  British  or  the  Americans  in  their  warfare.  They  were 
therefore  subjects  of  suspicion  by  both  parties.  In  1778  the  Detroit  com- 
mandant sent  them  word  they  must  take  up  arms  for  the  British  or  he 
would  destroy  their  missions.  In  1781  a  troop  of  300  warriors,  mainly 
Wyandots,  led  by  Captain  Pipe  and  the  British  Captain  Elliott,  took  pos- 
session of  the  Moravian  Indians  at  Gnadenhutten,  destroyed  their  property 
and  forcibly  took  them  to  Upper  Sandusky.  They  were  later  taken  to 
Detroit  where  the  British  commander  tried  to  atone  for  the  injustice  done 
the  Moravians.  They  were  permitted  to  return  to  Gnadenhutten.  They 
were  now  believed  to  be  in  league  with  the  British.  A  military  band  of 
about  one  hundred  Virginians  and  Pennsylvanians,  under  Col.  David 
Williamson,    in    March    1782,    proceeded   to   Gnadenhutten,    by   treachery 


Ohio  Centennial.  131 

The  town  was  located  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Sandusky.  From 
these  headwaters  to  those  of  the  Scioto  was  but  a  short  portage.* 
The  town  was  therefore  a  main  station  on  one  of  the  principal 
highways  or  waterways  connecting  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio,  and 
Canada  and  the  Mississippi.  It  was  a  pivotal  point  in  the  travel, 
migrations  and  war  preparations  of  that  period.  At  this  Wyandot 
town  the  Indians  received  their  allowances,  supplies,  arms,  am- 
munition and  directions  from  the  British  authorities.  Both  Wash- 
ington and  General  Irvine,  the  latter  the  commander  at  Fort  Pitt, 
earnestly  sought  the  dislodgement  of  the  Indians  at  this  quarter 
and  its  control  by  the  Continental  forces.  An  expedition  of 
extermination  was  decided  upon  and  Colonel  William  Crawford 
was  selected  as  its  leader.  Crawford  was  the  life-long  personal 
friend  of  Washington.f  As  boys  they  had  been  companion  sur- 
veyors in  the  western  forests.  Crawford  served  under  Dun- 
more  in  the  latter's  Ohio  invasion,  he  also  served  under  Wash- 
ington in  Braddock's  defeat ;  with  him  had  crossed  the  Delaware 
on  the  famous  Christmas  Eve;  he  fought  at  Brandywine,  Ger- 
mantown  and  elsewhere  with  distinguished  service.  He  was 
Washington's  choice  for  the  hazardous  undertaking.  "The  pro- 
ject against  Sandusky  was  as  carefully  planned  as  any  military 
enterprise  in  the  west  during  the  Revolution."  Late  in  May 
(1782),  some  five  hundred  volunteers  from  the  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia  militia  took  up  their  march  from  the  Mingo  BottomJ 
and  on  the  evening  of  June  3  encamped  on  the  Sandusky  Plains. 
The  following  day  they  encountered  the  enemy  on  Battle  Island, 
an  elevated  grass-covered  opening  in  the  forest.  The  British 
and  the  Indians  had  rallied  for  the  conflict.  Their  force  was 
about  equal  in  numbers  to  the  Americans.  It  was  a  confederated 
army  of  Wyandot,  Delaware,  Shawanee  and  ''lake  Indians"  with 

disarmed  the  Indians  and  then  foully  and  cruelly  murdered  some  hun- 
dred of  the  peaceful  and  guiltless  Indians.  They  died  like  Christian 
martyrs. 

*  In  the  dry  season  perhaps  three  or  four  miles ;  in  the  rainy 
season  perhaps  less  than  a  mile. 

t  William  Crawford  was  born  in  Orange  (present  Berkeley)  County, 
Virginia,   in  1732,   same  year  as  birth  of  Washintgon. 

X  Mingo  Bottom  was  on  the  Ohio,  two  and  a  half  miles  below 
Steubenville. 


132  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

their  warrior  chiefs  and  a  company  of  Detroit  rangers,  the  united 
army  under  command  of  Captain  William  Caldwell,  a  cool  and 
daring  British  officer,  and  several  British  lieutenants.  The  battle 
was  waged  with  varying  results  on  three  successive  days.  The 
Americans  were  compelled  to  give  way,  abandon  the  field  and 
beat  a  retreat  from  the  Ohio  country.  The  American  loss  was 
some  seventy  killed,  wounded  and  captured.  In  the  latter  was 
Crawford,  the  commander.  His  awful  fate  at  the  hands  of  the 
fiendish  savages,  who  burned  him  amid  indescribable  tortures  at 
the  stake,  is  all  frightful  and  famihar  history  to  Ohio  readers. 
Was  there  ever  a  greater  immolation  upon  the  altar  of  human 
liberty  and  national  independence?  The  poet  wrote  "for  our 
country  'tis  a  bliss  to  die"  and  many  a  hero  has  sought  a  glorious 
death  upon  the  battlefield  ''amid  the  pomp  and  circumstance  of 
war,"  but  Crawford's  dreadful  doom  was  that  of  the  martyr  amid 
the  fagot's  flaines.  No  spot  in  "the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home 
of  the  brave"  should  be  more  sacred  than  that  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Tymochtee  where  the  soil  of  Ohio  was  hallowed  with  the 
ashes  of  William  Crawford.  The  battle  of  the  Sandusky  is  often 
alluded  to  by  writers  as  "the  only  battle  of  the  Revolution  fought 
within  the  present  confines  of  Ohio."  It  was  merely  the  most  con- 
spicuous one.  There  were  many  others  no  less  part  and  parcel  of 
the  great  Revolutionary  contest. 

The  year  1782  was  the  year  of  blood  and  disaster  for  the  Ohio 
country.  The  American  cause  had  triumphed  in  the  East  but  the 
British  western  stations  were  not  surrendered  nor  were  Britain's 
allies,  the  Indians,  subdued.  The  British  at  Detroit  strained 
every  nerve  to  continue  hostilities  in  the  West  and  drag  into  the 
war  the  entire  Indian  population.  They  fondly  believed  the  West 
might  yet  be  saved  to  British  domain.  It  has  been  estimated  that 
some  twelve  thousand  savages  were  immediately  tributary  to  De- 
troit. They  must  be  continued  in  their  contest  against 
the  Americans.  Another  incursion  across  the  Ohio  and  into 
Kentucky  was  sent  forth  from  Detroit.  In  August  (1782) 
Captain  William  Caldwell,  flushed  wnth  his  victory  at  San- 
dusky, heading  a  party  of  British  rangers  and  several  hundred 
Indians,  marched  across  Ohio  and  entered  Kentucky.  Several 
small   stockaded   towns   were   taken,    when   Blue   Licks    on   the 


Ohio  Centennial.  133 

Licking  River  was  reached.  The  Kentucky  backwoodsmen  led 
by  Boone  and  other  veteran  Indian  fighters  rushed  to  the  rescue. 
It  was  a  fierce  and  merciless  onslaught.  The  Kentuckians  were 
defeated  and  routed.  Seventy  of  their  number  were  killed  out- 
right and  many  captured  and  later  tortured  by  the  Indians. 
The  best  and  bravest  blood  of  Kentucky  had  been  shed  like  water. 
The  victorious  British  and  Indians,  glutted  with  vengeance,  re- 
crossed  the  Ohio,  the  Canadian  rangers  returning  to  Detroit  and 
the  Indians  dispersing  to  their  forest  homes.  That  was  the  last 
and  most  successful  British  and  Indian  invasion  of  Kentucky. 
The  western  settlers  were  panic  stricken,  however,  and  cried 
aloud  for  aid  from  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania.  Again  George 
Rogers  Clark  emerged  from  his  pioneer  home  and  hurried  run- 
ners over  the  country  summoning  the  brave  and  undaunted  back-  • 
woodsmen  for  another  Ohio  raid.  In  November  (1782),  the 
forest  freedmen  poured  forth  from  the  hills  and  dales  south  of 
the  Ohio  and  gathered  at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking.  At  the  head 
of  a  thousand  and  fifty  mounted  riflemen,  Clark  crossed  the  Ohio 
and  struck  off  northward  through  the  forest  to  the  Miami  towns. 
The  Indians  were  surprised  and  fled,  their  towns  and  crops  were 
destroyed.  The  Detroit  authorities  tried  to  rally  the  Indians 
for  defence,  but  to  no  avail.  Captain  Benj,  Logan,  in  command 
of  one  of  Clark's  divisions,  pushed  on  to  the  head  of  the  Miami 
and  burned  the  post  and  stores  of  the  British  traders.  It  was  a 
sudden  and  successful  expedition.  It  lasted  but  a  short  time, 
but  it  struck  dismay  to  the  British  at  Detroit  and  Indians  in  Ohio. 
It  practically  ended  the  British  and  Indian  Revolutionary  war 
in  the  Ohio  country.  The  incursions  of  the  Indians  instigated 
and  directed  by  the  British  ceased  for  a  time  to  harass  the  frontier 
settlers.  The  redmen,  aided  by  the  red  coats,  had  been  unable  to 
drive  the  Americans  back  beyond  the  Alleghanies.  The  West 
was  to  be  American  no  less  than  the  East.  The  tide  of  western 
immigration  began.  The  Virginian,  the  Pennsylvanian,  the  pa- 
triots of  New  England,  turned  their  faces  toward  the  "promised 
land"  of  the  Northwest  Territory.  But  the  Ohio  settler  was  not 
yet  to  possess  his  home  in  peace  and  security. 

By  the  Treaty  of  Paris  (September  1783)  the  British  ceded 
their  American  possessions  in  the  Northwest  to  the  United  States. 


134  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

But  Great  Britain  retained  the  occupancy  of  many  of  their  west- 
ern posts  as  a  pretense  of  guarantee.  By  the  peace  treaty,  it  was 
agreed  that  the  creditors  on  either  side  should  meet  with  no  law- 
ful impediment  to  the  recovery  of  the  full  value  in  sterling  money 
of  all  bona  fide  debts  contracted  before  the  war.  Congress  was 
to  recommend  to  the  state  legislatures  provision  for  the  restitu- 
tion of  all  estates,  rights  and  properties  which  had  been  confis- 
cated from  British  subjects,  etc.;  and  there  was  to  be  no  future 
(after  the  peace)  confiscation  of  property  because  of  any  part 
individuals  had  taken  in  the  war.  As  an  indemnity  or  security 
on  the  American's  part  to  the  British  government  for  these  agree- 
ments, Great  Britain  clung  to  these  posts  in  the  western  country. 
They  were:  Michillimakinak  (Mackinac),  Detroit,  Niagara,  Os- 
wego, Oswegatchie  (Ogdenburg),  Point  au  Fer  and  Dutchman's 
Point,  Presque  Isle  (Erie),  and  (Ohio)  posts  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sandusky  and  Miami  (Maumee)  Rivers.  While  the  pretense 
of  England  for  holding  these  posts  was  the  fulfillment  on  our 
side  of  the  treaty,  the  real  causes  were  desire  to  retain  the  ad- 
vantages these  points  afforded  for  British  agents  to  carry  on 
the  fur  trade  and  more  especially  for  the  purposes  of  perpetuating 
from  these  centers  the  Indian  hostility  to  the  Americans.  The 
British  government  desired  to  keep  control  of  and  influence  over 
the  Indians  to  the  end  that  the  trade  (fur)  be  kept  secure  in  Ca- 
nadian hands  and  that  in  case  of  war  with  America  or  Spain,* 
the  tomahawk  and  the  scalping  knife  might  once  more  be  called 
into  requisition.  Great  Britain  hoped  the  newly  formed  league 
of  American  states  would  prove  a  "rope  of  sand"  and  would  soon 
dissolve  and  an  opportunity  be  afforded  to  restore  the  new  re- 
public to  colonial  dependence.  The  Indians  were  assured  of  the 
continued  friendship'  and  sympathy  of  their  former  British  pa- 
trons. They  were  given  to  understand  that  they  would  be  cared 
for.     The  Indian  with  this  "moral"  support  at  his  back  was  not 

*  It  will  be  recalled  that  the  result  of  the  French  and  Indian  War 
(1756-1763)  was  that  France  yielded  all  her  American  possessions  east 
of  the  Mississippi  to  England.  But  the  French  possessions  known  as 
the  Louisiana  country,  west  of  that  river,  were  ceded  to  Spain.  Spain 
held  the  territory  until  1800  when  it  was  retroceded  to  France,  from 
which  (under  Napoleon)  it  was  purchased  (1803)  by  the  United  States 
for  $15,000,000. 


Ohio  Centennial.  136 

long  in  renewing  his  protests  at  the  occupation  by  the  American 
of  his  hunting  grounds  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

In  studying  the  events  of  western,  especially  Ohio,  history, 
from  now  (1783)  to  the  close  of  the  Indian  War,  1795,  this 
British  background  is  not  to  be  lost  sight  of.  Indeed  it  is  in 
evidence  until  the  conclusion  of  the  War  of  1812.  The  cause 
of  liberty  triumphant,  the  Revolutionary  soldiers  of  New  Eng- 
land returned  to  their  homes  to  exchange  their  swords  for  plow- 
shares and  engage  in  the  pursuits  of  peace.  But  westward  the 
star  of  the  new  republican  empire  was  to  take  its  way.  The 
veterans  of  the  battles  from  Lexington  to  Yorktown  looked  with 
longing  eye  to  the  fertile  and  picturesque  valley  of  the  Ohio. 
In  March,  1786,  in  the  "Bunch  of  Grapes"  tavern,  Boston,  was 
born  the  Ohio  Company.  The  year  following,  that  of  1787,  was 
memorable  for  the  three  great  enactments  of  the  new  government. 
They  were  (i)  the  ''Ordinance  of  1787"  creating  the  Northwest 
Territory,  and  (2)  the  sale  of  the  apportioned  land  to  the  Ohio 
Company  by  the  Continental  Congress  in  New  York,  and  (3)  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution  by  the  convention  in  Phila- 
delphia. The  arrival  of  the  Mayflozver  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mus- 
kingum (April  6,  1788),  was  the  advent  of  the  new  civilization 
for  the  Northwest  Territory.  Ohio  was  settled  by  the  heroes  and 
veterans  of  the  War  for  Independence.  But  they  did  not  find 
a  land  flowing  with  milk  and  honey,  nor  did  each  one  sit  peace- 
fully under  his  own  vine  and  fig  tree.  Rather  were  they  the 
pathfinders  in  a  dense  forest,  frequented  by  wild  beasts  and  in- 
habited by  the  fierce  redman.  These  scarred  veterans  of  Bunker 
Hill,  Trenton,  Monmouth,  Saratoga  and  a  hundred  battles  for 
freedom  were  not  yet  to  enjoy  the  peace  and  prosperity  their  past 
suflferings  and  patriotic  services  deserved.  The  Ohio  Valley  had 
indeed  passed  to  the  United  States  and  had  been  opened  to  the 
pilgrims  from  the  land  of  the  early  colonies.  But  the  Indians 
were  still  in  a  large  measure  its  occupants  and,  with  no  feeble  title, 
its  claimants.  Not  yet  was  the  last  enemy  of  the  American,  the 
British,  entirely  expelled  or  even  completely  conquered. 


136  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

All  along  the  winding  river 

And  adown  the  shady  glen, 
On  the  hill  and  in  the  valley, 

The  voice  of  war  resounds  again. 

The  British  still  goaded  on  the  redmen.  One  of  the  first  duties 
with  which  Territorial  Governor  St.  Clair  was  charged  was  the 
negotiation  of  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Ohio  Indians.  In  1789  at 
Fort  Harmar  a  treaty  was  concluded  with  several  tribes  located 
in  that  vicinity,  whereby  the  Indians  relinquished  their  claims  to 
a  large  part  of  Ohio.  But  only  certain  tribes  entered  into  that 
agreement.  Many  others  refused  to  be  bound  by  it.  They  de- 
manded that  the  whites  should  retire  beyond  (south  and  east) 
the  Ohio.  The  long  Indian  War  in  Ohio  ensued;  a  war  in 
which  the  savages  had  the  sympathy,  and  at  all  times  the  actual 
support  of  the  British.  The  Indian  with  his  prophetic  instinct 
realized  that  the  hour  of  doom  for  him  was  dawning.  The  curl- 
ing smoke  from  the  settler's  cabin  was  the  pillar  of  cloud  by  day 
and  the  blazing  on  the  tree  trunks  by  the  frontiersman,  as  he  felt 
his  way  amid  the  trackless  forest,  was  the  hand-writing  on  the 
\vall  that  betokened  the  rapid  but  inevitable  conquest  of  the 
rapacious  Saxon  over  the  dogged  and  daring,  but  skilless"  savage. 
It  was  the  soil  of  Ohio,  the  land  of  the  Buckeye,  that  was  to  wit- 
ness the  bitter  and  final  conflict  between  the  tribes  of  the  redmen 
and  the  intrepid  hosts  of  the  pale  face.  From  the  days  of  Pon- 
tiac's  conspiracy  (1763)  to  the  last  blow  of  Tecumseh's  confed- 
eracy (1813),  for  half  a  century  the  fair  valley  of  the  Ohio  was 
the  scene  of  their  tragic  and  dramatic  contest.  A  struggle  for 
racial  supremacy  unsurpassed  in  interest  and  importance  in  the 
annals  of  nations. 

The  Indian  would  not  yield  his  hunting  ground  nor  would 
he  vacate  his  wigwam.  The  British  beguiled  the  redmen  into 
the  belief  that  the  American  had  no  rights  the  tribes  of  the 
forest  were  bound  to  respect.  They  began  at  once,  urged  on 
by  the  British  agents,  to  commit  depredations  and  to  destroy  the 
property  and  take  the  lives  of  the  settlers  in  Ohio.  The  darkness 
of  midnight  was  made  lurid  by  the  flames  of  the  burning  hut 
and  the  stillness  of  the  forest  was  broken  by  the  rifle  crack  of  the 
stealthily  approaching  savage  and  the  groans  of  the  murdered 


Ohio  Centennial.  137. 

irontiersman  and  the  shrieks  of  his  homeless  and  defenseless  wife 
and  children.  For  seven  years  the  government  made  every  effort 
to  bring  the  Ohio  tribesmen  to  terms  by  means  of  treaties,  but 
without  avail.  Roused  to  fury  by  the  steady  increase  of  settle- 
ments from  the  East,  the  Indian  would  not  be  placated.  He 
would  make  no  compromise;  he  would  give  no  quarter.  In  his 
opposition  and  hostility  he  was  adroitly  supported  by  the  British 
authorities  and  French-Canadians.  Indeed,  the  Indians  were 
abjectly  controlled  by  Great  Britain.  Of  the  innumerable  evi- 
dences of  this  we  note  but  one  or  two.  In  the  spring  of  1790 
Antoine  Gamelin  was  sent  by  Major  Hamtramck,  under  instruc- 
tions of  Governor  St.  Clair,  to  the  Miami  villages,  near  the  pres- 
ent site  of  Ft.  Wayne,  to  treat  with  the  Ouiatenon  and  Kickapoo 
Indians.  Gamelin  says  in  his  journal  that  after  his  speech  to  the 
Indians  a  head  chief  arose  and  said:  "You,  Gamelin,  my  friend 
and  son-in-law,  we  are  pleased  to  see  in  our  village,  and  to  hear 
by  your  mouth,  the  good  words  of  the  great  chief.  We  thought 
to  receive  a  few  words  from  the  French  people ;  but  I  see  the 
contrary.  None  but  the  Big  Knife*  is  sending  speeches  to  us. 
You  know  that  we  can  terminate  nothing  without  the  consent  of 
our  brethren  the  Miamis.  I  invite  you  to  proceed  to  their  village, 
and  to  speak  to  them.  There  is  one  thing  in  your  speech  I  do  not 
like ;  I  will  not  tell  of  it ;  even  was  I  drunk,  I  would  perceive  it ; 
l)Ut  our  elder  brethren  will  certainly  take  notice  of  it  in  your 
speech.  You  invite  us  to  stop  our  young  men.  It  is  impossible 
to  do  it,  being  constantly  encouraged  by  the  British."  Again  at 
the  Miami  town  Gamelin  showed  the  Shawanees  and  Delawares 
the  treaty  concludedf  at  Fort  Harmar  by  St.  Clair  and  the  various 
tribes.  He  then  says :  "Blue  Jacket,  chief  warrior  of  the  Shawa- 
nees, invited  me  to  go  to  his  house,  and  told  me :  'My  friend,  by 
the  name  and  consent  of  the  Shawanees  and  Delawares,  I  will 
speak  to  you.  We  are  all  sensible  of  your  speech,  and  pleased 
with  it ;  but,  after  consultation,  we  cannot  give  an  answer  with- 
out hearing  from  our  father:]:  at  Detroit;  and  we  are  determined 

*  Meaning  the  U.  S.  government.  The  Indians  called  the  Ameri- 
cans the  "Big  Knives"  and  the  "Long  Knives,"  probably  because  of  the 
swords  and  bayonets  v^hich  were  the  especial  weapons  of  the  white  men. 

t  The  treaty  was  made  in  January,   1789. 

X  British  comimander. 


138  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

to  give  you  back  the  two  branches  of  wampum,  and  to  send  you 
to  Detroit  to  see  and  hear  the  chief,  or  to  stay  here  twenty  nights 
for  to  receive  his  answer.'  "  Again  (on  May  3)  GameUn  got  to 
the  Weas  on  the  Wabash :  "They  told  me  that  they  were  waiting 
for  an  answer  from  their  eldest  brethren.  *We  approve  very  much 
our  brethren  for  not  to  give  a  definite  answer,  without  inform- 
ing of  it  all  the  lake  nations ;  that  Detroit  was  the  place  where  the 
fire  was  lighted ;  then  it  ought  first  to  be  put  out  there ;  that  the 
English  commandant  is  their  father,  since  he  threw  down  our 
French  father.  They  could  do  nothing  without  his  approbation.'  " 
General  Josiah  Harmar,  a  Revolutionary  veteran,  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  of  the  United  States  army  Sep- 
tember 29,  1789,  and  was  at  once  directed  to  proceed  against  the 
Indians.  He  centered  a  force  of  some  fifteen  hundred  men  at 
Fort  Washington  (Cincinnati).  His  army  consisted  of  some 
three  hundred  regulars  and  eleven  hundred  "militia,"  which  really 
meant  indiscriminate  volunteers,  mostly  from  Kentucky,  aged 
men  and  inexperienced  boys,  many  of  whom  had  never  fired  a 
gun ;  "there  were  guns  without  locks  and  barrels  without  stocks^ 
borne  by  men  who  did  not  know  how  to  oil  a  lock  or  fit  a  flint." 
With  this  "outfit"  General  Harmar  proceeded  (September  30,. 
1790),  into  the  heart  of  the  Indian  country,  around  the  head- 
waters of  the  Maumee  and  the  Miami.  The  Indians  under  the 
British  had  made  ample  preparations  for  the  reception  of  General 
Harmar's  forces.  Arms,  ammunition  and  stores  had  been  issued 
to  the  Indians  in  great  abundance  by  Chief  Joseph  Brant  and  Alex- 
ander McKee,  and  Captain  Bunbury  and  Silvie  of  the  British 
troops.  The  Indians  thus  equipped  in  parties  of  hundreds  set  out. 
for  the  Upper  Miami  towns  whither  they  understood  the  forces  of 
the  United  States  were  bending  their  course.*  The  Indians,  in  far 
less  numbers  than  the  American  army,  were  lead  by  the  renowned 
Miami  chief,  Me-che-cannah-quah,  better  known  as  Little  Tur- 
tle. By  wily  strategy  he  divided  Harmar's  army  and  defeated 
and  routed  the  expedition. 

Harmar,  chagrined  and  humiliated,  retreated  to  Fort  Wash- 
ington after  suffering  great  loss   of  men.     It  was  a  stunning 
blow  for  the  young  republic,  and  created  havoc  and  terror  among 
♦Certificate  of  Thomas  Rhea,  Brice's  History  of  Fort  Wayne. 


Ohio  Centennial.  139 

the  Ohio  settlers.  The  Indians  were  highly  elated  and  embold- 
ened to  further  and  aggressive  attacks  upon  their  white 
enemies.  It  was  now  evident  to  the  government  that  large  meas- 
ures must  be  taken  to  establish  the  authority  of  the  United  States 
among  the  Indians  and  protect  the  Ohio  settlements.  Washing- 
ton called  Governor  St.  Clair  to  Philadelphia,  and  with  the  ap- 
proval of  Congress  placed  him  in  command  of  an  army  to  be 
organized  for  a  new  Indian  expedition.  Meanwhile  (June,  1791), 
General  Charles  Scott,  a  revolutionary  hero,  who  had  settled  in 
Kentucky,  raised  a  voluntary  force  of  seven  hundred  and  filfty 
Kentucky  recruits,  and  according  to  the  commands  of  the  gov- 
ernment, led  an  expedition  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky 
River  into  the  Indian  Wea  towns  on  the  Wabash.  Four  months 
later  General  James  Wilkinson,  another  distinguished  Revolution- 
ary officer,  was  sent  at  the  head  of  a  like  expedition  to  destroy 
the  towns  on  the  Eel  river.  With  five  hundred  and  twenty-five 
men,  armed  and  mounted,  General  Wilkinson  proceeded  from 
Fort  Washington  to  the  Miami  towns  and  thence  to  the  Indiana 
Indian  towns.  These  two  sudden  invasions  distracted  the  Indians 
in  the  Eel  and  Wabash  sections,  but  did  not  seriously  disturb  the 
Ohio  tribes  which  were  the  most  active  and  bold  in  their  warfare. 
The  raids  of  Scott  and  Wilkinson  were  the  outposts  of  a  more 
formidable  undertaking  by  the  government. 

October  4,  1791,  General  St.  Clair,  at  the  head  of  some  three 
thousand  troops,  hardly  better  in  quality  than  those  under  Harmar, 
set  out  from  Fort  Washington.  The  plan  was  to  proceed  north- 
ward along  the  present  western  line  of  the  state  and  establish 
a  line  of  forts  to  be  properly  maintained  as  permanent  points  for 
military  operation  and  protection.  Forts  Hamilton,  St.  Clair  and 
Jefferson,  the  latter  near  Greenville,  were  erected.  But  when 
the  expedition,  now  about  twenty-five  hundred  strong,  had 
reached  a  branch  of  the  Wabash  in  what  is  now  Mercer  County, 
some  thirty  "miles  from  Fort  Jefferson,  it  was  attacked  by  an 
allied  force  of  Indians,  fifteen  hundred  strong,  under  Little  Turtle. 
It  was  a  desperate,  irregular  combat,  the  troops  were  completely 
demoralized  and  panic-stricken,  and  resorted  to  "a  most  ij^^no- 
minious  flight,"  with  the  woeful  loss  of  over  six  hundred  killed 
and  two  hundred  and  fifty  wounded,  a  loss  equal  to  that  of  the 


140  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

American  army  at  Germantown,  when  General  Washington  suf- 
fered one  of  the  worst  defeats  and  greatest  losses  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. Great  public  odium  rested  on  St.  Clair,  and  he  asked  that 
a  committee  be  appointed  by  Congress  to  investigate  his  conduct 
in  the  battle.  It  was  done  and  the  report  fully  exonerated  him. 
In  all  the  story  of  Washington's  life  there  is  no  more  human  pas- 
sage than  that  which  narrates  how  the  news  of  this  calamity 
w^as  received  by  him  in  Philadelphia  on  a  December  day  while 
he  was  at  dinner.  It  is  related  that  on  this  occasion  the  usually 
dignified  and  impassive  father  of  his  country  gave  way  to  wrath 
and  —  profanity. 

In  January  (1792),  following  St.  Clair's  disastrous  defeat, 
General  Wilkinson  conducted  a  small  command  of  United  States 
regulars  and  Kentucky  militia  from  Fort  Washington  to  the  bat- 
tle-ground of  St.  Clair,  a  site  since  known  as  Ft.  Recovery.  The 
object  of  this  expedition  was  to  give  decent  burial  to  the  bodies 
of  the  slain.  It  was  a  horrible  sight  that  met  the  gaze  of  the 
soldiers.  The  bones  of  the  dead  were  buried  in  great  pits  amid 
the  snow  and  ice  of  excessively  cold  weather. 

The  Indian  problem  had  now  become  a  ''burning  question'* 
in  more  senses  than  one,  and  there  was  great  danger  that  the  pow- 
erful Six  Nations  of  the  East  would  jojn  in  going  upon  the  war- 
path. The  retention  of  the  posts,  the  complicity  of  the  British 
and  Canadian  agents  and  the  constant  intercourse  between  the 
garrisons  and  the  Indians  was  cause  for  much  parleying  between 
the  American  government  and  the  Britain  cabinet.  The  people 
of  New  England,  no  less  than  the  western  settlers,  were  becom- 
ing irritable  and  impatient  over  the  perfidy  of  Great  Britain. 
An  unsuccessful  campaign  always  brings  trouble  and  condemna- 
tion upon  the  government.  Popular  dissent  was  greatly  aroused. 
The  westerners  felt  sorely  aggrieved,  and  every  act  of  the  Sfen- 
€ral  government  tending  towards  concihation  with  the  British, 
who  were  justly  charged  with  inciting  the  Indians  on  .the  frontier, 
was  looked  upon  with  intense  disfavor.  The  condition  of  afifairs 
tested  the  sagacity  and  diplomacy  of  Washington,  the  wisdom  of 
Congress  and  the  patience  and  confidence  of  the  people.  It  was 
evident  the  mutual  interests,  and  indeed,  combined  efiforts  of  the 
British  and  the  Indians  in  Ohio,  must  be  overcome  by  no  inde- 


Ohio  Centennial.  141 

cisive  measures  before  the  Republic  could  achieve  the  territorial 
independence  which  it  was  thought  had  been  assured  by  the  Paris 
treaty  of  1783.  Washington  anxiously  scanned  the  list  of  his 
officers  for  a  reliable  successor  to  St.  Clair.  The  choice  finally 
fell  upon  Anthony  Wayne,  the  dashing,  resolute  hero  of  Ticon- 
deroga,  Germantown,  Monmouth  and  the  stormer  of  Stony  Point. 
The  appointment  caused  the  British  some  solicitude.  They  had 
heard  of  Wayne.  Upon  the  announcement  of  the  selection  of 
Wayne,  Mr.  George  Hammond,  the  British  minister  to  the 
American  government,  wrote  home  that  Wayne  was  "the  most 
active,  vigilant  and  enterprising  officer  in  the  American  army, 
but  -his  talents  were  purely  military."  Mr.  Hammond  here  in- 
dulges in  some  unconscious  British  humor.  It  is  generally  sup- 
posed that  military  talents  are  the  chief  qualification  for  a  cam- 
paign leader.  Wayne's  were  found  to  be  sufficient.  If  he  were 
"mad"  there  was  method  in  his  madness. 

Wayne  arrived  at  Fort  Washington,  April,  1793,  and  by 
October  had  recruited  his  army  and  was  ready  to  move.  He 
cautiously  crept  his  way  into  the  interior  as  far  as  Fort 
Greenville,  which  he  erected,  where  he  spent  the  winter,  and 
from  whence  he  forwarded  a  detachment  of  several  hundred 
men  to'  build  Fort  Recovery,  in  commemoration  of  the  defeat  of 
St.  Clair  at  that  point.  This  fortification  was  attacked  by  the  ad- 
vancing Indians,  one  thousand  strong,  under  their  puissant  gen- 
eral, Little  Turtle,  who  made  a  desperate  charge  only  to  be 
repulsed  and  compelled  to  retreat.*  It  was  their  introduction  to 
Mad  Anthony  Wayne  and  their  first  serious  check.  In  August, 
1794,  Wayne  with  his  "Legion,"  as  his  army  was  called,  reached 
the  confluence  of  the  Auglaize  and  Maumee.  Here  he  established 
another  link  in  the  chain  of  forts,  building  a  stockade  named  De- 
fiance. The  Indian  allies  had  concentrated  about  thirty  miles 
down  the  river  at  the  rapids  of  the  Maumee,  near  the  British 
fort,  Miami,  one  of  the  retained  posts  and  recently  re-occupied 
by  a  British  garrison  from  Detroit,  under  the  direction  of  General 
John  G.  Simcoe,  lieutenant-governor  of  Canada. 

*  In  this  assault  Little  Turtle  commanded  some  fifteen  hundred  In- 
dians, "assisted  as  was  thought  by  a  number  of  British  agents  and  a  few 
French-Canadian    volunteers."  —  Brice's  Fort   Wayne. 


142-  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

In  proof  that  the  impending  encounter  was  to  be  a  battle  of 
the  Revolution,  the  attendant  circumstances  need  only  be  re- 
called. This  move  of  General  Simcoe  was  at  the  express  and 
open  commands  of  Lord  Dorchester,  governor-general  of  Canada. 
Simcoe  repaired  from  Detroit  with  a  strong  detachment  of  troops 
to  the  Miami  Rapids  and  proceeded  to  re-erect  the  fortress.  This 
act  on  the  part  of  England  created  great  irritation  and  indigna- 
tion among  the  Americans.  President  Washington  and  John  Jay, 
minister  to  Great  Britain,  strongly  protested  to  his  Majesty's 
Government  at  this  "open  and  daring  act  of  the  British  agents 
in  this  country  *  *  *  while  they  are  seducing  from  our  al- 
liance and  endeavoring  to  remove  over  the  line  tribes  that  have 
hitherto  been  kept  in  peace  and  friendship  with  us  at  heavy  ex- 
pense, *  *  *  whilst  they  keep  in  a  state  of  irritation  the 
tribes  who  are  hostile  to  us,  instigating  them  to  unite  in  a  war 
against  us,  furnishing  the  whole  with  arms,  ammunition  and 
clothing  and  even  provisions  to  carry  on  the  war."  The  con- 
struction of  Fort  Miami  by  the  British,  as  was  intended,  naturally 
induced  the  Indians  to  believe  that  the  British  were  about  to 
renew  their  war  on  the  Americans.  It  also  inspired  the  traders 
and  French-Canadians  with  the  hope  of  a  coming  conflict  in 
which  the  British  would  regain  their  lost  territory.  There  is  no 
doubt  of  the  existence  of  an  alliance  at  the  same  time  between 
the  British  and  Joseph  Brant,  the  chief  of  the  Mohawks,  who 
also  represented  the  Six  Nations.  Brant  was  ambitious  to  create 
a  great  Indian  confederacy,  be  its  leader  like  a  second  Pontiac, 
and  dictate  terms  to  the  white  race.  About  this  date  also  (May, 
1794),  the  Indians  of  the  West  had  their  expectations  raised  by  a 
-deputation  from  the  Spanish  settlements  on  the  Mississippi,  who 
declared  the  Spanish  Indians  "were  on  their  feet,  grasping  the 
tomahawk  to  strike"  the  Americans.  At  all  these  foreboding 
signs  the  alarm  among  the  Americans  was  great.  All  elements 
were  massing  at  the  Maumee  Rapids,  which  was  only  fifty  miles 
from  Detroit.  The  strongest  and  most  important  towns  of  the  hos- 
tile tribes  lay  about  the  confluence  of  the  Auglaize  and  Maumee 
Rivers.  In  the  face  of  these  forces  the  "Black  Snake,"  as  the  In- 
dians had  already  called  Wayne,  crept  cautiously  but  steadily 
along.     Thus  reads  the  quaint  and  rare  poem  of  Coffinbery : 


Ohio  Centennial.  143 

As  in  the  centre  of  his  train, 

In  moody  revery  rode  Wayne; 

His  visage  scowled  as  does  the  storm, 

As  from  his  zeal  his  breast  grew  warrr^; 

And  to  the  braves  that  circled  round 

Said  he,  "If  still  no  foe  be  found 

'Tween  this  and  the  old  British  fort. 

When  there,  by  George,  you  shall  see  sport. 

For  if  the  British  rascals  show 

The  slightest  favor  to  the  foe, 

I'll  prostrate  all  their  blasted  works. 

And  cut  their  throats  like  bloody  Turks. 

The  devils  can't  evade  our  search, 

Or  yet  escape  by  rapid  march. 

Unless  it  be  from  their  protection. 

Then,  blast  their  hearts,  I'll  show  them  action. 

Wayne's  forces  were  between  two  and  three  thousand  in 
number,  by  this  time  well  trained,  hardened  and  trusty.*  The 
Indians  counted  two  thousand  with  three  hundred  Canadians  and 
British  soldiers.  In  the  desire  of  avoiding  the  impending  bloody 
encounter,  Wayne  offered  the  tribes  proposals  of  peace.  Many 
chiefs,  the  warriors  and  statesmen  of  their  people,  were  present. 
Blue  Jacket,  the  Shawanee  chief,  was  for  war  to  the  bitter  end. 
His  people,  he  argued,  had  crushed  Braddock,  Harmar  and  St. 
Clair  and  Wayne's  turn  was  next.  The  white  man  must  retire 
beyond  the  Ohio.  Little  Turtle,  the  Miami,  was  for  peace.  True, 
he  allowed,  they  had  defeated  the  other  generals  of  the  "long 
knives"  and  turned  back  their  expeditions,  but  Wayne  was  dif- 
ferent. In  Indian  terms  the  sagacious  savage  conveyed  the  idea 
that  at  last  they  were  in  modern  pale  face  parlance  "up  against  the 
real  thing."  He  had  recently  tasted  of  Wayne's  valor.  Now  they 
would  meet  foemen  worthy  of  their  steel.  But  the  British  had  ral- 
lied the  Indian  courage  and  bravado  to  the  highest  pitch;  had 
urged  them  to  confederation  and  a  renewal  of  their  claims  for  the 
Ohio  country;  and  had  nerved  them  to  unrelenting  resistance 
against  the  usurping  Americans.  The  British  stockade  of  Fort 
Miami,  like  a  sheltering  shadow,  was  close  at  hand,  and  the  Indian 
cause  could  not  fail.  There  was  no  alternative  but  battle.  The  field 


*  The  actual  number  of  Wayne's  soldiers  engaged  in  the  battle  was 
probably  only  about  one  thousand. 


144  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

chosen  was  at  the  Falls  of  the  Maumee  on  the  wind  swept  banks,, 
covered  with  fallen  timber.  The  ground  gave  the  Indians  every 
advantage,  as  they  secreted  themselves  in  the  tall  grass  amid  the 
branches  and  roots  of  the  upturned  trees.  Wayne  directed  his 
front  line  to  advance  and  charge  with  lowered  arms,  to  arouse  the 
crouching  Indians  from  their  coverts  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet, 
and  then  when  they  should  arise  to  deliver  a  close  and  well-pointed 
fire  on  their  backs,  followed  by  an  instant  charge  before  they  might 
load  again.  The  savages  were  outwitted  and  overwhelmed.  They 
fled  in  wild  dismay  toward  the  British  fort.  The  gates  were 
closed,  Britain's  customary  perfidy  was  completed.  Wayne's  tri- 
umph (August  20,  1794)  was  unsurpassed  in  Indian  warfare. 
The  brilliant  and  dashing  victory  of  Stony  Point  was  encored. 
Wayne  had  become  the  hero  of  the  second  Revolution  in  the 
western  wilderness,  as  he  had  been  the  victor  in  its  earlier  days 
on  the  historic  fields  of  New  England.  The  name  of  Wayne  was 
ever  after  a  terror  to  the  savages.  They  called  him  the  'Tor- 
nado" and  the  "Whirlwind."  He  was  mettlesome  as  the  eagle, 
swift  and  unerring  as  the  arrow.  The  Indian  warfare  was  shat- 
tered. The  redmen's  hope  was  blasted.  Moreover,  the  Indians 
were  crushed  and  incensed  beyond  measure  at  the  falsity  of  the 
British,  who  not  only  failed  to  come  to  their  assistance  with 
troops  from  Detroit  as  they  had  promised,  but  barred  the  gates 
of  Fort  Miami  to  them  on  their  panic-stricken  retreat  from 
Fallen  Timbers.  At  Greenville,  Wayne  was  visited  by  numer- 
ous chiefs  and  warriors  to  whom  he  explained  that  the  United 
States,  having  conquered  Great  Britain,  were  entitled  to  the 
peaceful  possession  of  the  lake  posts,  and  that  the  new  nation 
was  anxious  to  make  terms  with  the  Indians  to  protect  them  in 
the  occupation  of  abundant  hunting  grounds  and  to  compensate 
them  for  the  lands  needed  by  the  white  settlers.  The  Indians 
were  prepared  to  negotiate  but  the  British  agents,  John  Graves 
Simcoe,  Alexander  McKee  and  Joseph  Brant,  still  strove  to  stimu- 
late them  to  continue  hostilities;  advised  the  Indians  to  make 
pretense  of  peace  so  as  to  throw  the  Americans  off  their  guard 
and  thus  permit  another  and  more  successful  attack.  These 
Machiavelian  British  miscreants  even  advised  the  Indians  to  con- 
vey by  deed  their  Ohio  land  to  the  king  of  England  "in  trust"" 


Ohio  Centennial.  145 

so  as  to  give  the  British  a  pretext  for  assisting  them,  and  in  case 
the  Americans  refused  to  abandon  their  settlements  and  stock- 
ades and  quit  their  'alleged  possession  and  go  beyond  the  Ohio 
to  the  East  and  South,  the  allied  British  and  Indians  might  make 
a  united  and  general  attack  and  drive  the  Americans  across  the 
Ohio  river  boundary.  The  righteous  (?)  protection  by  Great 
Britain  of  the  oppressed  Indian  knew  no  bounds!  It  is  the 
grimmest  joke  in  historic  annals. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  England  was  still  (1794)  fighting 
the  Revolution  and  endeavoring  to  regain  in  Ohio  what  she  had 
lost  a  dozen  years  before  on  the  New  England  coast  and  the  in- 
land western  frontier.  For  twenty  years  the  fair  valley  of  the 
Ohio,  especially  the  land  of  the  Buckeye,  had  been  the  camping 
ground  and  tramping  field  of  the  American  rioneer  patriot,  the 
native  forest  inhabitant  and  the  unyielding  British  soldier.  His- 
toric territory  —  the  arena  of  the  war  for  national  independence 
and  the  conquest  of  civilization  over  savagery.  The  latter  con- 
test was  not  yet  ended.  In  the  ranks  of  Little  Turtle  at  Fallen 
Timbers,  as  a  chosen  chief  at  the  head  of  the  Shawanees,  was  Te- 
cumseh,  destined  in  later  years  to  be  the  greatest  and  most  con- 
spicuous hero  of  his  people.  In  the  ranks  of  Anthony  Wayne  as  a 
trusted  officer,  was  the  future  first  Ohio  president,  William  Henry 
Harrison.  Twenty  years  later  these  two  great  leaders  were  to  meet 
in  desperate  and  final  conflict,  on  Ohio  soil,  for  the  supremacy  of 
race.  But  the  battle  of  Fallen  Timbers  was  the  closing  incident 
in  the  war  for  undisputed  national  independence  and  freedom. 
The  Indians  began  to  realize  the  imminent  peril  of  their  position. 
They  had  learned  at  their  dear  cost  the  power  and  skill  of  the 
Americans  and  the  trickery  and  treachery  of  the  British.  The 
redmen  sealed  their  defeat  and  doom  in  the  treaty  at  Greenville. 
The  British  posts  were  abandoned.  Wayne,  with  one  fell  blow, 
drove  the  British  from  American  possessions  and  opened  Ohio 
to  the  peaceful  settlement  of  the  western  pioneer.  The  American 
Revolution  had  terminated  at  last,  in  the  battle  on  the  banks 
of  the  Maumee,  on  the  soil  of  Ohio  —  the  same  soil  upon  which, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Scioto,  took  place,  in  part,  the  first  military 
movement  of  freedom's  warfare  in  Dunmore's  campaign  in  the 

o.  c  — 10 


i46  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

fall  of  1774.  In  the  fair  valley  of  the  "beautiful  river,"  in  the 
native  land  of  the  Buckeye,  after  a  score  of  years  of  struggle, 
strife  and  sacrifice,  with  a  rugged  but  resistless  heroism  greater 
than  which  history  doth  not  relate,  the  fearless  frontiersmen 
secured  forever  to  the  new-born  republic  the  empire  of  the  North- 
W'Cst,  the  most  precious  inheritance  promised  the  freemen  in  their 
triumph  at  Yorktown. 

Where  are  the  hardy  yeomen 

Who  battled  for  this   land, 
And  trod  these  hoar  old  forests, 

A  brave  and  gallant  band? 

They  knew  no  dread  of  danger, 

When  rose  the  Indians'  yell;  '    * 

Right  gallantly  they  struggled, 

Right  gallantly  they  fell. 


Authorities  chiefly  relied  upon  in  the  above  address;  Albach's  West- 
ern Annals;  American  Archives,  (4th  Series,  Vol.  1);  Bancroft's  United 
States;  Brownell's  American  Indians;  Brice's  Fort  Wayne;  Burk's  Vir- 
ginia; Brown's  Illinois:  Butler's  Kentucky;  Butterfield's  Crawford; 
Butterfield's  Girtys;  Campbell's  Virginia;  Cook's  Virginia;  Dillon's 
Indiana;  Dodge's  Redmen;  Doddridge's  Notes;  De  Hass'  Indian  Wars; 
Drake's  Tecumseh;  English's  Clark;  Fernow's  Ohio  Valley;  Fiske's 
American  Revolution;  The  Hesperian,;  Harvey's  Shawanee  Indians; 
Hildreth's  Ohio  Valley;  Hinsdale's  Old  Northwest;  Hosmer's  Mississippi 
Valley;  Jacob's  Life  of  Cresap;  Jefferson's  Virginia  Notes;  Kercheval's 
Virginia;  King's  Ohio;  Lewis'  West  Virginia;  Lodge's  Washington; 
McAfee's  War  in  West;  Mayer's  Logan  and  Cresap;  Marshall's  Wash- 
ington; Moore's  Northwest,  etc.;  McClung's  Sketches;  McLaughlin's 
Western  Posts;  McDonald's  Sketches,;  McKnight's  Western  Border; 
Monette's  Mississippi  Valley;  Parkman's  Pontiac;  Ryan's  Ohio;  Roose- 
velt's Winning  the  West;  Stone's  Joseph  Brant;  Read's  Simcoe;  Whittle- 
sey's Essays;  Winsor's  Western  Movement;  Wither's  Border  War- 
fare, etc. 


THE  MILITARY  HISTORY  OF  OHIO,  INCLUD- 
ING THE  WAR  OF  J8I2. 


THOMAS    M  ARTHUR    ANDERSON. 


It  has  been  given  to  me  to  read  the  First  Lesson,  taken  from 
the  Old  Testament  of  Ohio  history. 

Nearly  every  state  had  its  birth  in 
v^ar,  and  Ohio  like  the  rest  had  its 
baptism  of  fire.  As  the  blood  of 
martyrs  is  the  seed  of  the  Church,  so 
the  foundation  of  our  Commonwealth 
was  cemented  with  the  blood  of  its 
pioneer  heroes.  We  have  no  tradi- 
tions of  a  Romulus,  no  record  of  a 
mailed  Charlemagne  as  a  fomider. 
Our  stalwart  forefathers  founded  it 
themselves,  those  citizen-soldiers  who 
came  with  an  ax  in  one  hand  and  a 
gun  in  the  other  to  hew  and  fight  their 
way  to  success.  We  have  no  hero- 
worship.     Yet  our  records  tell  us  of 

the  unsurpassed   energy,  courage,   perseverance,  and   self-sacri- 
ficing heroism,  of  the  men  and  women  of  our  pioneer  period. 

Our  early  history  has  been  told  so  often,  that  its  repetition 
would  be 

As  tedious  as  a  twice-told  tale, 
Whispered  in  the  dull  ear  of  night. 

I  will  not  tax  your  patience  with  needless  detail ;  but  as  his- 
tory is  philosophy,  teaching  by  example,  the  lessons  we  can  learn 
from  some  of  its  salient  episodes  should  have  for  us  an  abid- 
ing interest. 

First  let  me  invite  your  attention  to  an  object  lesson. 

A  monument  stands  on  the  right  side  of  the  state-house  at 
Columbus.     Upon  its  pedestals  stand  the  bronze  statues  of  eight 

147 


THOMAS   M.    ANDERSON. 


148  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

of  Ohio's  sons :  of  Grant,  Sherman,  Sheridan,  McPherson,  Hayes, 
Garfield,  Stanton  and  Chase.  This  monument  with  its  heroic 
figures  stood  in  front  of  the  Ohio  building  at  the  Columbian 
Centennial. 

"These  are  my  jewels,"  was  Ohio's  challenge;  did  any  state 
answer?  Not  one.  Yet  these  men  only  represented  one  episode 
in  her  history,  one  brief  period  of  four  years  out  of  her  full 
century.  Mark  you ;  we  could  put  another  monument  with  eight 
other  of  her  sons,  who  would  represent  all  the  different  periods 
of  her  career.  I  suggest  that  Rufus  Putnam,  the  Revolu- 
tionary hero,  who  led  the  first  of  emigrants  who  settled  on  her 
soil,  should  have  the  first  place.  Next  I  would  place  by  his  side 
a  statue  of  Ohio's  typical  pioneer,  Simon  Kenton ;  then  I  would 
place  our  first  president,  William  Henry  Harrison,  the  hero  of 
Tippecanoe.  For  the  next  pedestal  I  would  suggest  Thomas 
Ewing,  a  great  lawyer  and  statesman,  and  a  cabinet  minister 
under  several  administrations;  then  Thomas  Corwin,  governor, 
senator  and  mspired  orator.  Then  should  come  another  of  our 
presidents,  McKinley,  the  wellbeloved,  who  represented  American 
manhood  in  the  turning-point  of  our  history.  If  peace  has  its 
victories  no  less  renowned  than  war,  then  there  is  a  man  born 
on  Ohio's  soil  who  deserves  to  stand  beside  her  greatest.  When 
we  ask  who  made  the  lightning  of  Heaven  our  most  obedient 
minister,  there  is  but  one  answer,  and  Thomas  Edison  takes  his 
place  among  the  immortals. 

There  is  one  vacant  pedestal :  who  should  fill  it  ?  Tiffin,  the 
first  governor;  Worthington,  the  first  senator;  MacArthur,  the 
first  Ohio  general ;  or  ^lassie,  our  first  surveyor ;  or  Morrow,  or 
Allen,  or  Trimble,  or  Thurman,  or  Wade?  Here  we  have  enough 
to  fill  nine  pedestals,  illustrative  of  Ohio's  fecundity  in  able  men. 

Will  you  note  how  many  of  the  men  I  have  mentioned  in  this 
connection  were  military  men?  Seven  out  of  the  eight  who 
stand  on  the  Columbus  monuments,  and  four  that  I  have  sug- 
gested for  the  second.  But  for  these  men  our  history  would 
have  had  a  different  reading. 

I  will  not  attempt  to  give  even  an  outline  of  our  pioneer 
history,  yet  it  is  important  to  know  what  kind  of  people  they 


Ohio  Centennial.  149 

were,  and  to  understand  the  problem  they  had  to  solve,  what 
dangers  to  face,  and  what  obstacles  to  overcome. 

What  you  have  read  about,  and  heard  from  tradition,  I  have 
seen,  in  my  service  on  the  frontier.  I  have  seen  the  same  kind 
of  men  and  women,  braving  the  same  kind  of  danger,  and  endur- 
ing similar  privations.  I  have  seen  them  making  their  way  into 
unknown  regions,  where  there  were  no  paths  to  guide  them, 
except  the  buffalo  trails.  I  have  seen  them  crossing  dangerous 
rivers  on  rafts  and  in  bull  boats.  I  have  seen  them  climbing 
mountains,  to  which  Mount  Logan  would  be  a  mere  foot-hill. 
1  have  seen  a  sage  brush  wilderness  transformed  by  their  industry 
into  productive  farms.  In  my  western  service  I  have  seen  ten 
territories  admitted  as  states  to  the  Union,  thus  I  have  witnessed 
the  development  of  Ohio,  reenacted  under  similar  conditions. 

It  gives  me  pleasure,  therefore,  to  bear  witness  to  the  worth 
of  the  pioneer ;  his  bravery,  energy,  hospitality,  generosity,  fidelity. 
These  were  virtues  common  to  the  old  pioneer  and  his  successors 
of  this  generation.  If  the  latter  were  somewhat  better  provided 
with  comforts,  they  had  in  many  instances  to  endure  greater  de- 
grees of  heat  and  cold  than  their  predecessors  of  the  Middle 
West.  The  Sioux  and  the  Apache  were  just  as  merciless  as  the 
Shawanees  and  the  Iroquois ;  but  in  fighting  the  Indians  thirty 
or  forty  years  ago  we  had  the  immense  advantage  of  knowing 
that  we  had  a  rich  and  powerful  country  behind  us.  In  spite 
of  occasional  disasters,  like  the  Fetterman  and  Custer  massacres, 
we  were  always  sure  of  ultimate  success. 

Undoubtedly  our  early  settlers  passed  through  more  trying 
ordeals.  There  were  times  when  famine  was  a  more  dreaded 
foe  than  the  savage,  and  when  disease  claimed  more  victims  than 
war.  A  greater  proportion  were  murdered  by  prowling  Indians 
and  renegade  whites.  With  the  first  wave  of  immigration  there 
comes  the  sev/age  and  wreckage  of  civilization,  the  murderer,  the 
bandit,  the  outlaw.  The  darkest  pages  in  the  history  of  the  West 
tell  of  the  outrages  of  these  border  ruffians. 

These  things  are  mentioned  to  call  to  your  minds  the  trials 
our  grandparents  and  great-grandparents  experienced.  The  Mo- 
ravian massacre  was  perpetrated  by  such  barbarians.  The  awful 
immolation  of  the  brave  and  chivalrous  Crawford  was  in  revenge 


150  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

for  {his  outrage.  It  was  an  instance  of  the  innocent  suffering 
for  the  guilty  —  for  the  fiend  WilHamson,  who  was  responsible 
for  that  horrible  butchery,  escaped. 

Let  us  now  try  to  form  some  estimate  of  the  party  of  the 
second  part,  of  the  noble  redman.  He  is  a  survival  of  the  stone 
age  and  probably  belongs  to  the  oldest  race  of  man.  He  is 
brave,  patient,  enduring,  loyal  to  his  tribe,  and  fairly  honest, 
until  demoralized  by  evil  association.  On  the  other  hand,  he  was 
cruel,  revengeful,  lazy,  and  unreliable.  The  curse  of  Reuben  is 
upon  him.  "Unstable  as  water,  he  cannot  excel."  Naturally  the 
Indian  has  a  warlike  and  not  peaceful  characteristic.  We  used 
to  hear  stories  of  a  handful  of  white  men  standing  off  hordes 
of  howling  savages.  The  fact  is,  that,  under  the  conditions  of 
frontier  warfare,  the  Indians  are  man  for  man  equal  to  the  white 
men.  Success  in  war  does  not  depend  on  the  half-hour's  fight- 
ing, but  on  weeks  or  months  of  hard  campaigning.  Trained  in 
warfare  from  his  boyhood,  a  master  in  woodcraft,  and  a  past 
master  in  stratagems,  the  Indian  is  a  better  campaigner  than  any 
except  the  best  trained  soldier.* 

The  regulars  sent  out  to  defend  the  Ohio  settlement  were 
men  who  were  only  paid  three  dollars  a  month,  and  were  the 
poorest  material  possible  for  the  service.  They  performed,  how- 
ever, an  invaluable  service  in  holding  the  forts  established  to 
defend  the  frontier.  There  were  twenty-seven  of  these  forts 
within  the  borders  of  this  state.  Mr.  Roosevelt  says  truly,  in 
his  ''Winning  of  the  West,"  that  no  other  state  received  so  much 
protection  from  the  general  government  as  Ohio. 

The  campaigns  of  Bouquet  and  Bradford,  in  1764,  should  be 
considered  under  the  head  of  colonial  wars  rather  than  as  epi- 

*The  character  of  the  Indian  fighting  in  the  heavily  wooded  country 
of  Oregon  and  Washington  was  very  similar  in  character  to  the  Indian 
warfare  in  Ohio  in  its  pioneer  days.  Colonel  Shaw,  an  experienced  Indian 
fierhter  in  that  part  of  the  country,  gave  the  writer  this  statement  of  his 
experience.  "The  Indians,"  he  said,  "fight  like  wolves  or  other  wild 
animals  which  hunt  and  fight  in  droves.  As  the  wolves  attack  with  great 
fierceness  wounded  animals,  so  the  Indian,  by  some  instinct  of  fight  at- 
tacks the  weakest  part  of  your  line,  and  if  they  have  made  any  impression 
crowd  on  that  point."     "This,"  he  said,  "they  do  without  orders."     While 


Ohio  Centennial.  161 

sodes  in  our  local  history.  Yet  they  were  the  first  links  in  our 
chronological  chain  and  require  a  brief  notice.  They  were  made 
in  consequence  of  the  rising  of  the  western  tribes  brought  about 
by  the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac. 

Bradford,  after  raising  the  siege  of  Detroit,  invaded  the 
Wyandotte  settlements  along  the  Sandusky  River  and  compelled 
that  warlike  tribe  to  sue  for  peace. 

Bouquet's  expedition  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Muskingum 
brought  the  Delawares  to  terms  and  secured  the  surrender  of  a 
number  of  white  prisoners. 

The  peace  secured  was  of  short  duration,  for  during  the 
Revolutionary  War  the  Six  Indian  Nations  of  New  York  and 
all  of  the  western  tribes,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  Min- 
goes,  broke  out  in  open,  fierce  hostility  to  the  American  colonies. 
After  the  massacre  of  Wyoming  had  been  avenged  and  the  power 
of  the  Six  Nations  broken  at  the  battle  of  Oriskaney,  the  Eighth 
Pennsylvania  regiment  of  the  Continental  Line  under  General 
Mcintosh  was  sent  to  Fort  Pitt. 

In  1778  Patrick  Henry,  then  governor  of  Virginia,  author- 
ized George  Rogers  Clark  to  raise  an  independent  command  to 
invade  the  Illinois  country.  In  the  fall  of  that  year,  Congress 
authorized  a  demonstration  against  Detroit.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence to  show  that  these  two  expeditions  were  intended  to  co- 
operate. In  furtherance  of  the  Detroit  project,  Mcintosh  led  an 
expedition  from  Fort  Pitt  against  the  Sandusky  Indians.  He  had 
a  thousand  men,  and  in  every  way  his  command  was  better 
equipped  than  Clark's,  yet  he  got  no  further  than  the  Tuscarora 
River,  where  he  constructed  Fort  Laurens  and  left  it  garrisoned 
by  a  battalion  under  General  Gibson. 

After  Mcintosh  returned  to  Fort  Pitt,  this  garrison  was 
closely  besieged  for  several  months.  Major  Bauman  attempted 
to  make  a  diversion  by  leading  an  expedition  against  the  Shawa- 
nee  villages  on  the  Upper  Miami.  This  was  ineffective,  and  the 
next  winter  Fort  Laurens  was  abandoned. 

In  1780  Colonel  Broadhead  raided  the  Muskingum  country 
with  small  results.     These  expeditions  were  made  by  the  Eighth 

this  is  true,  their  chiefs  have  been  known  in  battle  to  give  orders  by 
flashes   from   old   mirrors. 


152  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Pennsylvania.  The  only  other  expeditions  made  within  our  bor- 
ders were  made  from  Kentucky. 

At  the  close  of  the  War  for  Independence  all  the  state  troops 
were  discharged ;  and  all  of  the  Continental  Line  except  one  bat- 
talion of  artillery.  This  constituted  the  entire  army  of  which 
General  Knox  was  commander. 

In  1784  a  regiment  of  infantry  was  organized  of  which 
Josiah  Harmer  was  lieutenant-colonel  commanding.  When 
General  Knox  was  made  the  first  secretary  of  war,  Harmer  be- 
came commander-in-chief,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier- 
general. 

Fort  Pitt  was  held,  as  heretofore  stated,  by  a  garrison  of 
Continental  troops  under  General  Lackland  Mcintosh.  He  is 
sometimes  spoken  of  as  "Come,  and  take  it  Mcintosh."  It  was 
his  brother,  John  Mcintosh,  who,  when  the  British  demanded  the 
surrender  of  '96,  replied,  *Tf  you  want  it,  come  and  take  it." 

Vincennes  and  Kaskaskia  were  held  by  a  provisional  regi- 
ment of  Illinois  troops,  organized  by  General  Clark.  As  soon  as 
Harmer's  regiment  -was  organized,  detachments  from  it  were  sent 
to  garrison  these  posts. 

Of  the  twenty-seven  posts  established  in  Ohio,  only  twelve 
require  special  notice.  Lauramie,  Steuben  and  Harmer  were  on 
or  near  the  eastern  border ;  the  others  were  on  the  western 
frontier. 

Fort  Harmer  was  established  by  Major  John  Doughty,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum  River,  in  1785.  Three  years  later 
the  Ohio  Company  made  their  first  settlement  at  Marietta,  under 
Putnam  and  Cutler,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Muskingum.  As 
their  settlements  extended  several  miles,  several  sub-posts  and 
block-houses  were  built  for  their  protection ;  none  of  these  were 
ever  actually  besieged,  yet  they  afforded  a  very  necessary  pro- 
tection. 

Fort  Washington  was  also  established  by  Major  Doughty 
within  the  present  limits  of  Cincinnati.  It  never  was  actually 
attacked,  but  was  the  base  of  operations  in  the  campaigns  of 
Harmer,  St.  Clair,  and  Wayne. 

Before  the  fort  was  built,  and  before  any  regulars  were 
sent,  either  to  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Miami,  or  the  Falls  of  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  -  153 

Ohio,  Clark  and  Logan  led  their  expeditions  up  the  Miami  from 
this  vicinity. 

Logan's  expedition,  in  1786,  burned  the  Indian  villages  in 
the  vicinity  of  Mac-a-Cheek,  in  Logan  County. 

Todd  led  a  party  of  Kentuckians  into  the  Scioto  Valley  in 
1788. 

]\lajor  Doughty,  who  had  been  an  artillery  officer  in  the 
Continental  Army,  when  he  came  from  Fort  Harmer,  in  June 
1789,  to  build  Fort  Washington,  brought  with  him  140  men. 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Harmer  came  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year, 
bringing  a  reinforcement  of  300  men.  From  Fort  Washington  he 
sent  detachments  to  Kaskaskia  and  Vincennes.  After  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase,  Kaskaskia  was  abandoned,  and  its  garrison  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis. 

Forts  Hamilton,  Jeflferson,  and  St.  Clair  were  built  along  the 
hne  of  St.  Clair's  advance  in  1791. 

Forts  Greenville  and  Recovery  were  built  by  General  Wayne 
in  1793.  The  last  named  fort  was  erected  in  what  is  now  Mer- 
cer County,  on  the  site  of  St.  Clair's  disaster. 

Forts  McArthur,  Stevenson  and  Meigs  were  constructed 
during  the  War  of  181 2.  Fort  McArthur  was  located  at  the 
crossing  of  the  Scioto,  in  Hardin  County,  on  the  line  of  Hull's 
advance.  It  was  a  defensive  position  on  his  line  of  communica- 
tions. It  was  attacked  a  number  of  times,  but  always  success- 
fully defended. 

Of  Forts  Stevenson  and  Meigs  we  will  have  something  to 
say  in  speaking  of  the  campaign  of  181 3.  There  are  certain 
episodes  in  our  history  which  must  be  noted  in  proper  sequence. 

Twenty-one  years  before  Chillicothe  was  laid  out  by  Massie, 
the  drums  and  trumpets  of  Dunmore  echoed  and  re-echoed  from 
the  hills  wdiich  border  this  valley.  This  expedition  came  in  two 
columns,  which  gave  Cornstalk  an  opportunity  to  fight  the  in- 
vading forces  in  detail.  The  Shawanee  chief  probably  never 
heard  of  strategy,  yet  he  used  excellent  strategy  in  taking  ad- 
vantage of  interior  lines.  If  he  had  defeated  Lewis  at  Point 
Pleasant,  he  could  have  cut  Lord  Dunmore's  line  of  retreat  and 
have  given  him  a  very  unpleasant  experience. 


154  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

This  picturesque  campaign  had  no  permanent  results.  The 
destinies  of  the  Northwest  were  decided  fourteen  years  later  by 
George  Rogers  Clark's  famous  expedition,  which  resulted  in  the 
capture  of  Kaskaskia  and  Vincennes.  Clark's  subsequent  cam- 
paigns in  Ohio,  and  his  defeat  of  the  Miamis,  Delawares  and 
Shawanees,  was  another  fortunate  diversion  for  the  settlers  in 
Eastern  Ohio. 

Here  let  us  note  that  in  all  our  Indian  wars  between  1774 
and  1 8 14  victory  or  defeat  seemed  to  depend  on  the  relative 
ability  of  the  leaders  on  either  side.  Cornstalk,  Little  Turtle  and 
Tecumseh  had  unquestionably  greater  military  ability  than  any 
of  our  generals  with  the  exception  of  Clark,  HarrisDn  and  Wayne. 
We  had  scores  of  daring  fighters,  but  it  was  reckless  courage 
which  caused  such  disasters  as  befell  the  Kentuckians  at  the 
river  Rasin  and  Fort  Meigs.  The  expeditions  of  Boone,  Bowman, 
Broadhead  and  Logan  would  be  called  raids  now-a-days,  yet 
they  put  the  Indians  upon  the  defensive,  and  in  that  way  made 
the  settlement  of  Ohio  a  possibility. 

As  this  place,  Chillicothe,  is  called  the  Ancient  Metropolis, 
there  is  an  impression  that  it  was  one  of  the  first  settlements; 
the  fact  is,  however,  that  the  Scioto  Valley  was  the  last  part  of 
the  state  open  to  occupation.  The  act  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, setting  aside  the  Virginia  Military  Land  District,  provided 
that  the  section  between  the  Scioto  and  the  Little  Miami  should 
not  be  open  to  location  until  the  good  lands  in  Kentucky  were 
exhausted. 

Harmer's  expedition  was  the  first  that  had  in  it  any  con- 
siderable number  of  Ohio  militia.  They  did  creditable  service, 
but  Harmer  was  not  as  able  a  commander  as  Little  Turtle,  nor 
were  his  men,  brave  as  they  were,  any  match  for  the  picked  war- 
riors of  the  Miamis  and  Shawanees. 

St.  Clair  was  also  outgeneraled  by  the  great  chief  of  the 
Miamis.  The  excuse  is  often  made  for  his  defeat  that  our  troops 
were  ambushed  and  surprised.  This  is  a  puerile  explanation. 
Strategem  and  surprise  is  a  part  of  the  game  of  war.  It  is  what 
the  soldier  should  practice  against  his  enemy,  and  guard  against 
himself.  There  is  small  glory  in  Indian  warfare,  although  it  is 
full  of  dangers,  hardships,  and  perplexities.     St.  Clair  was  com- 


Ohio  Centennial.  ISS' 

pelled,  by  the  urgency  of  the  situation,  to  make  a  campaign  with- 
out adequate  means  and  sufficient  preparation.  An  army  can- 
not be  improvised,  nor  men  discipHned,  in  a  day. 

As  this  monograph  is  intended  as  a  comment  upon  our 
early  miUtary  history  rather  than  a  chronicle  of  events,  it  may 
not  be  out  of  place  to  refer  to  one  statement  made  in  the  ac- 
counts of  St.  Clair's  defeat.  It  is  that  the  militia  gave  way  with 
little  or  no  resistance.  We  find  similar  statements  made  as  to 
their  inefficiency  in  the  histories  of  all  our  early  wars. 

In  the  Revolutionary  War  there  were  battles  in  which  they 
fought  bravely  and  effectively,  as  at  Bunker  Hill  and  Bennington ; 
while  at  Long  Island  and  Camden  they  gave  way  almost  at  the 
first  fire.  In  the  War  of  1812  their  service  was  notoriously  in- 
efficient, and  at  Bladensburg  they  hardly  made  only  a  show  of  re- 
sistance. 

Of  late  years  the  service  of  our  National  Guard  regiments 
has  been  highly  creditable  and  free  from  the  humiliating  stam- 
pedes of  early  times.  Let  us  consider  what  has  caused  the 
change  for  the  better. 

We  have  in  this  country  three  kinds  of  military  service. 
That  of  the  regular  establishment,  filled  by  volunteer  enlistments, 
and  permanently  under  the  control  of  the  general  government. 
Then  we  have  volunteer  troops,  distinctively  so  called,  which  are 
our  chief  dependence  in  war.  They  are  state  organizations, 
mustered  into  the  service  of  the  national  government  for  a  stated 
period.  Lastly,  we  have  the  militia  organizations,  where  ser- 
vice under  the  laws  of  nearly  all  states  and  territories  is  obliga- 
tory. In  practice  their  enlistments  in  time  of  peace  are  volun- 
tary. Nevertheless,  unless  specifically  excused,  militia  service  is 
obligatory.  At  the  time  of  which  we  are  writing,  compulsory 
calls  were  often  made.  The  question  recurs :  why  was  their  ser- 
vice so  often  unsatisfactory? 

One  reason,  frequently  given,  is  that  they  elect  officers 
more  amiable  than  efficient.  Another  cause  assigned,  is  that  short 
termed  troops  are  never  well  instructed.  But  a  more  conclusive 
reason  for  the  superiority  of  the  national  guardsmen  of  to-day 
over  their  military  predecessors  is  that  they  are  more  intelligent 


.156  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

and  better  educated,  and  finally,  that  they  have  more  local  and 
national  pride. 

Referring  again  to  St.  Clair's  disaster,  it  may  be  said  that 
there  are  few  more  tragic  episodes  than  that  of  this  Revolutionary 
hero,  this  veteran  of  many  battles,  carried  back  wounded  and 
helpless  in  the  rear  of  his  defeated  army — his  reputation  as  a 
soldier  and  his  influence  as  a  man  lost  in  one  fatal  hour. 

Wayne  met  with  no  such  misfortune.  He  secured  the  best 
scouts  in  the  western  country  and  took  time  to  drill,  instruct  and 
•discipline  his  army.  He  had,  himself,  experienced  an  unfortu- 
nate defeat  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  at  Peoli  Mills,  from  a 
neglect  of  guard  and  picket  duty ;  being  a  sensible  man,  he  did 
not  have  to  learn  the  lesson  twice. 

There  is  one  feature  in  the  battle  of  Fallen  Timbers  which 
deserves  a  special  notice.  When  the  advance  began,  it  never 
stopped.  The  enemy  were  given  no  chance  to  rally  or  reform 
their  lines.  The  victory  was  so  complete  that  it  settled  definitely 
the  western  boundary  of  Ohio. 

In  the  treaty  of  Greenville  we  agreed  to  give,  at  once,  for 
three-fourths  of  this  state  and  a  part  of  Indiana,  goods  to  the 
value  of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  and  nine  thousand  five  hun- 
dred dollars  in  five  annual  payments. 

This  year  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  real  and  personal 
property  of  Ohio  i$  one  billion  nine  hundred  million  dollars,  and 
the  estimated  total  value  is  six  billion  of  dollars.  If  laid  out  in 
heaps,  there  would  be  six  thousand  piles  of  gold  of  a  million 
-dollars  each,  but  the  price  paid  was  not  all  in  bartered  goods  — 
but  in  blood  and  blows;  in  privations,  self-sacrifices,  in  days  of 
danger,  sleepless  nights,  in  the  sweat  of  the  brow,  and  tears  of 
sorrow.  The  change  wrought  was  worth  the  price,  regardless  of 
material  gain.  The  bestiality  of  the  wigwam  gave  place  to  the 
refinements  of  the  civilized  home;  the  incantations  of  the  med- 
icine-man to  the  triumphs  of  science ;  the  vendetta  of  the  savage 
to  tribunals  of  justice ;  the  Ishmaelite  gospel  of  hate  to  the  Chris- 
tian evangel  of  benevolence. 

The  British  lent  their  aid  to  the  Indians  because  they  wished 
to  keep  the  whole  western  country  as  a  hunting  preserve  for  the 
fur  trade. 


Ohio  Centennial.  15T 

Tecumseh  needed  no  urging;  he  saw  that  the  conflict  be- 
tween the  red  man  and  the  pale  face  was  inevitable.  He  was 
not  contending  only  for  a  hunting-ground,  but  for  the  homes  of 
his  people.  His  claim,  that  the  Indian  held  the  American  conti- 
nent in  trust  for  his  whole  race,  was  a  grand  conception.  His 
contention,  that  no  tribe  had  a  right  to  barter  away  its  heritage, 
was  a  statesmanlike  anticipation  of  our  denial  of  the  right  of 
secession  and  our  assertion  of  the  indestructibility  of  our  Union. 

When  his  brother,  the  prophet,  precipitated  the  contest  and 
lost  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Tecumseh  had  unwillingly  to  form 
an  alliance  with  the  British. 

Then  came  the  War  of  1812,  with  its  lights  and  shadows  of 
victory  and  defeat. 

It  has  been  called  the  second  war  of  independence,  yet  it 
was  rather  a  contest  for  the  possession  of  what  we  would  now 
call  the  hinterland  of  the  continent. 

When  the  territory  between  the  crest  of  the  Alleghanies 
and  the  Mississippi  was  conceded  to  us  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  in 
1783,  the  governing  class  in  Great  Britain  did  not  anticipate  that 
we  would  ever  acquire  the  vast  domain  west  of  that  river.  But 
even  before  the  Louisiana  purchase  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
had  awakened  to  the  fact  that  their  interests  had  been  jeopardized 
by  a  too  liberal  territorial  concession.  Hence  it  happened  that 
the  machinations  of  this  powerful  company  had  much  to  do  in 
bringing  about  a  renewal  of  hostilities.  But  back  of  all  other 
considerations  was  the  silent  force  of  geographical  gravitation, 
which  would  have  ultimately  drawn  the  two  nations  into  a  con- 
test for  the  sovereignty  of  this  great  inland  empire. 

The  people  of  Ohio  certainly  felt  less  interest  in  the  Brit- 
ish impressment  of  seamen  and  the  right  of  search  than  thev  did 
in  the  territorial  question.  The  promptness  with  which  three 
regiments  were  raised  in  a  new  and  thinly-populated  state  showed 
that  the  men  of  that  period  were  influenced  by  a  tangible  inter- 
est, and  not  by  a  mere  sentiment. 

The  campaign  of  181 2  began  by  the  regiments  of  Finley, 
McArthur  and  Cass,  under  the  command  of  General  Hull,  cuttings 
their  way  through  the  forests  from  Urbana  to  the  lakes. 


158  Oliio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

This  has  been  represented  as  quite  an  achievement,  yet  it  took 
Hull  nearly  four  weeks  in  summer  to  make  this  march  of  a  hun- 
dred miles.  He  had  two  thousand  men,  and  nearly  all  of  them 
expert  axmen.  When  we  compare  this  with  Sherman's  march 
in  mid-winter  through  the  woods  and  swamps  of  the  Carolinas, 
with  sixty  thousand  men,  from  Savannah  to  Goldsborough,  four 
hundred  and  twenty-five  miles  in  forty  days,  the  performance  of 
our  forefathers  sufifers  by  comparison.  Next  we  find  Hull  re- 
treating from  the  Canada  side  against  the  almost  insubordinate 
protests  of  his  officers.  After  occupying  Detroit,  he  sent  back 
Van  Horn  to  bring  in  Captain  Brush  with  supplies ;  then  followed 
the  battle  of  Maguagua.  Cass  and  McArthur  were  then  sent 
out  to  bring  in  Van  Horn.  In  their  absence  Detroit  was  surren- 
dered and  their  commands  included  in  the  capitulation. 

So  ended  the  most  humiliating  chapter  in  our  national  an- 
nals. Lossing,  in  his  history,  tries  to  palliate  Hull  in  his  disgrace- 
ful surrender,  yet  he  had  a  fair  trial  by  a  court-martial  made 
up  of  the  most  prominent  officers  then  in  the  service.  Major- 
General  Henry  Dearborn  was  president  of  the  court,  Martin  Van 
Buren  was  judge-advocate,  the  proceedings  were  reviewed  by 
Alexander  J.  Dallas  and  approved  by  President  Madison.  He 
was  justly  sentenced  to  be  shot,  but  the  members  of  the  court 
recommended  him  to  clemency  on  account  of  his  age  and  Rev- 
olutionary service. 

Yet  he  was  only  fifty-nine  years  of  age  when  he  surrendered 
to  an  inferior  force  without  resistance.  He  was  of  the  same  age 
as  Major  Robert  Anderson  when  he  defended  Fort  Sumter.  He 
was  just  of  the  age  of  Admiral  Dewey  when  he  sank  the  Spanish 
fleet  in  Manila  Bay.  He  was  one  year  younger  than  Scott  when 
lie  took  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  eleven  years  younger  than  Moltke 
when  he  defeated  the  French  at  Sedan. 

As  our  Ohio  regiments  had  been  made  prisoners,  our  north- 
ern border  would  have  been  left  defenceless  if  Kentucky  had  not 
come  to  the  rescue  and  sent  three  regiments  of  volunteers  to 
the  front. 

It  was  then  that  the  hero  of  Tippecanoe  appeared  on  the 
scene.  The  campaign  of  1813  opened  with  our  defeat  at  the 
Tiver  Raisin.     This  comDelled   Harrison  to  stand  upon  the  de- 


Ohio  Centennial.  159 

fensive;  he  hurried  to  the  rapids  of  the  Maumee  and  built  Fort 
Meigs,  which  he  twice  defended  against  the  British  and  Indians 
under  Proctor  and  Tecumseh.  Major  George  Croghan  made  a 
defense  of  Fort  Stevenson  which  is  historic* 

The  danger  of  invasion  seemed  so  imminent  that  Governor 
Meigs  directed  General  McArthur,  who  was  then  major-general 
of  the  Ohio  militia,  to  call  out  all  men  capable  of  bearing  arms. 
McArthur  made  what  is  known  as  the  general  call.  This  was  also 
an  historic  episode.  It  may  not  have  been  so  picturesque  as  the 
assembling  of  the  Scotch  clans,  on  the  call  of  the  fiery  cross,  but 
like  the  minute  men  of  New  England,  the  men  of  Ohio  left  the 
plane  on  the  bench,  and  the  plow  in  the  furrow,  took  down  their 
rifles  and  powder-horn,  and  started  for  the  front.  As  the  sun- 
shine shimmered  down  through  the  waving  boughs  of  the  forest 
upon  this  hurrying  array  of  earnest  men,  it  fell  upon  the  flag  of 
thirteen  stripes  and  seventeen  stars.  The  last  star  was  that  of 
Ohio,  which  from  that  time  on  has  led  the  men  of  the  Buckeye 
state  from  victory  to  victory,  and  from  glory  to  glory. 

When  the  head  of  our  column  neared  the  Maumee,  Proctor 
retreated  to  Maiden.  It  may  seem  strange  that  Harrison  did  not 
follow  him.  The  reason  he  did  not  is  because  the  force  that 
reported  to  him  came  upon  an  emergency  call,  and  when  the  dan- 
ger was  averted  these  men  had  to  return  to  their  homes,  where 
only  aged  and  infirm  men  and  women  and  children  had  been  left. 

*  Major  Croghan's  defense  of  Fort  Stephenson  with  160  men  and  one 
six-pounder  field-piece  against  500  Canadians  with  a  siege  train  and  800 
Indians  was  justly  considered  a  most  creditable  feat  of  arms.  As  a  des- 
perate defense  it  does  not  compare  with  General  Sandy  Forsyth's  desperate 
fight  against  a  thousand  Sioux  warriors  at  Bloody  Island.  But  far  more 
depended  upon  the  result  of  Croghan's  fight.  Time  was  required  to 
bring  up  reinforcements  and  to  organize  an  offensive  movement,  and  the 
sacrifice  of  the  garrison  of  Fort  Stephenson  would  have  been  justifiable 
under  the  circumstances.  George  Croghan,  (pronounced  Crawn),  was  a 
major  of  the  17th  Infantry,  lieutenant-colonel  2d  Rifles,  and  assistant  in- 
spector-general of  the  Army.  He  was  born  in  Kentucky  and  died  in  1849. 
He  was  a  son  of  Major  Wm.  Croghan  of  the  Continental  Army.  His 
mother  was  a.  sister  of  General  George  Rogers  Clark.  Colonel  Jonathan 
Clark  and  General  Wm.  Clark  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition.  He 
was  a  first  cousin  of  General  Thos.  Jessup  and  General  Robert  Anderson. 
His  son,  Colonel  George  Croghan,  Jr.,  was  killed  in  the  Confederate 
army  at  Cornifex  Ferry  in   1861. 


160  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Even  after  Harrison  received  more  permanent  reinforce- 
ments he  could  not  assume  the  offensive  while  the  British  held 
the  command  of  the  lakes.  Perry's  victory  at  Put-in-Bay  was 
fought  and  won  on  the  tenth  of  September,  1813.  There  were 
many  Ohio  men  in  the  tops  of  Perry's  ships,  whose  unerring  aim 
drove  the  British  gunners  from  the  decks  of  their  vessels.  This, 
the  only  naval  battle  fought  within  our  borders,  was  as  pictur- 
esque as  it  was  decisive.  Perry's  message  to  Harrison:  "We 
have  met  the  enemy  and  they  are  ours,"  became  as  famous  as 
Caesar's  veniy  vidi,  vici. 

The  battle  of  the  Thames,  which  was  fought  a  little  over  a 
month  later,  may  be  briefly  described  as  three  thousand  red  coats 
and  red  men  defeated  in  three  minutes.  So  far  as  I  know,  it  was 
the  only  battle  fought  on  this  continent  decided  by  a  charge  of 
cavalry. 

Tecumseh,  the  great  chief  of  the  Shawanees,  and  a  brigadier- 
general  in  the  British  army,  was  killed  in  this  engagement.  With 
the  exception  of  Grant  and  Sherman  he  was,  in  my  opinion,  the 
greatest  warrior  born  within  the  borders  of  Ohio.  He  was  more 
than  a  mere  fighter,  he  was  a  diplomatist,  orator  and  a  natural 
leader  of  men.  He  waged  what  he  knew  was  a  hopeless  contest,, 
but  fought  bravely  to  the  last ;  he  was  idolized  by  his  own  follow- 
ers, and  respected  by  his  foes. 

After  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  Harrison  returned  with  his 
army  to  Detroit.  There  he  received  an  order  from  the  sec- 
retary of  war  to  muster  out  the  Kentucky  volunteers  and  to 
proceed  to  the  Niagara  frontier.  After  complying  with  this  or- 
der, and  before  he  was  given  a  command,  he  received  letters  from 
General  Armstrong,  secretary  of  war,  severely  criticising  his  ad- 
ministration of  the  Eighth  Military  District.  General  Harrison 
resented  this  censure,  and  after  an  ascetic  correspondence  he 
received,  unasked,  a  leave  of  absence ;  upon  this  he  resigned  and 
returned  to  his  home  in  Ohio. 

General  Armstrong  has  published  a  history  of  the  War  of 
1 81 2.  From  this  it  appears  that  he  found  fault  with  General 
Harrison  in  several  particulars.  First,  that  he  habitually  over- 
estimated his  opponents'  numbers  and  resources.  That  he  stood 
upon  the  defensive,  when  a  more  aggressive  policy  might  have 


Ohio  Centennial.  161 

been  adopted  to  his  advantage.  That  he  should  either  have  with- 
drawn Major  Croghan's  command,  or  have  supported  him  with 
his  entire  force.  The  secretary  dwelt  with  greater  emphasis 
upon  his  lavish  expenditure  of  money,  and  finally  he  reminded 
him  that  he  had  never  sent  a  single  report  to  the  War  Depart- 
ment while  in  command  of  the  Western  Department.* 

Unquestionably  General  Harrison's  administration  was  open 
to  criticism.  He  was  a  brave  man,  but  not  a  bold  leader ;  yet  it 
must  be  said  of  him  that  he  was  a  successful  commander  under 
very  trying  circumstances. 

It  is  reported  in  an  executive  document,  sent  to  the  Twenty- 
fourth  Congress  that  Ohio  furnished  24,703  men  of  all  classes  in 
the  war,  but  these  were  enlistments,  and  it  is  known  that  many 
Ohio  men  served  several  enlistments.  The  numbers  who  actually 
w^ent  to  the  front  probably  did  not  exceed  14,000. 

General  McArthur  and  his  brigade  were  also  ordered  to  the 
Eastern  Department.  His  command  was  transferred  to  Erie  by 
water,  and  marched  from  there  to  Sackett's  Harbor,  in  New 
York.  From  there  McArthur  went  as  a  witness  before  the  Hull 
court-martial  at  Albany.  After  giving  his  testimony,  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  district  of  the  Northwest.  In  the 
summer  of  1814,  he  was  directed  to  call  upon  the  state  of  Ohio 
for  five  hundred  mounted  volunteers,  and  for  as  many  from  Ken- 
tucky. Of  this  number  only  seven  hundred  reported;  with  this 
force,  and  an  addition  of  seventy  friendly  Indians,  he  dispersed  a 
band  of  Pottawatamies  which  were  threatening  Detroit.  Orders 
were  then  received  to  cross  over  into  Canada  to  make  a  diversion 
in  favor  of  the  army  under  General  Brown,  then  operating  on  the 
Niagara  frontier.  With  this  object  this  small  brigade  marched 
up  the  valley  of  the/Thames,  as  Harrison  had  done  the  year  be- 
fore. This  command,  however,  went  much  further  and  finally 
reached  Grand  River  at  a  point  only  twenty-five  miles  from  the 
head  of  Lake  Ontario.  There  they  had  a  battle  with  the  Ca- 
nadian militia  at  Malcolm's  Mills,  on  the  fifth  of  November,  1814. 

*In  Burr's  Life  and  Times  of  Wm.  H.  Harrison,  an  additional 
reason  is  given  for  General  Harrison's  resignation.  It  seems  that  Sec- 
retary of  War  Armstrong  gave  orders  direct  to  one  of  General  Harrison's 
subordinates,  a  Major  Holmes,  without  transmitting  them  through  the 
regular  channels.  Upon  this  Harrison  at  once  resigned, 
o.  c— 11 


162  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  Canadian  loss  was  one  officer  and  seventeen  men  killed,  and 
as  many  wounded.  Two  hundred  were  taken  prisoners.  Here 
McArthur  learned  that  General  Izard  had  retreated  to  the  Ameri- 
can side.  He  therefore,  necessarily,  had  to  abandon  his  intention 
of  joining  him  at  Fort  Erie.  After  destroying  all  the  mills  and 
other  contraband  of  war  in  that  vicinity  the  expedition  returned 
to  Detroit. 

McAfee,  in  his  history  of  the  "War  in  the  West,"  concludes 
his  account  of  this  campaign  with  this  remark:  "Thus  termi- 
nated an  expedition  which  was  not  surpassed  in  the  war  in  bold- 
ness of  design  nor  in  the  address  in  which  it  was  conducted. 
General  M<:Arthur,  who  conceived  and  conducted  it,  displayed 
great  bravery  and  military  skill." 

This  compliment  seems  well  deserved  when  we  consider  that 
It  was  the  only  command  in  the  war  that  penetrated  two  hundred 
and  twenty-five  miles  into  the  enemy's  country. 

It  only  remains  now  to  refer  to  the  final  result  of  the  contest, 
so  far  as  the  Indians  were  concerned.  By  a  treaty  made  on  the 
part  of  the  national  government  by  General  McArthur  and  Cass. 
in  1 817,  the  Wyandots,  Senecas,  Dela wares,  Pottawatomies,  Ot- 
tawas,  Shawanees  and  Chippewas  sold  and  relinquished  their 
right  and  title  to  all  lands  north  of  the  Ohio  River  and  agreed  to 
move  beyond  the  Mississippi.  The  consideration  ran  variously, 
from  four  thousand  dollars  in  perpetuity  to  the  Wyandots  to  a 
single  payment  of  five  hundred  dollars  to  a  Delaware.  Verily 
McArthur  and  Cass  drove  a  shrewd  bargain  with  those  native 
Americans,  yet  they  did  not  fare  so  badly,  after  all,  for  they  were 
given  the  best  land  in  the  Indian  Territory. 

I  remember,  as  a  boy,  seeing  the  last  of  these  Ohio  Indians 
passing  Chillicothe  on  canal  boats  on  their  way  to  their  new  res- 
ervation. I  have  since  seen  some  of  their  descendants  loafing 
about  railway  stations,  the  men  dressed  in  slopshop  clothes  and 
smoking  cinnamon  cigars,  and  the  squaws  in  gaudy  raiment, 
■chewing  tutti  fruti. 

Men  of  my  cloth  are  not  much  given  to  moralizing,  yet  there 
are  a  few  deductions,  so  obvious  from  this  review  of  our  his- 
tory, that  they  seem  to  suggest  themselves.  The  first  is,  that  our 
people  are  warlike  but  not  military;  we  are  belligerent  enough, 


Ohio  Centennial.  163 

but  do  not  like  discipline  and  preparation.  There  was  a  Saxon 
king,  known  as  Athelstan,  the  unready.  In  military  matters  we 
are  like  him.  We  probably  never  will  be  ready  for  war.  As  Wash- 
ington's advice,  that  we  should  in  peace  prepare  for  war,  has 
been  persistently  ignored,  it  is  hopeless  to  convince  the  American 
people  that  any  preparations  for  war  are  necessary.  Our  Ohio 
people  are  more  than  usually  incredulous  to  this.  It  has  been  our 
fortunate  experience  that  no  large  battles  have  ever  been  fought 
within  our  borders.  The  battles  referred  to  in  this  monograph 
seem  small  by  comparison  with  a  number  which  have  been  seen 
by  many  here  present.  It  is  strange,  yet  true,  that  very  many  of 
the  decisive  battles  of  the  world  have  been  small  battles.  Mara- 
thon was  a  small  affair,  so  was  the  battle  of  Hastings,  which  de- 
cided the  destiny  of  England.  Washington's  army  at  Yorktown 
would  now  be  considered  a  small  division.  At  the  battle  of  Fal- 
len Timbers  we  only  had  about  one  thousand  men  engaged.  San 
Jacinto,  which  freed  Texas,  was  fought  by  a  handful  of  reckless 
men.  But  of  all  events  in  our  strange,  eventful  history,  Clark's 
conquest  of  the  great  inland  empire,  with  his  small  band  of  dar- 
ing adventurers,  was  the  most  remarkable.  In  the  history  of  the 
world  there  is  nothing  to  compare  with  this  when  we  consider 
the  apparent  insignificance  of  their  means  in  the  relation  to  the 
results  achieved.  The  conquest  of  Mexico  and  Peru  appeal  more 
to  the  imagination,  but  the  area  covered  by  Clark's  conquest  has 
a  population  greater  than  that  of  Mexico  and  Peru  combined; 
and  compared  to  the  wealth  of  Ohio  alone,  the  treasures  of  the 
Montezumas  and  the  Incas  sink  into  insignificance. 

So  endeth  the  first  lesson.  The  second  will  show  you  the 
glorious  fabric  raised  upon  the  solid  foundations  laid  by  our 
pioneers.  They  labored  wisely  and  well.  How  well,  may  be  seen, 
not  only  in  our  present  prosperity,  not  only  in  our  marvelous  con- 
quests of  the  powers  of  nature,  but  also  in  the  production  of 
such  men  as  stand  in  enduring  bronze  in  the  front  of  our  capitol. 

To  revert  for  a  moment  to  my  military  text,  have  you  never 
noted  how  many  of  our  presidents  have  military  antecedents? 
Washington,  Monroe,  Jackson,  W.  H.  Harrison,  Taylor,  Pearce, 
Lincoln,  Grant,  Hayes,  Garfield,  Benj.  Harrison,  McKinley  and 
Roosevelt. 


164  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Have  we  proved  worthy  of  our  sires  ?  It  is  not  for  us  to  say ; 
yet  in  our  late  wars  no  American  soldier  is  known  to  have  turned 
his  back  upon  the  foe.  I  have  seen  Old  Glory  with  its  constella- 
tion of  stars  go  up  high  in  the  southern  heavens  while  the  por- 
tentous banner  of  Spain  came  fluttering  down  like  a  wounded 
vulture  to  the  ground. 

''Grim  visaged  war  has  smoothed  his  wrinkled  front,"  and 
now  on  every  side  we  see  the  triumphs  of  Art,  the  wonders  of 
Science,  the  monuments  of  Wealth.  We  are,  to-day,  proud,  pros- 
perous and  confident.  Capua  is  more  pleasant  than  the  camp. 
Yet,  in  its  pleasures,  let  us  beware,  lest  we  lose  the  manly  quali- 
ties which  make  ambition  virtue,  and  a  nation  great. 

References  :  — Lossing's  Field  Book  of  the  War  '"12."  Niles  Reg- 
ister. Atwater's  History  of  Ohio.  King's  Ohio.  In  American  Common- 
wealth. McMaster's  History  of  the  American  People.  Braman's  Official 
Letters.  Peter  Porcupine's  Letters.  Atherton's  Narrative.  John  Arm- 
strong's History.  McAfee's  War  in  the  Northwest.  The  Dartmoor 
Prison.  Sundry  pamphlets  of  the  Bancroft  Collection.  Life  of  W.  H. 
Harrison.  Drake's  Life  of  Tecumseh.  English's  Life  of  George  Rogers 
Clark.  Alphabetical  List  of  Battles.  Wilson's  Treaty  of  Greenville. 
McDonald's  Sketches.  Butterfield's  History  of  the  Girtys.  Parkman's 
Pontiaq. 


THE  MILITARY  HISTORY  OF  OHIO, 

FROM 

THE   WAR    OF    13X2,   INCLUDING    THE   CIVIL   AND 
SPANISH  WARS. 


J.    WARREN    KEIFER. 

With  the  close  of  the  War  of  1812  with  Great  Britain,  so 
glorious  to  the  United  States  in  achievements  on  land  and  sea, 
in  which  Ohio  soldiers  and  sailors  bore  an  honorable  part,  came 
also  peace,  in  large  part,  with  the  In- 
dian tribes  that  had  so  long  held  back 
the  border  settlements  within  Ohio's 
hmits.  Farther  west,  Indian  wars  of 
a  more  or  less  desultory,  yet  bloody, 
kind,  continued  almost  to  the  end  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  In  these  and 
the  notable  Florida  Indian  War,  last- 
ing about  eight  years  (1835-1843), 
the  bloodiest  and  most  costly  of  all 
our  Indians  wars,  Ohio  did  not  par- 
ticipate, save  by  her  contributions  to 
the  regular  military  forces,  though  her 
restless  sons  were  ever  moving  with 
the  frontier  borders,  as  civilization  ad- 
vanced through  forest  and  over  prairie  and  plain,  penetrating 
and  crossing  the  Rocky  mountain  ranges,  and  stopped  only  by 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific; 

Excluding  the  Indian  wars,  there  was,  after  the  close  of  the 
War  of  1 8 12,  a  long  interval  (31  years)  of  peace  —  the  longest 
in  the  history  of  the  Republic  except  the  one  (33  years)  follow- 
ing the  Civil  War.  Then  came  the  war  with  our  sister  republic 
of  Mexico.  165 


J*   WARREN   KEIFER. 


166  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  annals  of  our  still  young  country  have  been  bloody,  hence 
eventful.  From  Lexington  (1775)  to  Appomattox  (1865)  — 
ninety  years  —  sixteen  years,  more  than  an  average  of  one  year 
in  every  six,  were  (Indian  wars  excepted)  devoted  to  wars  with 
foreign  powers  and  to  the  Civil  War,  in  each  of  which  Ohio 
gave  her  devoted  sons,  as  regulars  and  volunteers,  both  to  the 
army  and  navy;  and,  Indian  wars  excepted,  ten  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century  were  years  of  war.  A  marvel  of  the  ages 
will  ever  be  the  fact  that  colonies,  started  on  a  newly-discovered 
continent  infested  by  hostile  tribes,  and  soon  at  war  with  a 
mother  country  powerful  both  by  sea  ahd  land,  and  endangered 
by  the  baleful  institution  of  human  slavery,  which  had  there  been 
planted  and  fostered  by  the  connivance  and  the  avarice  of  mon- 
archical countries  of  the  old  world,  all  of  which  were  jealous 
of  their  free  institutions,  grew  into  a  nation,  within,  the  span  of 
of  a  century,  to  stand  and  to  be  acknowledged  first  among  the 
powers,  of  the  world,  and,  from  its  birth,  in  population,  from 
3,000,000  of  a  somewhat  heterogeneous  people,  now  to  about  80,- 
000,000  of  a  largely  homogeneous  people,  though  springing  from 
almost  all  the  races,  and  coming,  originally,  from  almost  all  the 
countries  of  the  earth,  speaking  every  tongue.  No  less  marvelous 
is  the  fact  that  in  a  trackless  wilderness,  occupied  by  the  most 
warlike  of  the  hostile  tribes  of  Indians,  a  settlement  (in  Ohio) 
was  made  very  late  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  grew,  amid 
massacres  and  constant  Indian  wars,  to  a  scattered  population, 
mainly  on  lake  and  river,  in  1800,  of  45,365  to,  in  1850,  1,980,329, 
and,  by  the  end  of  the  century,  to  4,157,545,  meantime  furnish- 
ing hundreds  of  thousands  of  her  sons,  mainly  as  volunteers,  to 
fight  the  battles  of  her  country,  thereby  making  it  both  glorious 
and  great,  and  this  while  on  its  borders,  in  the  early  part  of  the  • 
century,  its  inhabitants  had  to  fight  for  the  defense  of  their  im- 
mediate firesides.  Many  thousand  of  Ohio's  sons  and  daughters 
emigrated  to  other  states,  principally  to  the  West,  though  they  are 
found  in  large  numbers  in  all  the  states  of  the  Union,  especially 
in  the  great  business  centers,  and  in  the  important  coast  and 
other  cities  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific.  Many  have  re- 
moved to  foreign  lands. 


Ohio  Centennial.  167 

I. 

Ohio  in  the  Mexican  War,  1846-1848. 

It  is  usual  to  say  this  war  was  commenced  by  the  hostile 
acts  of  the  Mexican  general,  Arista,  crossing  (April  24,  1846) 
the  Rio  Grande  to  attack  the  United  States  forces  under  General 
Zachary  Taylor,  then  maneuvering  his  troops  on  the  left  bank 
of  that  river,  in  what  was  claimed  to  be  a  part  of  Texas,  but 
then  recently  (December  29,  1845)  annexed  as  a  state  in  our 
Union.  That  war  closed  with  the  treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hildago, 
signed  February  2,  1848,  by  which  we  acquired  both  the  then 
provinces  of  Upper  California  and  New  Mexico,  now  California, 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  Nevada  and  part  of  Colorado. 

This  is  the  only  war  in  which  the  United  States  forces  in- 
vaded foreign  soil  and  took  a  hostile  country's  capital. 

This  conquest  resulted  in  the  acquisition  (though  in  form 
a  purchase)  of  545,000  square  miles  of  territory  —  almost  100,000 
more  in  square  miles  than  the  area  of  the  original  thirteen  states ; 
and  a  later  (1853)  acquisition  by  the  Gadsden  Purchase  followed. 

Of  the  causes  or  purposes  of  the  Mexican  War  I  am  not  here 
to  speak.  If  this  war  was  not  justified  by  the  acts  of  the  Mex- 
ican gfovernment,  and  if  it  was  entered  upon  to  acquire  more  ter- 
ritory with  a  view  to  its  dedication  to  human  slavery,  its  ultimate 
fruits  and  the  moral  and  material  results  attained,  in  the  light 
of  subsequent  events,  may,  in  some  sense,  be  a  justification  of  the 
war.  A  higher  civilization  swept  over  a  vast  empire  of  terri- 
tory, and  millions  of  human  beings  have  been  given  political, 
commercial  and  religious  advantages  and  freedom,  and  which 
other  unborn  millions  are  likewise  to  enjoy.  Gold  was  discovered 
(1848)  in  California,  and  the  world  seems  to  have  been  the  gainer 
by  the  acquisitions  made.  Even  Mexico,  though  humiliated  by 
the  conquering  armies  of  Scott  and  Taylor,  has  risen  to  a  better 
civilization,  and  her  people  seem  to  have  become  freer  and  hap- 
pier than  before  that  war. 

Happily,  not  one  foot  of  the  vast  territory  acquired  from 
Mexico  became  slave  territory,  and  later  (1861-65)  ^^^  inhabit- 
ants of  all  this  territory  were  singularly  loyal  to  the  Union  of  the 


168  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

States,  many  volunteering  to  preserve  the  Union  and  to  over- 
throw human  slavery. 

The  Mexican  War  was  not  generally  popular  in  Ohio,  nor 
in  the  northern  states.  Ohio,  however,  furnished  a  full  share 
of  the  distinguished  officers  and  soldiers,  regular  and  volunteer, 
for  this  war;   also  sailors. 

The  United  States  forces  employed  in  the  conquest  of  Mex- 
ico aggregated  about  100,000  armed  men — 26,690  regulars,  56,926 
volunteers,  and  about  17,000  in  the  navy.*  Of  these,  Ohio  fur- 
nished at  least  her  quota,  based  on  population,  of  officers,  soldiers 
and  sailors  for  the  regular  establishment;  and  she  furnished 
her  full  share  of  volunteers  for  the  army  and  navy. 

The  Ohio  military  forces  were  organized  into  five  infantry 
regiments,  fifteen  independent  companies  of  infantry  and  five 
companies  (B,  C,  D,  H,  I),  for  the  15th  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  one 
company  (B),  U.  S.  Mounted  Riflemen,  numbering  approxi- 
mately, 7,000  officers  and  men,  about  one-eighth  (adding  enlist- 
ments in  other  regular  organizations)  of  the  entire  forces  em- 
ployed in  the  army  during  the  war.  A  like  proportion  were  in 
the  navy. 

FIRST    OHIO    VOLUNTEER    INFANTRY. 
(MEXICAN    WAR.) 

This  regiment  was  organized  at  Camp  Washington  (near 
Cincinnati)  June  23,  1846,  and  was  mustered  out  June  15,  1847. 

Its  field-officers  were  Colonel  Alexander  M.  Mitchell,  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel John  B.  Weller,  and  Major  Thomas  L.  Hamer. 
Luther  Giddings  was  made  major  of  the  regiment  on  the  promo- 
tion of  Hamer  to  brigadier-general,  July,  1846.  General  Hamer 
died  at  Monterey,  Mexico,  December  2,  1846.  The  other  field- 
officers  were  mustered  out  with  the  regiment. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  original  captains,  showing 
their  companies,  by  letter,  and  where  recruited: 

Captain  Robert  M.  Moore   (A),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  Luther  Giddings   (B),  Dayton,  Ohio. 

Captain  Lewis  Hornell  (C),  Dayton,  Ohio. 

Captain  Edward  Hamilton  (D),  Portsmouth,  Ohio. 

♦History  of  Mexican  War  (Wilcox)  501. 


Ohio  Centennial.    .  169 

Captain  John  B.  Armstrong  (E),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  Edward  D.  Bradley  (F),  Lower  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Captain  Sanders  W.  Johnson  (G),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  Philhp  MuUer  (H),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  James  George   (I),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  Wm.  H.  Ramsey  (K),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

This  regiment  fought  first  at  Monterey  and,  later,  in  various 
engagements,  and  had  twenty-four  killed  in  battle,  and  many  more 
died  of  disease. 

SECOND    OHIO    VOLUNTEER    INFANTRY. 
(MEXICAN    WAR.) 

This  regiment  was  organized  at  Camp  Washington,  Ohio, 
June  2^,  1846,  and  was  mustered  out,  June  23,  1847,  ^t  New 
Orleans. 

It?  field-officers  were  Colonel  George  W.  Morgan,  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Wm.  Irvin  (promoted  from  chaplain),  and  Major 
William  Wall ;  and  they  were  mustered  out  with  the  regiment. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  original  captains,  showing 
their  companies,  by  letter,  and  where  recruited : 

Captain  Hobby  Reynolds  (A),  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

Captain  Simon  B.  Kenton   (B),  Mt.  Vernon,  Ohio. 

Captain  David  Irick  (C),  Hillsboro,  Ohio. 

•Captain  Simon  B.  Tucker  (D),  Logan,  Ohio. 

Captain  Robert  G.  McLean  (E),  Athens,  Ohio. 

Captain  John  F.  Mickum  (F),  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Captain  Evan  Julian  (G),  Lancaster,  Ohio. 

Captain  Richard  Stadden  (H),  Newark,  Ohio. 

Captain  Daniel  Bruner  (I),  Circleville,  Ohio. 

Captain  Wm.  Latham   (K),  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Colonel  Morgan  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Irvine  were,  before 
the  regiment  was  organized,  captains,  respectivelv,  of  Companies 
B  and  G. 

This  regiment  was  engaged  under  General  Taylor ;  it  fought 
at  Aqua  Fria,  near  Monterey,  and  was  at  Buena  Vista.  Its  loss 
was  six  killed  —  sixtv  died  of  disease. 


170  Ohio  Arch.,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

THIRD   OHIO   VOLUNTEER   INFANTRY. 
(MEXICAN    WAR.) 

This  regiment  was  organized  at  Camp  Washington  in  June, 
1846,  and   was  mustered  out  June   24,   1847,  at  New  Orleans. 

Its  field-officers  were  Colonel  Samuel  R.  Curtis,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  George  W.  McCook  and  Major  John  L.  Love,  each  of 
whom  served  until  the  regiment  was  mustered  out. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  original  captains,  showing 
their  companies,  by  letter,  and  where  recruited: 

Captain  Wm.  McLaughlin  (A),  Mansfield,  Ohio. 

Captain  Jes.se  Meredith  (B),  Coshocton,  Ohio. 

.Captain  Thomas  H.  Ford  (C),  Mansfield,  Ohio. 

Captain  John  Patterson   (D),  St.  Clairsville,  Ohio. 

Captain  David  Moore  (E),  Wooster,  Ohio. 

Captain  James  F.  Chapman  (F),  Tiffin,  Ohio. 

Captain  Chauncey  Woodruff   (G),  Norwalk,  Ohio. 

Captain  Asbury  F.  Noles  (H),  Zanesville,  Ohio. 

Captain  John  Kell,  Jr.  (I),  Steubenville,  Ohio. 

Captain  James  Allen  (K),  Massillon,  Ohio. 

This  regiment  served  on  the  Rio  Grande  under  General  Tay- 
lor.    Its  dead  list  was  sixty-four  men,  killed  and  died  of  disease. 

FOURTH   OHIO  VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY. 
(MEXICAN    WAR.) 

This  regiment  was  organized  in  Cincinnati  in  June,  1847, 
and  was  mustered  out  at  that  place  July  24,  1848. 

Its  field-officers  were  Colonel  Charles  H.  Brough,  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Melchior  Werner  (first)  and  August  Moor,  and 
Major  Wm.  P.  Young.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Werner  resigned 
September,  1847  5  the  others  were  mustered  out  with  the  regiment. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  original  captains,  showing 
their  companies,  by  letter,  and  where  recruited: 

Captain  August  Moor  (A),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain   Otto   Zirckel    (B),    Columbus,   Ohio. 

Captain  Samuel  Thompson  (C),  Lower  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Captain  George  Weaver  (D),  Ganges,  Ohio. 

Captain  Alichael  C.  Lilly  (E),  Columbus,  Ohio. 


Ohio  Centennial.  171 

Captain  George  E.  Pugh  (F),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  Thomas  L.  Hart  (G),  Millersburg,  Ohio. 

Captain  George  A.  Richmond  (H),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  Josiah  M.  Robinson  (I),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Colonel  Brough  and  Major  Young  were,  before  the  regiment 
was  organized,  respectively,  captains  of  companies  I  and  H. 

Their  regiment  served  under  General  Taylor  on  the  Rio 
Grande  (Matamoras),  and  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  fought  at  Alexo, 
Mexico.  It  lost  five  killed  in  battle,  and  seventy-one  died  of  dis- 
ease. 

SECOND    SECOND    OHIO    VOLUNTEER    INFANTRY.* 

(MEXICAN    WAR.) 

This  regiment  was  organized  at  Camp  Wool  (Cincinnati),, 
about  September  i,  1847,  ^^^  was  mustered  out  July  26,  1848, 
at  Cincinnati,  after  the  close  of  the  war. 

Its  field-officers  were  Colonel  Wm.  Irvin  (formerly  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  Second),  Lieutenant-Colonel  Wm.  A.  Latham, 
and  Major  Wm.  H.  Link.  They  were  each  mustered  out  with 
their  regiment. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  original  captains,  showing, 
their  companies,  by  letter,  and  where  recruited : 

Captain  Nathan  H.  Miles  (A),  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Captain  Richard  Stadden  (B),  Newark,  Ohio. 

Captain  John  W.  Lowe  (C),  Batavia,  Ohio. 

Captain  Wm.  A.  Latham  (D),  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Captain  Joseph  W.  Filler  (E),  Somerset,  Ohio. 

Captain  Wm.  T.  Ferguson  (F),  Lancaster,  Ohio. 

Captain  James  E.  Harle  (G),  Mt.  Vernon,  Ohio. 

Captain  Joseph  E.  Smith  (H),  Circleville,  Ohio. 

Captain  John  G.  Hughes  (I),  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Captain  George  F.  McGinnis  (K),  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

Major  Link  was  captain  of  Company  H  prior  to  the  organi- 
zation of  the  regiment. 

This  regiment  went  to  Vera  Cruz,  later  marched  to  Pueblo 
and  the  interior  of  Mexico  and  performed  valuable  service,  losing 
in  skirmishes  and  disease  seventv-four  men. 


♦This  is  sometimes  inaccurately  called  ihe  Fifth. 


172  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

INDEPENDENT    COMPANIES. 
(MEXICAN    WAR.) 

There  were  fifteen  independent  companies,  which  were  each 
Icnown  by  the  name  of  its  captain,  as  follows : 

Duncan's  (John  R.),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  i,  1847, 
and  mustered  out  there  August  2,  1848.  This  company  was 
mounted. 

Dauble's  (John  G.),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  15,  1846,, 
and  mustered  out  there  December  7,  1846. 

'  Churchill's   (Frederick  A.),  mustered  in  June  15,  1846,  and 
mustered  out  October  14,  1846. 

Kessler's  (Herman),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  15,  1846, 
and  mustered  out  there  October  17,  1846. 

Durr's  (George),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  15,  1846, 
and  mustered  out  there  December  7,  1846. 

Caldwell's  (John),  mustered  'in  May,  1846,  and  mustered 
out  at  Bucyrus  October  26,  1846. 

Donnell's  (H.  O.),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  15.  1846, 
and  mustered  out  there  October  17,  1846. 

Ward's  (Thomas  W.),  mustered  in  June,  1846,  and  mus- 
tered out  at  Cincinnati,  October  14,  1846. 

Moor's  (Augustus),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  15,  1846, 
and  mustered  out  there  October  14,  1846. 

Hawkin's   (Joseph  L.),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  15, 

1846,  and  mustered  out  there  November  5,  1846. 

Stout's  (Atlas  L.),  mustered  in  June  5,  1846,  and  mustered 
out  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  November  4,  1846. 

Link's  (Francis),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  June  15,  1846, 
and  mustered  out  there  October  14,  1846. 

Love's  (John  S.),  mustered  in  June  4,  1846,  and  mustered 
out  at  McConnellsville,  Ohio,  October  29,  1846. 

Kenneally's   (Wm.),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  October  5, 

1847,  ^"^  mustered  out  there  July  25,  1848. 

Riddle's  (Robert  R.),  mustered  in  at  Cincinnati  October 
26,  1847,  ^^^  mustered  out  there  July  17,  1848. 


Ohio  Centennial.  173^ 

Captain  Duncan's  Independent  Company  (mounted  volun- 
teers) performed  valuable  service  on  the  Rio  Grande  Route,  with 
headquarters  mainly  at  Ceralvo,  Mexico. 

Captains  Kenneally's  and  Riddle's  Independent  Companies 
(First  and  Second  Foot),  also  performed  valuable  service  in 
Mexico. 

Company  B  (U.  S.  Mounted  Riflemen),  in  regular  estab- 
lishment (Captain  Winslow  F.  Sanderson)  was  recruited  at 
Columbus,  Norwalk  and  Wooster,  Ohio,  May  to  July,  1846,  and 
served  on  the  Vera  Cruz  Route  and  at  Pueblo,  Mexico,  ren- 
dering much  valuable  and  hard  service.  It  was  mustered  out 
at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  August  28,  1848. 

FIFTEENTH    U.    S.    INFANTRY. 

By  act  of  Congress  this  regiment  was  organized  to  serve 
during  the  Mexican  War.  Its  field-officers  were  Colonel  George 
W.  Morgan,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Joshua  Howard,  and  Majors 
Leslie  H.  McKenney  and  Frederick  D.  Mills  (killed  August  20, 
1847,  San  Antonio,  Mexico.) 

It  was  recruited  in  April  and  May,  1847,  a"d  was  mustered 
out  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  August  13,  1848. 

The  following  companies  were  recruited  in  Ohio : 

Captain  David  Chase  (B),  at  Toledo,  Lower  Sandusky  and 
Defiance. 

Captain  James  A.  Jones  (C),  Norwalk,  Ohio. 

Captain  Edward  A.  King  (D),  at  Dayton,  Ohio. 

Captain  John  L.  Perry  (H),  at  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Captain  Moses  Hoagland  (I),  at  Millersburg,  Ohio. 

This  regiment  served  on  the  Vera  Cruz  Route,  and  partici- 
pated in  battles  under  General  Scott,  and  lost  heavily,  especially 
at  Chapultepec  and  in  the  capture  of  the  City  of  Mexico, 

Thomas  L.  Hamer  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  June  6,  1846,  and  died  at  Monterey,  Mexico,  Decem- 
ber 2,  1846.  (He  was  the  first  major  of  the  First  Ohio  Volun- 
teer Infantry.) 

A  careful  scrutiny  of  the  list  of  volunteer  officers  who  served 
in  the  organizations  named  will  enable  us  to  discover  many 
who,  later,  distinguished  themselves  as  officers  in  the  Civil  War, 
and  in  other  relations  of  life. 


174  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Captains  Ferdihand  Van  Derveer  and  Carr  B.  White,  of 
the  First  Regiment,  each  served  with  distinction  as  colonels  in 
the  war  to  preserve  the  Union. 

Colonels  George  W.  Morgan  (Second  Volunteers  and  the 
Fifteenth  U.  S.)  and  Samuel  R.  Curtis,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
George  W.  McCook,  and  Lieutenant  Samuel  Beatty  (Third  Vol- 
unteers), each  became  a  general  ofhcer  in  the  Civil  War. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  August  Moor  and  Captains  James  Irvine 
and  John  C.  Groome  (Fourth  Volunteers)  became  colonels  in  the 
Civil  War.  Of  the  Second,  Captain  John  W\  Lowe  became 
a  colonel,  Lieutenant  Robert  B.  Mitchell  a  major-general,  and 
Lieutenant  Wm.  Howard  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  that  war. 

The  brilliant  Captain  Wm.  H.  Lytle  (Kenneally's  Foot),  of 
poetic  fame,  as  a. brigadier-general  gave  up  his  life  on  bloody 
Chickamauga's  field. 

Others  of  the  volunteers  became  distinguished  and  are  worthy 
of  special  mention. 

REGULAR   OFFICERS. 

Of  the  Ohio  regular  officers  who  served  in  the  Mexican 
War  a  few  only  will  be  named. 

Irvin  McDowell  (assistant  adjutant-general),  a  captain  by 
brevet  for  gallantry  at  Buena  Vista,  became  a  major-general 
and  commanded  armies  in  the  Civil  War. 

William  Tecumseh  Sherman  (Third  Artillery),  for  special 
service  in  California  during  the  Mexican  War  was  made  a  brevet 
captain.  He  became  a  major-general  and  commanded  a  large 
army  in  the  Civil  War,  became  a  lieutenant-general,  then  gen- 
eral, commanding  the  United  States  Army. 

Second  Lieutenant  John  S.  Mason  (Third  Artillery),  became 
a  brigadier-general  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 

Captain  Simon  H.  Drum  (Fourth  Artillery)  (Springfield) 
pushed  his  battery  through  Belen  Gate,  City  of  Mexico,  but  was 
killed  as  the  city  capitulated. 

Lieutenant  Charles  C.  Gilbert  (First  Infantry),  became  a 
brigadier-general  in  the  Civil  War. 

Lieutenant  Don  Carlos  Buell  (Third  Infantry)  was  brevetted 
a  captain  for  distinguished  services  in  Mexico.  He  became  a 
major-general  and  commanded  an  army  in  the  Civil  War. 


Ohio  Centennial.  175 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  (Fourth  Infantry)  was  brevetted  first  lieu- 
tenant and  captain  for  gallantry  at  Molino  del  Rey  and  Chapul- 
tepec.  He  became  a  brigadier-general,  major-general,  lieutenant- 
general  and  general  —  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  armies  of 
the  United  States,  and  famed  as  the  greatest  general  of  his  age. 
He  received  his  first  baptism  of  fire  at  Palo  Alto  (tall  tree)  May 
i8,  1846.  near  where  (Palmetto  Ranche;  nineteen  years  later 
(May  13,  1865)  the  last  angry  shot  was  fired  in  the  War  of 
the  Great  Rebellion,  in  which  he  then  commanded  a  million 
of  men.     He  was  for  two  terms  president  of  the  United  States 

Both  for  the  army  and  the  navy  did  the  Mexican  War 
serve,  in  some  sense,  as  a  school  of  preparation  for  officers  who 
fought  against  each  other  in  the  most  sanguinary  contest  of 
arms  —  the  bloodiest  of  modern  times. 

NAVY. 

Admirals  Reed  Werden,  John  F.  Schenck,  L.  C.  Rowan 
and  Roger  M.  Stembel  held  commands,  though  with  junior  rank, 
in  the  U.  S.  Navy  during  the  Mexican  War,  and  performed 
well  their  duties  on  shipboard,  and  sometimes  important  duties 
on  land.  Reed  Werden  (then  lieutenant),  led  a  party  of  seamen 
in  the  capture  of  Tupsan,  Mexico.  Schenck  (then  lieutenant) 
served  as  chief  military  aid  to  Commodore  Stockton  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  and  participated  (on  land)  in  the  capture  of  Santa 
Barbara,  San  Pedro  and  Los  Angeles,  California,  and  was  at 
the  bombardment  and  capture  of  Guaymas  and  Mazatlan. 
Rowan  (then  lieutenant),  also  served  under  Commodore  Stock- 
ton in  the  Pacific  Squadron,  and  fought  both  by  sea  and  land 
on  the  Pacific  Coast,  notably  at  the  battle  of  Mesa,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  capture  of  Los  Angeles,  then  California's  capital, 
and  the  surrender  of  California  by  the  Mexican  governor  to  the 
L^nited  States  authorities. 

To  the  prompt  and  efficient  action  of  the  navy  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast  is  due,  in  large  part,  our  acquisition  of  California, 
with  its  splendid  harbors,  then  in  danger  of  being  seized,  to 
be  permanently  held  by  Great  Britain. 


176  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

These  and  other  Ohio  officers  of  our  navy  who  served  in 
the  Mexican  War,  performed  valuable  service  on  shipboard,  and 
rose  to  distinction  and  high  rank  in  the  Civil  War. 

Ohio  is  entitled  to  a  full  share  of  the  glory  won  by  our 
army  and  navy  in  the  Mexican  War. 

II. 
Ohio  in  the  Civil  War — 1861-65. 

By  i860  Ohio  had  reached  a  population  of  2,339,511;  the 
whole  Union  a  population  of  31,443,321,  including  3,953,760 
slaves.  Secession,  or  rebellion,  was  then  about  due,  with  war- 
clouds  in  the  sky.  The  fangs  of  venemous  battle  were  being 
shown.  The  necessity  for  war  was  as  certain  as  that  the  cause 
of  it  existed.  Only  blood  could  atone  for  our  nation's  sins  and 
wash  out  the  crime  of  human  slavery.  The  American  people 
were  then  divided,  or  dividing,  on  the  issue  of  freedom  and 
slavery.  Slavery  had  been  abolished,  in  large  part,  in  the  old 
nations  of  the  world,  or  their  glory  had  departed;  many  slave 
nations  had  ceased  to  exist.  . 

Our  Republic,  boastful  of  its  free  institutions,  of  its  con- 
stitutional liberty,  its  free  schools  and  churches,  of  its  glories 
in  the  cause  of  liberty  and  humanity,  its  patriotism,  resplendent 
history,  inventive  genius,  wealth,  industry,  civilization,  and  Chris- 
tianity, maintained  slavery  until  it  was  only  saved  from  the 
common  doom  of  slave  nations  by  the  atoning  sacrifice  of  its 
best  blood  and  the  mercy  of  an  offended  God. 

Slavery  could  not  exist  in  our  Republic,  unless  it  dominated 
all  our  institutions,  civil  and  religious. 

Slavery,  like  all  wrong,  ^ould  not  stand  still ;  to  flourish,  it 
must  be  aggressive  and  progressive.  To  limit  it  was  to  cause 
it  to  languish,  then  to  die.  There  never  were  more  brilliant, 
more  devoted,  more  earnest,  more  infatuated,  and  yet  more  in- 
consistent propagandists  of  the  institution  of  human  slavery 
than  in  this  country  during  the  thirty  years  preceding  the  se- 
cession of  the  southern  states.  With  the  secession  of  eleven  of 
the  fifteen  slave  states  came  the  formation  of  the  Confederate 
States  of  America,  its  would-be  constitution  framed  on  the  con- 


Ohio  Centennial.  179 

tenth  of  the  population  of  the  states  and  territories  which  did 
not  join  the  Confederate  States. 

Her  adult  population  did  not  then  much  exceed  500,000 
men. 

Her  total  vote  in  the  presidential  election  in  i860  was  442,- 
441.  It  represented  a  divided  sentiment  in  Ohio.  For  Abraham 
Lincoln,  who  represented  a  party  opposed  to  the  extension  of 
slavery,  231,610  votes  were  cast;  for  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  who 
then  represented  the  doctrine  of  popular  sovereignty  as  to  slavery 
in  the  territories  as  interpreted  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  (Dred  Scott  Decision)  were  cast  187,232  votes; 
for  John  C.  Breckenridge,  who  represented  the  party  who 
claimed  slavery  had  a  right  to  exist  in  the  territories  by  force 
of  the  constitution  and  that  it  was  the  duty  of  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment to  protect  it,  there  were  cast  11,405  votes,  and  for  John 
Bell,  who  represented  the  "Constitutional  Union"  party,  a  party 
without  any  announced  or  defined  principles,  12,194  votes  were 
cast. 

Ohio's  contribution  of  statesmen  to  the  war  must  first  be 
referred  to.  Some  were  radically  opposed  to  the  aggressions 
of  slavery;  others  were  conservative  on  all  matters  relating  to 
slavery,  going  to  the  extent  of  conceding  all  demands  made  in 
its  behalf.  But  what  a  galaxy  of  great  men  were  to  be 
seen  in  the  then  political  arena!  Salmon  P.  Chase,  whose  life 
had  been  devoted  in  opposition  to  slavery,  had  recently  been 
Ohio's  governor  for  four  years,  and  a  prominent  candidate  for 
president  in  i860;  later  was  secretary  of  the  treasury;  and 
chief-justice  of  the  United  States.  Benjamin  F.  Wade  was 
then,  and  had  long  been,  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  stood 
for  all  that  was  heroic  in  resisting  all  attempts  to  advance  the 
cause  of  liberty,  and  in  opposition  to  slavery's  political  aspira- 
tions. Joshua  R.  Giddings,  who  took  rank  with  the  greatest 
of  statesmen  in  opposition  to  slavery,  though  still  alive,  had  just 
closed  his  long  public  career  in  Congress,  having  there,  and  on  the 
stump,  impressed  his  views  indelibly  on  the  people  of  his  state. 
John  Sherman  was,  prior  to  and  when  the  war  broke  out,  a 
prominent  figure  in  Ohio,  and  stood  with  Chase.  Wade  and 
others  in  Congress,  for  the  Union,  and  in  opposition  to  slavery 


180  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

extension.  He  entered  the  United  States  Senate  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  Chase  in  March,  1861,  where  he  served  throughout 
that  war,  and  since.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  under 
President  Hayes,  and  secretary  of  state  under  President  Mc- 
Kinley.  Thomas  Corwin  (a  conservative)  was  in  Congress  when 
Lincoln  became  president  in  March,  1861.  He  was  of  the  old 
school,  and  conservative,  though  loyal  and  patriotic,  like  many 
others  of  that  time.  He  sought  to  avert  the  war  by  compro- 
mise, and  reported  an  amendment  to  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  which,  receiving  the  requisite  two-thirds  vote  of 
both  houses  of  Congress,  was  submitted  to  the  states  for  rati- 
fication, but  fortunately  was  not  ratified.  Only  two  states  voted 
to  ratify  it  —  Ohio  and  Delaware.  It  guaranteed  slavery  a  per- 
petual existence  in  the  United  States,  under  the  constitution, 
George  H.  Pendleton  (twice  a  nominee  for  vice-president,  1864,. 
1868)  was  in  Congress  throughout  the  war,  and,  though  differ- 
ing, politically,  with  President  Lincoln's  administration,  sup- 
ported it  in  putting  down  the  rebellion.  He  stands  for  a  class 
of  his  party,  such  as  Samuel  S.  Cox,  Wm.  S.  Grosbeck,  Henry 
B.  Payne,  Allen  G.  Thurman,  Milton  Sayler  (all  of  Ohio),  and 
many  others,  who  have  served  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States.  A  very  few  (of  whom  Clement  L.  Vallandingham,  of 
Ohio,  was  a  strong  type)  in  some  ways  opposed  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  war. 

Samuel  Shellabarger  was  in  Congress  when  the  Rebellion 
broke  out,  and  in  his  long  service  there  brought  into  practical 
politics  his  great  legal  attainments,  thus  doing  much  to  support 
the  administration  and  the  country  in  prosecuting  the  war  and 
restoring  the  Union. 

Robert  C.  Schenck,  who  had  served  in  Congress  prior  to 
the  Civil  War,  though  early  becoming  a  general  officer  in  that 
war,  was  elected  in  1861  and  served  a  part  of  his  term,  though 
still  holding  a  commission  as  major-general.  He  was  distin- 
guished both  as  a  soldier  and  a  statesman.  He  served,  later,  with 
distinction  as  minister  of  the  United  States  to  England. 

Others  of  Ohio  who  took  high  rank  and  performed  valu- 
able service  in  the  battles  and  campaigns  of  the  war,  later  be- 
came distinguished  statesmen  and  served  in  the  Congress  of  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  177 

stitution  of  the  United  States,  but  with  a  clause  making  human 
slavery  therein  perpetual.  This  attempt  to  organize  a  new  na- 
tion was  the  first  —  the  only  —  attempt  in  the  history  of  nations 
— semi-barbaric,  semi-civilized  or  civilized,  wherein  a  nation  was 
organized  avowedly  solely  to  preserve  and  perpetuate  human 
slavery ;  this,  in  free  America,  in  the  afternoon  of  the  nineteenth 
century. 

This  attempt  was  born  of  the  infatuation  of  an  otherwise 
civilized  people,  who,  for  two  hundred  and  fifty  years,  had 
nourished  slavery  as  a  domestic  necessity  until  they  came  to 
believe  it  to  be  morally  right  and  necessary  to  a  refined  and 
higher  civilization  than  mankind  could  attain  to  without  it ;  and 
also  that  it  was  of  divine  origin.  By  its  aggressions  slavery 
courted  its  death. 

The  best  sentiment  was  culminating  in  the  North  —  indeed 
throughout    the    civilized    world  —  so    strongly    against    human 
slavery  that  it  was  soon  to  be  assailed  from  every  standpoint,- 
physically  as  well  as  morally.     This  sentiment  could  not  longer 
be  stayed;   its  flood-tide  had  come. 

It  is  now  useless  and  vain  to  attempt  to  lay  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  to  any  class  or  section  of  our  people.  The 
cause  of  it  had  been  planted  in  the  colonies,  had  been  fostered, 
nurtured  and  protected  under  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
and  under  the  constitution  of  Washington  and  his  compatriots 
until  it  had  grown  to  be  a  hideous  political  monster  that  could 
only  perish  by  a  violent  death. 

The  attempted  dissolution  of  the  Union  to  save  slavery 
was  only  an  expedient,  or  experiment,  in  a  final  effort  to  save 
slavery.  To  have  upheld  the  so-called  Confederacy  would  have 
recognized  the  right  to  perpetually  enslave  human  beings  through 
political  governmental  power  —  a  long  backward  step  in  the 
civilization  of  man.  The  years  of  war,  from  Sumter  to  Appo- 
mattox—  1861-65  —  were  necessary  to  eradicate  the  institution 
of  slavery,  and  with  it  the  baneful  political  doctrines  which  it 
had  given  birth  to  in  attempts  to  perpetuate  it. 

To  settle  the  portentous  issue,  whether  or  not  slavery 
should  be  fundamental  as  a  domestic,   social  and  political  in- 

o.  c.  — 12 


178  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

stitution,  the  hosts  on  either  side  were  summoned  to  battle; 
those  supporting  slavery  responded  with  a  zeal  and  heroism 
worthy  of  a  holier  cause.  Those  loyal  to  the  Union  came  with' 
a  patriotic  zeal  and  self-sacrificing  courage  only  possessed  by  a 
free  Saxon  race.  The  conflict  was  of  four  years'  duration, 
wherein  a  half  million  of  men  fell  in  battle,  another  half  million 
or  more  men  died  of  wounds  and  disease;  above  60,000  soldiers 
died  in  southern  prisons;  and  imagination  cannot  compass  or 
language  adequately  portray,  the  incident  sufferings  and  sor- 
row, agony  and  despair  which  pervaded  the  entire  country,  say- 
ing nothing  of  the  cost  in  billions  of  treasure,  and  the  loss  in 
yet  other  billions  of  property  destroyed  by  devastating  armies. 
At  the  end  slavery  was  dead,  new  decrees  for  liberty  were  writ- 
ten in  our  organic  national  law;  our  flag  was  respected  around 
the  world;  political  heresies  were  overthrown;  the  Union  of  the 
States  was  secured  and  civilization  had  moved  higher.  An  era 
'  had  ended ;   a  new  and  better  epoch  was  begun. 

But  what  part  or  lot  did  Ohio  take  in  the  settlement  of 
this  great  issue;  in  the  tragic  events;  in  the  battlefield  defeats 
and  successes;  in  the  bloody  sacrifices  and  sufferings;  in  the 
final  success;  in  the  nation's  achievements  for  humanity  and 
immortal  glory ;  in  re-cementing  the  Union  of  the  States ;  in 
omfurling  to  the  world  the  purified  Stars  and  Stripes  as  the 
Mag,  only,  of  the  free,  where,  it  may  be  hoped,  it  will  ever 
•triumphantly  wave  as  the  strongest  and  brighest  emblem  of  re- 
.-generated  man,  and,  as  a  guarantee  of  protection  for  civil  and 
religious  liberty,  and  to  be  hailed,  through  time,  as  such,  by  all 
nations  and  peoples? 

In  i860  the  population  of  the  eighteen  free  states  and  the 
territories  of  the  United  States  was  19,127,948,  which,  added 
to  the  population  of  the  four  (Kentucky,  Missouri,  Maryland 
and  Delaware)  non-seceding  slave  states  (3,136,961)  gives  a 
total  of  22,264,909  population.  The  four  slave  states  named 
furnished  a  fair  quota  of  volunteers  to  the  Union  Army,  and 
Virginia  (West  Virginia),  Tennessee  and  others  of  the  seceded 
states  furnished  many  more. 

Ohio's  population  in  1861  may  fairly  be  estimated  at  one- 


Ohio  Centennial.  183 

« 
called  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.    Ohio's  sons  owe  no  duty 
to  their  state  not  consistent  with  their  duty  to  the  Union. 

Ohio  furnished  twenty-three  infantry  regiments  for  three 
months,  in  response  to  President  Lincoln's  call  for  75,000  men, 
and  ten  other  regiments  which  the  government  refused  to  ac- 
cept on  that  call. 

She  furnished  one  hundred  and  seventeen  infantry  regiments 
for  three  years,  twenty-seven  for  one  year,  two  for  six  months, 
three  others  for  three  months  and  forty-three  for  one  hundred 
days.  Thirteen  others  were  cavalry  and  three  were  artillery  regi- 
ments for  three  years. 

Besides  these  regimental  organizations,  Ohio  furnished 
twenty-six  batteries  of  artillery,  five  independent  companies  of 
cavalry,  other  companies  of  sharpshooters,  large  portions  of  five 
regiments  credited  to  West  Virginia,  and  two  to  Kentucky,  two 
regiments  of  "United  States  Colored  Troops,"  so  called;  also  a 
large  portion  of  the  Fifty-fourth  and  Fifty-fifth  Massachussetts 
Colored  Infantry  regiments.  There  were  5,092  "colored  troops'' 
credited  to  Ohio.  Many  more  of  her  colored  citizens  doubtless 
enlisted  and  were  credited  elsewhere.  Three  thousand  four  hun- 
dred and  forty-three  men  are  known  to  have  entered  the  western 
gun-boat  service.  Many  others  entered  the  marine  and  naval  ser- 
vice.    Still  others  enlisted  during  the  war  in  the  regular  army. 

Ohio  furnished  15,766  "squirrel  hunters"  when  Cincinnati 
and  the  southern  borders  of  Ohio  were  threatened  in  1862;  also 
about  50,000  militia  for  duty  during  the  "Morgan  raid"  in  1863. 
When  the  war  closed  Ohio  had  nearly  2,000  men  enlisted,  but 
not  yet  mustered,  ready  to  go  to  the  field  to  fill  the  gaps  in  the 
depleted  ranks  of  her  regiments. 

Over  20,000  of  the  three-years  troops  re-enlisted  as  veterans, 
to  be  mustered  out  only  by  death,  disability  or  final  victory.  From 
the  best  prepared  statistics  of  the  provost  marshal-general  and 
adjutant-general  of  the  United  States  Army,  and  the  adjutant- 
general  of  Ohio,  excluding  re-enlistments,  "squirrel  hunters,"  and 
mijitia,  and  including  a  low  estimate  for  irregular  enlistments  in 
the  army  and  navy  not  credited  to  Ohio,  it  is  found  that  Ohio 
furnished  of  her  citizens  340,000  men  of  all  arms  of  the  service 


184  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

for  the  war ;  and,  reduced  to  a  department  standard,  they  repre- 
sent 240,000  three-year  soldiers. 

Under  the  ten  presidential  calls  for  troops,  Ohio  furnished 
310,654  soldiers,  the  sum  of  her  quotas  being  only  306,322.  Of 
this  immense  army  of  men  only  8,750  were  raised  by  the  draft; 
all  others  were  volunteers. 

More  than  one-half  in  number  of  Ohio's  adult  male  popula- 
tion tendered  their  lives  as  a  sacrificial  offering  to  the  Union. 
From  the  first  call  to  arms  in  1861  to  peace  in  1865,  2,668,000 
Union  patriots  answered  to  the  calls  of  the  president  of  the 
United  States,  became  the  defenders  of  their  country's  cause, 
and  the  avengers  of  her  wrongs.  More  than  one-eighth  of  the 
rank  and  file  of  this  vast  army  was  furnished  by  Ohio  alone. 
What  a  commentary  upon  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  a  state, 
which,  within  the  memory  of  the  living,  was  a  wilderness,  the 
home  only  of  the  wild  beast  and  the  savage! 

Of  Ohio  in  the  Navy  another  is  here  to  speak. 

THE    SERVICE    OF    OHIO    SOLDIERS. 

They  fought  and  bled  on  every  great  battle-field  of  the  war, 
from  Big  Bethel  (June  10,  1861),  the  first,  to  Blakely  at  Mobile 
(April  9,  1865),  the  last  battle  of  the  war. 

Within  forty-eight  hours  of  the  first  call  for  trdops  the  First 
and  Second  Ohio  Infantry  regiments  were  hastening  to  the  de- 
fense of  the  imperiled  capital. 

Ohio  soldiers  followed  Thomas  to  victory  at  Mill  Springs, 
and  Garfield,  of  Ohio,  at  Prestonburg,  Ky.,  in  January,  1862. 

Ohio  soldiers  formed  a  large  part  of  the  army  that  stormed 
the  works  and  captured  Fort  Donelson,  where,  under  Grant,  a  son 
of  Ohio,  the  eagles  of  the  Union  soared  first  to  victory  on  the 
grander  theatre  of  war.  They  fought  at  Island  No.  10,  at  Shiloh, 
Corinth,  luka  and  Perrysville.  Her  soldiers  bore  a  large  share 
in  the  deadly  conflicts  at  Stone's  River,  and  Chickamauga,  under 
Rosecrans,  another  of  Ohio's  great  and  patriotic  generals. 

They  were  of  the  grand  army  under  Grant,  Sherman  and  Mc- 
Pherson  —  what  a  trio  of  Ohio  generals !  —  which  swung  around 
to  the  south  of  Vicksburg,  and  fought  and  won  the  battles  of 


Ohio  Centennial.  181 

« 

United  States.  Prominent  among  these  were  Jacob  D.  Cox,  John 
Beatty,  George  W.  Morgan  and  Ralph  P.  Buckland.* 

Three  others  of  Ohio's  sons  —  mark  how  illustrious  —  Ru- 
therford B.  Hayes,  James  A.  Garfield  and  William  McKinley, 
each  fought  as  officers  in  the  Civil  War,  then  became  members 
of  Congress  and  renowned  statesmen.  Hayes  was  twice  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio,  then  president  of  the  United  States  (1877-81). 
Garfield  became  president  (1881)  and  was  shot  (July  2),  and 
died  September  19,  1881.  McKinley  was  twice  governor  of  Ohio 
and  was  twice  elected  president  (1896,  1900)  serving  one  full 
term  (1897-1901)  and  until  his  death  (September  14,  1901,  by 
assassination)  on  a  second  term.  In  his  first  term  occurred  the 
Spanish  War,  through  which  he  guided  the  nation  with  success 
and  glory.  Garfield  and  McKinley  with  Abraham  Lincoln  con- 
stitute our  Republic's  martyred  presidents.  How  illustrious  is 
the  name  of  each! 

I  am  not  here  trying  to  exhaust  the  list  of  Ohio's  great  men 
w^ho  served  her  and  our  country  in  peace  and  war.  That  task, 
when  undertaken,  will  not  be  easily  accomplished. 

Benjamin  Harrison  (Ohio  born),  grandson  of  Ohio's  first 
president,  served  in  the  war,  then  in  the  United  States  Senate 
from  Indiana,  then  became  an  illustrious  president  (1889-1893). 

Ohio's  war  governors  —  William  Dennison  —  David  Tod  — 
John  Brough,  each  with  great  ability  loyally  supported  President 
Lincoln  in  maintaining  the  Union  of  the  States. 

Dennison  was  the  first  to  meet  the  responsibility;  he  later 
iDecame  postmaster-general  in  Lincoln's  cabinet.  Both  Tod  and 
Brough  were  Democrats  until  the  war  came,  then  recognized  no 
party  but  the  party  of  the  Union,  like  their  late  leader  Stephen 
A.  Douglas. 

Edwin  M.  Stanton,  the  great  war  secretary,  likewise  be- 
longed to  Ohio.    His  energy  and  ability  were  essential  to  success. 

Of  Ohio's  civilian  and  citizen  patriots  who,  unfalteringly, 
•maintained,  morally  and  materially,  that  the  Republic  should  be 
indissoluble,  too  much  could  not  be  said.  They  pledged  their 
all  to  secure  that  end. 


*  The  writer  (J.  Warren  Keifer)  was  one  term  in  the  Ohio  Senate, 
iour  terms  in  Congress,  and  speaker  of  the  Fortv-seventh  (1881-83). — 
fE.  O.  R.] 


182  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  devotion  of  the  women  of  the  state,  and  their  willing 
sacrifices  of  all  that  was  dear  to  them,  and  their  labors  to  pro- 
vide for  the  soldiers  in  the  field,  and  especially  for  the  sick  and 
wounded,  cannot  be  too  highly  praised  and  loudly  proclaimeS. 
On  them  did  not  fall  the  lightest  of  the  burdens,  sufferings  and 
sorrows  of  that  long  and  bloody  war. 

But  it  was  in  the  achievements  of  the  volunteer  army,  and 
in  the  navy,  that  Ohio,  then  the  third  state,  in  population,  in 
the  Union,  was  incomparably  great,  and  in  the  personnel  of  her 
officers  and  soldiers  that  she  is  entitled  to  take  first  place  for 
great  deeds  accomplished  in  war.  Her  private  soldiers  were  of 
unequaled  bravery,  and  the  high  renown  of  the  commanding 
generals  of  the  Union  army  was  only  possible  of  attainment 
through  the  gallantry  and  devotion  to  duty  of  the  subordinate 
officers  and  of  the  enlisted  men  whom  they  commanded.  The 
steady  loyalty  and  patriotism  our  heroic  forefathers  instilled  into 
their  sons  bore  its  natural  fruits  in  the  years  of  our  country's 
direst  danger.  The  intelligence  of  Ohio's  sons  and  daughters 
enabled  them  to  see  the  irreparable  loss  to  peace,  order  and  hu- 
manity by  a  successful  dissolution  of  the  Union  of  States.  They 
knew  that  accomplished  secession  was  fraught  with  danger  to  all 
that  was  dear  to  them,  their  country  and  humanity,  and  knowing 
this,  they  devoted  all  to  its  overthrow.  They  fought,  bled  and 
died  for  no  revenge  or  to  gratify  no  personal  malice,  nor  yet  for 
individual  glory,  but,  with  all  the  qualities  of  boldness  and  chiv- 
alry of  ancient  knighthood,  for  the  principles  of  individual  and 
universal  liberty,  as  exemplified  by  organic  law.  Ohio's  officers 
won  their  high  commissions  on  the  battlefield. 

Ohio's  contribution  of  men  to  the  civil  war. 

In  answering  the  question.  What  was  Ohio's  contribution  of 
men  to  the  war?  I  shall  draw  no  invidious  distinctions.  From 
whatsoever  state  the  Union  soldiers  came,  they  stood  shoulder 
to  shoulder  in  the  army  as  soldiers  of  the  United  States,  and  not 
of  any  particular  state.  In  war  they  were  all  comrades,  and  in 
peace  they  remained  so.  They  fought  for  nationality  and  one 
flag,  not  sectionalism,  or  state  individuality.  The  true  citizen 
of  Ohio  is  justly  proud  to  be  called  such,  but  still  prouder  of  being 


Ohio  CeiitenniaL  187 

of  Ohio),  and  at  Sailors'  Creek,  under  the  same  and  other  offi- 
cers of  Ohio. 

They  were  in  at  the  crowning  success,  and  witnessed  the  sur- 
render of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  under  Lee,  at  Appo- 
mattox, to  General  Grant.  They  were  with  Sherman  at  Benton- 
ville,  and  in  the  redemption  of  North  Carolina,  and  the  capture 
of  that  other  great  Confederate  army,  under  General  Joseph  E. 
Johnson. 

Her  generals  and  soldiers  held  posts  of  honor,  when  they 
were  posts  of  responsibility  and  danger.  Many  of  the  scenes 
of  conflict  where  Ohio's  sons  fought  and  fell  are  nameless, 
and  they  are  almost  numberless.  They  were  in  every  place  of 
danger  and  duty,  where  blood  flowed  and  battle-flags  were  un- 
furled. They  marched,  bivouacked,  fought  and  died  along  the 
shores  of  the  Atlantic,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  Rio  Grande, 
the  Mississippi,  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee.  They,  as  sail- 
ors and  marines,  were  under  Dahlgren,  DuPont,  Porter,  Foote 
and  Farragut,  and  with  them  also,  on  the  rivers,  the  gulf  and 
the  sea,  won  glory  and  renown,  and  paid  the  debt  of  patriotism 
and  valor. 

Ohio  blood  was  poured  out  wherever  sacrifices  were  required. 
They  were  neither  sectional  in  their  opinions  or  their  duty.  Be- 
lieving in  one  flag  and  one  country,  they  fought  side  by  side  with 
men  of  all  sections  and  of  all  extractions,  and  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  God-granted  and  natural  boon  of  liberty  and 
equality. 

They  were  component  parts  of  each  of  the  grand  Union 
armies  which  contended  upon  the  thirty-one  principal  battle-fields 
of  the  war.  They  were  generally  present  at  each  of  the  2,731 
battles,  affairs  or  skirmishes  of  the  war.  Their  trials,  sufferings 
and  dangers  were  not  confined  to  the  combats  of  the  contending 
hosts. 

BATTLE  OF  OPEQUON,  VA.,  SEPTEMBER  I9,  1 864. 

A  brief  description  of  one  battle  may  not  too  strongly  illus- 
trate Ohio's  part  in  the  battles  of  the  Civil  War.  In  the  last 
aggressive  efforts  of  the  Confederacy  in  the  East  much  interest 
centered  on  operations  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  a  battle-ground 


188  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

from  the  beginning  of  the  war.  About  25,000  constituted  each 
'Of  the  opposing  armies.  The  Confederate  army  was  located, 
mainly,  near  Stephenson's  Depot,  about  five  miles  northward  of 
Winchester,  and  it  was  commanded  by  Lieutenant-General  Jubal 
A.  Early,  under  whom  were  Major-Generals  John  C.  Breckin- 
ridge, John  B.  Gordon,  Fitzhugh  Lee  and  other  distinguished 
officers.  It  was  in  a  well-chosen  position  behind  Opequon  and 
Red  Bud  Creeks. 

The  Union  army  lay  some  five  miles  distant  to  the  northward 
and  was  commanded  by  Major-General  Philip  H.  Sheridan  of 
Ohio.  There  were  infantry,  artillery  and  cavalry  in  his  army 
from  Ohio. 

The  first  conflict  was  about  4  a.  m.,  on  the  Union  left  at  a 
crossing  of  the  Opequon.  That  being  crossed  the  morning  battle 
moved  along  the  Berrysville  Pike  westward  towards  Winchester. 
A  temporary  repulse  of  the  Nineteenth  Corps  (Emery's)  let 
Breckinridge's  forces  upon  the  right  of  the  Sixth  (Wright's) 
Corps.  It  was  not  until  near  noon  that  the  battle  was  on  in 
real  earnest.  The  Sixth  Corps  then  maintained  the  battle  in  the 
center,  Wilson's  division  of  cavalry  supporting  its  left,  the  writer 
commanding  the  right  of  the  Sixth  Corps.  The  Nineteenth  was 
practically  then  out  of  the  fight. 

Much  encouraged,  the  Confederates  held,  defiantly,  their 
strong  position.  The  aggressive  was  assumed.  Major-General 
George  Crook  of  Ohio  swung  his  Corps  (Eighth)  against  the 
Confederate  left.  Brigadier-General  H.  F.  Duval  (of  Ohio)  soon 
fell,  seriously  wounded,  while  leading  a  division  under  Crook. 
One  Colonel  R.  B.  Hayes  (Twenty -third  Ohio)  succeeded  from 
the  command  of  a  brigade  to  the  command  of  Duval's  division. 
A  critical  crisis  in  the  battle  was  reached.  Hayes  was  confronted 
by  Breckinridge's  trained  legion,  and  between  the  two  lay  the 
hitherto  regarded  impenetrable  marsh  on  Red  Bud  Creek.  Hayes 
hesitated  neither  on  account  of  the  formidable  foe,  or  the  marsh. 
Ordering  and  pointing  the  way  he  plunged  his  horse  into  the 
marsh  and  to  the  amazement  of  the  enemy  passed  through  it  with 
his  command,  charging,  driving  and  overthrowing  the  Confeder- 
ate hosts.  Hayes  was  later  a  brigadier-general,  member  of  Con- 
gress, thrice  governor  of  Ohio,  and  president  of  the  United  States. 


Ohio  Centennial.  185 

Champion  Hills,  Jackson  and  Big  Black  River,  and  joined  in  the 
siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg. 

They  fought  at  Arkansas  Post,  Port  Hudson  and  Grand 
Gulf.  They  also  manned  gunboats  under  Admiral  Porter,  which, 
with  the  aid  of  the  army,  opened  the  ''Father  of  Waters"  to  the 
Gulf. 

During  the  war  they  campaigned  against  the  Indians  in  the 
far  West.  They  were  with  Hooker,  and  thundered  down  "the 
defiance  of  the  skies"  from  above  the  clouds  at  Lookout 
Mountain. 

They  were  under  the  eagle  eye  of  Thomas  at  Chickamauga, 
and  in  scaling  the  heights  and  seizing  the  redoubts  on  Missionary 
Ridge. 

They  formed  a  great  part  of  each  of  the  grand  divisions  of 
that  triune  army  in  which  solid  "Old  Pap  Thomas"  led  the  center, 
McPherson  (of  Ohio)  the  right  and  Schofield  the  left;  the  whole 
under  "Old  Tecumseh  Sherman,"  who  is  neither  last  or  least  of 
Ohio's  great  generals.  Under  his  directing  eye  that  army  blazed  a 
pathway  almost  through  mountains,  forced  the  passage  of  streams, 
overcame  natural  and  artificial  defences,  and  a  great  army,  well 
commanded ;  fought  battles  daily  for  weeks,  with  more  regu- 
larity than  they  partook  of  their  daily  bread ;  stormed  the  forti- 
fied heights  of  Resaca,  and  Kenesaw  Mountain;  assaulted  the 
works  at  Ruff's  Mills,  where  the  gallant  General  Edward  F. 
Noyes  (since  governor  of  Ohio  and  minister  to  France),  lost  a 
leg;  also  the  fortifications  at  Jonesboro  and  Atlanta,  and,  after 
capturing  the  latter  place  and  leaving  behind  a  considerable  de- 
tachment, swept  off  eastward  to  Savannah  and  the  Sea,  thence 
northward  through  the  Carolinas  to  the  Old  Dominion,  tearing 
out  the  vitals  of  the  Confederacy,  striking  terror  to  the  enemy 
and  carrying  the  flag  to  victory. 

They  were  present  at  the  captures  of  Nashville,  Memphis, 
New  Orleans  and  Richmond.  The  Ohio  soldiers  fought  and  tri- 
umphed at  Franklin,  under  Cox  and  Stanley,  both  of  Ohio,  and  at 
Nashville,  under  Thomas. 

Ohio  "boys  in  blue"  fought  at  Pea  Ridge,  and  assaulted  at 
Forts  Wagner  and  Fisher;  they  also,  under  General  Wm.  B. 
Hazen,  of  Ohio,  stormed  Fort  McAllister,  on  the  Atlantic  Coast. 


.   t 

186  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

They  fought  at  Rich  Mountain,  Bull  Run,  Cheat  Mountain-,. 
Port  Republic,  at  Fair  Oaks,  Malvern  Hills,  Cedar  Mountain. 
Groveton  and  Manassas,  South  Mountain  and  Antietam,  Win- 
chester (under  Milroy  and  others),  Fredericksburg,  under  Burn- 
side;  Chancellorville,  under  Hooker,  and  Gettysburg,  under 
Meade;  also  at  Mine  Run.  They  were  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  in  that  "all  summer"  campaign  of  1864,  in  which  an 
almost  continuous  battle  raged  from  the  Rapidan  to  Petersburg. 
They  bled  and  died  at  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania  and  Cold  Har- 
bor. They  constituted,  throughout  the  war,  a  part  of  the  body- 
guard of  the  capitol. 

They  were  under  that  other  son  of  Ohio,  General  Sheridan,, 
at  Opequon  and  Fisher's  Hill,  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  in  the 
former  of  which  General  Crook  (an  Ohio  man),  with  Hayes 
of  Ohio  (since  president  of  the  United  States),  at  the  head  of  the 
Kanawha  Division,  hurled,  like  an  avalanche,  the  Army  of  West 
Virginia  upon  Breckenridge's  forces,  overthrew  the  left  wing  of 
Early's  army  and  insured  its  defeat  and  rout. 

They  were  with  Sheridan,  too,  at  the  bloody  battle  of  Cedar 
Creek,  where  he  rode  from  Winchester,  "twenty  miles  away," 
to  the  music  of  the  cannon's  roar  and,  at  the  end  of  the  day, 
achieved  a  victory,  which,  for  completeness,  is  without  a  parallel 
among  the  important  field-engagements  of  the  war,  if  in  the 
annals  of  history. 

The  battle  of  Marengo,  in  Italy,  in  some  degree  affords  a 
parallel  to  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek  in  its  dual  character  — 
practically  two  battles  in  one  day  —  and  also  in  the  complete 
overthrow  and  almost  total  annihilation  of  the  army,  victorious 
in  the  onset  of  the  battle.  In  other  respects  the  two  battles  were 
dissimilar.  Napoleon  won  the  battle  of  Marengo  by  the  oppor- 
tune arrival  on  the  field  of  Desaix,  the  hero  of  the  battle  of  the 
Pyramids,  with  six  thousand  fresh  troops.  The  battle  of  Cedar 
Creek  was  won  by  the  timely  arrival  of  Sheridan,  without  troops. 

Ohio's  soldiers  were  in  the  sieges  of  Petersburg  and  Rich- 
mond ;  also  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  under  Gilmore.  another  of  her 
heroes.  They  defended  Knoxville,  under  Burnside.  They  rushed 
to  glory  over  the  ramparts  at  Petersburg.  They  bared  their 
hrf'.Bsts  to  the  storm  at  Five  Forks  (under  Sheridan  and  Custer 


Ohio  Centennial.  191 

A  new  force  appeared.  The  cavalry  under  General  Torbert 
had  held  the  far  off  Union  right  along  the  Martinsburg  road. 
Its  commander  had  massed  his  brigades  and  was  moving  steadily 
forward.  At  first  in  a  walk,  then  a  trot,  then  as  it  swung  around 
the  foothills  of  Apple-Pie  Ridge  to  the  open  plain  near  Win- 
chester, in  a  gallop,  with  drawn  sabres,  they  glistening  in  the 
sun's  rays  as  it  was  fast  setting  behind  the  Alleghany  mountain 
range,  but  yet  to  be  seen  through  the  church  spires  of  Winchester. 
•Over  cavalry  first,  then  artillery,  our  cavalry,  horse  and  rider  went 
irresistibly,  carrying  death  and  disaster,  then,  when  Early's  hard 
pressed  infantry  was  reached,  our  cavalry  overthrew  its  left,  and 
defeat  and  panic  followed  for  all  his  army.  It  was  rapidly  forced 
through  the  streets  of  the  long,  war-doomed  city  of  Winchester. 
A  complete  victory  was  won. 

An  on-looker  would  have  been  able,  from  afar,  to  have  seen, 
leading,  well  to  the  front,  one  of  the  brigades  of  Torbert's  cav- 
alry, the  long,  flowing,  blonde  hair,  under  a  slouch  hat,  and  the 
conspicuous,  also  flowing,  red  necktie  of  General  George  A.  Cus- 
ter of  Ohio:  brave,  proud,  confident  and  invincible,  until  he  fell 
in  the  fateful  Indian  trap  in  the  Little  Big  Horn  country. 

This  was  the  first  of  Sheridan's  great  victories.  The  dead 
and  wounded  of  the  two  armies  were  8,639. 

one  line,  immediately  fronting  the  enemy.  The  four  regiments  of  my 
brigade,  that  were  upon  the  left,  kept  connection  with  the  First  Brigade, 
Third  Division,  and  fought  desperately,  in  the  main  driving  the  enemy. 
They  also  captured  a  considerable  number  of  prisoners  in  their  first  ad- 
vance. 

"Heavy  firing  was  kept  up  along  the  whole  line  until  about  4  p.  m., 
when  a  general  advance  took  place.  The  enemy  gave  way  before  the  im- 
petuosity of  our  troops,  and  were  soon  completely  routed.  This  brigade 
pressed  forward  with  the  advance  line  to,  and  into,  the  streets  of  Win- 
chester. The  rout  of  the  enemy  was  everywhere  complete.  Night  came 
on,  and  the  pursuit  was  stopped.  The  troops  of  my  brigade  encamped 
with  the  corps  on  the  Strasburg  and  Front  Royal  roads,  south  of  Win- 
chester." 

Keifer  was  wounded  in  the  left  hip  by  a  fragment  of  a  shell  (though 
not  disabled),  and  two  horses  were  shot  under  him  during  the  day.  His 
left  arm  was  then  in  a  sling  from  a  bullet  wound  received  in  the  battle 
of  the  Wilderness.  He  was  brevetted  for  gallantry  at  Opequon,  Fisher's 
Hill  and  Cedar  Creek,  Va.— [E.  O.  R.,    Editor.] 


192  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

In  not  all  of  the  battles  of  the  war,  from  Rich  Mountain 
(July  II,  1861)  to  Sailors'  Creek  (April  6,  1865),  were  Ohio's 
officers  so  dominant  and  conspicuous  as  at  Opequon,  but  in 
many  her  share  of  the  achievements  was  still  greater  by  reason  of 
the  larger  relative  number  of  Ohio's  soldiers  participating  therein. 

Of  course,  in  the  battle  described,  officers  and  soldiers  of 
other  states  did  their  duty;  but  we  are  not  here  giving  general 
war  history;  we  are  only  illustrating  Ohio  in  the  Civil  War 
by  one  battle,  wherein  two  Ohio  subordinate  officers  participated, 
each  of  whom  became  president  of  the  United  States,  and  others 
from  Ohio  who  participated  became  distinguished  as  statesmen, 
jurists,  etc. 

Ohio's  human  sacrifices. 

ThQ  scythe  of  destruction  cut  a  wide  swath,  and  death 
garnered  a  superabundant  harvest  of  Ohio's  sons  during  the 
more  than  four  years  war. 

There  were  24,591  Ohio  soldiers  killed  or  mortally  wounded 
in  actual  combat,  or  who  died,  before  the  expiration  of  their 
terms  of  enlistment,  of  wounds  or  disease.  Of  this  number 
6.536  were  of  the  mangled  slain,  who  died  where  they  fell  on  the 
field  of  action,  and  4,674  others  ebbed  out  their  lives  in  field- 
hospitals  after  receiving  mortal  wounds,  and  13,354  died  of 
disease  in  hospital  or  prison,  from  exposure  or  cruel  starvation. 

Thirty-seven  were  killed  or  mortally  wounded,  and  forty- 
seven  died  of  disease,  etc.,  out  of  every  thousand  of  Ohio  troops. 

The  "destroying  angel,"  neither  in  peace  nor  war,  respects 
persons,  rank,  caste,  class  or  station.  The  Angel  of  Death 
spread  wide  his  wings  and  swooped  in  his  victims  from  dmong 
the  heroes  of  the  bayonet  and  sabre,  the  cannon  and  the  sword. 

The  vigorous,  nervous  and  accomplished  General  O.  M. 
Mitchell  fell  a  victim  to  disease.  The  brave,  but  gentle.  Gen- 
eral Joshua  W.  Sill  (now  buried  here)  grandly  and  heroically 
met  his  fate  at  Stone's  River.  The  chivalric  and  knightly  Gen- 
eral William  H.  Lytle,  died,  as  he  had  wished,  of  a  mortal  wound 
on  the  field  of  glory  at  Chickamauga.  General  Robert  L.  Mc- 
Cook,  after  a  most  brilliant  career  of  usefulness,  and  with  still 
greater  promise,  also  died  of  a  mortal  wound.     There  was  also 


Ohio  Centennial.  189- 

There  rode  as  a  staff-officer  with  Crook  on  that  field  Cap- 
tain Rol?ert  P.  Kennedy  of  Ohio.  He  has  since  been  Heutenant- 
governor  of  Ohio,  member  of  Congress,  etc.  There  rode,  also, 
on  that  field  with  Crook  and  Hayes,  as  a  staff -officer,  one  with 
smooth,  almost  beardless  face,  the  blossom  of  youth  yet  on  his 
brow  —  he  was  then  twenty-one  years  of  age.  This  was  Lieu- 
tenant William  McKinley  —  later  a  brevet-major,  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  twice  governor  of  Ohio,  and  twice 
elected  president  of  the  United  States. 

General  Crook  was  the  very  genius  of  war,  when  the  battle 
was  on.  Though  modest  to  diffidence,  ordinarily,  yet  determined 
and  supremely  energetic  in  action  —  a  very  Cromwell.  He  'in- 
spired to  great  deeds  his  entire  command.  His  successful  career 
did  not  end  with  the  Civil  War.  He  became  a  renowned  Indian 
fighter. 

While  Crook  was  maintaining  his  battle  on  the  Union  right 
the  Sixth  Corps  was  forcing  the  fighting  on  the  left  and  in  the 
center.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Aaron  W.  Ebright  (One  Hundred 
and  Twenty-sixth  Ohio),  fell  leading  his  regiment  in  a  charge 
with  other  troops  of  his  brigade  near  the  pike.  Colonel  Wm.  H. 
Ball  (One  Hundred  and  Twenty-second  Ohio  —  since  a  judge  — 
still  living),  though  a  fragment  of  a  shell  had  torn  his  clothing 
from  his  back,  searing  a  shoulder  blade,  could  have  been  seen, 
unperturbed,  moving  with  his  command  steadily  and  surely  for- 
ward. Lieutenant-Colonel  Moses  M.  Granger  (same  regiment) 
was,  with  his  usual  activity,  good  judgment  and  skill  leading 
his  troops  upon  the  enemy's  center  as  it  was  being  pushed  back 
upon  the  plain  northeastward  of  Winchester  where  Early  was 
forced  to  concentrate  his  army  with  all  its  reserves.  Colonel 
Granger  had  that  same  placid,  gentle  smile  on  his  radiant  counte- 
nance you  see  him  displaying  now  from  this  platform  as  he  tells 
you  of  the  glories  of  the  judiciary  of  Ohio.  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Otho  H.  Binkley  and  Major  Aaron  Spangler  (One  Hundred  and 
Tenth  Ohio  —  each  modest  as  a  refined  woman  —  each,  later, 
given,  by  President  Lincoln,  higher  rank,  by  brevet,  for  gallantry 
on  the  field  —  each,  still  later,  distinguished  in  civil  life)  and 
others  of  Ohio,  led  their  men  heroically  and  successfully,  in  the 
hottest  of  the  fight. 


190  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  supreme  hour  came  (about  5  p.  m.).  Night  must  not 
rob  the  Union  cause  of  victory.  Sheridan  rode  along  -his  Hues 
waving  hat  and  sword,  and  inspired  his  tired,  hungry  troops,  who 
had  fought  and  advanced  slowly  all  the  day,  leaving  their  dead 
and  wounded  behind  them.  Crook  and  Hayes  and  Keifer  and 
others  personally  summoned  their  men  to  a  final  effort.  The 
command  ''forward''  rang  all  along  the  lines  of  the  Union  army. 
Meeting  and  delivering  shot  and  shell  these  lines  moved  sullenly 
forward,  though  final  success  then  was  not  certain.* 

*  General  Ricketts  who  commanded  the  Third  Division  of  the  Sixth 
Corps,  in  his  official  report,  refers  to  Keifer's  conduct  in  one  stage  of 
this  battle  thus: 

"The  Nineteenth  Corps  did  not  move  and  keep  connection  with  my 
right,  and  the  turnpike  upon  which  the  division  was  dressing  bore  to 
the  left,  causing  a  wide  interval  between  the  Sixth  and  Nineteenth  Corps. 
As  the  lines  advanced  the  interval  became  greater.  The  enemy,  dis- 
covering this  fact,  hurled  a  large  body  of  men  towards  the  interval  and 
threatened  to  take  my  right  in  flank.  Colonel  Keifer  at  once  caused  the 
One  Hundred  and  Thirty-eighth  and  Sixty-seventh  Pennsylvania  and 
One  Hundredth  and  Tenth  Ohio  to  break  their  connection  with  the  right 
of  the  remainder  of  his  brigade  and  move  towards  the  advancing  columns 
of  the  enemy.  These  three  regiments  most  gallantly  met  the  overwhelm- 
ing masses  of  the  enemy  and  held  them  in  check. 

As  soon  as  the  Nineteenth  Corps  engaged  the  enemy  the  force  in  my 
front  commenced  slowly  retiring.  The  three  regiments  named  were 
pushed  forward  until  they  came  upon  two  batteries  (eight  guns),  silenc- 
ing them  and  compelling  the  enemy  to  abandon  them.  The  three  regi- 
ments had  arrived  within  less  than  two  hundred  yards  of  the  two  bat- 
teries .  when  the  Nineteenth  Corps,  after  a  most  gallant  resistance,  gave 
way.  These  guns  would  have  been  taken  by  our  troops  had  our  flank 
been  properly  protected.  The  enemy  at  once  came  upon  my  right  flank 
in  large  force^:  successful  resistance  was  no  longer  possible;  the  order 
was  given  for  our  men  to  fall  back  on  our  second  line,  but  the  enemy 
cidvancing  at  the  time  in  force  threw  us  temporarily  into  confusion." 

General  Keifer  in  his  official  report,  uses  this  language : 

"The  broken  troops  of  my  brigade  were  halted  and  reformed  in  a 
woods  behind  troops  from  the  reserve,  which  had  come  forward  to  fill 
tip  the  interval.  As  soon  as  reformed,  they  were  moved  forward  again 
over  the  same  ground  they  had  traversed  the  first  time.  While  moving 
this  portion  of  my  brigade  forward,  I  received  an  order  from  Brigadier- 
General  Ricketts,  commanding  division,  to  again  unite  my  brigade  near 
the  center  of  the  corps,  and  to  the  right  of  the  turnpike,  near  a  house. 
This  order  was  obeyed   at   once,   and  my   whole  brigade  was  placed  in 


Ohio  Centennial.  1^^ 

General  Daniel  McCook,  who,  when  he  entered  the  army,  bade 
friends  farewell  with  the  remark:  "Here  goes  for  a  star  or  a 
soldier's  grave,"  and  both  came  together.  A  McCook  fell  each 
year  of  the  war  —  father  and  three  sons;  the  father  and  two 
sons  on  a  July  2ist.  Colonel  Charles  M.  was  killed  at  Bull 
Run,  July  21,  1861 ;  General  Robert  L.,  August  6,  1862;  Major 
Daniel  McCook  (the  father)  during  the  Morgan  raid  in  Ohio^ 
July  21,  1863,  and  General  Daniel  McCook  at  Kenesaw  Mountain,. 
July  21,  1864.  Alexander  McDowell  McCook,  another  of  Dan- 
iel's sons,  became  a  major-general.  John  McCook  (brother  of; 
Daniel,  Sr.)  served  and  died  in  the  war. 

James  B.  McPherson,  of  Ohio  (a  son  of  a  blacksmith), 
rose  through  ability,  merit  and  heroism  to  the  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee,  and  fell  in  sight  of  Atlanta  (Peach 
Tree  Creek,  July  22,  1864)  when  thirty-six  years  of  age.  He 
fitly  typifies  an  American  soldier  and  citizen  in  our  free  Repub- 
lic, where  the  humblest  of  birth  and  circumstances  may  rise  to 
fame  or  fortune.  Such  a  soldier  does  not  fight  for  a  crown 
for  his  own  head,  nor,  like  a  knight  of  old,  purely  for  military 
glory,  but  with  all  the  characteristics  of  bravery  and  chivalry 
possessed  by  the  most  valorous  and  virtuous,  for  the  principle 
of  universal  liberty  —  for  man. 

The  list  of  distinguished  officers,  whose  lives  paid  the 
forfeit  for  our  Nation's  sins,  is  long.  Among  the  most  con- 
spicuous names  are  Colonels  Lorin  Andrews,  Minor  Milliken, 
Frederick  C.  Jones,  Wm.  G.  Jones,  John  T.  Toland,  J.  H.  Pat- 
rick, C.  G.  Harker,  J.  W.  Lowe,  George  P.  Webster,  J.  K.  L. 
Smith,  James  M.  Shane,  J.  D.  Elliott,  Leander  Stem,  Augustus 
H.  Coleman,  Barton  S.  Kyle  and  M.  S.  Wooster. 

It  is  invidious  to  name  any.  Almost  every  cemetery  or 
village  graveyard  in  Ohio  attests  the  number,  and  many  Ohio 
soldiers  are  buried  in  national  cemeteries;  others  where  they 
fell. 

The  grand  total  of  losses  in  the  Union  army,  from  Sumter 
to  the  final  peace,  was  294,000  men,  9,000  of  whom  were  officers, 
and  285,000  enlisted  men.  The  loss  in  Ohio  officers  alone  is 
known  to  have  reached  872,  nearly  ten  per  centum  of  the  grand 

o.  c.  — 13 


194  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

total  of  officers,  and  every  eleventh  enlisted  man  of  the  Union 
army  who  fell  in  the  war  was  an  Ohio  soldier. 

The  total  of  the  losses  in  battle  of  all  kinds  in  both  the 
American  and  British  armies  in  the  seven  years'  war  of  the 
Revolution,  excluding  only  the  captured  at  Saratoga  and  York- 
town,  is  21,526.  This  number  falls  4,000  below  Ohio's  dead- 
list  alone  during  the  Civil  War. 

In  summing  up  Ohio's  sacrifices,  mention  has  only  been 
made  of  the  dead  during  the  war,  omitting  those  who  have  since 
died  of  wounds  and  disease  contracted  in  the  service,  and  the 
many  mangled  and  disabled  living  soldiers. 

The  soldiers  suffered  and  died  in  camp,  on  the  march,  as 
guards  and  sentinels  by  day  and  by  night,  during  the  bivouac, 
in  tent,  hospital  and  prison,  and  while  exposed  to  storms  in 
all  seasons  and  climes.  In  all  the  movements  of  the  army, 
disease  and  death  followed  in  the  train. 

I  have  spoken  so  far  of  the  blood  shed  in  war,  and  not 
of  the  broken  hearts  and  bitter  tears  of  sorrow  incident,  thereto. 
Who  knows  or  who  can  measure  the  sorrows  and  sufferings  of 
the  agonized  hearts  left  desolate  at  home?  Here  all  human 
calculation  ceases.  Heaven's  recording  angel  has  not  failed  to 
note  these  sacrifices. 

What  a  grand  army  of  Ohio  soldiers  now  muster  beyond 
the  grave!  Such  is  briefly  and  imperfectly  Ohio's  human  sac- 
rifice to  the  principle  of  national  unity  and  freedom  to  all  be- 
neath the  stars  and  stripes. 

Costly,    Oh!  how  costly  the  sacrifice! 

Her  sons  died  to  atone  with  their  blood  for  our  nation's 
sins  against  humanity.  Let  us  now  and  ever  hope  and  pray 
that  this  atoning  sacrifice  may  not  have  been  in  vain.  Nay; 
more,  let  us  swear,  by  the  blood  and  sufferings  of  our  maimed 
and  fallen  comrades,  and  by  the  tears  and  sorrows  of  the 
broken-hearted  widows  and  orphans  of  these  comrades,  to  so  act 
that  they  shall  not  have  died  in  vain. 

Did  time  permit  I  might  recount  other  material  sacrifices 
made  by  Ohio  in  the  war.  Those  who  went  to  the  field  were 
not  the  only  sufferers;  nor  were  they  the  only  persons  who 
devoted   their   service   and   lives  to  their   country.     The   moral 


Ohio  Centennial.  196 

grandeur  of  the  war  was  intensified  by  the  heroism  with  which 
the  loyal  ladies  labored  at  home,  in  hospital  and  on  the  field,  to 
ameliorate  its  horrors. 

The  work  of  Misses  Mary  Clark  Barton  and  Ellen  F.  Terry 
in  organizing  the  sanitary  commission,  at  Cleveland,  and  con- 
ducting its  affairs  on  a  scale  co-equal  with  the  magnitude  of 
the  war,  crowns  them  as  "queens  of  mercy."  To  mention  names 
in  this  connection  is  again  invidious.  Florence  Nightingale 
(England)  was  the  central  female  figure  of  the  Crimean  War. 
Her  philanthropic  labors,  in  angelic  grandeur,  there  outshone  in 
glory  all  others.  In  their  sublimity  and  holiness  they  have  been 
pronounced  a  sufficient  compensation  for  the  horrors  of  a  long, 
bloody  war. 

The  second  war  for  freedom  in  America  produced  a  thou- 
sand Florence  Nightingales.  By  their  work  they  closed  a  hell 
of  agonies  and  opened  a  heaven  of  joy. 

Ohio's  galaxy  of  generals. 

Grant  won  his  way  from  retired  life  to  the  rank  of  gen- 
eral. Skill,  pluck  and  perseverance  crowned  his  career  as  an 
officer  with  uniform  success ;  and  success  in  war  is  the  only  royal 
road  to  greatness. 

Sherman,  who  succeeded  to  the  rank  of  general-in-chief 
of  the  armies  of  the  United  States,  forecast  the  war  in  the 
West  on  too  large  a  scale  for  the  comprehension  of  many,  and 
for  a  time  he  was  asked  to  stand  aside  (as  insane),  but  the 
logic  of  events  brought  others  up  to  his  far-reaching  compre- 
hension. He,  too,  zvon  his  high  rank,  he  did  not  acquire  it  by 
influence  or  accident. 

Philip  H.  Sheridan  was  a  captain,  newly  made,  when  the 
war  broke  out.  He  wrote  to  a  friend  thus:  *'Who  knows? 
Perhaps  I  may  have  a  chance  to  earn  a  major's  commission." 
Such  vaulting  ambition  was  never  to  be  realized.  He  earned 
a  major-general's  commission  during  the  war,  and  with  it  the 
acknowledged  title  of  the  first  general  of  cavalry.  This  only 
does  him  partial  justice,  for  he  was,  as  an  army  commander,  a 
great  strategist.     He  leaped  over  the  rank  of  major,  also  lieu- 


196  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

tenant-colonel  in  the  regular  army,  and  he  never  held  a  rank 
below  colonel  in  the  volunteer  service.  At  the  head  of  cavalry 
he  was  to  Grant  what  Marshal  Murat  was  to  the  first  Napoleon. 
He  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  and  general  of  the 
United  States  army. 

These  three  —  Grant,  Sherman  and  Sheridan  —  are  the  only 
officers  who  have  held  the  rank  of  "general"  in  the  United  States 
army  since  Washington. 

Major-General  Rosecrans  was  by  many  competent  military 
critics  placed  at  the  head  of  the  great  strategists  of  the  war. 
He  fought  in  West  Virginia,  he  triumphed  at  luka,  Corinth  and 
Stone's  River,  and  fought,  against  odds,  the  great  battle  of 
Chickamauga  and  seized  and  held  Chattanooga,  the  prize  he  then 
fought  for. 

Quincy  A.  Gilmore  was  the  greatest  of  artillerists.  It  will 
seem  unjust  to  pursue  this  review  of  Ohio's  chiefs  further. 

It  is  difficult  to  adopt  a  perfectly  just  and  satisfactory 
rule  for  crediting  Ohio  with  the  names  of  distinguished  men  who, 
in  peace  or  war,  served  their  country  with  special  honor.  It  has 
been  the  custom  to  claim,  as  Ohio's  contribution,  all  persons 
of  distinction  who  were  born  in  Ohio,  no  matter  where  their 
residence  might  be,  and  also  to  claim  all  others  as  belonging  to 
Ohio  who  entered  public  service  while  residents  of  Ohio,  re- 
gardless of  where  born. 

The  list  given  below,  prepared  chiefly  by  John  Beatty* 
(himself  a  distinguished  general  of  the  Civil  War),  is  sub- 
stantially complete,  though  it  leaves  out  some,  notably  Gen- 
erals Eli  Long,  Charles  G.  Harker  and  Samuel  S.  Carroll  (not 
born  in  or  residents  of  Ohio),  who  each  commanded  an  Ohio 
infantry  regiment  prior  to  their  promotion ;  and  the  list  does 
not  include  Generals  Halbert  E.  Payne  (Wisconsin),  Benjamin 
Harrison  (Indiana),  Robert  B.  Mitchell  (Kansas),  and  other  dis- 
tinguished officers,  born  in  Ohio. 


(*)  Vol.  I.  Ohio  His.  Collections,  p.  150. 


Ohio  Centennial.  197 

OHIO    GENERAL    OFFICERS,    WITH    STATE    AND    DATE    OF    BIRTH. 

(The  *  indicates  a  graduate  of  West  Point;  the  f  that  the  officer 
was  major-general  by  brevet,  usually  for  some  special  gallantry  on  the 
battle-field.) 

Generals: 

^Ulysses  S.  Grant,  born  at  Point  Pleasant,  Ohio,  April  2^, 
1822. 

'^William  T.  Sherman,  born  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  February  8, 
1820. 

*  Phillip  H.  Sheridan,  born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  6,  1831. 

Major-Generals. 

*Don  Carlos  Buell,  born  at  Lowell,  March  23,  1818. 
"^George  Crook,   Montgomery  County,   September  8,    1828. 
^George  A.  Custer,  Harrison  County,  December  5,  1839. 
*Quincy  A.  Gilmore,  Lorain  County,  February  28,   1825. 
James  A.  Garfield,  Cuyahoga  County,  November  19,  1831. 

*  James  B.  McPherson,  Clyde,  November   14,   1828. 
Irvine  McDowell,  Columbus,  October  15,  1818.  f 
Alex.  McD.  McCook,  Columbiana  County,  April  22,  1831. 
William  S.  Rosecrans,  Delaware  County,  September  6,  1819. 
David  S.  Stanley,  Wayne  County,  June  i,  1828. 

Robert  C.  Schenck,  Warren  County,  October  4,  1809. 
Wagner  Swayne,  Columbus,  November  10,  1834. 
^Godfrey   Weitzel,   Cincinnati,    November    i,    1835. 

M,ajor-Generals,  resident  in  Ohio  but  born  elsezvhere: 

Jacob  D.  Cox,  born  in  New  York,  October  2y,  1828. 
^William  B.  Hazen,  Vermont,  September  27,   1830. 
Mortimer  D.  Leggett,  New  York,  April  19,  183 1. 
^George  B.  McClellan,  Pennsylvania.  December  3,  1826. 
*0.  M.  Mitchell,  Kentucky,  August  28,  1810. 
James  B.  Steedman,   Pennsylvania,  July  30,   1818. 

Brigadier-Generals  of  Ohio  birth: 

^William  T.  H.  Brooks,  born  at  New  Lisbon,  January  28, 
1821. 

^William  W.   Burns,  Coshocton,   September  3,   1825. 


198  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

jHenry  B.  Banning,  Knox  County,  November  lo,  1834. 
*C.  B.  Buckingham,  Zanesville,  March  14,  1808. 
John  Beatty,  Sandusky,  December  16,  1828. 
Joel  A.  Dewey,  Ashtabula,  September  20,  1840. 
jThomas  H.  Ewing,  Lancaster,  August  7,  1829. 
fHugh  B.  Ewing,  Lancaster,  October  31,  1826. 

*  James  W.  Forsyth,  Ohio,  August  26,  1836. 
t^Robert  S.  Granger,  Zanesville,  May  24,  1816. 
f^Kenner  Garrard,  Cincinnati,  1830. 
t^Charles  Griffin,  Licking  County,  1827. 
fRi^itherford  B.  Hayes,  Delaware,  October  14,  1822. 
tJ.  Warren  Keifer,  Clark  County,  January  30,  1836. 
William  H.  Lytle,  Cincinnati,  November  2,  1826. 
*John  S.  Mason,  Steubenville,  August  21,  1824. 
Robert  L.  McCook,  New  Lisbon,  December  28,  1827. 
Daniel  McCook,  Carrollton,  July  22,  1834. 

John  G.  Mitchell,  Fiqua,  November  6,  1838. 
Nathaniel  C.  McLean,  Warren  County,  February  2,  181 5. 
fEmerson  Opdycke,  Trumbull  County,  January  7,  1830. 
Benjamin  F.  Potts,  Carroll  County,  January  29,   1836. 
A.  Sanders  Piatt,  Cincinnati,  May  2,   1821. 
tjames  S.  Robinson,  Mansfield,  October  11,  1828. 
fBenjamin  P.  Runkle,  West  Liberty,  September  3,  1836. 
J.  W.  Reilly,  Akron,  May  21,  1828. 

*  William  Sooy  Smith,  Pickaway  County,  July  22,  1830. 
'^Joshua  Sill,  Chillicothe,  December  6,  1831. 

John  P.  Slough,  Cincinnati,  1829. 

Ferdinand  Van  De  Veer,  Butler  County,  February  27,  1823. 

t*Charles  R.  Woods,  Licking  County. 

tWilliard  Warner,   Granville,   September  4,    1826. 

tWilliam  B.  Woods,  Licking  County. 

fCharles  C.  Walcutt,  Columbus,  February  12,  1838. 

M.  S.  Wade,  Cincinnati,  December  2,  1802. 

Brigadier-Generals,  resident  in   Ohio  hut  horn  elsezvhere. 

'''Jacob  Ammen,  born  in  Virginia,  January  7,  1808. 
fSamuel  Beatty,  Pennsylvania,  September  16,  1820. 
t*B.  W.  Brice,  Virginia,  1809. 


Ohio  Centennial.  199 

Ralph  B.  Buckland,  Massachusetts,  January  20,  1812. 

H.  B.  Carrington,  Connecticut,  March  2,  1824. 

George  P.  Este,  New  Hampshire,  April  30,  1830. 

fManning  F.  Force,  Washington,  D.  C,  December  17,  1824. 

tjohn  W.  Fuller,  England,  July,  1827. 

fCharles  W.  Hill,  Vermont. 

t August  V.  Kautz,  Germany,  January  5,  1828. 

George  W.  Morgan,  Pennsylvania. 

William  H.  Powell,  South  Wales,  May  10,  1825. 

*E.  P.  Scammon,  Maine,  December  27,    1816. 

Thomas  Kilby  Smith,  Massachusetts,  1821. 

tJohn  W.  Sprague,  New  York,  April  4,  1827. 

fErastus  B.  Tyler,  New  York. 

t*John  C.  Tibbal,  Virginia. 

fAugust  Willich,  Prussia,  1810. 

There  were  twenty  major-generals,  twenty-seven  brevet 
major-generals,  thirty  brigadier-generals,  and  one  hundred  and 
fifty  brevet  brigadier-generals.  Two  hundred  and  twenty-nine 
completes  Ohio's  list  of  general  officers.  (Of  those  holding  the 
substantive  rank  of  major-general,  or  higher  rank,  only  one  — 
Alex.  McDowell  McCook  is  now  living).* 

But  —  but,  boastful  as  we  are  of  Ohio  on  account  of  her 
military  chieftains  who  won  their  commissions  on  fields  of  blood, 
and  of  her  other  still  larger  number  of  officers,  holding  lesser 
rank,  but  equally  skillful,  brave  and  meritorious,  we  are  justly 
more  boastful  of  Ohio  on  account  of  her  more  than  340,ocx)  en- 
listed volunteer  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  Civil  War. 

HI. 

Spanish-American  War — 1898. 

With  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  (1865),  came  a  third  of  a 
century  of  peace  in  the  United  States,  save  only  the  perennial  In- 
dian border  wars. 

Cuba,  long  sought  to  be  acquired  by  the  United  States,  by 
purchase,  to  dedicate  to  slavery,  and  also  because  of  its  being  a 
natural  key  to  our  Gulf  coast,  was,  at  last,  so  cruelly  oppressed 

*Died  since,  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  June   12,  1903. 


200  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

by  Spanish  authority  as  to  excite  the  sympathy  of  the  humane 
people  throughout  the  world.  Spain's  title  by  discovery  had  held 
good,  as  to  Cuba,  for  above  four  hundred  years.  Meantime  there 
had  been  exterminated  by  Spaniards  an  aboriginal  race  at  one 
time  probably  numbering  500,000  people.  Spain's  tyrannical 
policy,  though,  in  general,  not  more  severe  than  in  Spain  proper, 
led  to  insurrections  in  Cuba.  The  one  of  ten  years'  duration 
(1868-1877)  terminated  in  an  agreement  to  give  Cuban  inhab- 
itants the  rights  of  Spanish  citizens,  including  the  right  of  repre- 
sentation in  the  Spanish  Cortes.  This  agreement  was  not  kept  in 
good  faith  by  Spain,  and  in  February,  1895,  a  new  insurrection 
broke  out,  supported  by  Cubans  generally  in  the  Island,  especi- 
ally by  those  not  living  in  the  larger  coast  cities. 

Failing  to  quell  this  insurrection  the  Spanish  Cuban  gover- 
nor-general (Weyler)  inaugurated  a  policy  of  extermination,  and 
so  far  executed  it  as  to  (as  early  as  1896)  cause  the  non-com- 
batants from  the  insurrectionary  parts  of  the  Island  to  be  as- 
sembled in  "closely  circumscribed  so-called  military  zones,  and 
there  left  to  starve  and  to  die.  Thus  were  destroyed  about 
one-third  (600,000)  of  Cuba's  population  before  the  close  of  the 
Spanish  War.  The  civilized  world  stood  aghast  at  this  horrible 
cruelty.  This  condition  and  the  blowing  up  in  Havana  harbor 
(February  15,  1898),  of  the  United  States  battleship  Maine 
aroused  the  people  of  this  country  to  a  frenzy  of  excitement. 
They  demanded  that  Spain  should  give  up  Cuba  —  make  her 
people  free,  and  depart  from  America  as  empty-handed  as  when 
Columbus  sailed  on  his  first  voyage  of  discovery  in  1493. 

The  declaration  by  Congress  (April  18,  1898),  "that  the 
people  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 
and  independent"  and  the  demand  that  Spain  "at  once  relinquish 
its  authority  and  government  in  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and  with- 
draw its  land  and  naval  forces  from  Cuba  and  Cuban  waters," 
with  authority  to  the  President  to  enforce  the  demand  by  the  use 
of  the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  United  States  and  the  militia 
of  the  states,  led,  necessarily,  to  a  declaration  of  war  (April  21, 
1898). 

This  policy  on  the  part  of  our  government  was  without  prec- 
edent in  the  history  of  nations.     No  nation  had  ever  before  de- 


Ohio  Centennial.  201 

dared  war  on  another  country  because  of  its  inhuman  treatment 
of  its  own  citizens  or  subjects.  No  war  was  ever  before  declared 
on  humanitarian  grounds  alone.  The  precedent  was  radical  as 
well  as  new,  and  it  may  be-  far-reaching  in  its  effects  and  tend 
strongly  towards  the  universal  civilization  of  man.  But  this  war 
was  the  logical  and  legitimate  outgrowth  of  the  results  of  the 
Civil  War.  The  victories  won,  in  that  war,  for  humanity  and 
freedom  were  for  the  whole  human  race.  But  for  Appomattox 
there  would  have  been  no  Manila  Bay  or  Santiago  —  no  free- 
dom for  Cuba  — no  new  island  possessions  —  and  Porto  Rico 
and  the  Philippines,  over  which  our  flag  now  floats,  and  our 
constitution  spreads  its  shield  of  protection,  guaranteeing  civil 
and  religious  freedom,  would  still  be  Spanish. 

But  for  the  civil  and  religious  freedom  secured  by  the 
bloody  victories  of  the  Civil  War,  the  armies  of  the  leading 
monarchies  of  the  civilized  world  would  not  have  marched,  side  by 
side,  with  an  army  of  our  Republic  to  storm  the  gates  of  China's 
capital  to  liberate  imprisoned  and  endangered  Christian  mis- 
sionaries sent  to  preach  ''Christ  and  Him  crucified"  and  to  carry 
the  banner  of  the  Prince  of  Peace  to  heathen  pagan  people. 

But  what  part  or  lot  did  Ohio  have  in  the  Spanish-American 
War? 

Something.  William  McKinley,  of  Ohio,  was  president  of 
the  United  States,  and  though  conservative  in  his  views  upon  the 
subject  of  precipitating  the  country  into  a  foreign  war,  was  far- 
seeing,  and  prompt,  in  preparing  for  war,  both  on  land  and  water ; 
and  when  the  war  came,  so  ordered  an  Asiatic  fleet  as  to  bring  it 
into  Manila  Bay,  in  the  far-oflf  Philippines,  within  six  days  (May 
I,  1898),  after  Congress  declared  (April  25)  the  war  existed, 
where  it  (under  Admiral  Dewey)  then  destroyed  the  Spanish 
fleet,  and  won  a  victory  which  did  much  to  place  our  nation  first 
among  the  naval  powers  of  the  world. 

President  McKinley's  thoroughness  and  energy  in  preparing 
for  the  war  commanded  the  admiration  of  the  country  and  the 
world. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Spanish  War  the  United  States 
had  a  standing  army  of  "28,183  officers  and  enlisted  men,  and  so 
scattered  as  not  to  be  available  bv  concentration.     Not  to  exceed 


202  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

half  that  number  could  be  utilized  for  immediate  operations 
against  the  enemy  in  Cuba,  a  mere  fraction  of  the  regular  and 
volunteer  forces  already  there. 

On  April  23  (two  days  after  our  minister  at  Madrid  was 
handed  his  passports)  the  President  called  for  125,000  volunteers, 
and,  May  25,  1898,  he  called  for  75,000  more.  These  were  or- 
ganized and  in  drill  camps  within  a  few  days,  and  some  of  them 
were  soon  hastened,  with  the  available  regulars,  to  Santiago, 
.Cuba. 

Ohio  had,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish  War,  John  Sher- 
man as  secretary  of  state,  and  William  R.  Day  as  first  assistant 
secretary  of  state.  Day  soon  became  secretary  of  state,  and  he 
has  the  distinguished  honor  of  negotiating  the  Protocol,  and,  as 
president  of  the  treaty  commission,  the  Paris  treaty  with  Spain, 
lie  later  became  a  judge  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  of 
Appeals,  and  he  is  now  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.  Without  experience  or  special  education  in  in- 
ternational affairs,  he  attained  the  highest  success  in  diplomacy. 
John  Hay,  of  Ohio,  succeeded  Day  (September  20,  1898)  as  sec- 
retary of  state.  He,  likewise,  did  much  to  insure  a  successful 
issue  of  the  Spanish  War.  She  had  then  two  distinguished  citi- 
zens, Joseph  B.  Foraker  and  Mark  A.  Hanna,  in  the  Senate  of 
the  United  States.  Another  distinguished  citizen,  Charles  H. 
Grosvenor,  was  then  a  leader  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 
(He  had  won  distinction  as  an  officer  in  the  Civil  War.) 

These,  and  others,  in  Congress  from  Ohio,  supported  the 
President  with  singular  ability,  in  preparation  for  and  in  prose- 
cuting the  war. 

One  man,  above  all  others  connected  with  the  United  States 
army,  is  entitled  to  credit  for  efficiency  and  ability  in  speedily 
perfecting  and  organizing  and  equipping  the  regular  and  vol- 
unteer forces  for  field  service  —  Henry  C.  Corbin.  He  was 
from  Ohio,  with  a  good  record  in  the  Civil  War.  He,  through 
merit,  had  been  advanced  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and 
adjutant-general  of  the  United  States  army.  By  his  great  exec- 
utive ability  he  did  more  than  any  other  man  in  the  United  States 
to  put  a  well-equipped  army  of  volunteers  in  the  field.  He  is 
now  a  major-general,  and  adjutant-general,  United  States  army. 


Ohio  Centennial.  203 

Throughout  the  regular  army  were  many  of  Ohio's  sons. 
So  as  to  the  navy.  Ohio  had  her  full  quota  of  officers  and  men 
in  both  —  some  of  whom  had  won  distinction  in  the  Civil  War. 

When  the  Spanish  War  broke  out  Ohio's  population  was 
about  one-twentieth  of  the  whole  country.  Under  the  first  call 
of  the  President,  Ohio  furnished  428  officers  and  8,052  enlisted 
men;  under  his  second  call,  73  officers  and  6,801  enlisted  men, 
including  hospital  and  signal  corps  men,  engineers  and  immunes, 
a  grand  total  of  15,354,  and  considerable  more  than  her  proper 
quota,  based  on  population.  If  the  call  had  been  for  the  whole 
200,000  from  Ohio,  it  would  have  been  promptly  filled,  leav- 
ing many  disappointed,  patriotic  young  men  still  clamoring  to 
be  taken.  The  heroic  spirit  of  the  Ohio  Civil- War  soldiers  and 
sailors  had  descended  to  their  sons. 

The  following  from  Ohio  were  commissioned  general  of- 
ficers in  the  Spanish  War  from  civil  life. 

J.  Warren  Keifer,  major-general  of  volunteers. 

George  A.  Garretson,  brigadier-general  of  volunteers. 

Each  had  commands  in  camps  within  the  United  States  and 
served  in  drilling,  disciplining,  etc.,  troops  for  active  field-ser- 
vice. General  Keifer  commanded  troops  in  the  vicinity  of  Ha- 
vana, and  he  commanded  the  United  States  troops  when  they 
marched  into  and  took  possession  of  the  city  of  Havana  on  its 
evacuation  by  the  Spanish  army  (January  i,  1899). 

General  Garretson  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  operations 
at  Santiago,  Cuba,  and  in  Porto  Rico. 

Others  of  Ohio  in  the  regular  service  were  promoted  to  gen- 
eral officers. 

The  state  furnished  ten  infantry  regiments,  all  of  full 
strength,  save  the  Ninth  Ohio  (colored),  which  had  only  one 
battalion;  one  volunteer  light  artillery  and  one  volunteer  cavalry 
regiment,  and  to  the  Second  United  States  Volunteer  Engineers, 
273  men;  to  the  Volunteer  United  States  Hospital  Corps,  461 
men ;  to  the  United  States  Volunteer  Signal  Corps,  50  men,  and 
four  companies  of  United  States  volunteers  (immunes),  424  men» 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  colonels  and  com- 
manding officers  of  the  Ohio  military  organizations  in  the 
Spanish  War: 


204  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Colonel  Charles  B.  Hunt,   ist  Ohio  Infantry, 

Colonel  Julius  A.  Kuert,  2nd  Ohio  Infantry. 

Colonel  Charles  Anthony,  3rd  Ohio  Infantry. 

Colonel  Cyrus  B.  Adams,  4th  Ohio  Infantry. 

Colonel  Cortland  L.  Kennan,   5th  Ohio  Infantry. 

Colonel  Wm.  B.  McMaken,  6th  Ohio  Infantry. 

Colonel  Arthur  L.  Hamilton,  7th  Ohio  Infantry. 

Colonel  Curtis  V.  Hard,  8th  Ohio  Infantry. 

Colonel  Henry  A.  Axline,  loth  Ohio  Infantry. 

Major  Charles  Young,   (Bat.)  9th  Ohio  Infantry. 

Major  Charles  T.  Atwell,  ist  Ohio  Light  Artillery. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Matthias  W.  Day,  ist  Ohio  Cavalry. 

1st  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell.  Ohio; 
George  H.  Thomas,  Ga.,  and  at  Tampa,  Fernandina  and  Jackson- 
ville, Fla. 

2nd  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio ; 
George  H.  Thomas,  Ga. ;  Ki*oxville,  Tenn.,  and  Macon,  Ga. 

3rd  Ohio  V^olunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio; 
Tampa  and  Fernandina,  Fla.,  and  Huntsville,  Ala. 

4th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio ; 
George  H.  Thomas,  Ga. ;  at  Newport  News,  Va. ;  Arroyo, 
Guayama  and  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico. 

'    5th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camp  Bushnell,  Ohio, 
and  at  Tampa  and  Fernandina,  Fla. 

6th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio ; 
George  H.  Thomas,  Ga. ;  Knoxville,  Tenn. ;  Cienfugos  and  Santa 
Clara,  Cuba. 

7th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio; 
Alger,  Va.,  and  Meade,  Pa. 

8th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio; 
Alger,  Va. ;  and  at  Siboney,  Sevilla  Hill,  San  Juan  Hill,  Cuba, 
and  Montauk  Point. 

9th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio; 
Alger,  Va. ;  Meade,  Pa.,  and  Marion,  S.  C. 

loth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio : 
Meade,  Pa.,  and  Mackenzie,  Ga. 

1st  Ohio  Volunteer  Light  Artillery  was  in  Camps  Bush- 
nell, Ohio,  and  George  H.  Thomas.  Ga. 


Ohio  Centennial.  205 

1st  Ohio  Volunteer  Cavalry  was  in  Camps  Bushnell,  Ohio ; 
George  H.  Thomas,  Ga. ;  Lakeland,  Fla.,  and  Huntsville,  Ala. 

Of  these  regiments  the  4th  saw  service  at  Arroyo,  Guayama, 
and  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico;  the  6th  at  Cienfuegos  and  Santa 
Clara,  Cuba ;  the  8th  at  Siboney,  Sevilla,  and  San  Juan  .  Hill, 
Cuba. 

The  total  deaths  in  all  the  Ohio  volunteer  organizations 
while  in  the  United  States  service  were  230,  seven  officers  and 
223   men. 

From  the  declaration  of  war  (April  21)  to  the  peace  protocol 
(August  12,  1898),  114  days,  there  was  the  greatest  activity, 
and  military  and  naval  operations  extended  to  Spanish  posses- 
sions half  around  the  world. 

In  this  war  Ohio's  officers  and  soldiers,  with  others  North, 
were  organized  into  brigades,  divisions  and  army  corps  with 
those  from  the  South,  and  all  proudly  and  loyally  affiliated, 
often  under  officers  who  fought  on  opposite  sides  in  the  Civil 
War. 

The  formal  treaty  of  peace  (Paris)  was  not  made  until 
December  10,  1898,  and  an  insurrectionary  war  broke  out  in 
the  newly-acquired  Philippine  Islands  in  February,  1899,  which 
required  an  army  larger  (both  regular  and  volunteer)  than  had 
hitherto  been  deemed  necessary.  In  its  temporary  increase  Ohio 
again  furnished  her  full  quota. 

Now  Brigadier-General  Frederick  Funston,  U.  S.  A.  (born 
at  New  CarHsle,  Clark  County,  Ohio),  successfully  executed 
the  plan  for  the  capture  of  Aguinaldo,  the  chief  insurgent,  which 
brought  his  insurrection  to  an  end. 

And  Ohio  men  participated  in  the  Battle  of  Tsein  Tsein, 
China,  and  were  of  those  who  marched  to  Imperial  China's  cap- 
ital and  within  its  gates  (1899),  dictated  the  release  of  imperiled 
Christian  missionaries  and  exacted  guarantees  for  their  future 
safety  and  the  safety  of  native  Chinese  Christians. 

For  the  duration  of  the  war  and  the  small  amount  of  blood 
shed  the  results  attained,  physical  and  moral,  in  the  Spanish- 
American  War,   were  unparalelled. 

The  story  of  Ohio  in  the  three  wars,  of  which  I  speak,  may 
be  summarized  thus: 


206  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

She,  by  the  heroism  and  loyalty  of  her  people;  did  her 
full  share: 

First  —  In  the  Mexican  War,  whereby  545,000  square  miles 
of  territory  were  acquired,  and  later  dedicated  to  freedom. 

Second  —  In  the  Civil  War,  whereby  human  slavery  in  the 
United  States  was  abolished  (and  since,  as  a  consequence,  largely 
throughout  the  civilized  world)  and  a  purer  and  better  civiliza- 
tion succeeded ;  the  Union  of  the  States  has  been  made  secure, 
it  is  to  be  hoped  through  all  time,  and  wherein  the  political 
equality  of  man  is  vouchsafed  under  organic  law;    and, 

Third  —  In  the  Spanish  War,  whereby  the  inhumanity  of 
Spain  towards  her  American  and  other  of  her  colonial  subjects 
has  been  ended,  and  the  ''Gem  of  the  Antilles"  —  Cuba  —  has 
become  free  and  independent,  and  other  of  Spain's  possessions 
have  not  only  become  free,  but  made  parts  of  our  Republic, 
and  thereby  entitled  to  the  protection  of  our  constitution  and 
laws,  under  the  banner  of  the  Union,  where,  let  us  hope  and 
pray,  they  may  enjoy  the  blessings,  in  the  providence  of  God, 
of  prosperity,  contentment  and  peace. 


OHIO  IN  THE  NAVY. 


MURAT    HALSTEAD. 


There  is  more  concern  as  I  understand  this  occasion,  that 
we  should  speak  chapters  of  the  early  history  of  the  state,  (the 
older  the  better  for  the  days  we  celebrate),  than  follow  with  for- 
mal care  the  texts  of  the  topics  set 
down  to  be  treated.  If  there  is  one 
spot  in  North  America  the  heart  of 
the  mighty  progress  of  the  continent, 
that  is  the  home  of  the  "world 
power,"  foremost  of  the  nations  of  the 
earth,  it  is  here  in  the  central  city  of 
the  Scioto  Country;  and  so  vast  and 
varied  is  the  theme,  that  If  expres- 
sions reflects  the  general,  generous 
impulse  of  this  year  and  the  day  and 
hour,  we  cannot  go  astray  from  the 
widespread  splendors  of  the  first  cen- 
tury of  our  young  state,  whose  sov- 
ereignty  is   in   the   blood,   bone   and 

brain  of  our  countrymen,  whether  north  or  south  of  the  Ohio 
River,  or  east  or  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  subject  "Ohio  in  the  Navy"  opens  with  each  hour  given 
to  the  understanding  of  it  —  and  we  find  Ohio's  naval  story  is  full 
of  glory,  and  that  her  four  thousand  fighting  men,  during  the 
war  in  the  sixties  for  holding  the  Mississippi  valley  with  her 
wonderful  river  system,  had  hard  and  desperate  work  to  do,  and 
did  it  bravely  and  brilliantly,  in  fighting  down  the  tributaries  to 
the  father  of  floods,  from  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee,  with 
almost  incessant  skirmishing  and  a  dozen  thunderous  and  bloody 
battles,  until  they  met  Farragut  with  the  prows  of  his  victorious 
battle  boats  up  stream.    "Ohio  in  the  Navy"  deserves  as  compre- 

207 


MURAl'  HAIvSTEAD. 


208  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

hensive  and  adequate  treatment,  as  ''Ohio  in  the  War,"  in  White- 
law  Reid's  history.  Such  is  the  wealth  of  material  suitable  for 
the  historical  celebration  of  Ohio's  centenary  in  the  old  classic,, 
historic  and  romantic  first  capital  at  Chillicothe,  that  the  em- 
barrassment in  the  preparation  of  all  the  addresses  was  that  of 
riches;  and  this  splendid  theme  was  the  most  pressing  of  all, 
on  account  of  the  affluence  of  the  records  of  the  sudden  creation 
of  the  navy  to  go  down  the  greatest  of  rivers  in  the  world  for 
j-esources,  to  the  gate  of  the  heart  of  the  continent  opening  to 
the  Mexican  Gulf,  the  American  Mediterranean. 

The  boundaries  of  the  United  States  are  east,  west  and 
south,  the  salt  seas  that  extend  from  pole  to  pole,  and  the  Amer- 
ican mid-ocean  on  the  north,  are  the  unsalted  seas,  and  the  Can- 
adian wheat,  fruit  and  iron  lands,  where  the  seasons  are  alternately 
lands  of  snow  and  lands  of  sun. 

We,  of  Ohio,  from  the  beautiful  river  on  the  south  to  the 
splendid  lake  on  the  north,  are  dwellers  in  no  mean  cities,  and 
we  may  not  truly  sing,  or  say,  of  the  green  valleys  and  the  green 
and  yellow  fields,  and  the  woods  that  through  the  procession  of 
the  seasons  lend  the  glories  of  all  the  colors  of  the  landscape  — 
''There  is  a  land  that  is  fairer  than  this."     There  is  no  fairer  land. 

I  have  family  history,  records  and  traditions,  that  my  ances- 
tors were  immigrants  from  North  Carolina  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  that  they  journeyed  from  the  shores  of  the  Albermarle  Sound 
and  the  Susquehanna,  to  the  Great  Miami ;  and  made  it  conven- 
ient for  me  to  be  born  at  Paddy's  Run,  in  old  Jackson  county 
of  Butler,  the  county  seat  of  which  was  named  for  Alexander 
Hamilton.  Chillicothe  is  such  an  ancestral  city  that  one's  thoughts 
turn  here  to  the  forefathers. 

I  had  a  talk  on  one  of  the  battle-fields  of  the  war  of  our 
states  and  sections,  that  closed  with  "Liberty  and  Union,  now 
and  forever,  one  and  inseparable,"  with  a  group  of  Confederate 
prisoners  of  war,  and  asking  what  state  they  hailed  from,  they 
answered  by  naming  the  birthplace  of  my  father.  My  mother's 
birthplace  was  in  the  Scioto  country,  beside  Paint  Creek,  and 
there  was  some  relationship  —  or  a  temporary  halt  on  the  way 
from  the  Hocking  the  first  aim  of  the  Pennsylvania  folks  —  to  the 
town  strangely  named  Tarlton.     The  old  county  has  been  so  cut 


Ohio  Centennial.  209 

up  and  the  old  papers  sent  to  Columbus  and  somewhere  and  some- 
how lost  in  the  shuffle  of  the  removal  of  the  Capital.  My  mother's 
parents  James  Willits  and  Amy  Allison,  his  wife  —  after  the 
birth  of  my  mother  Clarissa,  moved  west  to  the  last  white  water 
branch  of  the  Great  Miami  —  and  after  some  years  moved  to 
Green's  Fork  near  the  national  railroad,  Wayne  County,  Indiana. 

At  first,  the  assignment  to  speak  for  Ohio  in  the  Navy  seemed 
to  have  a*  faint  flavor  of  humor,  but  a  few  moments'  reflection 
made  plain  the  wisdom  of  those  who  called  one  from  south- 
western Ohio,  to  sj)cak  for  the  Navy  when  we  meet  to  celebrate 
the  first  century  of  Ohio  history  on  land  and  sea.  The  American 
boys  who  have  the  i^randest  passions  for  the  ocean  are  those  born 
a  thousand  miles  from  the  e])b  and  flow  of  the  salty  tides.  When 
an  Ohio  man  sees  the  ocean,  he  has  put  ajar  the  golden  gates  of 
the  world,  and  there  are  no  other  such  worlds  to  conquer. 

When  one  looks  through  the  Virginian  capes,  into  the  sun- 
rise, he  remembers  that  far  off,  along  the  path  of  light,  but  cer- 
tainly "yonder,"  were  Rome  and  Greece,  Carthage  and  Tyre, 
Athens,  Jerusalem  and  I^amascus,  and  there  is  history  in  the 
luminous  air. 

The  heart  of  the  country  is  sound  on  the  question  of  a  great 
navy,  for  wc  must  have  a  commanding  sea  power  on  the  three 
oceans  —  south,  cast  and  west,  of  the  Ohio,  Mississippi,  Mis- 
souri, the  Colorado  and  Oregon  —  our  channels  of  mighty  waters 
that  still  rival  and  supplement  the  trans-continental  roads  of  steel. 

The  interior  states  are  the  sovereign  friends  of  the  navy, 
and  the  canal  that  is  to  unite  the  two  oceans,  from  whose  shores 
that  are  ours  wt  can  front  on  the  one  hand  Asia  and  Africa, 
and  on  the  other  all  Asia ;  while,  if  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  not 
to  be  ranked  as  an  ocean,  it  is  the  great  Southern  American  lake, 
a  part  of  our  canal  that  is  to  be  part  of  an  equatorial  commercial 
channel,  that  surrounds  the  globe  where  the  trade  winds  wafted 
the  fathers  and  mothers  of  the  people,  that  labor  might  master 
the  rude  rich  continent  so  long  reserved  for  the  culmination  of 
nations,  the  white  labor  coming  free,  the  black  labor  forced. 

Our  Ohio  point  of  view  is  central.  We  have  had  a  part  of 
distinction  in  the  work  well  done  on  this  continent.     More  thaii 

o.  c.  — 14 


210  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

once  we  have  fought  for  northward  expansion,  and  the  efforts 
of  our  armies,  from  the  fall  of  Montgomery  to  the  victories  of 
Harrison  on  the  Wabash  and  the  Thames,  while  they  have  sus- 
tained the  boundaries  made  by  the  sword  of  George  Rogers  Clark 
and  the  pen  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  have  not  expanded  our  north 
to  the  aurora  borealis.  But  the  combat  of  American  and  British 
fleets  in  Ohio  waters,  gave  us  the  glory  and  the  fame  of  suprem- 
acy in  war  and  peace  on  the  great  lakes,  that,  like  oceans,  limit  the 
conquests  of  nations.  Perry's  tenth  of  Se])tember  we  shall  all 
remember,  as  the  shouting  song  of  glorious  memory  declared 
as  a  promise  has  been  kept  as  a  festival. 

The  signal  of  the  retreat  of  the  PVench  from  the  eastern 
slopes  of  North  America,  was  the  fleet  of  canoes  floating  down 
the  Ohio,  when  the  fork  of  the  Ohio  was  aliandoned ;  and  the 
line  of  posts,  to  restrain  the  English  speaking  people  from  pos- 
sessing North  America  —  the  line  that  was  to  join  the  head 
waters  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  St.  Lawrence  —  was  broken 
forever. 

The  word  Miami  meant,  in  the  tongue  of  the  Ottawa  In- 
dians, "Mother."  In  Western  Ohio  were  three  Miami  rivers. 
The  two  Southern  Miamis  —  the  (jreat  and  the  Little  —  flow  into 
the  Ohio,  with  the  Cincinnati  country,  John  Cleves  Symmes,  be- 
tween. The  Maumee  is  the  ^liami  of  the  lakes.  On  its  banks 
the  land  was  so  dark  with  stored  riches,  that  the  popular  name 
for  it  was  "The  Black  Northwest,"  and  it  was  deeply  reddened 
in  the  British  and  Indian  wars  with  the  blood  of  brave  men. 

The  tributary  streams  forming  the  Great  Miami  and  the 
Miami  of  the  Lakes,  watered  a  country  marvelously  endowed 
with  oil  and  its  gases,  as  easily  convertible  into  gold  as  the  golden 
rocks  and  sands  that  need  but  fire  for  transformation.  In  the 
southern  rivers  of  the  State,  a  shell  fish  abounded,  the  lining 
of  whose  shell  was  pearly  in  color  and  lustrous  as  any  found  in 
the  famous  oysters  of  the  deep  southern  seas ;  and  if  the  pioneers 
could  have  had  sound  disposing  knowledge,  in  the  Ohio  river 
shells  were  pearls  of  great  beauty  and  price.  It  is  a  pity  the 
rivers  have  so  changed  under  the  spoiling  hand  of  civilization, 
that  we  have  no  pearl  fisheries. 


Ohio  Centennial.  "213 

The  French  were  truthful,  as  well  as  tasteful,  when  they 
-named  the  Ohio  "The  Beautiful  River."  In  the  grand  old  days 
of  the  wilderness,  the  "game"  crossed  the  famous  stream,  finding 
fords  in  the  absence  of  floods.  The  buffalos  that  roamed  through 
the  shady  paradise,  between  the  great  river  and  the  lake,  knew  well 
the  wide  water  that  divided  and  united  the  valley;  and  their 
mighty  feet  made  roads  for  the  herds  to  seek,  wading  or  swim- 
ming to  the  salty  waters  they  loved,  and  the  blue  grass  that  was 
agreeable  in  its  nutritious  assimilation.  The  dainty  families  of 
the  Virginian  deer  were  pleased  to  sport  in  the  bright  streams. 
The  southern  squirrels  gathered  in  armies  and  invaded  the  north, 
and,  in  frisky  array,  their  noses  and  tails  telling  that  they  held 
steadily  on  their  appointed  course.  Their  tails  were  very  help- 
ful sails  —  for  squirrel  squadrons.  There  were  "bear  wallows" 
on  the  clay  hills,  where  the  vigorous  animal  made  bath  tubs  for 
his  personal  use.  The  bear  was  the  predecessor  of  the  hog.  In 
the  dee])  woods  there  was  showered  an  ample  supply  of  acorns  and 
beech  nuts,  hickory  nuts  and  walnuts,  and  haws,  red  and  blue ; 
vines  loaded  with  the  grapes  named  for  their  fond  lovers,  the 
fox  and  the  crow.  There  were  wild  crab  apples  that  only  the 
frosts  could  mellow,  and  pawpaws,  the  temperate  zone  banana 
of  the  color  of  golden  butter ;  and  the  surveyors  of  the  new  lands 
of  promise,  reported  (and  the  story  grew  as  it  spread)  that  the 
legs  of  their  riding  horses  were  crimsoned  with  the  blood  of 
raspberries  that  stood  on  the  slopes  among  the  sugar  trees.  Some 
of  the  berries  were  red  and  some  were  yellow,  and  all  had  a 
delightful  flavor.  The  May  apples  blossomed  white  over  the 
brown  fallen  leaves,  that  each  year  added  to  the  fruitfulness  of  the 
land.  There  were  two  tall  and  delicate  trees,  held  in  high  favor 
and  having  an  almost  oriental  reputation  as  it  seemed  they  should 
have  been  the  pride  and  luxury  of  the  tropics.  The  mulberry 
and  persimmon  are  witnesses  testifying  in  Ohio  that  there  is  no 
monopoly  of  sweetness  in  the  forests  of  the  torrid  zone.  One 
ought  not  to  forget  that  the  Ohio  woods,  before  they  were  des- 
poiled, held  groves  of  the  slippery  elm  tree,  which,  however,  was 
more  than  matched  by  the  fragrance  of  the  sassafras  and  the 
blazing  tints  of  the  red  buds,  seeming  luminous  growth  of  the 
American  beauty  roses,  that  lit  up  the  hill  sides  with  a  spring 


212  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

time  glory  surpassing  the  exquisite  firs  the  frost  kindles  in  Octo- 
ber. Beside  the  red  bud,  whose  name  is  most  inadequate  (for  it 
is  worthy  the  gardens  of  Persia  the  poets  paint)  stood  the  dog- 
wood, a  gnarled  and  sturdy  undergrowth,  blossoming  in  the 
sunshine  of  spring  as  if  the  trees  were  of  wands  bursting  into 
enchanting  bloom,  when  the  fires  of  summer  poured  white  light 
to  illumine  saplings  bending  under  fairy  snow  drifts,  gathered  on 
the  boughs  burdened  with  beauty. 

There  is  no  history  of  the  building  of  a  State  in  the  wilder- 
ness with  more  sim])licity  and  dignity  than  Ohio.  The  people 
were  representative  of  all  the  original  English  colonies.  The  land 
was  won  from  a  wilderness,  whose  swarms  of  savages  were  im- 
placable. The  Ohio  country  was  the  battle  ground  for  a  genera- 
tion between  civilization  and  barbarism.  Of  the  three  armies 
sent  by  Washington  to  clear  the  Path  of  Empire,  two  were  mur- 
derously defeated.  The  men  of  A'irginia  and  New  England 
united.  George  Washington,  whose  mission  received  command 
from  the  governor  of  Virginia  to  order  out  the  French  from  the 
lands  of  the  king  of  England,  along  the  beautiful  river  and  her 
bountiful  tributaries,  was  the  best  informed  of  English  speaking 
men  of  the  quality  of  the  land  of  the  people. 

March  12,  161 1,  a  remarkable  paper  was  signed  by  the  King 
of  England,  addressed  to  the  "Treasurer  and  Company  for  Vir- 
ginia." It  was  called  "The  Third  Charter  of  Virginia,"  and 
opened  in  the  devout  terms  following: 

"James,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King  of  England,  Scotland, 
France  and  Ireland,  defender  of  the  faith :  to  all  to  whom  these 
presents  shall  come  greeting.  'Whereas,  at  the  humble  suit  of 
divers  and  sundry  loving  subjects,  as  well  adventurers  as  plant- 
ers of  the  first  colony  of  Virginia,  and  for  the  propagation  of 
Christian  religion,  and  reclaiming  of  people  barbarous  to  civility 
and  humanity,  we  have,  by  our  letters  of  patents,  bearing  days,  at 
Westminster,  the  three  and  twentieth  day  of  May,  in  the  seventh 
year  of  our  reign  of  England,  France  and  Ireland,  and  the  two 
and  fortieth  of  Scotland,  given  and  granted  unto  them,  that  they, 
and  all  such  and  so  many  of  our  loving  subjects,  as  should  from 
time  to  time  forever  after,  be  joined  with  them,  as  planters  or 
adventurers  in  the  said  plantation,  and  their  successors,  forever. 


Ohio  Centennial.  213 

should  be  one  body  politic  incorporated  by  the  name  of,  The 
Treasurer  and  Company  of  Adventurers  and  planters  of  the  city 
of  London  for  the  first  colony  in  Virginia." 

The  chief  Indian  town  in  Ohio  was  Chillicothe.  The  whites 
paid  the  Indians  the  compliment  of  locating  the  state  capital 
on  the  old  Indian  site,  where  it  would  have  remained  if  it  had 
not  been  that  public  opinion  favored  the  center  of  the  state  for 
the  capital,  and  the  ancient  city  was  on  the  central  river  of  the 
state,  the  Scioto.  There  the  Indian  corn  stalks  were  loaded 
with  roasting-  ears  in  their  season.  The  fields  of  corn  of  Indian 
cultivation  were  the  most  extensive  in  the  northwest,  perhaps  the 
finest  in  the  world. 

The  Kentuckians  returned  the  compliment  by  expeditions 
invading  the  Scioto  hunting  grounds,  celebrated  for  deer,  as  the 
name  of  the  river  implied.  The  hardest  blow  dealt  the  Indians 
was  the  destruction  of  their  shining  cultivated  farms  just  when 
the  roasting  ears  were  full  of  milk. 

From  the  beginning  in  Ohio,  there  was  a  tendency  to  the 
.organization  of  social  communities,  but  the  social  ideas  were 
exceedingly  kind.  The  Moravian  massacre  was  one  of  the  dark- 
est tragedies  in  the  strange  stories  of  mankind.  The  Indian  vic- 
tims were  the  converts  of  German  missionaries.  Their  doctrine 
was  an  intense  Quakerism,  with  the  supernatural  faith  of  the 
Christian  Scientists  of  modern  days.  It  was  not  possible  for 
them  to  be  perfectly  neutral,  as  between  the  red  Indian  warriors 
and  the  equally  war-like  white  men,  seeking  good  land  and  warring 
for  Divine  right  beyond  the  Atlantic  to  the  American  wilderness. 
The  Moravians  believed  in  the  protection  by  infinite  power  if 
they  surrendered  themselves  to  the  cause  of  Christ.  They  made 
enemies  instead  of  winning  friends  among  the  implacable  belliger- 
ents ;  and  warned  of  imminent  danger,  gave  not  the  slightest 
heed,  except  in  more  frequent  and  fervid  prayers.  When  the 
enemies  came  to  destroy  the  people  of  peace,  the  submission  of 
the  martyrs  was  perfect.  They  asked  time  to  pray  and  were 
slaughtered,  dying  meekly  and  lamb-like,  as  they  had  lived. 

There  have  been  queer  associations  of  people,  here  and  there 
in  the  State  ever  since,  on  model  farms  and  in  villages,  all  voting 
one  way  or  not  at  all,  happy  in  their  gardens,  with  dreams  of  an 


214  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

immortal  Eden,  especiall}^  endowed  or  superior  to  the  good  works 
or  the  woes  the  wicked  coiikl  inflict. 

Wednesday,  November  lo,  1802,  in  the  state  convention^ 
assembled  at  Chillicothe,  a  motion  was  made  and  seconded  that 
Mr.  Nathaniel  Willis  be  appointed  printer  to  the  convention.  And 
on  the  question  thereupon,  it  resolved  in  the  affirmative  —  yeas, 
27;  nays  5.  A  committee  was  ''appointed  to  contract  with  Mr. 
Nathaniel  Willis,  printer,  of  Chillicothe,  for  the  printing-  of  seven 
hundred  copies  of  the  Journal  of  the  convention,  and  one  thou- 
sand copies  of  the  constitution,  now  framing  in  the  octavo,  on 
the  terms  proposed  by  the  said  Willis." 

The  printer  of  the  Ohio  convention  was  the  father  of  Nathan- 
iel Parker  Willis,  the  poet  and  editor  of  distinction. 

The  boundaries  of  Ohio  were  fixed  in  this  form : 

Section  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  State  shall 
consist  of  all  the  territory  included  within  the  following  boundaries ; 
to  wit :  Bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Pennsylvania  line,  on  the  south  by 
the  Ohio  river,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  river,  on  the  west  by  the 
line  drawn  due  north  from  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  aforesaid,  and 
on  the  north  by  an  east  and  west  line  drawn  through  the  southerly  ex- 
treme of  Lake  Michigan,  running  east  after  mtersecting  the  due  north 
line  aforesaid,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  until  it  shall  intersect 
Lake  Erie  on  the  territorial  line,  and  thence  with  the  same  through  Lake 
Erie  to  the  Pennsylvania  line  aforesaid. 

ACT  OF   CONGRESS  RECOGNIZING  THE  STATE  OF  OHIO  —  1803. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  due  execution  of  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  within  the  State  of  Ohio. 

Whereas  the  people  of  the  eastern  division  of  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  river  Ohio  did,  on  the  twenty-ninth  day  of  November,  oue 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  two,  form  for  themselves  a  constitution 
and  State  government,  and  did  give  to  the  said  State  the  name  of  the 
"State  of  Ohio,"  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  Congress  entitled  "An  act 
to  enable  the  people  of  the  eastern  division  of  the  territory  northwest  of 
Ohio  to  form  a  constitution  and  State  government,  and  for  the  admission 
of  such  State  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  States, 
and  for  other  purposes."  whereby  the  said  State  has  become  one  of  the 
United  States  of  America ;  in  order,  therefore,  to  provide  for  the  due 
Execution  of  the  laws  of  the  United  States  within  the  said  State  of 
Ohio  — 


Ohio  Ceiitouiial.  215 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Represent 
tatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  that  all 
the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  are  not  locally  inapplicable  shall  have 
the  some  force  and  effect  within  the  said  State  of  Ohio  as  elsewhere 
within  the  United  States. 

Further  sections  provide  a  District  Court  of  the  United 
States,  the  judge  of  which  should  hold  three  sessions  anniially, 
ihe  first  to  begin  the  first  Monday  in  June,  1803;  and  the  two 
ether  sessions  were  ordered  "progressively  on  the  like  Monday 
of  every  fourth  calendar  month  afterward,  and  the  Ohio  district 
judge  was  to  exercise  the  same  jurisdiction  and  powers  given  the 
judge  of  the  Kentucky  district,  and  appoint  a  clerk  with  the  same 
salary  as  the  Kentucky  clerk.  The  salary  of  the  judge  was  fixed 
at  one  thousand  dollars,  payable  quarterly. 

It  was  further  provided  that  there  should  be  appointed  *'in 
the  said  district  a  person  learned  in  the  law,  to  act  as  attorney 
for  the  United  States,  who  shall,  in  addition  to  his  stated  fees, 
be  paid  by  the  United  States  two  hundred  dollars  annually,  as  a 
full  compensation  for  all  extra  services." 

It  is  a  tradition  that  seems  to  have  trotibled  even  studious 
and  faithful  historians,  that  Congress  never  formally  accepted 
Ohio  as  a  state !  We  have  quoted  from  the  official  papers,  that 
the  admission  of  the  state  to  the  Union  was  perfectly  provided 
foi  in  the  order  for  the  United  States  Court. 

The  Virginia  act  of  cession  is  dated  1783,  sixteen  years  be- 
fore the  death  of  Washington.     It  reads  in  part: 

Section  1.  Whereas,  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  did,  by 
their  act  of  the  6th  day  of  September,  in  the  year  1780,  recommend  to 
the  several  States  in  the  Union,  having  claims  to  waste  and  unappro- 
priated lands  in  the  western  country,  a  liberal  cession  to  the  United 
States  of  a  portion  of  their  respective  claims  for  the  common  benefit  o^ 
the   Union. 

Section  2.  And,  whereas,  this  commonwealth  did,  on  the  2nd  day 
of  January,  in  the  year  1781.  yield  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
for  the  benefit  of  said  States,  all  right,  title  and  claim,  which  the  said 
commonwealth  had  to  the  territory  Northwest  of  the  river  Ohio,  subject 
to  the  conditions  annexed. 

The  cession  of  the  rights  of  Connecticut  is  dated  Septembef 
14,   1786.     The  opening  words  are: 


216  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Whereas,  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  on  the 
second  Thursday  in  May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-six,  passed  an  act  in  the  following  words,  viz : 

Article  5th  declared:  ''There  shall  be  formed  in  the  said 
territory  not  less  than  three  or  more  than  five  States." 

As  soon  as  Connecticut  gave  up  her  rights,  Section  9th  pro- 
vided : 

So  soon  as  there  shall  be  five  thousand  free  male  inhabitants,  of 
full  age,  in  the  district,  upon  giving  proof  thereof  to  the  Governor,  they 
shall  receive  authority  with  time  and  place,  to  elect  representatives  from 
their  counties  or  townships,  to  represent  them  in  the  General  Assembly 
and  "the  western  state,  in  the  said  territory,  shall  be  bounded  by  the 
Mississippi,  the  Ohio  and  the  Wabash  rivers." 

The  second  General  Assembly  convened  in  December,  1803, 
when  the  militia  law  was  revised,  and  aliens  enabled  to  enjoy 
the  same  proprietary  rights  as  native  citizens. 

On  the  seventh  of  April,  1788,  the  Ohio  Company's  organized 
colony,  landed  from  boats  gathered  on  the  Youghiogheny,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Aluskingum.  The  name  Marietta  was  agreed  upon 
July  2.     The  stockade  was  completed  in  the  winter  of  1791. 

George  Washington  in  his  youth,  as  a  prophetic  surveyor, 
had  a  clear  eye  for  the  resources  of  land,  and  among  the  fore- 
most of  the  explorers,  found  the  ways  of  "Winning  the  West." 
Those  who  passed  the  Great  Miami  going  westward  to  miark  the 
paths  of  progress,  reported  that  the  land  was  good  in  the  far 
West,  and  gloried  in  the  Wabash  country,  following  closely  upon 
the  Ohio  in  the  grand  procession  of  states.  Then  came  Illinois, 
whose  name  rings  with  historic  grandeur,  when  the  states  are 
called  in  National  Convention  assembled.  It  was,  when  the 
framers  found  it,  without  forests  to  1)urn,  but  coal  mines  within 
easy  reach,  land  level  —  the  landscape  that  of  a  fertile  sea  — 
spread  far  the  quick  building  of  railroads  —  all  arranged  for 
another  Empire  of  Liberty. 

When  George  Washington  was  still  a  boy  surveyor  in  the 
valley  of  Virginia,  Governor  Dinwiddie,  Benjamin  Franklin,  and 
gentlemen  of  Virginia  and  England,  formed  a  London  Company, 
\vith  the  view  of  anticipating  the  French  in  taking  ]X)ssession  of 
the  Ohio  country.     The  French  hafl  shown  bravery  and  enter- 


Ohio  Centennial.  217 

prise  in  pushing  westward  on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  their  move- 
ments meant  to  claim  rights  of  discovery  of  the  heart  of  the 
continent. 

The  Enghsh  had  not  settled  seriously  upon  the  land  east- 
ward of  the  foothills  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  other  ranges  of 
mountains  of  Virginia,  the  Carolinas  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  Franklin  and  Dinwiddie  Company  engaged  Christopher 
Gist  to  go  down  the  Ohio  as  far  as  "The  Falls,"  though  they  had 
not  tried  to  take  "The  Fork."  Gist  assumed  the  character  of  a 
trader,  for  if  he  had  been  known  as  an  explorer,  he  would  have 
been  killed  by  the  French  Indians.  His  way  of  claiming  the 
country  west  and  north  of  the  Oyo  —  the  Indian  name  for  the 
"Beautiful  River,"  the  Alleghany  bearing  the  same  name  —  was 
to  bury  plates  of  lead  at  the  mouths  of  the  rivers  flowing  from 
the  north  into  the  great  stream  bearing  south  and  west ;  and  the 
company  interested  in  the  Ohio  valley  desired  above  all  to  know 
what  sort  of  lands  were  between  the  Ohio  and  Lake  Erie. 

The  responsible  explorer  concluded  to  make  acquaintance  of 
the  Great  Miami  the  feature  of  his  work,  and  ascended  that  river 
as  far  as  it  was  easily  navigable  by  canoes.  His  task  was  accom- 
plished in  1749,  and  a  trading  agency  established  on  the  Great 
Miami.  Gist  kept  a  journal,  in  which  he  recorded  that  he  met 
with  a  party  of  Indians,  who  had  taken  a  woman  prisoner  by 
mistake,  and  they  were  seeing  her  safe  home  on  the  Big  Miami. 
The  Little  Miami  was  crossed  well  to  the  north,  and  then  the 
course  was  laid  southwest  twenty-five  miles,  striking  the  Big 
Miami  opposite  the  Twigtwee  Town. 

The  object  of  the  exploration  was  to  find  good  land,  and  the 
explorer  writes  in  his  journal : 

Ali  the  Way  from  the  Shannoah  Town  to  this  place  (except  the 
20  miles,  which  is  broken)  is  fine,  rich,  level  land,  well  timbered  with 
large  Walnut,  Ash,  Sugar  Trees,  Cherry  Trees,  etc.  It  is  well  watered 
with  a  large  number  of  little  Streamer  Rivulets,  and  full  of  beautiful 
Natural  Meadows,  covered  with  wild  Rye,  blue  grass  and  clover,  and 
abounds  with  turkeys,  deer,  elks  and  most  sorts  of  game  particularly 
buffaloes,  thirty  or  forty  of  which  are  frequently  seen  feeding  in  one 
Meadow. 


218  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  Traders  had  always  reckoned  it  200  miles  from  the  Shannoah 
Town  to  the  Twigtwee  Town,  but  by  my  computation  I  could  make  it  not 
more  than  150 — The  Miami  River  being  high,  we  were  obliged  to  make 
a  raft  of  old  logs  to  transport  our  goods  and  saddles  and  swim  our 
hordes'  over  —  After  firing  ar  few  guns  and  pistols,  and  smoking  in  the 
Warriours'  Pipe,  who  came  to  invite  us  to  the  Town  (according  to  the 
Custom  of  inviting  and  welcoming  Strangers  and  Great  Men)  we  entered 
the  town  with  the  English  Colours  before  us,  and  were  kindly  received 
by  their  King,  who  invited  us  in  his  own  House,  and  set  our  colours  upon 
the  top  of  it  —  the  firing  of  guns  held  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  and 
then  all  the  white  men  and  traders  that  were  there,  came  and  welcomed 
us  to  the  Twigtwee  town  —  this  town  is  situate  on  the  northwest  side  of 
the  Big  Miami,  about  150  miles  from  the  mouth  thereof;  it  consists  of 
about  400  Families,  and  daily  increasing,  it  is  one  of  the  strongest  Towns 
upon  this  part  of  the  Continent. 

This  was  the  first  appearance  of  Englishmen  in  Ohio,  that 
could  be  called  a  function.  The  date  is  more  than  fifty  years 
before  General  St.  Clair  addressed  the  state  convention  at  Chilli- 
cothe.  The  Gist  journal  is  intelligently  annotated  at  this  point 
as  follows: 

The  Great  Miami  river  was  first  known  as  Rock  River,  called  by 
the  French  Riviere  de  la  Roche,  from  its  rocky  bed.  When  the  Miami 
Nation  emigrated  to  it  from  the  Wabash,  it  took  their  name.  Its  head 
approached  near  that  of  the  Maumee,  which  empties  into  Lake  Erie,  and 
was  the  original  Miami,  but  changed  by  the  whites  to  avoid  confusion. 
The  two  rivers  with  a  portage  between  their  waters,  was  one  of  the 
principal  canoe  routes  between  the  Ohio  and  the  Lake.  It  was  that  by 
which  Celeron  went  fi^om  Ohio  to  Detroit.  The  Twigtwees  were  Miamis, 
of  which  nation  the  Pickwayliness  and  Pyankeshees,  later  mentioned, 
were  also  tribed.  They  were  once  a  very  powerful  nation,  and  claimed 
to  have  held  the  land  between  the  Scioto  and  the  Wabash,  from  the  Ohio 
to  the  lakes,  beyond  the  memory  of  man.  They  were  the  only  Northern 
Indians  who  had  not  at  some  time  been  subdued  by  the  Six  Nations,  and 
had  so  harrassed  them  when  they  had  extended  their  conquest  of  other 
nations  to  the  Mississippi  that  they  had  to  relinquish  their  hold  there 
and  restrict  themselves  to  their  former  limits.  They  had  been  faithful 
allies  to  the  French  from  their  first  appearance  on  the  lakes,  and  equally 
persistent  enemies  of  the  English,  until  a  few  years  prior  to  this  time, 
when  they  had  changed  their  allegiance,  moved  from  the  Wabash  to  the 
Miami,  and  became  friendly  to  the  English.  For  this  and  its  retaliation 
for  their  treaty  with  Groghand  and  Gist,  the  French  waged  a  destructive 
war  against  them,  taking  their  fort  and  burning  their  villages  in  1752, 


Ohio  Centennial.  219 

The  Journal  continues: 

March  2,  1749.  George  Croghan  and  the  rest  of  our  Company 
came  over  the  River.  We  got  our  Horses  and  sett  out  about  35  miles  to 
Made  Creek  (this  is  a  place  where  some  English  traders  has  been  taken 
prisoners  by  the  French.) 

(This  place  is  a  point  five  miles  west  of  Springfield,  Clarke 
County,  Ohio,  the  site  of  the  noted  Shawanee  town  Piqua, 
destroyed  by  George  Rogers  Clark,  in  1780.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  the  birth-place  of  Tecumseh.) 

,  Sunday,  3.  —  This  morning  we  parted,  they  for  Hochockin,  and  I 
for  the  Shannoah  Town,  and  as  I  was  quite  alone  and  knew  that  the 
French  Indians  had  threatened  us,  I  left  the  path,  and  went  to  the  south 
west  ward  down  the  little  Miamee  River  or  Creek,  where  I  had  fine  trav- 
elling through  rich  land  and  beautiful  meadows,  in  which  I  could  some- 
times see  forty  or  fifty  buffaloes  feeding  at  once  —  the  Little  Miamee 
River  or  Creek  continued  to  run  the  Middler  of  a  fine  Meadow,  about 
Mile  wide  very  clear  like  an  old  field,  and  not  a  bush  in  it,  I  could  see  the 
buffaloes  in  it  about  two  miles  ofif.     I  travelled  this  day  about  30  miles. 

Monday,  4.  —  This  day  I  hear  several  guns,  but  was  afraid  to  ex- 
amine who  fired  them,  lest  they  might  be  some  French  Indians,  so  I 
travelled  through  the  woods  about  thirty  miles;  just  as  night  I  killed  a 
fine  barren  cow  buffaloe  and  took  out  her  tongue  and  little  of  her  best 
meat.  The  land  still  level,  rich  and  well  timbered  with  oak,  walnut,  ash, . 
locust  and   sugar  trees." 

Colonel  Gist  married  Sarah  Howard.  His  son  Thomas  lived 
a  farmer  in  Fayette  County,  Pa.  Richard  w^as  killed  at  King's 
Mountain.  Nathaniel  was  a  colonel  in  the  Virginia  line.  Na- 
thaniel, in  1793,  removed  to  Kentucky,  by  the  old  route  by  which 
his  father  guided  Washington  to  Redstone  and  thence  by  family 
boat  to  Maysville,  Kentucky,  and  settled  on  a  tract  of  land  of 
seven  thousand  acres  of  the  most  fertile  lands  in  Bourbon  County, 
received  for  his  services  in  the  French  and  Indian  War.  He  left 
two  sons  and  seven  daughters. 

Judith  became  the  wife  of  Dr.  Joseph  Boswell,  of  Fayette 
County,  Kentucky,  and  their  daughter  Avas  the  first  wife  of  Gov- 
ernor Luke  P.  Blackburn ;  Sarah  married  Honorable  Jesse  Bled- 
soe, who  was  secretary  of  state  under  Governor  Scott,  member 
of  both  houses  of  the  Legislature,  circuit  judge  and  United  States. 


220  Ohio  Arch,  and'  Hist.  Society  Publications. 

senator,  and  their  daughter  was  the  first  wife  of  Judge  Mason 
Brown,  of  Frankfort,  and  the  mother  of  B.  Gratz  Brown,  gov- 
ernor of  Missouri  and  Democratic  candidate  for  vice-president 
in  1872;  Maria  was  the  first  wife  of  lienjamin  Gratz,  of  Lexing- 
ton, Kentucky,  and  the  mother  of  Colonel  Howard  H.  Gratz, 
editor  of  the  Lexington  Gazette.  Eliza  married  Francis  P.  Blair, 
^nd  among  their  children  were  General  Frank  P.  Blair  and  Mont- 
gomery Blair,  Postmaster  General ;  Anne  married  Captain  Nat 
Hart,  brother  of  the  wife  of  Henry  Clay. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  though  the  French  fought  hard  for 
the  Ohio  country,  and  were  first  on  the  Alleghany  when  all  of 
it  was  called  the  Ohio  river  from  the  Mississippi  into  New  York, 
,and  though  General  Braddock  was  defeated  and  killed," and  Wash- 
ington finding  out  the  scheme  of  the  French  —  when  he  visited 
(twenty-one  years  old)  the  Fort  Le  Beuf,  for  Gov.  Dinwiddie 
and  was  sent  back  with  an  insufficient  force  and  defeated  and 
captured  —  that  is  capitulated  Fort  Necessity  and  was  a  cap- 
tive July  4,  twenty-two  years  before  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence —  it  is  a  queer  complication  that  the  guide  of  Wash- 
ington through  the  grim  perils  of  his  eventful  journey,  was  the 
Christopher  Gist,  who  in  1749.  long  before  the  French  fortified 
Pittsburg  unfurled  the  British  colors  on  the  Great  Miami,  and 
after  his  pioneer  adventures  in  Ohio  became  famous  as  the  father 
and  founder  of  families  of  distinction  including  the  Blairs  and 
the  Browns. 

OFFICIAL    RECORD   OF    SERVICES    OF    OHIO    MEN    IN    THE    NAVY. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  appreciative  courtesy  of  the  Navy 
Department  of  the  United  States  for  the  extremely  interesting 
and  important  extracts  from  the  records  that  are  the  highest 
authority. 

Commander  William  H.  Dana.  U.  S.   Navy.  —  Born  in 
Ohio,  May  2y.  1833.  Appointed  Midshipman,  May  i,  1850,  from 
Ohio.     Narragansett,   Pacific  Squadron,  to  April  18,  1862;  was' 
with  Commodore  Farragut's  Fleet  in  attempt  to  pass  confederate 
ibatteries  at  Port  Hudson,   March   14.    1863 :  commanded   Win- 


Ohio  Centennial  221: 

ona,  South  Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron  from  May  20,   1864, 
to  June,  1865.    Died  March  5,  1872. 

;j:  ;!;  ;{c 

Rear-Admikal  Reed  Werden,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). — 
Born  in  Pennsylvania  in  18 18.  Appointed  Alidshipman  from 
Ohio  January  9,  1834.  On  board  the  Germantown,  Home  Squad- 
ron, from  March  4,  1847  ^^  August  11,  1847,  during  which  time 
he  commanded  a  party  of  Seamen  at  the  capture  of  Tuspan,  Mex- 
ico. Promoted  to  Commander  July  t6,  1862.  While  command- 
ing the  Powhatan,  East  Gulf  Blockading  Squadron,  in  1863, 
blockaded  the  Rebel  ram  Stonewall  in  the  Port  of  Havana,  West 
Indies,  until  her  surrender  to  the  Spanish  Government.  Pro- 
moted to  Rear  Admiral  February  4,  1875.  Retired  March  27, 
1877.     Died  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  July  11,  1886. 

Rear-Admu<al  BeiNjamii\  F.  Day,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). 
—  Born  in  Ohio  January  16,  1841.  Appointed  Midshipman  Sep- 
tember 20,  1858.  Resigned  November  24,  1861.  Reinstated  Jan- 
uary 29,  1 86 1.  Promoted  to  Lieutenant  August,  i,  1862;  served 
on  board  Colorado  Western  Gulf  Blockading  Squadron, 
1863-4;  Siiai^us,  North  Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron,  1864-5; 
engagements  with  Howlett  House  batteries  in  James  River;  at- 
tacks on  Fort  Fisher.  Retired  March  28,  1900,  with  rank  of 
Rear-  Admiral.  ^         ,,         ^ 

Rear-Admiral  Ferdinand  P.  Gil^fore,  U.  S.  Navy,  (re- 
tired).—  Born  in  Steubenville,  Ohio,  August  15,  1847.  ^^P" 
pointed  Midshipman  February  28,  1863,  from  Ohio,  and  was 
placed  on  the  retired  list,  with  the  rank  of  Ivear-Admiral,  No- 
vember 6,  1902.  ^         ^         .J, 

Captain  William M.  Folger,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born  in  Mas- 
sillon,  Ohio,  May  19,  1844.  Appointed  Midshipman  from  Ohio, 
September  21,  186 1.  ^         ,,,         ^^ 

Captain  John  J.  Hunker,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born  in  Penn- 
sylvania, June  12.  1844.  Ap]3ointed  Midshipman  from  Ohio, 
April  18,  1862.  Commander  the  Annapolis  at  the  engagement 
at  Nipe  Bay,  Cuba,  July  21,  il 


;.222  Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist.  Society  Publications. 

Captain  Joseph  N.  Hemphill,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born  at 
Ripley,  Ohio,  June  i8,  1847.  Appointed  Midshipman  from  Ohio, 
September  29,  1862. 

*  *         * 

Captain  Harry  Knox,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born  at  Greenville, 
Ohio,  July  2,  1848.  Appointed  Midshipman  from  Ohio,  March 
2,  1863. 

*  *         * 

Late  Rear-Admiral  Joseph  Fyffe,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). 
—  Born  in  Urbana,  Ohio,  July  26,  1832.  Appointed  Acting  Mid- 
shipman  September  9,  1847.  From  school  to  the  Cumher- 
land  October  15,  1847.  Detached  from  the  Stromboli, 
Home  Squadron,  September  2,  1848.  Yorktown,  coast  of 
Africa,  October  7  to  October  30.  when  he  returned  from  wreck 
of  that  vessel.  Warranted  Midshipman  September  9,  1847.  O" 
the  St.  Lazm-ence  and  Saranac  to  January  25,  1852. 
Naval  Academy  from  October  2,  1852,  to  June  12,  1854.  Pro- 
moted to  Passed  Midshipman  June  15,  1854.  On  the  San  Ja- 
cinto from  July  8,  1854,  to  April  7,  1855,  when  detached  and 
ordered  to  Arctic  Expedition.  Promoted  to  Master  September 
15,  1855;  to  Lieutenant  September  16,  1855.  Detached  from  the 
Arctic  Expedition  October  13.  1855.  On  the  Relief,  Brazil 
Squadron,  from  February  11,  1856  to  March  3,  1857;  the  Ger- 
mantown,  West  Indian  Squadron,  from  July  10,  1857,  to 
April  14,  i860.  To  the  Lancaster  from  December  12,  i860, 
to  July  25,  1862.  Promoted  to  Lieutenant  Commander  July  16, 
1862.  Mississippi  Squadron  from  October  7,  1862,  to  November 
15,  1865.  Ordered  to  the  Minnesota,  North  Atlantic  Block- 
ading Squadron,  April  8,  1863.  Took  part  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  blockade  runner  Hebe  and  two  Rebel  guns  on  beach 
near  Fort  Fisher,  August,  1863 ;  also  in  destruction  of  blockade 
runner  Ranger  and  engagement  with  infantry  below  Fort 
Caswell,  North  Carolina,  January,  1864.  Engaged  Rebel  force  of 
artillery  above  Cox's  Wharf,  James  River,  May,  1864.  Engaged 
Rebel  batteries  near  Deep  River  and  at  Curtis'  Neck,  near  Tilg- 
man's  Wharf,  James  River,  June,  1864;  engaged  Rebel  batteries 
near  Dutch  Gap,  January,  1865.  Placed  on  the  retired  list  Oc- 
tober I,  1864.    Detached  from  command  of  Hunchback  June  3, 


Ohio  Centennial.  223 

1865.  Ordered  to  Navy  Yard,  Boston,  March  8,  1866.  Commis- 
sioned Lieutenant  Commander  from  July  16,  1862.  Detached 
from  Navy  Yard,  Boston,  March  16,  1867  ^^^  on  May  8,  1867, 
reported  to  Oneida,  Asiatic  Station.  Promoted  to  Commander 
December  2,  1867.  Detached  from  the  Oneida  June  16,  1868. 
In  command  of  the  Sangits  from  April  23,  1869,  to  January  22, 
1870.  In  charge  of  nitre  depot,  Maiden,  Mass.,  from  October 
I,  1870,  to  October  i,  1873.  Recruiting  duty  Detroit,  Michi- 
gan, to  December  27,  1873.  Commanding  Ajax  to  July  10, 
1874.  Light  House  Inspector,  14th  District,  from  August  11, 
1864,  to  June  I,  1875.  Ordered  to  command  the  Monocacy  May 
10,  1875,  and  was  detached  from  that  vessel  October  17,  1877. 
Promoted  to  Captain  January  13,  1879.  In  command  of  the  St. 
Louis  from  September  15,  1879,  to  July  16,  1880.  On  the  Frank- 
lin to  October  15,  1881  ;  on  the  Tennessee  to  May  i,  1882;  on  the 
Pensacola  from  August  i,  1882  to  May  24,  1883.  On  duty  at  the 
Navy  Yard,  Boston,  from  June  27,  1884,  to  November  30,  1887. 
Promoted  to  Commodore  February  28,  1890.  President  of  Board 
to  visit  Naval  and  Merchant  vessels  at  Boston,  from  October  i, 
1890,  to  June  27,  1 89 1.  Commanding  Naval  Station,  New  Lon- 
don, from  June  27,  1891,  to  June  28,  1893.  Commandant,  Navy 
Yard,  Boston,  to  July  20,  1894.  Promoted  to  Rear- Admiral  July 
10,  1894.  July  20,  1894,  detached  from  the  Navy  Yard,  Boston, 
and  placed  on  the  retired  list.  Died  at  Poerce,  Nebraska,  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1896.  -^         *         * 

Rear-Admtral  Albert  Kautz,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). — 
Born  in  Ohio.  January  29,  1839.  Appointed  Midshipman  from 
Ohio,  September  28,  1854;  served  on  board  Hartford,  Western 
Gulf  Squadron,  1861-2 ;  Susquehanna,  1863 ;  served  on  board 
Hartford  at  capture  of  New  Orleans,  and  the  passage  of  Vicks- 
burg,  June  29.  and  July  16,  1862;  Pacific  Squadron,  1865.  R^" 
tired  with  rank  of  Rear-Admiral  January  29,  1901. 


Rear-Admiral  James  A.  Greer,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). — 
Bom  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  February  28,  1833.  Appointed  Mid- 
shipman January  10,  1848;  as  a  lieutenant-Commander,  com- 
manded  iron-clad  Benton,  and  a  division  of   Admiral   Porter's 


224  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Squadron ;  passage  of  Vicksburg.  April,  1863 ;  engagement  at 
Grand  Gulf,  April  29,  1863 ;  bombardment  of  Vicksburg  batter- 
ies during  the  siege  of  *forty-five  days ;  frequently  engaged  with 
guerillas;  accompanied  thfe  Red  River  Expedition.  Retired  Feb- 
ruary 28,  1895,  with  rank  of  Rear- Admiral. 


Late  Vice  Admiral  Stephen  C  Rowan,  U.  S.  Navy.  — 
Born  in  Ireland,  December  25,  1808;  appointed  Midshipman  from 
Ohio,  February  15,  1826,  and  ordered  to  the  Vinccnncs,  Pacific 
Squadron;    serving  in  Experiment,  Chesapeake  Bay,  1831. 

Promoted  to  Passed  Midshipman,  April  28,  1832.  and  at- 
tached to  the  Vandalia,  West  India  Squadron,  1834-36,  and  to 
Relief,  1837. 

Commissioned  as  Lieutenant  in  1837;  on  Coast  Survey  duty, 
1840;  attached  to  Delazvare,  Brazil  Squadron,  1843;  ^<^'i'ving  in 
Pacific  Squadron,   1846-48. 

Commanded  Naval  batallion  under  Commodore  Stockton  at 
the  battle  of  Mesa,  Upper  California ;  commanded  a  landing  party 
that  made  a  successful  night  attack  on  a  Mexican  outpost,  near 
Mazatlan ;  Executive  Officer  of  the  Cyanc  when  she  bombarded 
Guaynians;   ordnaijce  duty,  1850-53. 

While  in  command  of  Paivnce,  engaged  rebel  battery  at 
Acque  Creek,  first  battle  —  naval  —  of  war,  participated  in  at- 
tack and  capture  of  the  forts  and  garrison  at  Hatteras  Inlet. 

February  7,  1862,  commanded  a  naval  flotilla  in  the  sounds 
of  North  Carolina,  and  took  part  in  attack  of  navy  and  armv 
upon  Roanoke  Island,  on  February  8.  On  February  10,  1862, 
pursues  enemy  into  Albcrmarle  Sound,  where  he  captured  or  de- 
stroyed the  fleet.  Commissioned  a  Captain,  July  16,  1862,  and 
as  a  regard  for  distinguished  gallantry,  promoted  to  Commo- 
dore, to  take  rank  from  same  date. 

Commanded  naval  forces  at  fall  of  Newbern,  N.  C. ;  com- 
manded New  Ironsides  ofif  Charleston,  and  participated  in  en- 
gagements with  Forts  Wagner,  Gregg,  and  Moultrie. 

Commissioned  as  Rear- Admiral,  July  25.   1866:  Command- 
ant of  Norfolk  Navy  Yard,  1866-67;  Commanding  Asiatic  Squad-- 
ron,   1868-70. 


Ohio  Centennial.  225 

Commissioned  as  Vice- Admiral,  August  15,  1870;  special 
duty  Washington,  1871 ;  Commandant  Navy  Yard  and  Station, 
New  York,  1872-76;  Fort  Admiral,  New  York,  1877-81 ;  Governor 
of  Naval  Asylum,  Philadelphia,  from  September  30,  1 881,  to  May 
2y,  1882;  Superintendent  of  Naval  Observatory  from  May  27, 
1882,  to  May  2,  1883;  Chairman  of  Light  House  Board  from 
January  2,  1883,  to  February  26,  1889,  when  he  was  retired. 
Died  at  Washington^  D.  C,  March  31,  1890. 

*  *         * 

Late  Commodore  William  E.  Fitzhugh,  U.  S.  Navy.  — 
Born  in  Ohio  October  18,  1832;  appointed  Midshipman  from 
Ohio,  November  20,  1848 ;  on  Lancaster,  Pacific  Squadron,  1861- 
62;  Iroquois,  North  Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron,  1862-63; 
Western  Gulf  Blockading  Squadron,  1864;  was  present  at  engage- 
ment with  Fort  Morgan,  August,  1864;  commanded  Ouachita, 
Mississippi  Squadron,  1864-65 ;  received  the  surrender  of  rebel 
naval  forces  on  Red  River;  promoted  to  Commodore  August  25, 

1887;   died  August  3,  1889. 

*  *         * 

Late  Commodore  George  M.  Ransom,  Uo  S.  Navy,_,  (re- 
tired).—  Born  in  New  York,  1820.  Appointed  Midshipman 
from  Ohio,  July  25,  1839;  served  six  months  on  the  coast  of 
Mexico,  during  the  Mexican  War.  With  the  rank  of  Lieutenant 
he  served  as  Executive  officer  of  the  Saranac,  Pacific  Squadron, 
1861 ;  commanded  Kinco,  West  Gulf  Squadron,  1862-63.  In  en- 
gagements with  Forts  Jackson  and  Sto  Philip,  April  24,  1862; 
participated  in  that  morning's  destruction  of  the  enemy's  fleet 
above  the  forts ;  in  the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  and  in  all  of 
Farragut's  operations  in  that  year,  as  far  as  Vicksburg.  Pro- 
moted Lieutenant-Commander  July  16,  1862;  contributed  largely 
to  the  defeat  of  Breckenridge's  army  at  Baton  Rouge,  August 
5,  1862 ;  appointed  August  8,  1862,  to  command  a  division  of  the 
West  Gulf  Squadron,  to  operate  with  a  flotilla  of  gunboats,  be- 
tween New  Orleans  and  Baton  Rouge,  and  to  co-operate  with  the 
army.  With  a  part  of  his  flotilla,  on  October  i,  1862,  he  cap- 
tured from  the  rebels  fifteen  hundred  of  beef  cattle,  ten  miles; 
above  Donaldsonville,  La.  Three  days  later  in  engagement  with 
rebel  batteries  and   guerillas,   two  miles  below   Donaldsonville. 

o.  c.  — 15 


2-^6  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Promoted  to  Commander  January  2,  1863  ;  commanded  Mercedita, 
West  India  Squadron,  Grand  Gulf,  North  Atlantic  Squadron, 
Muscoota,  was  appointed  to  have  general  supervision  of  vessels 
employed  on  blockade ;  commanded  the  Algonquin  to  1866.  Pro- 
tnoted  to  Commodore  March  28,  1877;  retired  June  18,  1882,  and 
died  September  10,  1889,  at  Norwich,  Conn. 

H«  H<  * 

Rear-Admiral  Merrill  Miller,  U.  S.  Navy^  —  Born  in 
Ohio,  September  13,  1842.  Appointed  a  Midshipman  from  Ohio, 
November  28,  1859;  promoted  to  Ensign  October  13,  1862;  Mis- 
sissippi Squadron,  1862-3  5  Battle  of  Arkansas  Post,  1863 ; 
Haine's  Bluff,  1863;  in  charge  of  mortar-boats,  at  siege  of  Vicks- 
burg,  for  twenty-three  days,  in  1863.  Promoted  Lieutenant, 
February  22,  1864;  North  Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron,  1864- 
5;  expedition  up  James  River,  1864;  both  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher. 
Promoted  to  Rear-Admiral  July  i,  1899,  which  rank  he  now  holds. 

jj;  jK  ^ 

Late  Rear-Admiral  Joseph  A.  Skerrett,  U.  S.  Navy, 
(retired). —  Born  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  January  18,  1833.  Ap- 
pointed an  Acting  Midshipman  October  12,  1848.  May  12,  1849, 
detached  from  school  and  to  the  Mississippi.  May  11,  1850, 
warranted  a  Midshipman  from  October  12,  1848.  June  30,  1852, 
detached  from  Independence,  Mediterranean  Squadron.  Sep- 
tember 20,  1852,  to  the  Marion,  coast  of  Africa.  June  15,  1854, 
promoted  to  Passed  Midshipman.  At  Naval  Academy  from 
October  i,  1854,  to  June  12,  1855.  June  15,  1854,  warranted 
Passed  Midshipman.  On  the  Potomac  from  July  2,  1855,  to 
August  2,  1856.  Promoted  to  Master  September  15,  1855.  To 
the  Falmouth,  Brazilian  Squadron,  from  January  1857,  to  May 
21,  1859.  At  Naval  Rendezvous,  Philadelphia,  from  July  9,  1859, 
to  June  26,  i860.  On  the  Release  from  June  26,  i860,  to  October 
5,  i860;  Saratoga  from  November  2,  i860,  to  June  3,  1863, 
during  which  time  that  vessel  was  engaged  in  watching  for  ves- 
sels engaged  in  the  slave  trade  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  Promoted 
to  Lieutenant  Commander  July  16,  1862.  Ordnance  duty,  Navy 
Yard,  Washington,  from  January  20,  1863,  to  May  22,  1863, 
when  he  joined  iht  Shenandoah,  mhAch.  was  engaged  in  blockade 
duty  in  the  North  Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron.     December  2, 


Ohio  Centennial.  227 

1863,  detached  from  the  Shenandoah  and  to  command  the  Aroos- 
took, West  Gulf  Blockading  Squadron ;  detached  from  the  Aroos- 
took September  25,  1865.  On  June  27,  1864,  the  Aroostook  had 
an  engagement  with  the  Confederate  batteries  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Brazos  River;  on  July  8,  1864,  the  Aroostook  took  part  in 
the  destruction  of  the  Matagorda.  In  command  of  the  Naval 
Rendezvous,  Washington,  from  October  17,  1865,  to  May  23, 
1867,  when  he  was  detached  and  ordered  to  command  the  Ports- 
jnouth  from  the  first  of  June.     Promoted  to  Commander  June  9, 

1867.  May  2,   1868,  detached  from  the  Unadilla  February   17, 

1868.  May  7,  1869,  to  July  30,  1872,  on  duty  as  Navigation 
Officer,  Navy  Yard,  Norfolk,  Va.,  when  he  was  detached  and 
ordered  to  special  duty  in  connection  with  the  Portsmouth,  and 
took  command  of  the  Portsmouth  August  29.  Detached  from 
the  Portsmonth  July  i,  1875,  and  ordered  to  the  Washington 
Navy  Yard  August  11,  1875,  where  he  remained  until  October  i, 
1878.  Promoted  to  Captain  June  5,  1878.  Light  House  Inspec- 
tor, First  District,  from  November  i,  1878,  to  August  i,  1881. 
Ordered  to  the  Richmond,  per  the  Powhatan,  August  15,  and 
served  on  that  vessel  until  August  30,  1884.  On-duty  at  the 
Naval  Asylum,  Philadelphia,  to  October  23,  1886,  when  he  was 
appointed  Governor  of  the  Asylum,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
until  May  31,  1888.  Duty  as  member  of  Naval  Advisory  Board 
from  December  12,  1888,  to  October  25,  1889.  Promoted  to 
Commodore  August  4,  1889.  Commandant,  Navy  Yard,  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  from  October  25,  1889,  to  September  13,  1890; 
Commandant,  Navy  Yard,  Washington,  from  September  15,  1890, 
to  December  31,  1892;  in  command  of  the  Pacific  Station  from 
January  9,  1893,  to  October  10,  1893.  In  command  of  the  Asiatic 
Station  fronj  December  9,  1893,  to  July  9,  1894.  Promoted  to 
Rear  Admiral  April  16,  1894.  Retired  July  9,  1894.  Died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  January  i,  1897. 


Rear-Admiral  John  Lowe,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). — 
Born  in  England,  December  11,  1838.  Appointed  Third  Assist- 
ant Engineer  from  Ohio,  August  14,  1861.  Served  on  Huron, 
South  Atlantic  Squadron,  and  Shawmut,  North  Atlantic  Squad- 


228  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Puhlications, 

ron,  to   1866.     Retired  with  rank  of  Rear- Admiral  August  8, 
1900.  ^         ^        ^ 

Rear-Admiral  George  E.  Ide,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). — 
Born  in  Zanesville,  Ohio,  December  6,  1845.  Appointed  Mid- 
shipman, from  Ohio,  September  27,  1861 ;  Naval  Academy  to 
1865;  Ticonderoga,  European  Station,  to  .1866.  Retired  with 
rank  of  Rear- Admiral  September  27,  1901. 

^  >!;  >|c 

Late  Commander  Charles  L.  Franklin,  U.  S.  Navy.  — 
Born  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  August  19,  1839.  Appointed  Mid- 
shipman from  Ohio,  October  23,  1854.  Served  on  board  Hetzel, 
and  commanded  Ellis  to  July  16,  1862.  James  Adger  from  Jan- 
uary 7,  1863,  to  December  26,  1863.  Iosco  from  January  28,. 
1864,  to  July  25,  1865 ;  Vanderhilt  from  September  14,  1865,  to 
February  i,  1867.  Was  in  the  engagements  at  Roanoke  Island, 
Elizabeth  City,  commanded  Ellis  at  engagement  at  Fort  Macon; 
was  at  engagement  with  Fort  Fisher,  first  and  second  attacks; 
earth  works  on  Carolina  Coast.     Died  August  18,  1874. 

Late  Commander  Joseph  D.  Marvin,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born 
in  Ohio,  October  2,  1839.  Appointed  from  Ohio,  September  25,. 
1856.  Served  on  board  the  Niagara  to  October  5,  1861 ;  Naval 
Academy  to  May  6,  1864;  Dacotah  from  May  6,  1864,  to  August 
12,  1864;  Mohican  to  April  22,  1865;  Susquehanna  to  October,. 
1865 ;  Brooklyn  to  September  5,  1867.  Was  in  both  attacks  on 
Fort  Fisher.     Died  April  10,   1877. 

^         ^         ^ 

Rear-Admiral  Henry  C.  Taylor,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born  irt 
District  of  Columbia,  March  4,  1845.  Appointed  Midshipman 
from  Ohio,  September  28,  i860.  Promoted  to  Ensign,  May  28, 
1863 ;  attached  to  Shenandoah,  North  Atlantic  Blockading  Squad- 
ron, 1863-4;  commanded  Indiana  January  4,  1896,  to  September 
5,  1899:  in  engagement  at  San  Juan,  P.  R.,  May  12,  1898,  and  in 
battle  of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  July  3,  1898,  and  was  advanced  five 
numbers  in  rank  for  eminent  and  conspicuous  service  in  that  bat- 
tle ;  is  now  a  Rear- Admiral,  and  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Naviga- 
tion, Navy  Department. 


Ohio  Centennial.  229 

Late  Rear- Admiral  James  F.  Schenck,  U.  S.  Navy,  (re- 
tired).—  Born  in  Ohio  June  ii,  1807.  Appointed  Midshipman 
July  I,  1825.  During  the  war  with  Mexico  Lieutenant  Schenck 
Avas  chief  mihtary  aid  to  Commodore  Stockton.  Landed  and 
took  possession  of  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Pedro,  in  Cahfornia; 
serving  in  the  same  capacity  marched  on  and  was  at  the  first  cap- 
ture of  Los  Angeles.  As  second  Lieutenant  of  the  Frigate  Con- 
gress, was  at  the  bombardment  and  capture  of  Guaymas  and  the 
taking  of  Mazatlin.  Commanded  Saginaw,  East  Indian  Squad- 
ron, from  August  5,  1857,  to  February  20,  1862.  On  June  30, 
1 86 1,  Saginaw  was  fired  upon  by  fort  at  Quin  Hone,  Cochin, 
China,  and  returned  fire,  and  silenced  fort.  Promoted  to  Com- 
modore from  January  2,  1863,  under  Act  of  April  21,  1864. 
Commanded  Pozvhatan  and  third  division  of  Porter's  Squadron 
in  two  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher.  Commissioned  Rear-Admiral  on 
retired  list  from  September  21,  1868.  Died  at  Dayton,  Ohio, 
December  21,  1882. 

*  5fj  H« 

Late  Rear- Admiral  Roger  N.  Stembel,  U.  S.  Navy,  (re- 
tired).—  Born  in  Middletown,  Md.  Appointed  Midshipman 
from  Ohio,  March  27,  1832.  Promoted  to  Commander  July  i, 
1861.  On  duty  with  Mississippi  Fleet  in  1862.  In  engagement 
at  Lucas'  Bend  September  9,  1861 ;  at  Belmont  November  7,  1861 ; 
Fort  Henry  February  6,  1862;  bombardment  at  capture  of  Island 
No.  10,  Mississippi  River,  March  16  to  April  7,  1862;  Fort  Pil- 
low with  Rebel  rams  May  10,  1862,  in  which  engagement  he  was 
wounded.  Retired  January  2,  1873.  Promoted  to  Rear- Admiral 
on  the  retired  list  June  5,  1874.  Died  at  New  York,  November 
20,  1900. 

Rear- Admiral  Aaron  W.  Weaver,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). 
—  Born  in  District  of  Columbia,  July  i,  1832.  Appointed  Mid- 
shipman from  Ohio,  May  10,  1848 ;  as  a  lieutenant  he  served  on 
board  Susquehanna,  Blockading  Squadron,  1861-2;  bombardment 
and  capture  of  Fort  Hatteras  and  Fort  Clark,  North  Carolina; 
bombardment  and  capture  of  Forts  Beauregard  and  Walker,  Port 
Royal,  S.  C. ;  engagement  at  Sewall's  Point,  Va.,  May  18,  1862, 
and  present  at  occupation  of  Norfolk,  by  United  States  Forces. 


230  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

As  a  Lieutenant-Commander,  commanded  Winona,  Western  Gulf 
Blockading  Squadron,  1862-3 ;  severe  engagement  with  rebel  bat- 
teries near  Port  Hudson,  La.,  December  14,  1862 ;  engagement 
with  rebel  forces  at  Placquemine,  La. ;  engagement  with  rebels 
under  Generals  Green  and  Moulton,  when  they  attacked  Fort 
Butler,  Donaldsonville,  La.,  and  were  repulsed ;  commanded  Chip- 
pewa at  first  attack  on  Fort  Fisher ;  favorably  mentioned  in  Ad- 
miral Porter's  dispatch,  dated  January  28,  1865,  ^^^  recom- 
mended for  promotion.  Transferred  to  Mahopac,  and  was  in 
command  of  that  vessel  in  second  attack  on  Fort  Fisher ;  was  on 
the  advanced  picket  when  Charleston  and  fortifications  were  cap- 
tured; participated  in  night  bombardment  of  rebel  works  near 
Richmond,  just  previous  to  their  evacuation.  Retired  as  a  Rear- 
Admiral  September  26,  1893. 

*         *         * 

Late  Rear- Admiral  Henry  Walker,  U.  S.  Navy,  (re- 
tired).— Born  Princess  Anne  Co.,  Va.,  December  24,  1809.  Ap- 
pointed Midshipman  from  Ohio,  February  i,  1826.  Was  pres- 
ent at  the  surrender  of  Vera  Cruz,  Tuspan,  and  Tobasco.  Es- 
caped from  the  capture  of  the  Pensacola  Navy  Yard  by  the 
Rebels  and  transported  our  garrison  at  Barrancas  under  Lieu- 
tenant Slemmer  to  Fort  Pickens,  and  supplied  them  with  pro- 
visions and  indispensable  assistance,  and  intercepted  supplies  to 
secure  that  important  Fortress  from  capture  by  the  Rebels.  In 
co-operation  with  our  garrison  dismantled  and  spiked  the  guns 
of  Forts  Barrancas  and  MacRae ;  rescued  all  our  officers,  sailors, 
marines  and  mechanics  upon  his  own  responsibility  for  which  he 
was  tried  by  court  martial  and  justified  in  his  conduct  and  compli- 
mented by  the  Press.  As  commander,  he  commanded  the  gun- 
boats Tyler  and  Lexington  at  the  battle  of  Belmont,  November 
7,  1861.  Commanded  the  Carondelet  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Henry, 
February  6,  1862  and  battle  of  Fort  Donaldson  February  13  and 
14,  and  at  the  surrender  on  the  i6th.  At  the  bombardment  of 
Island  No.  10,  March  17,  1862.  Captured  one  of  the  batteries  op- 
posite Point  Pleasant  and  spiked  the  guns,  April  6,  1862.  With 
the  Carondelet  and  Pittsburg  captured  three  batteries  below  New 
Madrid,  Missouri,  and  covered  Gen.  Pope's  army  in  landing  and 
capturing  the  rebel  fort  at  Island  No.   10  without  loss,  April  7,. 


Ohio  Centennial.  231 

1862,  receiving  therefor  a  letter  of  thanks  from  the  Navy  De- 
partment. In  battle  of  Fort  Pillow  May  11,  1862;  in  the  line  of 
battle  when  our  fleet  destroyed  that  of  the  enemy  at  the  battle 
of  Memphis,  June  6,  1862.  Promoted  to  Captain  July  16,  1862. 
Engaged  the  ram  Arkansas  in  the  Yazoo  River  July  15,  1862. 
Commanded  the  lower  division  of  the  Mississippi  Fleet  at  Helena 
and  Vicksburg,  1862.  While  in  command  of  the  Lafayette  passed 
the  enemy's  batteries  with  Admiral  Porter  at  Vicksburg,  April 
16,  1863,  and  also  at  the  battle  of  Grand  Gulf,  immediately  after. 
Accompanied  Porter's  expedition  up  the  Red  River  to  Alexan- 
dria, Louisiana,  ■  May  1863.  Dispersed  the  Rebel  forces  under 
Gen.  Taylor  from  Simmsport,  Atchaflaya,  June  4,  1863.  Pro- 
moted to  Rear- Admiral  on  July  13,  1870.  Placed  on  the  retired 
list  April  26,  1 87 1.    Died  at  Brooklyn,  New  York,  March  8,  1896. 

*         >ii         * 

Rear- Admiral  Joseph  N.  Miller,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). 
—  Born  in  Ohio,  November  ^2,  1836.  Appointed  Midshipman 
from  Ohio,  April  8,  1850.  Served  on  board  Passaic,  South 
Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron,  1862-3;  Monadnock^  North  Atlan- 
tic Blockading  Squadron,  1864-5  5  present  at  the  two  attacks  on 
Fort  Fisher,  December,  1864,  and  January  1865,  while  holding 
rank  of  Lieutenant-Commander.  Retired  with  rank  of  Rear- Ad- 
miral November  22,  li 


Late  Captain  Byron  Wilson,  U.  S.  Navy,  (retired). — 
Born  in  Ohio,  December  17,  1837.  Appointed  Midshipman  from 
Ohio,  January  31,  1853;  served  on  board  Richmond,  West  Gulf 
Squadron,  1861 ;  commanded  Mound  City  and  a  division  of  Mis- 
sissippi Squadron,  1863-5  5  passage  of  Vicksburg  batteries,  April 
16,  1863;  attack  on  Grand  Gulf,  April,  1863;  Deer  Creek,  1863; 
Red  River  expedition  1864.  Promoted  to  Lieutenant-Com- 
mander, November  5,  1863.  Retired  as  a  Captain  February  24, 
1893,  and  died  September  6,  1893. 

*         *         * 

Late  Rear- Admiral  Daniel  Am  men,  U.  S.  Navy,  (re- 
tired).—  Born  in  Ohio,  May  15,  1820.  Appointed  Midshipman 
July  7,  1836.  On  board  Roanoke,  as  executive  ofificer,  on  North 
Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron,  while  holding  the  rank  of  Lieu- 


232  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

tenant;  commanded  Seneca,  South  Atlantic  Blockading  Squad- 
ron; at  battle  of  Port  Royal,  November  7,  1861.  Commanded 
forces  entering  by  way  of  Whale  Branch  in  attack  on  Port  Royal 
Ferry,  January  i,  1862;  engaged  in  operations  against  Fernan- 
dina  through  St.  Andrew's  Sound  and  in  St.  John's  River. 

Promoted  to  Commander,  July  16,  1862;  commanded  Pa^ 
tapsco,  South  Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron,  against  Fort  Mc- 
Allister, March,  1863,  and  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  April 
7,  1863;  commanded  Mohican,  North  Atlantic  Blockading 
Squadron;  in  bombardment  of  Fort  Fisher,  December  1864,  and 
again  in  January,  1865.  Promoted  to  Rear-Admiral,  December 
II,  1877,  retired  June  4,  1878,  and  died  July  11,  1898. 

Captain  Leavitt  C.  Logan,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born  in  Me- 
dina, Ohio,  January  30,  1846.  Appointed  Midshipman  from 
Ohio,  February  28,  1863. 

*  ^  H: 

* 

Captain  Robert  E.  Impey,  U.  S.  Navy^  (retired).  —  Born 
at  Newark,  Ohio,  March  17,  1845.  Appointed  Midshipman  Sep- 
tember 21,  1 86 1,  from  Ohio.  Retired  as  a  Captain,  September 
21,  1901.  *         *         * 

Late  Commander  Roderick  S.  McCook^  U.  S.  Navy, 
(fighting  McCooks). —  Born  in  Ohio,  March  10,  1839.  Ap- 
pointed Midshipman  from  Ohio,  September  21,  1854;  on  San  Ja- 
cinto, 1859-61,  west  coast  of  Africa;  returned  from  that  station  in 
slaver  Storm  King,  captured  off  the  Congo  River  with  seven  hun- 
dred and  nineteen  slaves  on  board;  Minnesota,  North  Atlantic 
Blockading  Squadron,  1861 ;  prize-master  rebel  privateer  Savan- 
nah and  ship  Argo;  captured  Forts  Clarke  and  Hatteras ;  execu- 
tive officer  of  Stars  and  Stripes.  Commissioned  a  Lieutenant, 
August  31,  1861 ;  battle  of  Roanoke  Island;  commanded  naval 
howitzer  battery  on  shore  at  battle  of  Newbern,  N.  C. ;  com- 
manded Stars  and  Stripes  in  North  Carolina  Sounds,  and  on 
blockade  of  Wilmington,  N.  C. ;  executive  officer  of  Canonicus,  in 
operations  up  James  River,  attacks  on  Howlett's  battery,  both 
attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  surrender  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  Pro- 
moted to  Commander  September  25,  1873,  and  died  February  13, 
1886. 


Ohio  Centennial.  233 

Late  Commander  Edward  P.  Wood^  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born 
at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  August  i6,  1848.  Appointed  a  Midshipman, 
October  i,  1863.  Commanded  Petrel  in  battle  of  Manila  Bay, 
May  I,  1898.    Died  December  11,  1899. 

*  >k         * 

Late  Commander  John  J.  Cornwell,  U.  S.  Navy. —  Born 
in  Ohio,  July  6,  1833.  Appointed  Midshipman  from  Ohio,  Feb- 
ruary I,  1847.  St.  Mary'  from  December  31,  i860,  to  April  5, 
1862,  Pacific  Squadron;  Canandaigua,  South  Atlantic  Squadron 
to  July,  1864;  attack  upon  Fort  Wagner,  August  17,  1863;  com- 
manding Choctow  to  August,  1865 ;  Miantonoinoh  and  died  on 
board  that  vessel  at  Toulon,  France,  February  12,  1867. 

*  *         * 

Late  Commodore  Homer  C.  Blake,  U.  S.  Navy.  —  Born  in 
New  York,  1820.  Appointed  Midshipman  from  Ohio,  March  2, 
1840;  served  on  board  Sabine,  Home  Squadron,  1861-2,  as  a 
Lieutenant.  Promoted  to  Lieutenant-Commander  July  16,  1862; 
commanded  Hatter  as  in  engagement  with  rebel  ship  Alabama, 
January  11,  1863,  in  which  the  Hatteras  was  sunk.  Commanded 
Utah,  North  Atlantic  Blockading  Squadron,  1863-5 ;  shelled  three 
-divisions  of  rebel  army  at  Malvern  Hill,  1864;  assisted  to  repulse 
attack  of  rebels  on  right  of  the  army  of  the  James,  October,  1864; 
engagement  with  the  rebel  batteries  at  Trent  Reach,  James  River, 
1865.     Died  January  21,  1880. 

Late  Rear- Admiral  John  C.  Febiger,  U.  S.  Navy. — 
Eorn  in  Pennsylvania.  Appointed  a  Midshipman  September  4, 
1838,  from  Ohio.  Attached  to  the  Macedonian,  West  India 
Squadron,  to  October  29,  1840,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Concord  on  Brazil  Squadron.  Wrecked  on  East  coast  of  Africa, 
1843;  attached  to  Chippola,  purchased  by  Government  and  used 
to  recover  and  dispose  of  equipment  of  Concord,  to  May  4,  1844. 

Warranted  a  Passed  Midshipman  May  30,  1844;  attached  to 
Potomac,  Home  Squadron,  to  December  10,  1845  J  Dale  and 
Columbus,  Pacific  Squadron,  to  March  6,  1848;  Dale  and  Ports- 
mouth, African  Squadron  from  May  21,  1850,  as  Acting  Master, 
to  June  28,  185 1 ;  Coast  Survey  office  and  vessels  Corunn  and 
Argo,  to  June  24,  1857.     Promoted  to  Lieutenant  April  30,  1853; 


234  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Germantown,  East  India  Squadron,  to  April  14,  i860 ;  Coast  Sur- 
vey vessel  Argo  to  May  22,  1861 ;  Savannah  to  October  18,  1861 ; 
Command  of  Kanazvha,  West  Gulf  Blockading  Squadron  from 
December  16,  1861,  to  February  12,  1863,  and  participated  in  en- 
gagement of  Mobile  Bay  April  3,  1862,  Promoted  to  Com- 
mander August  27,  1862.  Command  of  Osage  to  October  14, 
1863;  Command  of  Mattabesett,  North  Atlantic  Blockading 
Squadron  to  May  2"/,  1865;  in  May  1864  engaged  rebel  ram 
Albemarle.  To  command  of  Stonewall  at  Havanna  to  March  14, 
1866;  command  of  Ashiielot  and  Shenantioa,  Asiatic  Squadron, 
to  July  12,  1869.  Promoted  to  Captain  from  May  6,  1868.  Ord- 
nance 'duty,  Navy  Yard,  Washington,  to  July  2y,  1869;  special 
duty  to  July  3,  1872  ;  Command  of  Omaha  from  August  10,  1872, 
to  December  23,  1873;  promoted  to  Commodore  August  9,  1874; 
examining  and  retiring  boards  to  October  7,  1876;  Commandant, 
Washington  Navy  Yard,  to  June  24,  1882.  Promoted  to  Rear- 
Admiral  February  4,  1882,  and  retired  July  i,  1882.  Died  at 
Easton,  Md.,  October  9,  1898. 

^         *         * 

There  were  men  from  Ohio,  from  the  lake  and  the  river 
and  from  the  interior  parts  of  the  Buckeye  state  on  the  vessels 
of  Farragut  and  Porter  and  in  every  battle  of  the  Civil  War. 

There  were  in  the  battles  of  the  Civil  War  many  Ohio  naval 
officers,  who  did  their  duty  faithfully  and  well,  but  whose  ex- 
ploits in  the  fury  of  the  war  attracted  only  passing  notice,  just 
as  there  were  such  officers  in  the  army  of  the  United  States, 
men  whose  bravery  and  success  would  in  such  a  war  as  that  which 
was  fought  with  Spain  have  been  heralded  as  remarkable  exhi- 
bitions of  patriotic  bravery. 

Before  1840  when  the  Naval  Academy  was  organized  on  its 
present  basis  and  cadets  were  appointed  by  Congress  districts  to 
the  Academy,  most  of  the  officers  of  the  American  navy  were 
from  the  seaboard  states.  The  seafaring  life  did  not  then  have 
the  attraction  to  adventurous  spirits  in  the  interior  that  is  has 
now  and  practically  all  of  the  naval  officers  of  distinction  prior 
to  our  civil  war  were  from  the  states  that  fringe  the  Atlantic. 

The  official  registers  of  the  navy  do  not  give  that  promin- 
ence to  the  men  of  the  navy,  the  men  behind  the  guns,  who  are 


Ohio  Centennial.  235' 

not  commissioned,  that  is  given  to  the  commissioned  officers.  For 
this  reason  the  men,  sons  of  Ohio,  who  distinguished  themselves 
by  personal  bravery  behind  the  guns  and  in  subordinate  positions 
in  the  naval  battles  of  the  Revolution  and  War  of  1812,  are  unre- 
corded except  in  the  dusty  volumes  of  the  navy  department  which 
are  really  inaccessible  and  in  them  there  is  no  record  of  these 
brave  unknown  Ohioans  that  is  so  arranged  that  the  men  of 
Ohio  can  be  picked  therefrom. 

Ohio  contributed  many  men  and  officers  from  the  steamboat 
fleets  that  plied  the  Ohio  to  the  naval  warfare  on  the  Mississippi, 
men  who  fought  in  the  gunboats  on  the  rivers,  whose  persever- 
ing earnestness  and  unhesitating  courage  were  so  important  in 
winning  the  victories  that  opened  the  ''Father  of  the  Waters" 
after  they  had  been  closed  by  the  forts  of  the  Confederates, 
strengthened  as  these  defenses  were  by  the  Confederate  gunboats. 
Many  a  son  of  Ohio,  in  the  capacity  of  pilot,  mate  or  enlisted 
man  performed  splendid  services  for  his  country  during  the  Civil 
War,  and  retired  to  private  life,  after  his  services  for  his  country,- 
with  no  permanent  remembrance  of  his  patriotic  sacrifices  except 
those  in  the  voluminous  war  records.  It  is  a  duty  to  remember 
that  these  records  are  only  of  officers  appointed  from  Ohio.  Now 
if  we  knew  what  men  born  in  Ohio  had  been  appointed  from  other 
states  and  distinguished  themselves  it  would  be  highly  interest- 
ing, perhaps,  but  such  information  has  not  been  available. 

There  is  a  story  on  Admiral  Skerrett.  It  appears,  that  Sker- 
rett  married  a  Southern  woman.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war 
she  went  South  and  sent  in  her  husband's  resignation.  He  was 
ofit  on  duty  and  when  he  heard  of  her  action  he  recalled  the  un- 
authorized resignation.  She  threatened  to  leave  him  if  he  re- 
mained in  the  service.  But  he  stuck  to  the  flag.  They  separated 
for  the  war,  the  children  going  with  her.  Skerrett  had  a  splen- 
did record  as  an  officer  and  was  one  of  Farragut's  captains. 
Rear  Admiral  Roger  N.  Stembel  was  another  distinguished  offi- 
cer. So  was  Rear  Admiral  Reed  Werden,  who  is  sometimes 
mistaken  for  the  Admiral  Worden  who  commanded  the  Monitor. 
Rear  Admiral  Joseph  S.  Fyfifee  is  remembered  in  the  navy  for 
his  picturesque  personality  and  more  interesting  stories  are  told 
among  the  officers  of  "Joe"  Fyflfee  than  of  any  other  officer  of 


2S6  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

the  navy.  Rear  Admiral  J.  F.  Schenck  was  from  Dayton,  and 
a  brother  of  General  Schenck.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the 
opening  of  Japan  and  of  China. 

Commander  Edward  P.  Wood,  is  one  of  the  later  officers 
of  the  navy.  He  was  distinguished  as  the  commander  of  the 
little  Petrel  which  was  one  of  Dewey's  Squadron  at  Manila. 

Rear  Admiral  Daniel  Am  men,  who  was,  perhaps,  best 
known  because  he  was  the  inventor  of  the  "Ammen"  ram  which 
.was  not  a  success,  though  congress  appropriated  money  for  the 
construction  of  a  vessel  of  that  type.  Admiral  Ammen  thought 
that  a  vessel  built  solely  for  ramming  purposes  would  be  a  success. 
He  regarded  the  use  of  any  other  offensive  machinery  as  unnec- 
essary, so  the  ram  carried  no  battery.  But  Admiral  Ammen  was 
distinguished  as  an  executive  and  served  with  distinct  ability  as 
the  head  of  the  bureau  of  navigation  of  the  navy,  which,  in  its 
duties,  is  similar  to  the  adjutant  general's  department  of  the  army. 
Admiral  Ammen  was,  also,  distinguished  as  an  advocate  of  the 
Nicaraguan  Canal.  He  was  one  of  the  original  advocates  of 
such  a  waterway  and  on  one  or  two  isthmian  commissions.  With 
Senator  John  T.  Morgan  he  is  regarded  as  entitled  to  the  title 
of  "Father  of  the  Isthmian  Canal."  He  urged  the  Nicaraguan 
route,  but  his  work  was  important  in  helping  pave  the  way  for 
the  final  selection  of  the  Panama  route.  Admiral  Ammen  was  an 
intimate  fried  of  General  Grant. 

The  strenuous  nature  of  the  western  river  gunboat  service, 
for  the  possession  of  the  Mississippi  and  her  southern  tributaries, 
is  revealed  in  many  extracts  from  official  reports  of  bloody  and 
destructive  combats  in  which  the  gallant  hardihood  on  both  sides, 
and  the  bitter  earnestness  of  the  struggle,  are  made  manifest. 

ADMIRAL  PORTER'S  REPORT  OF  THE  FIGHT. 
Mississippi  Squadron,  Flagship  "Benton." 
Below  Grand  Gulf,  April  29,  186.. 
Sir: 

I  had  the  honor  of  sending  you  a  telegram  announcing  that  we  had 
fought  the  batteries  at  Grand  Gulf  for  five  hours  and  thirty-five  minutes 
with  partial  success.  I  ordered  the  Louisville,  Carondelet.  Mound  City 
and  Pittsburg  to  lead  the  way,  and  attack  the  lower  batteries,  while  the 
Tuscumbia,  Benton  and  Lafayette  attacked  the  upper  ones  —  the   Lafa- 


Ohio  Centennial.  23T 

yette  lying  in  an  eddy  and  fighting  stern  down  stream.  The  vessels  be- 
low silenced  the  lower  batteries  and  then  drawing  the  enemy's  fire,  fail- 
ing in  this  she  withdrew.  We,  along  with  those  on  shore  were  under  the 
impression  that  the  enemy  blew  up  a  Torpedo  just  forward  of  the  "Chil- 
licothe's"  bow. 

The  upper  batteries  were  hotly  engaged  by  the  Benton  and  Tus- 
cumbia,  both  ships  suffering  severely  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  Pitts- 
burg came  up  just  at  the  moment  when  a  large  shell,  passed  through  the 
Benton's  pilot  house,  wounding  the  Pilot  Mr.  Williams  and  disabling  the 
wheel.  The  Pittsburg,  Acting  Volunteer  Lieutenant  Hall,  for  a  short 
time  bore,  the  brunt  of  the  fire,  and  lost  eight  killed  and  wounded. 
The  Benton  received  forty-seven  shots  in  her  hull  alone,  not  count- 
ing the  damage  done  above  her  rail,  but  she  was  just  as  good  for  a  fight 
when  she  got  through  as  when  she  commenced.  All  the  vessels  did  well 
though  it  was  the  most  diffiicult  portion  of  the  River  in  which  to  manage 
an  iron-clad  —  strong  currents  and  strong  eddies  turning  them  round 
and  round,  making  them  fair  targets,  and  the  "Benton's"  heavy  plates 
did  not  stand  the  heavy  shot  which  in  many  instances  bored  her  through. 
Such  was  the  warfare  along  the  great  river  of  Central  North  America. 

There  is  a  mass  of  like  testimony,  that  if  collected,  annotated 
and  framed  so  as  to  serve  the  whole  picture  showing  the  true 
colors  and  preparation  —  would  be  a  most  acceptable  addition  to 
the  public  service  of  Ohio,  as  illustrious  according  to  opportunity 
as  that  of  the  Ohioans  in  the  army.  However,  the  flashlights  of 
Ohio  history  at  the  Chillicothe  Centennial  have  caused  so  distinct 
an  interest,  and  chased  away  to  a  considerable  extent,  a  group  of 
barely  outlined  shadows,  that  the  obscurity  will  be  patiently  re- 
moved and  the  whole  history  of  Ohio  in  the  Navy  illuminated 
with  its  related  proportions.  The  History  of  Ohio  in  the  Navy 
is  one  of  honor  and  renown,  of  daring  adventure  and  distin- 
guished achievement.  Unfortunately,  we  have  not  found  a  clear 
record  of  the  Naval  heroes  born  in  Ohio,  who  were  appointed 
from  or  inlisted  in  other  states. 


THE  GOVERNORS  OF  OHIO  UNDER  THE 
FIRST  CONSTITUTION. 


DAVID    MEADE    MASSIE. 


Most  of  the  writers  who  deal  with  the  histor>^  of  Ohio  seem 
at  a  loss  for  words  adequate  to  express  their  contempt  for  the 
first  constitution  of  our  state,  and  especially   for  its  provisions 

concerning  the  office  of  governor. 

So  fair  and  learned  a  man  as  the 
late  Rufus  King  says  in  his  history 
of  Ohio,  that  "It  would  be  respectful 
to  pass  that  instrument  in  silence,  it 
provided  a  government  which  had  no 
executive,  a  half-starved,  short-lived 
judiciary  and  a  lop-sided  legislature." 
One  distinguished  author  declares 
that  "When  Ohio  became  a  state  it 
^il^    .^  "^      adopted  a  very  foolish  constitution"; 

^^■^  ^/'  another   states   that   "It   reduced   the 

executive  power  almost  to  a  nonen- 
tity." 

DAVID  MEADE  MASSIE.  So  mauy  morc   similar  statements 

can  be  found  that  it  is  a  matter  of  wonder  that  the  committee 
on  program  had  the  hardihood  to  assign  as  a  subject  at  this 
celebration  the  Governors  of  Ohio  under  the  First  Constitution, 
for,  according  to  the  writers  of  history,  the  governors  of  Ohio 
should  have  been  mere  ciphers  and  it  would  be  the  limit  of  bad 
taste  to  even  mention  in  public  the  constitution  under  which 
they  acted  during  the  first  fifty  years  of  our  statehood. 

But,  my  fellow  citizens,  there  are  a  few  who  hold  very  dif- 
ferent views  concerning  the  first  constitution  of  Ohio  and  rejoice 
in  an  opportunity  to  do  honor  to  the  memory  of  the  men  who  filled 
the  office  of  governor  of  this  great  state  for  half  a  century.  Every 


238 


Ohio  Centennial.  239 

student  of  the  early  history  of  our  commonwealth  knows  that  the 
admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union  under  her  first  constitution 
was  the  result  oi%.  long  and  bitter  contest  between  General  Ar- 
thur St.  Clair,  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  and  the 
early  settlers  of  Chillicothe. 

St.  Clair  was  a  Federalist,  advocated  a  strong  central  power 
and  a  paternal  government ;  had  great  faith  in  the  few ;  none  at 
all  in  the  many;  the  Chillicotheans  were  sturdy  Anglo-Saxons 
who  had  sought  their  fortunes  in  a  hostile  wilderness ;  they  had 
made  their  settlements  relying  wholly  on  themselves  for  every- 
thing; they  were  not  a  company  organized  and  equipped  in  the 
East  with  capital  and  education  behind  them,  with  rules  and 
religion  provided  for  their  use,  but  were  mostly  simple  back- 
woodsmen with  only  their  rifles  and  axes,  brain  and  brawn,  to 
sustain  them;  they  were  perfect  democrats  believing  wholly  in 
themselves  and  their  right  to  rule  themselves  as  seemed  best  to 
them.  Many  historians  dismiss  this  controversy  as  a  mere  quar- 
rel between  a  governor  and  his  people  over  sordid  matters  of 
little  moment;  but  beneath  the  surface  lay  a  great  political 
question  —  should  the  people  decide  for  themselves  what  was 
best  for  them,  or  should  a  governor?  Should  the  government 
be  popular  or  paternal?    Aristocratic  or  democratic? 

The  Chillicotheans  were  successful.  Congress  first  met  their 
washes  as  to  the  boundaries  of  the  proposed  state  and  afterwards, 
on  April  30,  1802,  authorized  delegates  to  be  elected  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining,  first,  whether  it  was  expedient  to  estab- 
lish a  state  government ;  and  if  so  decided  by  a  majority  of  the 
delegates,  they  were  empowered  to  proceed  to  adopt  a  constitu- 
tion and  form  a  state  government. 

The  contest  over  the  election  of  delegates  was  vigorous  and 
bitter ;  when  the  convention  met  at  Chillicothe  in  November,  1802, 
and  voted  on  the  expediency  of  statehood,  thirty-four  voted  yes, 
only  one  voted  no.  This  was  an  overwhelming  victory  for  the 
Chillicotheans;    they  controlled  the  convention  completely. 

Edward  Tiffin  was  its  president,  and  a  careful  study  of  its 
committees  and  proceedings  will  disclose  what  an  iron  grip  they 
had  upon  it,  -and  how  fully  they  directed  its  actions. 


240  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications, 

For  years  these  men  had  been  contending  for  the  right  of  the 
people  to  govern  themselves  through  their  representatives,  and 
had  been  fighting  the  paternal  policy  of  their  %overnor.  It  was 
but  natural,  when  the  opportunity  came,  for  them  to  try  to  secure 
perpetually  these  principles  and  to  embody  them  in  their  consti- 
tution. The  governor  was  made  a  mere  figurehead,  given  no 
control  whatever  over  the  Legislature,  by  the  right  of  vetoing  its 
acts  or  otherwise;  he  was  not  even  required  to  sign  its  laws  be- 
fore they  went  into  effect  (provisions  still  in  force)  ;  was  shorn 
of  all  patronage  and  allowed  to  name  no  officers,  except  an  adju- 
tant-general. The  Legislature  made  all  the  appointments  of  state 
officers,  including  the  judiciary;  its  powers  were  bounded  only 
by  the  constitution  itself,  which  protects  the  people  by  a  long  and 
liberal  bill  of  rights  and  provides  an  easy  way  of  amending  its 
provisions.  This  constitution  was  the  full  and  complete  triumph 
of  democracy,  and  is  the  crowning  glory  of  those  who  brought 
it  about ;  for  the  history  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  in  its  broadest 
sense  is  a  record  of  the  struggles  of  the  people  to  assert  them- 
selves against  their  rulers.  The  great  trophies  in  this  contest  are 
the  Magna  Charter  and  the  Bill  of  Rights  of  1689,  won  by  our 
ancestors  in  the  old  home  across  the  sea,  and  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  made  good  by  our  Revolutionary  forefathers  in 
America.  Each  of  these  marks  a  long  step  forward  toward  a 
''government  of  the  people,  by  the  people  and  for  the  people,'* 
but  none  go  quite  so  far  as  to  claim  for  the  people  absolute  power, 
freed  from  all  control  by  king  or  president  or  governor.  The 
first  to  reach  that  goal  were  the  founders  of  Ohio,  led  by  the  Chil- 
licothe  statesmen,  who  had  been  trained  in  their  backwoods  strug- 
gles with  savage  men  and  rugged  nature  to  rely  on  themselves 
alone,  and  to  allow  no  man  to  dictate  what  was  best  for  them 
and  theirs. 

It  would  be  doing  the  framers  of  the  first  constitution  of 
Ohio  a  grievous  wrong  to  stop  with  this  statement.  They  did  not 
by  any  means  intend  to  make  the  governor  of  Ohio  a  mere  figure- 
head ;  they  only  were  determined  to  make  it  impossible  for  a  weak 
or  wicked  executive  to  thwart  the  will  and  wishes  of  the  people ; 
they  wanted  no  tyrant  even  for  one  moment  to  rule  in  Ohio ;  they 
knew  full  well  that  a  man  worthy  in  mind  and  character  to  be 


Ohio  Centennial.  241 

the  governor  of  Ohio  could  and  would  exercise  great  influence 
on  the  affairs  of  state,  by  reason  and  by  argument  he  could  guide 
the  Legislature  far  better  and  more  safely  than  by  any  political 
power  conferred  on  him;  in  effect  they  said  to  the  governor  of 
Ohio  —  you  are  the  first  citizen  of  this  state,  now  be  a  leader  of 
the  people  by  the  force  of  your  character  and  strength  of  your 
mind,  draw  them  to  your  policies  by  convincing  them  that  what 
you  offer  is  right  and  best  for  the  commonwealth;  thwart  them 
by  force  or  bribe  them  by  patronage  you  shall  not.  In  their  action 
on  the  subject  of  the  governorship  these  men  embodied  a  great 
truth  —  the  mere  cloak  of  office  makes  no  man  good  nor  great; 
a  knave  or  a  fool,  if  clothed  with  power,  may  do  untold  harm; 
a  wise  and  an  able  man  brings  to  any  position  all  the  dignity  and 
influence  which  it  needs ;  they  said,  we  will  give  this  office  to  our 
leaders,  because  they  have  proven  themselves  to  be  great  men  and 
will  be  equal  to  all  its  requirements ;  should  by  chance  any  dema- 
gogue or  vain  and  brainless  citizen  obtain  the  place,  so  much  the 
worse  for  him. 

They  had  read  aright  the  fable  in  which  the  lion's  skin  is 
put  on  the  ass :  it  did  not  make  him  a  lion,  it  only  made  him  more 
of  an  ass.  The  founders  of  Ohio  proved  the  sincerity  of  their 
belief  by  their  practice,  the  governors  which  they  gave  to  Ohio 
were  their  tried  and  trusted  Readers.  Tiffin,  Meigs,  Worthington 
and  Morrow  need  only  be  named  to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  this 
assertion ;  all  these  were  men  of  large  experience  and  distinction 
when  they  came  into  the  governorship  —  men  in  every  way- 
worthy  to  be  called  leaders  of  men. 

Now  having  before  us  the  limitations  and  ideals  set  by  the 
framers  of  our  first  constitution  for  the-  governors  of  Ohio,  let 
us  briefly  pass  in  review  the  men  who  filled  the  governor's  chair 
during  the  first  half  century  of  her  statehood  and  see  how  nearly 
they  met  the  hopes  and  desires  of  those  who  created  them. 

The  first  governor  of  Ohio  was  Edward  Tiffin,  who  was 
born  in  Carlisle,  England,  in  1766,  came  to  America  in  1784,  at- 
tended Jefferson  Medical  College  and  in  due  time  was  licensed 
to  practice  his  profession.  In  1789  he  married  a  sister  of  Thomas 
Worthington,  then  a  resident  of  Berkeley  County,  Virginia,  and 

o.  c  — IG 


242  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

lived  in  that  state  for  fourteen  years.  In  1798  he  manumitted 
the  slaves  inherited  by  his  wife  and  moved  to  ChilHcothe.  He  at 
once  became  an  active  member  of  this,  then  new,  community,  and 
by  his  character  and  abiUty  soon  took  rank  as  one  of  its  leading 
citizens.  He  was  a  member  from  Ross  County  of  both  the  first 
and  second  Territorial  Legislatures  and  in  both  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  House ;  he  played  a  prominent  part  in  the  contest 
over  the  admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union,  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  the  convention  which  framed  the  first  constitution  of  Ohio, 
was  chosen  president  of  that  body  and  when  Ohio  became  a 
state  was  elected  governor,  and  in  1805  was  re-elected  to  the 
same  office,  both  times  without  opposition ;  in  1807  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate ;  in  1809  he  resigned  his  seat  in  that 
body,  was  immediately  elected  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  Ohio,  in  which  body  he  served  two  terms,  during  both  of 
which  he  was  speaker  of  the  House.  President  Madison  ap- 
pointed him  commissioner  of  public  lands;  he  was  the  first  in- 
cumbent of  this  office  and  while  filling  it  achieved  the  unique 
distinction  of  being  the  only  public  official  who  saved  entire  the 
records  of  his  office  when  Washington  City  was  captured  by  the 
British;  he  afterwards  exchanged  this  position  for  that  of  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  Northwest,  which  enabled  him  to  reside  at 
home. 

Ohio  was  fortunate  in  having  her  first  chief  executive  a 
man  of  Tiffin's  character  and  ability ;  he  was  a  strong  and  fear- 
less opponent  of  all  schemes  to  introduce  slavery  into  Ohio,  a 
bold  and  fearless  advocate  of  the  free  navigation  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, a  courageous  factor  in  stopping  the  conspiracy  of  Aaron 
Burr  and  is  well  entitled  to  the  praise  bestowed  upon  him  by 
Hon.  Daniel  J.  Ryan  in  his  history  of  Ohio,  who  says :  "No  man 
who  has  ever  filled  the  gubernatorial  chair  of  Ohio,  possessed  a 
greater  genius  for  the  administration  of  public  affairs  than  Ed- 
ward Tiffin.  His  work  in  advancing  and  developing  the  state 
has  not  been  equaled  by  that  of  any  man  in  its  history." 

In  1807  Return  Jonathan  Meigs  of  Washington  County  was 
elected  governor,  but  his  election  being  contested  the  General 
Assembly  decided  that  he  was  not  eligible  because  he  had  not 
been  a  resident  of  the  state  for  the  length  of  time  required  by  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  243 

constitution.  Thomas  Kirker,  of  Adams  County,  who  was  the 
president  of  the  Senate,  thereupon  became  acting  governor. 
Governor  Kirker  was  of  Irish  ancestry,  a  member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention  and  represented  Adams  County  in  both 
branches  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Ohio  for  many  years,  at 
times  serving  as  presiding  officer  of  each  body.  He  was  one  of 
the  leading  opponents  of  Governor  St.  Clair  and  a  warm  friend 
of  the  Chillicothe  party. 

In  1808  Samuel  Huntington  of  Trumbull  County  was  elected 
governor;  he  was  a  native  of  Connecticut,  a  graduate  of  Yale, 
had  represented  Trumbull  County  in  the  constitutional  conven- 
tion and  State  Senate  and  at  the  time  of  his  election  was  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court ;  his  administration  was  stormy,  its  chief 
distinction  being  "The  sweeping  resolution,"  which  was  an  at- 
tempt to  subordinate  the  judiciary  to  the  Legislature  and  which 
happily  ended  in  failure. 

The  next  governor  of  Ohio  was  Return  Jonathan  Meigs,  of 
Washington  County,  who  served  two  terms.  Meigs  was  a  na- 
tive of  Connecticut,  a  graduate  of  Yale,  a  member  of  the  first 
Territorial  Legislature,  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Northwest  Territory,  also  of  Louisiana  Territory,  at  the  time  of 
his  election  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate  and  resigned 
the  governorship  to  become  postmaster-general  of  the  United 
States,  which  office  he  held  for  more  than  nine  years. 

Governor  Meigs  was  an  able  and  active  man,  a  bitter  oppo- 
nent of  St.  Clair,  going  even  farther  against  him  than  the  Chil- 
licothe leaders  and  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  war 
governor  of  Oliio ;  during  the  war  of  1812  he  rendered  much 
valuable  service  to  his  country's  cause.  Othniel  Looker,  of  Ham- 
ilton County,  being  speaker  of  the  Senate,  filled  out  Meigs'  unex- 
pired time ;  Governor  Looker  represented  Hamilton  County,  both 
before  and  after  occupying  the  executive  office,  many  times  in 
both  branches  of  the  General  Assembly.    ■ 

Ross  County  furnished  the  next  governor  —  Thomas  Worth- 
ington,  who  served  two  terms.  Worthington  was  a  native  of 
Virginia,  an  early  settler  of  Chillicothe  and  a  prominent  member 
of  the  coterie  opposed  to  St.  Clair,  being  their  representative  in 
Washington,  was  a  member  of  both  territorial  legislatures,  the 


244  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

constitutional  convention  and  one  of  the  first  two  senators  sent 
by  Ohio  to  Congress. 

As  governor,  Worthington  was  a  strong  advocate  of  pubHc 
schools  and  improved  transportation  facilities,  the  encouragement 
of  manufactures  and  the  reform  of  the  banking  facilities.  Gov- 
ernor Chase  well  said  of  him,  "He  was  the  father  of  internal 
improvements,  of  the  Great  National  Road,  and  of  the  Erie 
Canal."  Time  forbids  our  giving  him  the  notice  he  deserves. 
He  was  a  statesman,  a  scholar  and  a  gentleman,  his  beautiful 
home  Adena  was  a  model  of  beauty  and  elegance  and  famed  for 
its  charming  hospitality  and  distinguished  guests. 

Ethan  Allen  Brown,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  was  the  next 
governor,  being  at  the  time  of  his  election  a  citizen  of  Hamil- 
ton County  and  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  His  adminis- 
tration was  marked  by  its  enthusiasm  for  the  building  of  canals 
and  the  establishment  of  free  schools  and  it  was  troubled  by  the 
results  of  bad  banking  and  unwise  credits  for  land. 

In  1822  Governor  Brown  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  and  Allen  Trimble,  as  speaker  of  the  Senate,  became 
acting  governor.  From  1822  to  1826  Jeremiah  Morrow,  of  War- 
ren County,  was  governor.  Born  in  Pennsylvania  of  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry,  he  came  to  Ohio  in  1796,  and  few  of  her  sons  have 
served  her  longer  or  more  faithfully;  he  was  a  member  of  the 
second  Territorial  Assembly,  of  the  constitutional  convention,  and 
of  the  first  General  Assembly ;  he  was  the  first  and,  for  ten  years, 
the  only  representative  of  the  state  in  the  lower  house  of  Con- 
gress ;  served  one  term  in  the  United  States  Senate  and  then 
after  the  close  of  his  two  terms  as  governor  served  in  both 
branches  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  closed  his  career  with  two 
terms  in  Congress  when  over  seventy  years  of  age. 

It  is  impossible  to  recount,  in  a  limited  time,  the  great  ser- 
vices of  this  remarkable  man  whose  hard  common  sense,  frank- 
ness, honesty  and  thorough  knowledge  of  the  questions  coming 
before  him  commanded  the  implicit  confidence  and  respect  of  all 
men.  As  governor  he  was  industrious  in  encouraging  the  con- 
struction of  canals  and  other  public  improvements,  and  his  ad- 
ministration saw  the  beginning  of  work  on  both  the  canal  sys- 
tem of  Ohio  and  the  National  Road. 


Ohio  Centennial.  245 

Allen  Trimble,  of  Highland  County,  next  filled  the  governor's 
chair  for  two  terms.  Born  in  Virginia,  he  had  spent  most  of  his 
life  in  Ohio,  and  had  the  unique  distinction  of  having  been  seven 
times  elected  speaker  of  the  State  Senate ;  during  one  of  his  terms 
as  speaker  he  became  acting  governor  of  Ohio  by  reason  of  the 
resignation  of  Ethan  Allen  Brown,  so  when  elected  governor  he 
had  already  had  a  year's  previous  experience  in  the  executive 
office. 

He  was  a  strong  friend  of  the  common  schools  and  public 
improvements ;  his  administration  saw  the  beginning  of  the  Abo- 
lition movement  and  the  dawn  of  another  era  in  the  history 
of  Ohio.  His  successor.  General  Duncan  McArthur,  of  Ross 
County,  a  native  of  New  York,  was  the  last  of  the  pioneer 
governors. 

He  had  been  a  part  of  the  beginnings  of  Ohio,  a  surveyor  in 
the  wilderness,  a  member  and  speaker  of  both  branches  of  the 
General  Assembly  and  a  representative  in  Congress.  His  chief 
distinction,  however,  is  as  a  soldier;  at  eighteen  he  began  his 
military  career  as  a  private  in  Harmar's  expedition,  served  the 
next  year  in  another  Indian  campaign,  was  made  captain  of  mili- 
tia by  St.  Clair  in  1798.  and  elected  major-general  of  the  Ohio 
militia  in  1808  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Ohio.  In  the  War  of 
1812  he  enlisted  as  a  private,  was  almost  immediately  elected 
colonel  of  the  first  regiment  of  Ohio  volunteers,  bore  a  most 
creditable  part  in  Hull's  unfortunate  campaign  and  made,  during 
the  course  of  this  war,  in  the  operations  around  the  western  end 
of  Lake  Erie,  so  brilliant  a  record  that  he  was,  at  its  termination, 
a  brigadier-general  of  the  regular  army. 

His  administration  as  governor  saw  the  last  of  the  Indian 
wars,  which  particularly  affected  Ohio,  the  canals  in  operation, 
the  National  Road  in  use,  and  the  commencement  of  the  era  of 
railways,  eleven  being  chartered  at  one  session  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  1831  and  1832. 

In  1832  Robert  Lucas,  of  Pike  County,  was  elected  governor; 
he  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  had  served  in  the  War  of  1812,  ob- 
taining the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and  had  been  a  member  of 
both  branches  of  the  General  Assembly  and  twice  speaker  of  the 
State  Senate.  He  had  the  honor  of  presiding  over  the  first  Dem- 
ocratic National  Convention,  which  nominated  General  Jackson 


246  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

for  his  second  term.  During  Governor  Lucas'  second  term  oc- 
curred the  famous  controversy  with  Michigan  over  the  north- 
western boundary  of  the  state.  Ohio  came  out  of  this  conflict 
victorious,  and  Governor  Lucas  was  immortalized  by  having  a 
county  named  for  him  at  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee. 

The  Whigs  elected  the  next  governor  in  the  person  of  Joseph 
Vance,  of  Champaign  County;  he  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  many  times  a  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  and  for  fourteen  years  a  member  of  Congress. 
During  his  administration  the  school  system  of  Ohio  was  thor- 
oughly revised  and  greatly  improved. 

In  1838  Wilson  Shannon,  of  Belmont  County,  was  elected 
governor ;  he  was  the  first  native-born  citizen  to  achieve  this  posi- 
tion. He  was  a  distinguished  lawyer,  and  one  of  the  very  few 
men  who  came  into  this  office  without  previous  service  in  other 
positions.  His  administration  was  marked  by  an  increase  of  the 
Abolition  movement,  and  marred  by  hard  times.  In  1842  he  was 
defeated  for  re-election  by  Thomas  Corwin.  In  1844  was  again 
elected  governor,  defeating  Corwin,  and  in  1844  resigned  to  be- 
come minister  to  Mexico. 

Thomas  Corwin  is  one  of  the  best  known  of  our  governors, 
famous  for  his  oratory  and  wit.  He  was  born  in  Kentucky,  acted 
as  wagon  boy  in  the  War  of  181 2,  and  had  served  two  terms  in 
the  General  Assembly  and  five  in  Congress  when  elected  chief 
magistrate  of  Ohio.  After  his  term  as  governor,  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate,  and  resigned  from  that  body  to  be- 
come secretary  of  the  treasury. 

When  Governor  Shannon  resigned  in  1844,  Thomas  W. 
Hartley,  of  Richland  County,  speaker  of  the  Senate,  became  act- 
ing governor.  He  was  a  Democrat,  and  was  succeeded  in  the 
office  by  his  father,  Mordecai  Hartley,  a  Whig.  The  latter  was 
horn  in  Pennsylvania,  was  an  officer  in  the  War  of  1812,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  General  Assembly,  and  had  served  four  terms  in  Con- 
gress, from  1823  to  1 83 1. 

Mordecai  Bartley  was  the  second  war  governor  of  Ohio, 
his  administration  witnessing  the  war  with  Mexico.  During  his 
term  the  Bank  of  the  State  of  Ohio  was  chartered,  and  our  pres- 
ent system  of  taxation  adopted.    In  1846  William  Bebb,  of  But- 


Ohio  Centennial.  247 

ler  County,  a  native  of  the  state,  was  elected  to  the  executive 
office.  He  was  a  sturdy  opponent  of  ''the  black  laws,"  and  during 
his  term  much  progress  was  made  in  internal  improvements. 

Seabury  Ford,  of  Geauga  County,  was  the  last  Whig  candi- 
date elected  governor  of  Ohio.  He  was  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
and  had  served  in  both  branches  of  the  General  Assembly. 

The  last  governor  under  the  first  constitution  was  Reuben 
Wood,  of  Cuyahoga  County,  a  native  of  Vermont,  who  had  been 
a  state  senator  and  a  judge  of  both  the  Common  Pleas  and  Su- 
preme Courts. 

The  convention  elected  to  frame  a  new  constitution  for  Ohio, 
met  during  Governor  Wood's  first  term,  and  the  instrument, 
framed  by  it,  went  into  effect  in  1852,  so  he  was  the  first  governor 
under  the  second  as  well  as  the  last  under  the  first. 

His  administration  was  a  time  of  great  activity  in  financial 
affairs,  the  free  banking  system  was  inaugurated,  and  many  rail- 
road lines  opened  for  traffic.  In  1853  Governor  Wood  resigned 
to  accept  the  position  of  consul  at  Valparaiso.  Under  the  first 
constitution  nineteen  men  held  the  executive  office.  Of  these 
sixteen  were  elected  and  three  succeeded  as  speakers  of  the  Sen- 
ate. All  but  Tiffin,  and  possibly  Kirker,  were  natives  of  the 
United  States.  Four  were  born  in  Connecticut,  three  in  Virginia, 
three  in  Pennsylvania,  three  in  Ohio,  one  in  New  York,  one  in 
Kentucky,  and  one  in  Vermont.  The  records  fail  to  show  to  what 
state  Kirker  should  be  credited.  Ross  County  furnished  three, 
Hamilton,  Warren  and  Richland  each  two,  and  Adams,  Trum- 
bull, Washington,  Highland,  Pike,  Champaign,  Belmont,  Butler, 
Geauga  and  Cuyahoga  one  each.  All  but  three  of  them  had 
served  in  the  Territorial  Legislatures  or  the  General  Assemblies 
of  Ohio,  five  had  been  members  of  Congress,  six  United  States 
senators,  two  became  cabinet  officers,  and  two  had  occupied  seats 
on  the  Supreme  bench  of  Ohio. 

The  men  who  were  governors  of  Ohio  under  the  first  consti- 
tution have  now  passed  before  you.  In  ability  they  varied,  yet 
each  and  all  were  men  of  good  hard  common  sense.  In  character 
they  were  upright  and  clean,  in  achievement  they  obtained  vari- 
ous degrees  of  success,  but  each  contributed  something  to  the 
greatness  and  upbuilding  of  their  state.    The  devotion  of  them  all 


248 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


to  their  duty,  as  they  saw  it,  is  beyond  question.  They  were  all 
representatives  of  the  best  citizenship  of  their  day  and  generation, 
and  each  vindicated  in  his  way  the  faith  of  the  framers  of  the 
first  constitution  that  the  people  could  be  trusted  to  select  for 
their  governors  men  whom  they  knew  to  be  tried  and  true ;  men 
in  every  way  worthy  to  be  called  leaders  of  men. 


FORT  HARMAR.      BUILT   1785. 


THE  GOVERNORS  OF  OHIO  UNDER  THE 
SECOND  CONSTITUTION. 

JAMES   E.    CAMPBELL. 


The  second  constitution  of  Ohio  was  adopted  in  185 1,  but 
Reuben  Wood,  then  governor,  remained  in  office  until  1853,  so 
that  the  topic,  "The  Governors  under  the  Second  Constitution," 
covers  precisely  the  second  half  cen- 
tury of  the  state's  existence.  During 
this  time  there  have  been  nineteen 
governors.  Of  these  nineteen,  all  but 
one  were  natives  of  this  country,  and 
of  English,  Scotch,  or  Scotch-Irish 
stock.  Not  only  were  they  natives 
themselves,  but  in  every  case  they 
were  descended  from  many  genera- 
tions of  native  ancestors ;  while  they 
have  stood  for  diverse  ideas,  creeds 
and  affiliations,  yet  in  one  respect  they 
have  been  alike  —  they  have  repre- 
sented in  their  own  persons,  long- 
descended,  inborn,  thorough  Amer- 
canism. 

Of  these  nineteen  men  only  eight  were  college-bred,  which 
shows  how  great  a  part  the  "little  red  schoolhouse"  has  played 
in  the  making  of  history;  of  fourteen  who  came  in  since  the 
great  day  of  Appomattox,  ten  were  veterans  of  the  Civil  War, 
proving  that  Republics  are  not  always  ungrateful.  Two  have 
been  president  of  the  United  States,  one  a  chief  justice,  four 
cabinet  officers,  three  foreign  ministers,  three  United  States 
senators,  eight  representatives  in  Congress ;  evidently  their  ser- 
vices were  not  unappreciated  by  their  countrymen. 

Let  us  call  the  roll. 

240 


JAMES  E.  CAMPBEI,!,. 


250  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

William  Medill  was  born  in  New  Castle  County,  Dela- 
ware, in  1802,  and  died  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  September  2,  1865. 
He  came  to  Lancaster  in  1832,  entering  at  once  on  the  practice 
of  the  law;  then  served  three  years  in  the  State  Legislature, 
and  four  years  —  from  1839  ^^  1843  —  ^^  Congress.  Early  in 
President  Polk's  administration  he  was  made  first  assistant  post- 
master-general, but  resigned  to  accept  the  Commissionership  of 
Indian  Affairs,  in  which  office  he  introduced  many  needed  re- 
forms. The  Indian  Bureau  was  then  a  part  of  the  War  De- 
partment, but  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
shortly  before  Governor  Medill  resigned.  The  department  had 
just  been  created,  and  the  first  secretary  was  Thomas  Ewing, 
also  a  citizen  of  Lancaster. 

In  1 85 1  he  was  selected  as  president  of  the  convention  which 
constructed  the  second  constitution  of  the  state.  He  was  very 
influential  in  that  body,  and  was  the  only  member  (out  of  one 
hundred  and  five)  who  rose  to  the  governorship.  Less  than  a 
dozen  members  of  the  body  achieved  any  subsequent  distinction 
—  a  just  retribution  for  their  failure  to  arm  the  office  of  gov- 
ernor with  the  salutary  power  of  the  veto. 

In  1853  Governor  Medill  (being  then  lieutenant-governor) 
succeeded  to  the  governor's  office  upon  the  resignation  of  Gover- 
nor Wood,  and  was  elected  to  that  office  the  same  fall.  He 
subsequently  held  the  position  of  first  comptroller  of  the  United 
States  Treasury,  serving  through  all  of  President  Buchanan's 
administration,  and  two  months  under  President  Lincoln.  His 
public  career  then  ended,  and  he  returned  to  Lancaster  where 
he  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem  by  the  people. 

Governor  Medill  was  a  man  of  strict  integrity,  and  firm 
purposes ;  as  an  illustration,  when  he  was  comptroller  an  old 
claim  passed  both  houses  of  Congress  involving  an  expenditure 
of  two  or  three  millions,  and  was  approved  by  the  President. 
Medill,  satisfied  that  it  was  a  fraud,  refused  to  pay  it.  The 
cippeals  of  congressmen  and  senators,  and  of  the  President 
himself,  failed  to  move  him,  and  the  claim  was  not  paid.  An 
attempt  was  then  made  to  impeach  him  in  the  vSenate,  but  the 
firmness  of  R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  of  Virginia,  and  others  who  had 
confidence  in  his  judgment  and  integrity,  frustrated  it. 


Ohio  Centennial  •  251 

Although  Governor  Medill  was  a  man  of  culture,  of  fine 
manners,  and  fond  of  society,  he  never  married.  He  has  the 
distinction  —  if  it  be  such  —  to  have  been  the  only  bachelor  who' 
occupied  the  gubernatorial  chair  of  Ohio. 

*  -;:  * 

Salmon  Portland  Chase  was  born  in  Cornish,  N.  H.,  on 
January  13,  1808,  and  died  in  the  city  of  New  York  on  May 
7,  1883. 

He  procured  an  education  by  close  economy  and  hard  work,, 
and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1826,  becoming  subsequently  a 
law  student  in  William  Wirt's  office  in  Washington.  Although 
he  had  spent  some  years  in  Ohio  with  his  celebrated  uncle,  Bishop 
Philander  Chase,  he  did  not  formally  settle  in  the  state  until  he 
went  to  Cincinnati,  in  1830,  where,  in  his  early  practice,  he 
compiled  "Chase's  Statutes  of  Ohio." 

In  politics  he  was  an  Abolition-Democrat,  and,  while  pur- 
suing his  law  studies  in  Washington,  was  actively  engaged  in 
trying  to  procure  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. During  his  residence  in  Cincinnati,  before  he  entered 
upon  his  public  career,  he  was  the  head  and  front  of  the  long 
and  bitter  contest  against  slavery.  His  labors  on  behalf  of  Bir- 
ney's  newspaper,  "The  Philanthropist,"  (which  was  destroyed 
by  a  mob  in  1836)  and  his  defense  in  court  of  the  alleged  slave 
girl  Matilda,  are  among  the  well  remembered  instances  of  his 
willingness  to  face  danger  and  unpopularity  where  anti-slavery 
principles  were  at  stake.  In  the  language  of  one  of  his  admirers 
"behind  the  dusky  face  of  every  black  man  he  saw  his  Savior,, 
the  divine  man,  also  scourged,  also  in  prison,  at  last  crucified."* 

In  1849  ^^-  Chase  was  elected  to  the  United'  States  Senate 
by  the  Democrats  in  the  Legislature  with  the  aid  of  two  "free 
soilers"  who  held  the  balance  of  power.  In  1855  he  was  elected 
governor,  and  again  in  1857.  During  these  four  years  the  Re- 
publican party  was  organized;  and,  in  i860,  Mr.  Chase  was  a 
prominent  candidate  for  the  presidential  nomination.  His  name 
was  presented  by  the  Ohio  delegation,  but  they  did  not  press  his 
claims  with  as  much  ardor  and  persistence  as  he  expected. 

When  President  Lincoln  was  inaugurated,  Mr.  Chase  be- 
came secretary  of  the  treasury.     To  his  deep  religious  feeling 


t 

262  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

is  attributed  the  closing  sentence  of  the  Emancipation  Proclama- 
tion, "and  upon  this  act  *  *  *  I  invoke  the  favorable  judg- 
ment of  all  mankind,  and  the  gracious  favor  of  Almighty  God/' 
As  secretary  of  the  treasury,  which  was  bankrupt  when  he 
took  it,  and  which,  under  his  wise  and  far-seeing  management, 
:supplied  the  funds  for  the  Civil  War,  no  eulogium  is  needed. 
The  result  speaks  for  itself.  His  record  there  will  be  his  endur- 
ing monument.  Resigning  from  the  Treasury  Department  he 
was  shortly  after  appointed  to  the  Chief  Justiceship,  and  filled  that 
office  until  his  death.  The  most  celebrated  act  of  his  judicial 
•career  was  presiding  at  the  impeachment  trial  of  President  John- 
son. The  extremists  in  the  Republican  party  criticised  his  action 
in  that  case,  but  as  was  said  by  William  M.  Evarts,  "The  charge 
against  him,  if  it  had  any  shape  or  substance,  came  only  to 
this:  that  he  brought  into  the  Senate,  in  his  judicial  robes,  no 
concealed  weapons  of  party  warfare." 

Although  Mr.  Chase  had  filled  with  ability,  dignity  and 
success  the  great  offices  of  governor.  United  States  senator,  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury  and  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  although  he  will  ever  remain  one  of  the  foremost  figures 
in  one  of  the  greatest  history-making  epochs  of  all  time,  yet  it 
is  generally  believed  that  he  died  with  his  life-long  ambition- 
unsatisfied.  Through  all  the  warp  and  woof  of  his  long  and  il- 
lustrious career  there  runs  the  thread  of  hope  —  hope  of  the 
presidency  —  fated  only  to  fray  out  at  last  in  disappointment' 
and  regret.  Mr. .  Chase,  under  ordinary  conditions,  would  have 
made  an  ideal  president,  but  in  i860  another  sort  of  leader  was 
needed,  and  the  Ohio  Republicans  who  attended  the  presidential 
•convention  of  that  year  builded  better  than  they  knew  when  they 
transferred  their  votes  from  the  handsome,  majestic  and  scholarly 
Chase  to  the  ungraceful,  homely,  but  God-anointed  Lincoln, 

*         *         * 

William  Dennison  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  November  23, 
1815,  and  died  at  Columbus,  June  15,  1882.  His  parents  were  of 
New  England  stock,  and  had  settled  in  Cincinnati  about  the 
year  1808.  After  receiving  such  early  education  as  conditions 
in  Cincinnati  then  afforded,  he  entered  Miami  University,  grad- 
uating in  1835  with  honors ;    then  studied  law  in  the  office  of 


Ohio  Centennial.  253^ 

Nathaniel  E.  Pendleton,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  about 
1840,  remaining  in  the  practice  until  1859.  In  December,  1840, 
he  married  Ann  Eliza  Neil  and  removed  to  Columbus,  becom- 
ing largely  interested  in  the  development  of  that  city.  He  was 
associated  with  the  original  constructors  of  the  Cleveland  and 
Columbus  Railroad,  and  also"  the  Columbus  and  Xenia  Railroad, 
of  which  he  was  the  president  from  1854  to  1859.  He  was  also 
president  for  three  years  of  the  Exchange  branch  of  the  State 
Bank  of  Ohio  at  Columbus. 

From  his  earliest  manhood  Governor  Dennison  was  deeply 
interested  in  public  affairs,  and  identified  himself  with  the  Whig 
party.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate.  In  1856 
he  was  a  delegate-at-large  to  the  first  National  Republican  con- 
vention at  Philadelphia,  and  in  1859  was  elected  governor,  after 
holding  a  number  of  debates  with  his  equally  eloquent  opponent,. 
Rufus  D.  Ranney. 

When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  he  was  still  in  office  as  gov- 
ernor, and  continued  during  the  nine  months  remaining  of  his- 
term.  The  great  work  of  his  administration  was  equipping  and 
forwarding  troops.  In  addition  to  the  magnificent  way  in  which 
Ohio  responded  to  the  call  for  volunteers,  the  two  events  which 
gave  the  governor  greatest  satisfaction  were  the  ability  of  the 
northwestern  states  to  hold  Kentucky  in  the  Union,  and  the 
separation  of  the  state  of  West  Virginia  from  the  old  state^ 
thus  removing  the  border  line  far  to  the  south  of  the  Ohio 
River.  Retiring  from  the  governorship,  he  devoted  his  entire 
time  and  energy  as  a  volunteer  aide  to  the  governor  (his  suc- 
cessor) and  to  the  president. 

In  1864  he  was  permanent  chairman  of  the  Republican  Na- 
tional convention  which  re-nominated  President  Lincoln.'  In  the 
fall  of  that  year  he  was  appointed  postmaster-general  to  suc- 
ceed Montgomery  Blair.  He  remained  in  the  cabinet  after 
President  Lincoln's  assassination,  and  until  the  summer  of  1866, 
when,  President  Johnson's  attitude  having  become  determined,  he 
was  the  first  to  resign  his  portfolio. 

He  then  became  interested  in  the  construction  of  railroads 
until  1875  when  Congress  provided  a  new  government  for  the 
District  of  Columbia  under  the  direction  of  three  commissioners. 


254  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

■Governor  Dennison  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  commission, 
which  position  he  occupied  until  1878.  His  last  appearance  in 
political  life  was  at  the  Republican  national  convention  in  i88o,' 
,as  a  delegate-at-large. 

David  Tod  was  born  at  Youngstown,  Ohio,  February  21, 
1805,  and  died  there  November  13,  1868.  His  father  was  a 
native  of  Connecticut,  and  a  graduate  of  Yale,  whp  emigrated 
early  to  Ohio,  serving  as  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  War  of 
18 1 2,  and  as  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

David  Tod  was  well  educated  and  bred  to  the  law.  In 
1838  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  and  in  1844  'was  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  governor.  His  defeat  was  slight,  but  it 
illustrates  the  influence  of  a  senseless,  yet  popular,  phrase  in 
a  political  campaign.  He  was  a  "hard  money"  man,  and  was 
accredited  with  saying  that,  rather  than  resort  to  "soft  money,"  he 
would  do  as  the  Spartans  did  —  make  money  out  of  pot  metal. 
The  whigs  had  pot-metal  medals  struck,  and  raised  the  cry  of  "Pot 
Metal  Tod,"  which  stuck  to  him  so  effectually  that  he  was  de- 
feated, although  the  state  was  then  naturally  Democratic. 

A  similarly  ridiculous  episode  occurred  in  1875  when  the 
foolish  but  effective  cry  of  "The  Pope's  big  toe"  roused  an  anti- 
Catholic  sentiment  which  defeated"  Governor  Allen. 

Governor  Tod  was  minister  to  Brazil  some  years.  In  i860 
he  was  vice-president  of  the  ever  memorable  "Charleston  Con- 
vention" where  the  secession  of  the  southern  Democrats  broke 
up  the  convention,  and  paved  the  way  for  rebellion.  After  the 
adjournment  of  that  convention  to  Baltimore,  Caleb  Gushing, 
the  chairman,  went  off  with  the  southerners,  and  that  left  Mr. 
Tod  as  chairman. 

When  the  war  broke  out  Governor  Tod  became  one  of  the 
most  ardent  advocates  of  its  vigorous  prosecution,  giving  freely 
of  his  time  and  money  to  the  cause,  and  became  so  prominent 
that  he  was  elected  by  the  Union  Party  (as  the  combination 
of  Republicans  and  War-Democrats  was  called  from  1861  to 
1866)  to  the  office  of  governor  the  first  year  of  the  war,  serv- 
ing one  term.  His  tenure  of  office  was  during  the  very  heat 
and  passion  of  the  vv^ar,  and  the  duties  were  not  only  onerous, 


Ohio  Centennial.  255 

but  they  required  tact,  intelligence  of  the  highest  order,  and 
quickness  of  decision.  Governor  Tod  discharged  these  duties 
skillfully  and  zealously,  and  was  especially  mindful  of  the  wel- 
fare of  that  great  army  which  Ohio  kept  constantly  '*at  the 
front."  After  retiring  from  office  he  occupied  himself  with 
those  large  business  interests  through  which  he  had  acquired 
wealth  and  influence. 

Among  his  personal  qualities  was  a  pungent  and  ready  wit. 
It  is  said  that  being  asked  why  he  spelled  Tod  with  one  "d" 
instead  of  two,  as  was  usual,  he  humorously  replied  that  if  but 
one  "d"  was  used  in  the  word  "God"  he  thought  it  fully  suf- 
ficient for  the  word  ''Tod." 

*         *         * 

John  Brough  was  born  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  September  17, 
181 1,  and  died  at  Cleveland,  August  29,  1865,  being  the  only 
governor  who  died  in  office.  His  parents  came  to  Ohio  in 
pioneer  days.  At  an  early  age  he  became  a  printer,  and,  be- 
fore he  was  twenty,  started  a  paper  called  The  Western  Re- 
publican and  Marietta  Advertiser.  President  Jackson  and  John 
C.  Calhoun  were  then  in  the  midst  of  their  quarrel  over  nul- 
lification, and  Brough  espoused  the  cause  of  Calhoun.  This 
rendered  his  newspaper  so  unpopular  that  he  removed  to  Lan- 
caster and  purchased  the  Ohio  Eagle. 

He  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  from  Fairfield  County  in 
1838,  and  soon  after  became  auditor  of  state,  in  which  office 
he  uncovered  corrupt  practices  and  inaugurated  reforms  that 
made  him  deservedly  popular.  He  was  also  a  very  gifted  speaker 
and  during  the  great  campaign  between  Thomas  Corwin  and 
Wilson  Shannon  he  was  put  forward  by  the  Democrats  to  con- 
front Corwin,  confessedly  the  greatest  orator  Ohio  has  ever 
produced.  While  auditor  of  state  Mr.  Brough  purchased  a 
newspaper  at  Cincinnati,  changed  its  name  to  the  Enquirer,  and 
was  connected  with  it  for  a  few  years.  In  1848,  however,  he 
practically  withdrew  from  public  life  owing  to  his  dissatisfac- 
tion with  the  pro-slavery  tendencies  of  his  party.  He  turned 
his  attention  to  railroading  afterward,  and  became  prominent 
in  that  and  other  business  interests,  which  occupied- him  until 
his  election  as  governor  in  1863. 


266  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  political  campaign  of  that  year  was  the  most  virulent 
which  ever  took  place  in  Ohio,  or  perhaps  in  any  other  state 
or  country.  It  began  in  May  by  the  spontaneous  action  of  the 
people,  and  was  intensified  in  bitterness  by  the  nomination  of 
Clement  L.  Vallandingham,  who  was  then  an  exile  by  sentence 
of  a  military  commission  after  a  vain  appeal  to  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court.  Mr.  Vallandingham  was  a  very  able  man 
and  had  the  courage  of  his  convictions,  however  erroneous  some 
of  them  may  have  been.  His  arrest  and  sentence  were  by  many 
good  citizens  deemed  to  be  tyrannical  and  unconstitutional,  and 
his  friends  made  a  bold  and  vigorous  campaign.  The  result 
was  Governor  Brough's  election  by  more  than  one  hundred 
thousand  majority.  This  result,  John  Sherman  said,  was  in  its 
effect  upon  the  Union  cause  ''equal  to  any  battle  of  the  war" 
—  an  opinion  now  concurred  in  by  men  of  all  political  creeds. 

Governor  Brough's  eloquence  and  his  fiery  war  speeches 
did  much  to  endear  him  to  the  people  and  to  procure  his  nomi- 
nation, but  in  1865  he  failed  of  renomination  and  was  deeply 
chagrined.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  mentioned  as  a  curious 
fact  that  none  of  the  three  war  governors  secured  a  1  enomination^ 
although  all  were  of  fine  abilities  and  high  character.  Both 
Governors  Tod  and  Dennison  accepted  the  situation  cheerfully. 
Governor  Dennison  was  probably  the  victim  of  a  feeling  that  a 
War-Democrat  should  be  nominated,  being  the  same  reason  why 
Hannibal  Hamlin  was  not  renominated  for  vice-president  in 
1864.  It  is  not  clear  why  Governor  Tod  was  not  renominated^ 
as  he  was  especially  popular  with  the  soldiers  as  well  as  the 
people,  and  both  himself  and  his  successor  were  War-Democrats. 
Governor  Brough's  defeat  was  brought  about  by  the  delegation 
from  the  army  (one  hundred  and  forty-three  votes)  with  Gen- 
eral Charles  H.  Grosvenor  at  their  head.  This  delegation  felt 
(not  without  cause)  that  Governor  Brough  had  been  arbitrary 
and  dictatorial  in  his  dealings  with  army  officers;  and  that,  be- 
sides, the  time  had  come  to  nominate  a  war  veteran.  For  these; 
reasons  they  supported  General  Cox. 

♦         *         * 

Charles  Anderson  was  born  at  Soldier's  Retreat,  or  Fort 
Nelson,  Kentucky,  near  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio  River,  June   i. 


Ohio  Centennial.  257 

1814,  and  died  at  Kuttawa,  Kentucky,  September  2,  1895.  His 
father,  Colonel  Richard  Clough  Anderson,  was  an  aide-de-camp 
of  Lafayette's  who  went  to  Kentucky  in  1783  as  surveyor-gen- 
eral of  the  Military  Land  Grant.  His  mother  was  a  relative  of 
Chief  Justice  Marshall.  One  of  Charles  Anderson's  brothers 
was  Major  Anderson,  who  commanded  at  Fort  Sumpter  on 
that  fateful  day  in  April,  1861,  when.  South  Carolina  fired  upon 
the  flag  of  the  Union,  "sprinkled  blood  in  the  faces  of  her 
southern  sisters"  and  awakened  the  Lion  of  the  North.  Another 
brother  was  a  member  of  Congress  and  the  first  United  States 
minister  to  the  Republic  of  Colombia. 

Graduating  from  Miami  University  in  1833,  Charles  An- 
derson studied  law  in  Louisville,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1835  and  removed  to  Dayton,  Ohio,  where  he  subsequently  be- 
came prosecuting  attorney  and  state  senator.  His  chief  object 
in  the  Legislature  was  to  procure  for  the  Negro  the  right  to 
testify  in  court  and  of  his  efforts  in  that  behalf  he  was  justly 
proud.  Soon  after  retiring  from  the  Senate  he  removed  to 
Cincinnati,  where  he  practiced  law  until  1859,  when  he  emi- 
grated to  Texas;  but  he  had  a  stormy  life  in  that  state  where 
an  anti-slavery  man  was  held  in  almost  universal  detestation. 

After  the  presidential  election  of  i860  he  boldly  addressed 
a  great  meeting  at  San  Antonio  advocating,  with  patriotic  elo- 
quence, the  preservation  of  the  Union.  He  continued  to  reside 
there  even  after  the  forty-day  residence  act  had  passed  the  Con- 
federate Congress,  and  was  arrested  as  a  political  prisoner.  While 
confined  in  the  guard  tent  of  Maclin's  battery  he  escaped  to 
Mexico,  and  thence  to  Ohio.  Thereupon,  at  the  request  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  country,  he  was  sent  to  England  with  letters 
to  Minister  Adams,  members  of  Parliament  and  leading  philan- 
thropists ;  but  he  soon  ascertained  that  the  woes  of  the  blacks 
or  the  rights  of  whites  in  this  country,  were  of  far  less  im- 
portance than  "King  Cotton"  to  our  British  cousins,  and  he  came 
home  In  disgust. 

In  the  summer  of  1862  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  the 
93d  Ohio  Infantry,  and  served  gallantly  until  desperately 
wounded  at  the  Battle  of  Stone  River.     In  1863  he  was  nom- 

o.  c  — 17 


268  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

inated  for  lieutenant-governor,  shared  in  the  great  victory  of 
Governor  Brough  and  served  out  his  unexpired  term.  After 
that  he  removed  to  Lyon  County,  Kentucky,  and  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  in  retirement. 

The  state  of  Ohio  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Governor 
Anderson  for  his  great  labor  in  early  life  on  behalf  of  the 
public  school  system,  and  the  disabled  veterans  of  the  country 
are  indebted  to  him  for  the  original  suggestion  of  a  National 
Military  Home  at  Dayton. 

Jacob  Dolson  Cox  was  born  in  Montreal,  Canada  (where 
his  parents  were  temporarily  domiciled)  on  .the  twenty-seventh 
day  of  October,  1828,  and  died  at  Magnolia,  Massachusetts,  on 
the  fourth  day  of  August,  1900.  He  graduated  from  Oberlin 
College  in  1851,  then  taught  school  and  studied  law  until  1854. 
In  1859  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  where  he  took  a  con- 
spicuous position  as  a  man  of  culture  and  ability. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  was  commissioned  brigadier- 
general,  and  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  Ohio  troops 
until  July  of  that  year,  when  he  entered  on  active  and  gallant 
service  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  rose  to  be  a  major- 
general  and  a  division  and  corps  commander,  and  developed  great 
military  ability. 

In  1865  he  was  elected  governor,  but  declined  a  renomi- 
nation  in  1867,  assigning  truthfully  as  the  reason  that  he  could 
not  live  upon  the  small  salary  then  paid,  and  must  return  to 
his  law  practice.  It  is  known,  however,  that  he  could  not 
support  the  amendment  that  year  submitted  to  the  people  of  the 
state  providing  for  negro  suffrage,  and  doubtless  that,  to*  some 
extent,  took  him  out  of  the  race. 

After  practicing  law  until  1869,  he  went  into  President 
Grant's  cabinet  as  secretary  of  the  interior.  He  established  civil 
service  reform  in  his  department,  and  waged  relentless  war 
against  the  abuses  in  the  Land  Office,  and  the  office  of  Indian 
Affairs,  but,  not  receiving  the  support  he  deemed  proper  from  the 
President,  he  resigned. 

From  1873  to  1879  he  was  president  and  receiver  of  the  To- 
ledo and  Wabash  Railroad  Company.    In  1876  he  was  elected  to 


Ohio  Centennial.  269 

Congress  from  the  Toledo  district,  returning  in  1879  to  Cincin- 
nati. He  was  elected  dean  of  the  Law  School  in  1880,  and  pres- 
ident of  the  University  of  Cincinnati  in  1883.  In  1897  he  retired 
from  active  life,  and  devoted  himself  to  literary  and  historical 
writing.  His  books  and  magazine  articles  on  topics  of  the  war 
were  numerous,  carefully  prepared,  exact  and  valuable  —  the 
last  of  his  works,  "Military  Reminiscences  of  the  Civil  War", 
was  published  just  after  his  death. 

While  Governor  Cox  was  always  a  Republican,  he  distinctly 
differed  from  his  party  on  many  questions.  He  advocated  a  tariff 
for  revenue,  with  protection  as  an  incident  only.  He  was  in  favor 
of  international  bi-metalism  and  believed  that  the  demonetiza- 
tion of  silver  wrought  great  injustice  to  the  debtor  class;  but  he 
felt  that  the  United  States  alone  could  not  undertake  to  maintain 
the  parity  of  the  metals.  He  was  opposed  to  grafting  alien  and 
inferior  stocks  on  our  national  and  political  system. 

Although  Governor  Cox  was  actually  born  in  Canada,  his 
family  was  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  country  —  one  of  his  ances- 
tors having  been  a  veritable  member  of  the  ''Mayflower  Colony." 

Rutherford  Birchard  Hayes  was  born  at  Delaware,  Ohio, 
on  the  fourth  day  of  October,  1822,  and  died  at  Fremont,  Ohio, 
on  the  seventeenth  day  of  January,  1893.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Kenyon  College,  and  of  the  Harvard  Law  School.  Thus 
equipped,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  moved  to  Cincin- 
nati in  1849,  ^"<i  entered  upon  a  successful  law  practice,  remain- 
ing a  resident  of  that  city  until  1872,  when  he  removed  to 
Fremont.     • 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  became  a  captain  in  the  23rd 
Ohio  Infantry.  His  war  service  was  conspicuously  severe,  and 
his  conduct  especially  meritorious.  He  rose  to  the  command  of 
his  regiment,  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general,  and  later  bre- 
vetted  major-general  for  bravery  at  Fisher's  Hill  and  Cedar 
Creek.  He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1864,  while  in  the  field, 
and  re-elected  in  1866,  resigning  his  second  term  to  take  the  gov- 
ernorship. He  was  thrice  elected  governor  —  being  the  only  man 
who  has  achieved  that  distinction. 

His  last  victory  (in  1875)  largely  contributed  to  his  nomina- 
tion to  the  presidency,  upon  which  office  he  entered  on  March 


260  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

4,  1877,  having  a  second  time  resigned  one  high  office  to  accept 
another  yet  higher. 

The  perilous  contest  over  the  resuU  of  the  presidential  elec- 
tion of  1876,  and  its  unsatisfactory  settlement  by  that  extraor- 
dinary tribunal,  the  "eight  to  seven  commission,"  has  passed  into 
history.  It  is  now  neither  necessary  nor  profitable  to  conjecture 
what  may  be  the  cold  verdict  of  posterity.  It  is  sufficient  to  say 
that,  as  president,  Mr.  Hayes  was  patriotic,  conservative,  faith- 
ful and  honest.  The  future  historian  may  possibly  criticize  his 
title,  but  cannot  assail  his  character. 

After  leaving  the  presidency  Mr.  Hayes  lived  in  dignified  and 
useful  retirement,  and  was  of  great  benefit  to  the  people  of  Ohio 
by  his  active  and  intelligent  supervision  of  the  penal  and  char- 
itable institutions  of  the  state,  to  whose  welfare  and  improvement 
he  was  thoroughly  devoted. 

Governor  Hayes,  a  close  observer  and  a  deep  thinker,  read 
the  future  more  clearly  than  almost  any  man  of  his  day.  One 
of  his  predictions,  made  nearly  thirteen  years  ago,  but  which  even 
now  would  by  many  thoughtful  and  sincere  men  be  deemed  chi- 
merical, was  that  the  amount  and  value  of  property  held  by  any 
one  person  would  ultimately  be  limited  by  law,  and  that  the  be- 
ginning of  such  limitation  would  be  by  legislation  restricting  the 
amount  which  could  descend  to  any  single  heir  or  legatee. 

It  is  but  just  and  proper  to  say  for  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  that 
such  animosity  as  may  have  been  engendered  by  his  disputed 
title  to  the  presidency  had  wholly  disappeared  in  Ohio  before  his 
death.  It  seemed  as  if  the  loss  of  his  popular  and  devoted  wife, 
Lucy  Webb  Hayes,  in  1889  marked  the  beginning  of  ^  sympathy 
for  the  bereaved  husband  which  effaced  all  baser  sentiments. 
This  public  feeling,  which  has  never  died  out,  was  alike  creditable 
to  the  people,  and  grateful  to  its  recipient. 


Edward  Follensbee  Noyes  was  born  at  Haverhill,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  October  3,  1832,  and  died  at  Cincinnati,  September 
4,  1890.  He  was  descended  from  Rev.  James  Noyes  who  came  to 
this  country  from  England  in  1638  and  whose  ancestors  had  been 
driven  from  France  by  the  edict  of  Nantes. 


Ohio  Centennial.  261 

His  parents  died  in  his  infancy,  and,  at  the  age  of  thirteen, 
he  was  apprenticed  to  the  Morning  Star,  a  religious  newspaper  at 
Dover,  New  Hampshire.  In  1853  he  entered  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege, and  graduated  with  high  honors,  delivering  a  brilliant  ora- 
tion upon  "Eloquence"  at  the  close  of  his  course.  Having  been 
born  an  anti-slavery  Whig,  he  naturally  became  a  Republican,  and 
began  his  political  career  at  college  in  1856  as  president  of  the 
Fremont  College  Club. 

Removing  to  Cincinnati  in  1857  he  studied  law,  and  prac- 
ticed until  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  when  he  was  commissioned 
major  of  the  39th  Ohio  Infantry.  The  regiment  at  once  entered 
active  service,  and  Major  Noyes  became  colonel  immediately 
after  the  battle  of  Corinth.  During  the  Atlanta  campaign  he  took 
part  in  the  battles  at  Resaca,  Dallas,  Big  Shanty  and  Kenesaw 
Mountain.  On  the  fourth  day  of  July,  1864,  at  Ruffs  Mills  he 
was  struck  in  the  ankle  by  a  minnie  ball,  and  his  leg  was  ampu- 
tated there  —  a  second  amputation  being  made  a  few  weeks  later 
at  Cincinnati. 

As  indicating  the  fibre  of  this  gallant  soldier,  some  brother 
officers,  among  whom  were  Generals  Sherman,  Dodge,  and  Ful- 
ler, passed  soon  after  he  received  this  wound,  and  asked  him  anx- 
iously if  he  were  badly  hurt,  to  which,  holding  f^st  to  his  disabled 
leg,  he  replied,  "I  was  ordered  to  take  those  works,  and  I  have 
taken  them,  and  I  shouldn't  wonder  if  they  had  taken  one  of 
mine,  but  its  the  fourth  day  of  July  and  I  don't  care  a  copper." 

Later  Colonel  Noyes  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general,  and 
remained  on  duty  suitable  to  his  condition  until  April  22,  1865. 
In  that  year  he  was  elected  city  solicitor  of  Cincinnati,  and  the 
next  year  probate  judge  of  Hamilton  County.  In  1871  he  was 
elected  governor,  serving  one  term;  and  in  1877  was  appointed 
minister  to  France,  where  he  was  received  with  especial  cordial- 
ity as  a  brother  soldier  by  Marshal  McMahon.  After  four  years' 
service  in  France  he  returned  to  the  practice  in  Cincinnati,  and 
in  1889  he  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  remaining 

on  the  bench  until  his  death. 

*         *         * 

William  Allen  was  born  at  Edenton,  North  Carolina,  in 
December,   1803,  died  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  July   11,   1879.     As 


262  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

the  year  of  his  birth  has  been  variously  stated  to  be  1805, 
1806  and  1807,  it  is  proper  to  say  that  the  date  above  given  is 
upon  the  authority  of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Scott.  His  parents 
died  in  his  infancy,  and  he  was  reared  at  Lynchburg,  Virginia, 
by  his  sister,  the  mother  of  the  late  eminent  jurist  and  statesman, 
Allen  G.  Thurman.  Mrs.  Thurman  removed  to  .Chillicothe  in 
1819,  and  the  next  January  Mr.  Allen  followed  her.  In  order 
to  accompany  a  friend  he  made  the  perilous  winter  journey  over 
the  Alleghanies  on  foot. 

At  Chillicothe  he  pursued  his  studies,  and  took  up  the  law. 
Early  acquiring  a  reputation  for  sound  learning,  and  convincing 
oratory,  he  was  chosen,  in  1832,  as  Democratic  candidate  for 
Congress  in  a  strong  Whig  district.  Ex-Governor  Duncan  Mc- 
Arthur  ran  against  him,  but,  after  one  of  the  most  memorable 
campaigns  in  the  state,  Mr.  Allen  was  elected  by  the  bare  majority 
of  one  vote.  In  1836  he  left  the  House  of  Representatives  for 
the  United  States  Senate,  and  remained  there  twelve  years, 
holding  a  place  with  Clay,  Webster,  Calhoun,  Benton,  and  their 
like,  in  the  greatest  days  which  that  illustrious  body  has  ever 
known.  During  his  senatorial  career  he  was  a  vigorous  oppo- 
nent of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  an  aggressive  advo- 
cate of  the  American  claims  under  the  Oregon  boundary  dispute. 
From  one  of  his  speeches  on  the  latter  proposition  was  extracted 
the  Inspiring  slogan  of  "fifty-four  forty  or  fight,"  which  became 
the  Democratic  rallying  cry  in  1844. 

In  1848  the  rivalry  between  Van  Buren  and  Cass  for  the 
presidential  nomination  endangered  the  success  of  the  party,  and 
the  friends  of  both  sent  a  committee  to  Mr.  Allen  to  tender  him 
the  nomination ;  but  he,  with  that  highmindedness  which  was  his 
predominating  trait,  refused  to  desert  his  friend  General  Cass, 
who  thereupon  received  the  nomination. 

Governor  Allen  was  a  typical  "Gentleman  of  the  Old  School." 
He  looked  like  one,  he  acted  like  one,  and  he  ivas  one.  His  ideas 
of  public  and  private  integrity  were  all  on  a  lofty  plane.  After 
his  retirement  from  the  Senate,  the  congressman  from  his  dis- 
trict ofifered  to  procure  and  forward  to  him  $6,000  due  him  on 
constructive  mileage,  which  he  refused  to  receive.    William  Allen 


Ohio  Centennial.  263 

and  John  A.  Dix  abne  declined  to  receive  it  —  such  was  their 
nice  sense  of  honor. 

While  a  senator  he  married  Mrs.  Effie  McArthur 
Coons,  his  early  love,  and  the  daughter  of  his  first  political  antag- 
onist, General  McArthur.  She  inherited  from  her  father  the 
estate  of  'Truit  Hill,"  where  Governor  Allen  spent  his  long  re- 
tirement. His  wife  died  when  their  only  child  was  an  infant, 
and  he,  with  a  tenderness  and  grief  that  ate  beyond  words  to 
depict,  rode  from  Washington  to  Chillicothe,  carrying  her  re- 
mains with  him  on  his  horse,  and  resting  at  night  on  a  buffalo 
robe  by  her  side.  It  is  needless  to  add  that  he  never  married 
again. 

In  1873  the  Democrats  of  Ohio  had-  not  elected  a  governor 
for  twenty  years.  They  were  just  emerging  from  the  overwhelm- 
ing flood  in  which  the  slavery  question  and  the  Civil  War  had 
engulfed  them.  A  demand  arose  all  over  the  state  for  the  Old 
Chieftain,  and,  on  the  wide-spread  rallying  cry  of  "Rise  up,  Wil- 
liam Allen,"  he  was  carried  to  victory.  During  that  campaign, 
although  seventy  years  of  age,  he  took  the  stump  with  all  his 
early  vigor  and  eloquence.  His  tall,  erect  and  handsome  figure  — 
almost  the  prototype  of  Henry  Clay  —  wa's  ever  at  the  front  of 
battle ;  and  his  clear,  resonant  voice  was  everywhere  heard  pro- 
claiming his  belief  in  old  time  Democracy,  and  triumphantly 
predicting  his  own  election. 

Long  after  his  death  the  Legislature  of  the  state  (although 
composed  principally  of  men  opposed  to  his  pohtical  views) 
decreed  that  his  statue  should  be  one  of  the  two  to  be  erected 
by  the  state  of  Ohio  to  decorate  the  capitol  at  Washington,  thus 
commemorating  the  honor  and  affection  in  which  he  is  held  by 
the  people  of  the  commonwealth. 

Thomas  Lowry  Young  was  born  at  Killyleagh,  Ireland, 
December  4,  1832,  and  died  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  July  20,  1888. 
With  his  parents  he  landed  in  this  country  at  the  age  of  twelve, 
and  at  sixteen  enlisted  in  the  regular  army,  serving  ten  years  and 
retiring  as  orderly-sergeant.  Soon  after  he  removed  to  Cincinnati. 
Early  in  1861  he  saw  signs  of  war,  and  in  a  letter  to  General 
Scott    (whom   he  knew  personally)    offered  his  services  as  an 


264  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

organizer  of  volunteer  forces.  General  Scott,  however,  not  real- 
izing the  necessity  for  such  action,  thanked  him  for  his  zeal,  but 
declined  the  offer.  In  the  following  August  he  was  commis- 
sioned captain  in  General  Fremont's  Body  Guard  and  served 
until  January,  1862,  when  the  guard  disbanded.  For  six  months 
after  this  he  edited  a  Democratic  paper  at  Sidney,  Ohio,  clamor- 
ing for  a  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war.  In  August,  1862,  he 
recruited  a  company  for  the  11 8th  Ohio  Infantry.  He  rose  to 
be  colonel  and  served  until  September,  1864,  when  he  was  hon- 
orably discharged  on  account  of  sickness.  At  the  battle  of  Resaca 
Colonel  Young  led  the  charge  on  the  enemy's  center,  his  regiment 
losing  in  a  few  minutes  116  out  of  270  men  engaged.  For  this 
and  other  acts  of  gallantry,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general. 

He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  April,  1865,  and  in  October 
was  elected  a  representative  to  the  Ohio  Legislature,  serving  two 
years.  In  December,  1868,  he  was  appointed  supervisor  of  in- 
ternal revenue,  and  in  1871  was  chosen  state  senator  for  one 
term.  In  1875  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor,  and  in  March, 
1877,  became  governor  when  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  assumed  the 
presidency.  His  decisive  action  during  the  railroad  and  mining 
strikes  of  1877,  when  the  whole  country  was  alarmed,  are  remem- 
bered and  appreciated  by  the  friends  of  good  government.  The 
labor  troubles  had  extended  into  Ohio ;  but  Governor  Young  de- 
clined the  aid  of  the  Federal  government,  saying  that  "Ohio  could 
take  care  of  herself."  The  result  of  this  prompt  and  judicious 
action  averted  the  danger  without  loss  of  life  or  property.  In 
1878  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  Second  District,  serv- 
ing four  years,  and  in  1886  was  appointed  by  Governor  Foraker, 
a  member  of  the  board  of  public  affairs  of  the  city  of  Cincin- 
nati, which  position  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Governor  Young's  rise  from  the  obscurity  of  an  emigrant 
boy  to  the  governorship  is  a  high  tribute  to  American  institu- 
tions, as  well  as  to  his  own  integrity  in  civil  life,  and  his  unflinch- 
ing courage  as  a  soldier. 

*         *         * 

Richard  Moore  Bishop  was  born  in  Fleming  County,  Ken- 
tucky, November  4,  18 12,  and  died  at  Jacksonville,  Florida,  March 
2,  1893.    After  a  fair  common  school  education,  he  entered  into 


Ohio  Centennial.  265 

mercantile  pursuits  in  his  native  county,  removing  in  1847  to 
Cincinnati,  where  later  he  became  a  senior  member  of  the  whole- 
sale firm  of  R.  M.  Bishop  &  Co.,  which  long  typified  the  highest 
standard  of  business  integrity. 

In  April,  1857,  Mr.  Bishop  took  his  seat  as  a  member  of  the 
city  council,  and,  in  the  following  year,  was  elected  president 
of  that  body.  This  was  followed  in  1859  by  his  election  as  mayor, 
into  which  office  he  introduced  the  rigid  methods  which  had 
made  his  private  business  successful.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  convention,  and  for  many  years  one  of  the  trus- 
tees of  the  Cincinnati  Southern  Railway.  It  was  largely  through 
his  acquaintance  and  popularity  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  that 
the  rights  of  way  were  secured  for  that  great  outlet  which  was 
so  essential  to  the  prosperity  of  Cincinnati. 

He  was  also  associated  with  many  charitable  institutions 
which  made  great  demands  upon  his  time,  energy  and  means, 
being  for  thirty  years  deeply  interested  in  the  Home  for  the 
Friendless  and  Foundlings,  and  president  of  the  board.  He  was 
perhaps  the  best  known  and  influential  member  in  Ohio  of  the 
Christian  or  "Campbellite"  Church;  and  his  brethren  of  that 
church,  regardless  of  political  affiliations,  testified  at  the  polls 
their  high  appreciation  of  his  piety  and  liberality. 

In  1877  the  Democracy  nominated  him  to  lead  a  forlorn  hope 
for  the  governorship.  He  was  then  sixty-five  years  of  age,  but 
in  perfect  health  and  vigor.  His  tall  form,  long  white  beard,  and 
bushy  hair  crowning  a  benevolent  and  "grandfatherly"  face,  were 
seen  all  over  the  state  at  county  fairs,  old  folks'  reunions,  sol- 
diers' camp  fires,  and  other  gatherings.  It  was,  on  his  part,  a 
great  "hand  shaking"  campaign,  which  resulted,  much  to  the  sur- 
prise of  his  opponents,  in  success  by  a  huge  plurality.  He  served 
but  one  term,  retiring  with  the  respect  and  esteem  of  the  people 
of  the  state. 

*        *         * 

Charles  Foster^  of  Fostoria,  was  born  in  Seneca  County, 
Ohio,  April  12,  1828,  his  parents  having  removed  from  New  York 
State  to  Ohio  in  1827.  Upon  his  father's  side  the  first  emigrant 
ancestor  came  to  Massachusetts  in  1632,  and  upon  his  mother's 
(Crocker)  side  to  Connecticut  about  1650. 


266  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Governor  Foster  was  early  put  into  business  and  became  a 
very  successful  merchant,  banker  and  railway  operator.  In  1871 
he  entered  Congress,  where  he  served  four  terms,  acquiring  a  repu- 
tation for  sound  judgment,  hard  work,  and  brilliant  personal 
campaigning.  He  was  elected  governor  in  1879,  and  again  in 
1 88 1.  There  are  many  things  to  his  credit  in  that  office  and  in 
his  public  career  generally ;  but  especial  mention  should  be  made 
of  his  ardent  services  in  procuring  the  passage  of  the  ''Scott  law" 
and  the  "Dow  law,"  those  two  great  pieces  of  legislation  by  which 
the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  in  this  state  has  been  so  bene- 
ficially regulated  and  restrained. 

Governor  Foster  remained  in  active  politics  until  189 1,  when 
he  entered  President  Harrison's  cabinet  as  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury, retaining  that  position  until  the  change  of  administration. 
Since  that  time  he  has  partially  retired  from  business  and  poli- 
tics, and  is  passing  the  evening  of  life  amidst  the  people  who 
have  known  and  respected  him  for  so  many  years.  While  he  has 
exceeded  the  allotted  "three  score  and  ten,"  yet  he  may  reason- 
ably expect  to  enjoy  many  happy  days,  as  his  father  lived  to  the 
age  of  eighty-three  and  his  mother  to  the  age  of  ninety-nine. 

Governor  Foster  yet  retains  an  active  interest  in  the  man- 
agement and  welfare  of  the  Toledo  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  which 
has  from  its  inception  been  his  pet  charity,  and  which  owes  to 
him  much  of  its  wonderful  efficiency  and  success.  In  fact  no 
governor  has  ever  given  more  time  and  thought  to  the  manage- 
ment, and  improvement  of  the  charitable  and  penal  institutions 
of  which  our  state  is  so  justly  proud. 

*         *         * 

George  Hoadly  was  born  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  July 
31,  1826,  and  died  at  Watkins,  New  York,  August  26,  1902.  His 
father  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  in  the  class  of  1801.  His 
grandfather  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Connecticut 
Legislature ;  and  also  served  as  an  officer  in  the  2d  Regiment  of 
Connecticut  militia  during  Burgoyne's  campaign.  His  mother 
was  a  sister  of  Theodore  Woolsey  (president  of  Yale  College) 
and  a  descendant  of  Jonathan  Edwards. 

In  1830  Governor  Hoadly's  parents  removed  to  Cleveland. 
He    was    there    educated,    until    he    entered    Western    Reserve 


Ohio  Centennial.  267 

College,  from  whence  he  graduated  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  The 
following  year  he  spent  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  under  such 
professors  as  Joseph  Story  and  Simon  Greenleaf.  He  entered  the 
office  of  Salmon  P.  Chase  and  Flamen  Ball  in  Cincinnati  in  1846, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1847,  ^^^  soon  after  became  a  partner 
in  that  firm.  In  185 1  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  old  Superior 
Court  of  Cincinnati,  serving  until  the  court  was  abolished  by  the 
new  constitution.  Subsequently  he  was  elected  city  solicitor,  and 
in  1859  was  elected  judge  of  the  new  Superior  Court,  which  office 
he  resigned  in  1866.  He  was  twice  offered  the  appointment  of 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  but  declined.  On  March 
7,  1887,  he  removed  to  New  York  City  and  there  maintained  a 
leading  law  practice  until  his  death. 

Among  his  many  special  legal  services  was  that  of  counsel 
for  Mr.  Tilden  before  the  Electoral  Commission  in  the  Oregon,. 
Louisiana  and  Florida  cases.  He  was  also  special  counsel  for 
the  United  States  in  the  Union  Pacific  foreclosure  and  reorgan- 
ization. His  friends  believe  that  the  immense  labor  and  fatigue 
incident  to  the  latter  case  hastened  his  death. 

Governor  Hoadly  was  for  many  years  a  professor  in  the 
Cincinnati  Law  School,  and  one  of  its  trustees.  Many  members 
of  the  Ohio  bar  remember  and  extol  his  teachings  there  as  among 
the  most  important  of  his  public  services.  For  ability  to  quickly 
grasp  and  eloquently  present  a  proposition  of  law,  or  fact,  he  has 
had  no  superior  at  the  Ohio  bar.  His  fame  as  a  great  lawyer 
will  go  down  to  posterity  in  the  law  reports  of  the  state  of  Ohio 
and  New  York,  and  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

Governor  Hoadly  early  became  active  in  politics  in  the  school 
of  Salmon  P.  Chase.  During  the  war  he  left  the  Democratic 
party,  remaining  in  the  Republican  party  until  1872,  when  he 
went  back  to  the  Democracy.  He  affiliated  with  that  organization 
until  1896.  His  active  political  life  ended,  however,  when  he  re- 
tired from  the  governorship  in  January,  1886,  after  serving  one 
term  with  great  diligence,  although  a  semi-invalid  much  of  the 
time. 

Governor  Hoadly  was  a  man  of  unusual  high  culture,  and 
never  let  legal  and  official  duties  stunt  his  growth  in  literature 
and  the  fine  arts.    His  deserts  were  recognized  by  the  degree  of: 


268  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

LL.  D.,  not  only  from  his  Alma  Mater,  but  also  from  Dartmouth 
and  Yale.  His  wide  reading,  fertile  imagination,  genial  dispo- 
sition, lucidity  of  statement,  and  good  natured  wit  made  him  a 
lovable  and  fascinating  companion;  while  his  high  purposes, 
unswerving  integrity,  and  lofty  professional  and  private  stand- 
ards made  him  a  valued  and  unchanging  friend. 

*         *         * 

Joseph  Benson  Foraker,  of  Cincinnati,  was  born  near 
Rainsboro,  Highland  County,  Ohio,  on  the  fifth  day  of  July,  1846. 
His  youth  was  passed  on  a  farm,  and  his  early  education  was 
that  of  the  neighborhood  school. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  shouldered  a  musket  in  the  89th 
Ohio  Infantry,  and,  before  his  nineteenth  birthday,  had  risen  by 
meritorious  and  efficient  service  to  the  rank  of  captain.  After 
the  war  he  spent  two  years  at  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University, 
and  went  from  there  to  Cornell  University  where  he  graduated  in 
1869.  After  a  course  of  law  studies  he  settled  in  Cincinnati,  and 
was  soon  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  serving  three  years, 
and  resigning  for  the  more  congenial  life  of  an  active  lawyer,  and 
ardent  politician.  His  reputation  as  an  eloquent  and  aggressive 
campaigner  secured  him  the  unprecedented  honor  of  four  nomi- 
nations for  the  governorship.  In  1885  ^^  ^^^  elected  over  Gov- 
ernor Hoadly  after  a  spirited  contest  in  which  those  two  masters 
of  forensic  oratory  met  in  joint  debate.  He  was  re-elected  in 
1887. 

Returning  from  the  governor's  office  to  the  law  in  1890,  he 
acquired  a  lucrative  practice,  but  did  not  abandon  the  field  of 
practical  politics,  and  in  1896  was  elected  United  States  senator, 
to  which  office  he  was  again  elected  in  1902.  His  career  in  the 
Senate  has  been  especially  brilliant.  He  earned  the  approbation 
•of  all  patriots  by  his  aggressive  action  prior  to  the  Spanish  War. 
At  a  crisis  when  feeble-time  servers  were  declaring  that  the 
Maine,  which  had  been  blown  up  by  Spanish  treachery,  was 
sunken  by  negligence,  he  boldly  uttered  these  eloquent  words  on 
the  floor  of  the  Senate : 

Mr.  President,  we  owe  it  to  the  brave  men  dead  to  vindicate  their 
reputations  from  the  brutal  charge  that  they  died  of  their  own  negligence. 
We  owe  it,  Mr.  President,  to  the  splendid  record  of  the  American  Navy 


Ohio  Centennial.  26^ 

to  preserve  it  from  the  tarnish  that  is  sought  to  be  put  upon  it.  We  owe 
it,  Mr.  President,  to  our  own  good  name  among  the  nations  of  the  earth 
that  the  perpetrators  of  such  a  cruel  outrage  shall  not  go  unwhipped  of 
justice. 

Senator  Foraker,  as  a  member  of  the  committee  on  Foreign 
Relations,  had  practical  charge  of  the  legislation  fixing  the  status 
of  Porto  Rico.  While  there  is  difference  of  opinion  upon  such 
legislation,  it  is  but  fair  to  say  that  the  following  tribute  to  the 
Senator  was  publicly  rendered  by  Senor  Barbora,  a  leading  citi- 
zen of  that  island : 

We  love  Senator  Foraker.    He  is  the  father  of  liberty  in  Porto  Rico 
— the  father,  I  might  say,  of  our  new  country. 

The  senator's  political  opponents  in  his  earlier  years  some- 
times thought  him  over  "strenuous;"  but,  as  one  of  his  biogra- 
phers (quoting  from  John  Neal)  has  pertinently  said,  "No  man 
ever  worked  his  passage  in  a  dead  calm." 


James  Edwin  Campbell  of  Hamilton,  born  at  Middletown, 
Ohio,  July  7,   1843,  was  elected  governor  in   1889,  and  served 

one  term. 

*         *         * 

William  McKinley  was  born  at  Niles,  Ohio,  January  29, 
1843,  ^nfi  died  at  Buffalo,  New  York,  September  14,  1901.  He 
came  from  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  and  his  grandfather,  John  Mc- 
Kinley, was  a  Revolutionary  soldier.  After  receiving  a  common 
school,  and  partial  college  education,  he  taught  school  and  clerked, 
until  the  war  broke  out,  when  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  23rd 
Ohio  Infantry  —  that  famous  regiment  which  contained  so  many 
men  of  subsequent  national  fame,  among  whom  may  be  men- 
tioned William  S.  Rosecranz,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  Stanley  Mat- 
thews, James  M.  Comly,  and  Harrison  Gray  Otis.  Advancement 
came  frequently  and  deservedly,  and  he  was  mustered  out  with 
the  rank  of  major  —  his  last  promotion  being  for  cool  and  intel- 
ligent service  at  Opequan  and  Fisher's  Hill.  He  was  in  all  re- 
spects a  typical  American  soldier,  just  as,  throughout  his  long 
and  successful  career,  he  was  the  typical  American  citizen. 


270  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

After  attending  Albany  Law  School,  he  removed  to  Canton, 
and  served  the  county  of  Stark  for  one  term  as  prosecuting  at- 
torney. Engaging  actively  in  politics,  he  was  sent  to  Congress 
for  fourteen  years,  during  all  of  which  time  he  held  a  high  place 
in  the  councils  of  his  party,  and  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow  mem- 
l^ers  regardless  of  political  affiliations.  He  was  above  all  things, 
and  beyond  everybody  else,  the  champion  of  a  protective  tariff. 
He  believed  in  high  protection  and  the  high  protectionists  believed 
in  him.  He  was  their  staunch  advocate  and  they  were  his  ardent 
and  liberal  supporters.  In  the  Fifty-first  Congress  (the  last  in 
which  he  served)  he  succeeded  in  passing  a  tariff  bill  to  his  entire 
satisfaction,  and  that  tariff  has  gone  into  history  indelibly  asso- 
ciated with  his  name. 

In  1890  a  Democratic  Legislature  put  Stark  County  into  a 
Democratic  district,  so  that,  just  one  month  after  his  tariff  was 
enacted,  he  was  defeated  for  Congress.  The  result  of  this  de- 
feat through  re-districting  (as  had  been  predicted  by  the  Demo- 
cratic governor  then  in  office)  roused  his  personal  friends,  and 
the  protected  interests,  and  secured  his  unanimous  nomination  for 
governor  in  1891.  A  whirlwind  campaign  followed,  he  re- 
ceived a  larger  vote  than  ever  before  given  for  governor,  and  was 
-elected  by  a  plurality  of  21,451.  He  was  re-elected  in  1893  by  a 
plurality  of  80,995.  While  governor  he  was  constantly  in  the  eye 
of  the  whole  nation  as  a  presidential  possibility  in  1896,  and  spent 
much  of  his  time  traveling  through  the  country  delivering  those 
impressive  and  finely  moulded  orations  for  which  he  had  such  a 
special  gift.  Success  rewarded  his  labor,  and  he  was  twice  elected 
president  by  majorities  unprecedented  in  our  history. 

Of  his  presidential  career  much  may  be  said,  but  it  will  doubt- 
less be  well  done  by  the  gentleman  here  present  to  whom  has 
been  assigned  the  theme  of  *'Ohio  Presidents."  Suffice  it  to  say 
here  that  he  held  that  great  office  during  the  Spanish,  Filipino 
and  Chinese  wars,  when  history  was  rapidly  making;  when  the 
trade  relations  of  the  whole  world  were  revolutionized ;  and  when 
the  prosperity  of  the.  country  resulting  therefrom,  and  from  other 
causes,  had  gone  far  beyond  his  fondest  expectations. 

In  the  midst  of  it  all,  and  while  at  the  apex  of  his  career,  he 
fell  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin.     He  died  as  one  might  wish  to 


Ohio  Centennial.   ■  271 

die,  when  all  the  world  spoke  his  praise;  when  he  had  many 
friends  and  no  enemies ;  when  his  past  was  a  monument  of  glory ; 
and  when  to  him,  the  Christian  of  child-like  faith,  the  future  was 
secure. 

*  sK  * 

Asa  Smith  Bushnell,  of  Springfield,  was  born  at  Rome, 
New  York,  on  September  26,  1834.  His  grandfather,  Jason  Bush- 
nell,  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier  who  saw  much  service.  His 
great-uncle,  William  Bushnell,  was  one  of  the  forty-eight  who 
made  the  first  settlement  at  Marietta,  and  the  stone  tablet  com- 
memorating that  event  bears  his  name.  His  father,  Daniel  Bush- 
nell, brought  his  family  to  Cincinnati  in  1845,  ^^^^  ^^  185 1,  the 
future  governor  removed  to  Springfield,  where  he  has  resided  ever 
since.  In  all  these  years  he  has  been  engaged  in  active  business, 
constantly  rising  in  influence,  and  growing  in  wealth.  First  he 
was  a  dry-goods  clerk,  then  bookkeeper  in  a  factory,  then  proprie- 
tor of  a  drug  store,  then  an  officer  and  large  stockholder  in  one 
of  the  great  reaper  and  mower  shops. 

During  the  Civil  War,  Governor  Bushnell  served  as  a  cap- 
tain in  the  1^26.  Ohio  Infantry.  In  politics  he  has  always  been 
an  ardent  Republican,  contributing  freely  in  time  and  money.  He 
has  been  a  delegate  to  many  national  conventions,  and  a  regular 
attendant  at  state  conventions  for  forty  years.  He  served  the 
state  as  quartermaster-general  during  both  of  Governor  Fora- 
ker's  administrations ;  and  in  1887  declined  a  unanimous  nomina- 
tion for  lieutenant-governor.  In  1895  ^^  was  elected  governor 
by  the  largest  plurality  ever  given  except  in  the  darkest  days  of 
the  Civil  War,  and  was  re-elected  in  1897. 

He  is  an  officer  in  the  Episcopal  Church ;  and  is  noted  for  his 
many  charities,  especially  for  a  donation  of  $10,000  to  the  Ma- 
sonic Home  which  procured  its  location  at  Springfield.  He  is  an 
enthusiastic  Grand  Army  man,  and  a  33d  degree  Mason. 

*  *         * 

George  Kilbon  Nash,  of  Columbus,  was  born  in  Medina 
County,  Ohio,  August  14,  1842,  and  spent  his  early  years  on  a 
farm.  His  parents  were  of  sturdy  New  England  stock.  He  en- 
tered Oberlin  College  in  1862,  but,  in  his  sophomore  year,  left  to 
enlist  as  a  private  in  the  150th  Ohio  Infantry.    After  the  war,  he 


272  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

went  to  Columbus  and  taught  school  and  studied  law  until  his 
admission  to  the  bar  in  1867.  He  was  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Franklin  County  from  1871  to  1875,  and  attorney-general  of  the 
state  from  1880  to  1883,  when  he  was  appointed  upon  the  Su- 
preme Court  Commission  (an  adjunct  to  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
with  similar  jurisdiction)  created  by  a  constitutional  amendment. 

Judge  Nash  was  several  times  chairman  of  the  Republican 
State  Committee,  and  always  active  in  state  and  national  poli- 
tics. He  was  also  credited  with  the  laudable  ambition  to  become 
governor  of  his  native  state.  Such  ambition  was  gratified  in  1899, 
when  he  was  elected  to  that  office,  to  which  he  was  also  re-elected 
in  1901. 

Governor  Nash  has  had  two  of  the  most  laborious  adminis- 
trations in  the  history  of  the  state.  By  a  decision  of  the  Supreme 
Court  the  entire  municipal  system  had  to  be  reorganized.  The 
Governor,  after  much  study  and  toil,  formulated  a  plan  which  was 
enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  on  October  22,  1902,  at  an  ex- 
traordinary session  called  by  him  for  that  purpose.  He  has  also 
devoted  a  great  deal  of  time  to  the  question  of  state  revenues, 
and,  as  a  result,  has  greatly  augmented  the  income  of  the  state 
through  salutary  legislation.  He  also  procured  other  changes 
in  the  laws  governing  taxation,  making  them  more  just  and 
equable. 

Besides  this  he  has  been  instrumental  in  procuring  legisla- 
tion whereby  certain  constitutional  amendments  shall  be  submit- 
ted to  the  people  at  the  next  general  election.  All  of  them  tend 
to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  state ;  and  if  approved  at  the  polls 
in  November,  will  make  Governor  Nash's  administration  one  to 
be  long  remembered  with  pride. 

Owing  to  the  enormous  labor  entailed  by  the  foregoing  leg- 
islation. Governor  Nash's  health  has  to  some  extent  been  im- 
paired ;  but  the  entire  people  of  the  state,  regardless  of  creed,  or 
party,  earnestly  pray  for  the  restoration  of  his  health,  and  a  long^ 
extension  of  his  usefulness  as  a  public  and  private  citizen. 


OHIO  IN  THE  SENATE  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 


J.    B.    FORAKER. 


This  is  a  sufficiently  comprelicnsive  subject  to  admit,  with 
propriety,  of  an  extended  l)iographical  sketch  of  each  man  who 
has  held  the  office  of  Senator. 

But,  manifestly,  it  would  require 
more  time  to  do  such  a  work  properl}? 
than  such  an  occasion  as  this  will 
allow,  and  it  would  also,  I  fear,  re- 
quire distinctions  and  discriminations 
which  might  appear  invidious. 

In  so  far,  therefore,  as  I  may 
speak  of  individuals,  it  will  be  only 
incidentally  in  connection  with  their 
general  services  in  the  Senate  or  in 
connection  with  particular  questions 
they  had  to  consider. 

Counting-   Garfield,   who   was 
elected  but  never  qualified,  Ohio  was 
represented  in  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate during  the  first  one  hundred  years  of  her  existence  as  a  state 
by  thirty  different  men. 

The  constitution  of  the  United  States  provides  that  the 
members  of  the  Senate  shall  be  divided  into  three  classes. 

Owing  to  the  date  of  the  admission  of  Ohio  to  statehood, 
her  senators  were  assigned  to  the  first  and  third  classes. 

The  following  table  shows  their  names,  political  affiliations, 
the  counties  of  their  residence,  and  the  date  and  length  of  service 
of  each  in  the  order  in  which  their  names  are  borne  upon  the 
roll  of  the  Senate. 


J.   B.   FORAKER. 


18 


573 


274  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

1st  Class. 


Name. 

Politics. 

Residence. 

Service. 

1 

John    Smith      ... 

Democrat 

Hamilton        County. 
Washington 

1803-1808 

Return  J.   Aleigs,  Jr 

1808-1810 

Thomas  Worthington   . . 

Jloss                     ■■ 

1810-1814 

Joseph  Kerr  

u                                      a 

1814-1815 

Benjamin  Ruggles   

Belmont              " 

.    1815-1833 

Thomas    Morris    

Clermont 

1833-1839 

Benjamin    Tappan    

Jefferson              " 

1839-1845 

Thomas  Corwin    

Whig    

Warren                " 

1845-1850 

Thomas   Ewing    

Fairfield              " 

1850-1851 

Benjamin  F.  Wade 

Republican   . 

Ashtabula 

1851-1869 

Allen  G.  Thurman 

Democrat    .  . 

Franklin 

1809-1881 

John    Sherman    

Republican   . 

Richland             "       . 

1881-1897 

Marcus  A.  Hanna   .,... 

Cuyahoga            " 

1897-1905 

3i)  Class. 


Thomas  Worthington   .  . 

Democrat    .  . . 

Ross                    "       .. 

1803-1807 

Edward    Tiffin     

" 

"                       " 

1807-1809 

Stanley  Griswold    

'' 

Cuyahoga 

1809-1809 

Alexander  Campbell   . .  . 

•  • 

Brown                  " 

1809-1813 

Jeremiah    Morrow    

<< 

Warren                " 

1813-1819 

William  A.  Trimble   ... 

Federalist   .  . 

Highland             " 

1819-1821 

Ethan   Allen   Brown    .  . . 

Democrat    .  . 

Hamilton             '' 

1822-1825 

William  H.  Harrison   .  . 

Whig    

"                    "       .  . 

1825-1828 

Jacob  Burnet     

Federalist  .  . 
Whig    

Fairfield              "       .' .' 

1828-1831 

Thomas  Ewing  

1831-1837 

William  Allen   

Democrat    . . . 
Republican   . 

Ross 
Hamilton 

1837-1849 

Salmon  P.  Chase  

1849-1855 

George    E.    Pugh 

Democrat    .  . 

H                                              tl 

1855-1861 

Salmon  P.  Chase 

Republican   . 

" 

1861-1861 

John    Sherman  ' 

Richland              "    -    .  . 

1861-1877 

Stanley  Matthews  

Hamilton 

1877-1879 

George  H.  Pendleton  . . 

Democrat    .  . 

"                    "       .  . 

1879-1885 

Henry   B.    Payne    

Cuyahoga 

1885-1891 

Calvin    S.    Brice 

Allen                    "       . 

1891-1897 

Joseph  B.  Foraker 

.Republican   . 

Hamilton 

1897-1909 

It  will  be  observed  that,  of  these  thirty  senators,  three  — 
kuggles,  Meigs  and  Tappan  —  were  from  eastern  Ohio;  one  — 
Thurman  —  from  central  Ohio ;  seven  of  them  —  Griswold, 
Wade,  Sherman,  Garfield.  Payne,  Brice,  and  Hanna  —  from* 
northern  Ohio ;  while  southern  Ohio  had  the  honor  of  furnishing 
all  the  other  nineteen. 

This  apparent  inequality  of  favor  was  largely  overcome  by 
the  long  terms  of  service  of  Senators  Wade  and  Sherman  —  one 


Ohio  Centennial.  276 

eighteen  years  and  the  other  thirty-one  years  —  on  account  of 
v.hich  the  aggregate  number  of  years  of  senatorial  representation 
to  the  credit  of  northern  Ohio  was  made  approximately  equal  to 
that  of  southern  Ohio. 

From  seventy-two  counties  of  the  state  no  senator  hai;  been 
contributed,  while  one  has  come  from  each  of  the  following 
twelve  counties :  Allen,  Ashtabula,  Belmont,  Brown,  Clermont, 
Fairfield,  Franklin,  Highland,  Jefferson,  Lake,  Richland,  and 
Washington ;  two  from  Warren,  three  from  Cuyahoga,  four  from 
Ross,  and  nine  from  Hamilton. 

Most  of  the  men  who  have  held  the  office  of  senator  from 
Ohio  also  held  other  offices  and  places  of  honor  and  distinction 
in  the  public  service. 

Two  of  them,  Harrison  and  Garfield,  reached  the  presidency, 
and  it  is  a  noteworthy  coincidence  that  both  died  while  holding 
that  office. 

Morrow,  Corwin,  Sherman,  Thurman,  Pendleton  and  Payne 
each  served  one  or  more  terms  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Meigs  was  postmaster-general  in  the  cabinet  of  President 
Monroe,  and  Ewing,  Corwin,  Chase  and  Sherman  each,  in  turn, 
held  the  office  of  secretary  of  the  treasury. 

Ewing  served  also  as  secretary  of  the  interior,  and  the  last 
office  held  by  Sherman  was  that  of  secretary  of  state. 

Chase  and  Matthews  gained  seats  on  the  bench  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States,  one  as  chief  justice  and  the 
other  as  an  associate  justice. 

Tappan  won  distinction  as  judge  of  the  United  States  Court 
for  the  District  of  Ohio,  and  Griswold  filled  with  honor  the 
office  of  judge  of  the  United  States  Court  for  the  Northwest 
Territory,  to  which  he  was  appointed  by  President  Madison. 

By  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1864,  the  president  was 
authorized  "to  invite  each  state  to  provide  and  furnish  statutes 
in  marble  or  bronze,  not  exceeding  two  in  number  for  each  state, 
of  deceased  persons  who  have  been  citizens  thereof  and  illustrious 
for  their  historic  renown  or  for  distinguished  civil  or  military 
services,  such  as  each  state  may  deem  to  be  worthy  of  this 
national  commemoration,"  to  be  placed  in  the  old  -hall  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  the  capitol  of  the  United  States^ 


276  Ohio  Arch,  and  His,  Society  Publications. 

which  is  set  apart  as  a  national  statuary  hall.     Ohio  is  repre- 
sented in  that  hall  by  marble  statues  of  Garfield  and  Allen. 

Meigs,  Brown,  Burnet,  Morris,  and  Thurman  served  as 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  and  Brown,  Corwin,  "Pen- 
dleton and  Harrison  all  held  high  rank  in  the  diplomatic  service. 

Worthington,  Meigs,  Trimble,  Harrison,  Pugh,  Matthews, 
Brice,  Garfield,  Hanna  and  Foraker  all  served  in  the  army. 

Harrison  and  Garfield  were  so  conspicuous  as  soldiers  that 
all  are  familiar  with  their  achievements  in  that  respect,  while 
Trimble  was  noted  among  the  men  of  his  time  for  his  chivalric 
deportment  and  dauntless  bravery.  He  died,  when  he  had  only 
fairly  entered  on  what  promised  to  be  a  most  brilliant  and  dis- 
tinguished career  in  the  Senate,  from  the  effects  of  a  wound 
received  in  action  at  Fort  Erie.  He  was  the  only  one  of  all 
Ohio's  senators  who  died  while  holding  office.  He  was  buried 
in  the  Congressional  Cemetery  at  Washington,  and  his  untimely 
death  was  mourned  universally  by  the  people  of  Ohio  and  all  his 
colleagues  in  public  life. 

All  but  five  were  lawyers  and  successful  practitioners,  but 
of  Burnet,  Ewing,  Tappan,  Chase,  Pugh,  Thurman,  and  Mat- 
thews it  can  be  truthfully  said  that  they  stood  pfe-eminent  in 
their  profession,  without  any  superiors  at  the  American  bar. 

Few  of  the  earlier  senators  served  more  than  one  full  term 
and  some  of  them  less ;  but  Ruggles  and  Allen  were  notable 
exceptions,  the  first  named  served  three,  and  the  second  two- 
full  terms  in  succession. 

Afterward  came  Wade  with  three  terms,  Thurman  with  two 
and  Sherman  with  six  elections  to  six  full  terms,  aggregating  36 
years,  out  of  which,  however,  he  gave  5  years  to  service  in  the 
cabinets  of  President  Hayes  and  President  McKinley. 

Of  the  earlier  senators,- all  were  Democrats  except  Harrison, 
Burnet,  Ewing,  Corwin  and  Chase,  who  were  Federalists  and 
Whigs. 

Of  their  successors,  Wade,  Sherman,  ^latthews,  Garfield, 
Foraker  and  Hanna  were  elected  as  Republicans,  and  Pugh, 
Thurman,  Pendleton,  Payne  and  Brice  as  Democrats. 

Of  the  whole  number,  only  Pugh.  Matthews,  Pendleton, 
Sherman,  Garfield,  Brice,  Hanna  and  Foraker  —  eight  In  all  — 


Ohio  Centennial.  277 

were  born  in  Ohio;  but  it  may  be  remarked  with  pardonable 
pride  that  sons  of  Ohio,  born  in  our  state,  have  in  large  number 
been  chosen  to  represent  in  the  Senate  other  states  of  which 
they  had'  become  citizens.  There  are  now  in  the  Senate  seven 
such  senators,  making,  with  the  two  accredited  to  Ohio,  a  total 
of  nine,  or  one-tenth  of  the  whole  membership  of  the  body. 

Turning  now  to  their  work  in  the  Senate,  we  find  it  as  in- 
teresting and  instructive  as  it  was  serious  and  important.  It 
does  not  seem  to  us,  looking  back  through  all  the  light  that  h^s 
since  been  shed,  that  it  should  have  been  a  difficult  question  to 
determine  that  it  was  wise  policy  and  within  the  constitutional 
power  of  the  National  Government  to  acquire  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  and  from  it  create  new  states  of  the  Union.  But  even 
the  men  who  framed  our  constitution  and  established  our  insti- 
tutions and  who  were  then  largely  administering  our  Govern- 
ment, differed  widely  and  earnestly  among  themselves  as  to  the 
proper  construction  of  their  work,  and  it  was  only  after  exhaust- 
ive and,  in  many  instances,  the  most  acrimonious  debate  that 
each  step  was  finally  taken. 

We  can  scarcely  realize  that  it  required  a  long,  hard,  fierce 
battle  of  the  giants  of  those  days  to  establish  the  right  of  the 
National  Government  to  aid  and  make  internal   improvements. 

We  are  apt  to  think  of  the  National  Road  only  as  a  great 
broad  highway  over  which  the  lumbering  stage  coaches  of  that 
early  time  went  rattling  and  clattering  with  their  loads  of  mail 
and  passengers. 

But  its  construction  involved  vastly  more  than  engineering 
skill  and  the  expenditure  of  labor  and  money ;  for  there,  too, 
was  raised  again  the  question  of  governmental  power  so  to  apply 
public  revenues,  and  over  that  men  differed  and  debated  and  con- 
tended for  years  before  the  doctrine  was  finally  established. 

Our  early  senators  gave  unfaltering  support  to  the  affirm- 
ative of  all  these  questions,  and  Worthington  especially  distin- 
guished himself,  particularly  in  connection  with  the  National 
Road,  as  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  champions  of  the  policy 
of  internal  improvements,  rivaling  in  the  credit  that  has  been 
ascribed  to  him  for  what  he  did  in  that  behalf,  the  work  done 
by  Henry  Clay  when,  in  later  years,  he  challenged  the  attention 


278  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

and  excited  the  admiration  of  the  whole  nation  by  the  briUiant 
arguments  with  which  he  overthrew  all  its  opponents,  no  matter 
whether  they  appeared  in  the  debates  of  Congress  or  in  the  mes- 
sages from  the  White  House. 

Tiffin  and  Ruggles,  notwithstanding  the  attitude  of  their 
party,  were  efficient  supporters  of  this  policy.  They  did  their 
full  share  to  gain  the  ultimate  acknowledgment,  which  was  not 
to  come  until  after  their  time,  of  the  right,  now  unquestioned,, 
of  Congress  to  make  appropriations  for  such  purposes. 

In  thus  contributing  to  the  right  settlement  of  these  questions 
of  constitutional  power,  they  were  building  far  more  wisely  than 
they  knew.  They  were  working  for  our  day  as  well  as  theirs. 
They  were  not  only  preparing  for  new  states  and  providing  for 
the  construction  of  new  roads  and  canals,  but  they  were  laying 
the  foundations,  broad  and  deep,  for  that  greater  America  which 
is  to-day  our  pride  and  the  world's  greatest  light  and  greatest 
power. 

They  were  developing  the  constitution  and,  step  by  step, 
successfully  asserting,  what  must  now  be  conceded  —  that  we 
are  the  equal  in  sovereign  as  well  as  physical  power  of  any  of 
our  sisters  in  the  family  of  nations. 

The  contest  thus  commenced  and  waged,  as  to  the  power 
of  our  Government  to  acquire  additional  territory,  and  create 
new  states,  and  admit  them  as  such  into  the  Union,  or  hold  and 
govern  such  territory  as  a  dependent  possession  at  the  will  of 
Congress,  was  all  asserted,  in  principle,  by  what  was  involved 
in  our  acquisition  and  treatment  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 

The  purchase  of  Florida,  the  annexation  of  Texas,  the  ces- 
sions from  Mexico,  and  the  acquisitions  of  Alaska,  Hawaii,  Porto 
Rico  and  the  Philippines  and  our  government  of  them,  have  been 
only  successive  unfoldings  of  that  same  irresistible  power  and  its 
all-comprehensive  scope. 

And  so,  too,  in  the  establishment  of  the  power  of  Congress 
to  build  roads  and  canals  to  facilitate  commerce,  the  transporta- 
tion of  the  mails,  and  the  national  defense,  the  way  was  prepared, 
unwittingly  perhaps,  but  most  carefully,  for  that  governmental 
help  without  Which  the  great  transcontinental  lines  of  railroad 


Ohio  Centennial.  279 

that  unite  the  oceans  could  not  have  been  built  for  years  to  come, 
if  at  all. 

Without  the  settlement  thus  made  of  those  questions,  the 
Congress  would  be  to-day  without  power  to  enact  appropriate 
legislation  to  restrain  and  prevent  the  abuses  and  evils  of  unlaw- 
ful conspiracies  and  combinations  in  restraint  of  trade  and  com- 
merce among  the  states  and  with  foreign  nations,  of  which 
power  and  its  beneficence  we  have  recently  had,  in  the  various 
suits  brought  by  the  attorney  general,  such  striking  proof  and 
demonstration. 

What  Edward  Tiffin  and  Thomas  Worthington  and  their 
associates  did  for  Ohio  in  securing  for  us  almost  premature  ad- 
mission to  statehood,  in  framing  our  first  constitution,  and  in 
enacting  the  wise  legislation  that  set  state  government  in  motion, 
was  so  well  and  worthily  done  that  the  millions  who  have  come 
after  them  owe  them  a  debt  of  gratitude  they  never  can  repay ; 
but  great  and  beneficent  as  was  their  work  in  that  particular, 
infinitely  greater  and  more  beneficent  still  was  the  work  done, 
largely  by  their  help,  when,  in  those  early  years  of  the  Republic, 
at  the  hands  of  the  Jeffersonian,  states'  rights,  strict  construction- 
ists, who  were  then  at  the  helm,  our  organic  law  was  rightfully 
given  a  construction,  and  our  National  Government  was  properly 
invested  with  powers  as  broad  as  were  ever  claimed,  or  even 
dreamed  of,  by  Alexander  Hamilton. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  their  action  in  promulgating,  as 
adopted,  the  constitution  they  framed  for  Ohio,  without  first  sub- 
mitting it  to  ratification  by  a  vote  of  the  people,  and  thus,  to  that 
extent,   inaugurating  government   without   the  people's   consent, 

This  precedent,  so  important  to  us  one  hundred  years  later, 
in  dealing  with  our  recently  acquired  possessions,  was  largely  due 
to  the  fact  that  in  the  Electoral  College  of  1800  the  vote  had  been 
a  tie  between  Jefferson  and  Burr,  and  thus  was  created  a  politi- 
cal situation  that  made  it  seem  imperative  not  only  that  there 
should  be  a  new  state,  but  also,  and  especially,  that  there  should 
be  three  additional  electoral  votes  that  could  be  depended  upon 
to  support  Jefferson's  re-election.  Such  a  situation  did  not  admit 
of  any  delay  in  procedure  or  any  chance  of  defeat  for  the  pro- 
gram through  regard  for  academic  theories  about  popular  consent, 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  hard-headed  Virginia  pioneers  who  had  the  matter  in  charge 
were  devout  beHevers  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  but 
they  recognized  that  it  was  "a  condition  and  not  a  theory  that 
confronted  them,"  and  that  the  way  to  do  the  work  they  had  in 
hand  was  to  do  it,  without  wasting  time  or  taking  chances. 

However,  no  matter  what  the  cause  that  led  to  the  national 
policies  that  were  adopted  and  pursued,  the  fact  remains  that, 
with  these  early  steps  rightly  taken,  the  premises  were  laid  for 
all  that  was  tc  come  afterward ;  for  the  interpretation  thus  given 
to  the  constitution  made  nullification  a  heresy  and  secession  a 
crime  —  Jackson  a  hero,  and  Lincoln  immortal. 

But  while  the  way  in  which  we  were  to  go  was  thus  deter- 
mined, it  was  not  made  easy.  Men  still  differed,  and  great 
battles  remained  to  be  fought  over  the  tariff",  the  United  States 
Bank,  the  removal  of  its  deposits,  the  establishment  of  sub-treas- 
uries, concerning  slavery,  its  aggressions  and  demands,  its  status 
in  the  territories,  the  Missouri  Compromise,  the  Fugitive  Slave 
Law,  States'  rights,  and  the  doctrine  of  secession  —  all  finally 
culminating  in  the  great  Civil  War,  by  the  fires  of  which  the 
nation  was  purified  and  by  the  blood  of  which  the  states  were 
cemented  into  indissoluble  union. 

The  march  of  progress  through  all  the  years  of  these  fierce 
combats  was  constantly  and  irresistibly  onward  in  the  same  gen- 
eral direction,  but  every  foot  of  the  way  was  stubbornly  contested. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  on  all  these  questions  Ohio's  voice  in 
the  Senate  v.-as  always  on  the  right  side,  for  that  is  not  true ;  but 
it.  can  be  truthfully  said  that  in  all  these  struggles  she  was  repre- 
sented by  able  and  faithful  men  who  fearlessly  strove  to  discharge 
their  duty  according  to  the  dictates  of  patriotism  as  interpreted 
l)y  conscientious  convictions. 

John  Smith,  whose  name  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list,  is 
the  only  one  of  the  whole  number  over  whom  there  was  ever  any 
cloud. 

According  to  the  most  relia1)lc  accounts,  he  was  a  man  of 
unusual  ability,  of  the  highest  character,  frank,  open-hearted, 
sincere,  faithful  in  his  friendships  and  in  all  the  relations  of  life. 
He  and  Thomas  Worthington  were  chosen  at  the  first  senatorial 
election,   and  to   him   was  allotted  the  long  term  of   six   years. 


Ohio   Centennial.  281 

1  he  record  shows  that  in  the  Senate  he  was  a  hard-working,  able 
and  capable  senator  and  statesman. 

During  a  part  of  the  time  he  sat  in  the  Senate,  Aaron  Burr 
presided.  With  the  acquaintance  and  friendship  that  followed, 
it  was  only  natural  that  when  Burr  visited  Cincinnati  Smith 
should  invite  him  to  his  house  and  entertain  him  as  his  guest. 
There  was  but  little,  if  anything,  more  than  this,  except  the  fact 
that  Smith,  unwilling  to  believe  in  Burr's  guilt,  expressed  belief 
in  his  innocence,  on  which  to  found  the  charge  that  he  was  a  con- 
spirator with  Burr  and  Blennerhasset.  A  resolution  to  expel  him 
on  that  account  was  defeated  by  a  majority  of  onU-  one  vote,  but 
added  to  this  was  a  request  from  the  Legislature  of  Ohio,  that  he 
resign  his  seat.  All  this  so  humiliated  him  that,  with  broken 
spirit,  he  surrendered  his  commission  and  retired  to  private 
life.  An  indictment  was  noUied  for  the  want  of  proof,  but  he  sank 
into  his  grave  before  there  was  any  apparent  change  of  public 
sentiment. 

In  his  Notes  on  the  Northwestern  Territory,  Judge  Burnet 
says : 

John  Smith,  of  Hamilton  County,  was  scarcely  excelled  by  any 
member  in  either  house,  in  native  talent  and  mental  energy.  1'liough 
he  felt,  very  sensibly,  the  want  of  an  early  education,  yet  the  vigor  of 
his  intellect  was  such  as  enabled  him,  measurably  to  overcome  that  diffi- 
culty. His  ambition  to  excel,  urged  him  to  constant  application,  and  soon 
raised  him  to  a  fair  standing  among  the  talented  and  influential  leaders 
of  the  day.  In  1808.  he  represented  the  state  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  and  stood  high  in  the  coniidence  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  Subsequently, 
however,  his  intimacy  with  Colonel  Burr,  put  an  end  to  all  intercourse 
between  him  and  Mr.  Jefferson.  When  the  Colonel  was  on  his  tour  through 
the  Western  country,  in  1800,  he  spent  a  week  or  two  in  Cincinnati.  Mr. 
Smith  was  then  a  senator,  and  had  been  a  member  of  that  body  when 
Colonel  Burr  presided  in  it.  as  vice-president  of  the  United  States.  He, 
therefore,  very  naturally  invited  him  to  his  house  and  tendered  to  him 
its  ho.spitality  during  his  stay  in  the  place.  This  act  of  respect  and  kind- 
ness, dictated  by  a  generous  feeling,  was  relied  on  as  evidence  that  he 
was  a  partisan  of  the  Colonel,  and  engaged  in  his  project.  A  number  of 
persons  then  residing  in  Cincinnati,  who  were  in  constant  and  intimate 
intercourse  with  Colonel  Burr,  and  who  were  universally  believed  to  be 
engaged  in  his  undertaking,  whatever  it  might  have  been,  deserted  him  as 
the  storm  began  to  gather.  Some  of  them  figured  in  the  trial  at  Richmond, 
in  1807,  as  patriots  of  spotless  purity. 


282  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Mr.  Smith  was  a  firm,  consistent  man,  not  easily  alarmed;  he- 
solemnly  affirmed  his  belief  that  Colonel  Burr  was  not  engaged  in  any 
project  injurious  to  the  country,  and  refused  to  join  in  the  outcry  against 
him,  or  to  aid  in  the  measures  that  were  taken  to  procure  his  arrest. 
The  consequence  was,  he  was  denounced  himself,  and  a  bill  of  indictment 
found  against  him,  which  was,  however,  abandoned  without  an  attempt 
to  bring  him  to  trial. 

Worthington  and  Tifftn  were  men  of  rare  qualities.  They 
were  educated,  refined,  cultivated  gentlemen,  yet  strong,  robust 
and  aggressive  pioneers.  They  had  a  vigorous  spirit  of  Ameri- 
canism and  were  ambitious  for  statehood  and  participation  in 
national  affairs.  Both  did  good  work  for  Ohio  and  the  whole 
country  in  the  Senate  and  outside  of  it. 

Morrow  and  Campbell  were  plain,  unassuming  men,  noted 
for  their  integrity,  sound  common  sense,  and  good  judgment  as 
to  all.  public  questions.  They  vv^ere  faithful  and  unselfish  in  their 
devotion  to  public  interests  and  commanded  and  merited  univer- 
sal esteem. 

Jacob  Burnet  and  Benjamin  Ruggles  had  opposing  party 
affiliations.  They  were  men  of  great  intellectual  power  and  long 
experience  in  public  affairs.  They  were  both  imbued  with  the 
loftiest  spirit  of  patriotism  and  the  finest  sense  of  honor  with 
respect  to  of^cial  duty. 

We  forget  their  differences  in  the  tribute  we  pay  to  their 
memory  and  the  appreciation  we  entertain  for  the  great  honor 
they  reflected  on  their  commonwealth. 

Thomas  Ewing  and  Thomas  Morris  were  colleagues ;  one 
a  Whig  and  the  other  a  Democrat.  They  were  both  strong,  self- 
made  men.  They  were  both  lawyers  of  the  highest  standing  in 
their  profession.  They  vv^ere  both  men  of  positive  convictions,. 
and  both  were  ready  and  able  in  debate. 

They   differed    about   the   great   questions  they   were   called' 
upon  to  discuss.     They  were  not  both  right,  but  they  were  both . 
honest.     They  stood   for   that   in  which   they  and  their  parties, 
respectively,  believed,  and  by  their  powers  of  logic  and  eloquence 
aided  in  the  development  of  the  truth  that  ultimately  found  ex- 
pression in  the  laws  and  policies  of  the  nation. 


Ohio  Centennial.  283^ 

It  was  Mr.  Ewing's  fortune  to  live  to  and  through  the  Civil 
War.  His  great  abiUties,  high  character  and  well-merited  repu- 
tation for  calm  judgment  and  unselfish  devotion  to  the  public 
good  made  him  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  political  controversies 
of  that  turbulent  period. 

There  was  much  disappointment  among  Republicans  because 
he  did  not  ally  himself  with  their  party  when  it  organized  and 
made  its  first  contest  for  the  presidency,  but  his  conservative 
course  made  him  all  the  more  powerful  to  help  when  in  i860  he 
threw  the  weight  of  his  great  name  in  favor  of  the  election  of 
Mr.  Lincoln  and  afterward  zealously  supported  the  Union  cause. 

He  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  all  he  predicted  of  Mr. 
Lincoln  fully  vindicated,  the  cause  he  so  earnestly  espoused  tri- 
umphantly successful,  and  with  it  all  his  own  family  most  un- 
commonly honored.  Three  sons  became  distinguished  general 
officers  of  the  Union  army,  and  his  son-in-law  was  the  second 
of  that  immortal  trio  of  the  nation's  defenders  —  Grant,  Sherman 
and  Sheridan. 

It  was  the  lot  of  William  Allen  and  Thomas  Corwin  to  serve 
together  for  a  time.  They  had  dissimilar  qualities  and  character- 
istics. Both  were  able  men  and  intense  partisans,  who  proclaimed 
without  fear  or  qualification  their  respective  views  on  all  ques- 
tions of  their  day.  They  could  not  agree  with  each  other,  and 
we  cannot  agree  even  yet,  perhaps,  with-  either  that  he  was  right, 
but  we  do  agree  that  both  of  them  thought  they  were  right,  and 
that  whether  either  was  or  was  not  wholly  right,  yet  both  won 
honor  and  distinction  for  their  state  by  the  ability  they  displayed 
and  the  respect  they  commanded. 

Corwin  was  such  a  unique  character  that  more  should  be 
said  about  him.  He  was  a  natural  orator  of  inimitable  style.  He 
had  a  never  failing  fund  of  genial  humor  and  pleasing  anecdotes 
with  which  to  entertain  and  illustrate. 

When  engaged  in  campaign  work  thousands  flocked  to  hear 
him.  His  progress  was  like  a  triumphal  march,  and  every  speech 
was  the  occasion  for  an  ovation.  The  mere  announcement  that 
he  was  to  argue  a  case  was  sufficient  to  uncomfortably  crowd, 
the  court  room. 


284  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Puhlications. 

To  listen  to  him  was  to  be  instructed  as  well  as  entertained. 
He  did  not  have  a  collegiate  education  but  he  seemed  to  be  famil- 
iar with  all  fields  of  knowledge.  Art,  science,  literature  —  espe- 
cially the  Bible  and  the  Classics  —  were  all  equally  at  his  com- 
mand and  he  made  liberal  drafts  upon  them  to  elucidate  and 
embellish  his  arguments. 

He  interrupted  and  well  nigh  ended  his  public  career  by  a 
speech  in  the  Senate  in  opposition  to  the  Mexican  War  in  which 
he  made  the  famous  declaration  that  if  he  were  a  Mexican  as  he 
was  an  American  he  would  welcome  our  soldiers  with  bloody 
hands  to  hospitable  graves. 

The  great  majority  of  the  Whig  party  to  which  he  belonged 
and  of  the  Republican  party  that  succeeded  the  Whig  party  sym- 
pathized with  the  sentiment  he  expressed,  but  notwithstanding 
tins  sympathy  and  his  great  popularity  the  suggestion  of  possible 
hostility  to  the  American  army  when  engaged  in  an  international 
war  was  so  unpopular  that  it  destroyed  his  availability  as  a  leader 
tmtil  years  had  passed  and  his  opportunity  was  gone. 

Chase  and  Wade  served  together  from  1851  to  1855.  A 
greater  contrast  could  hardly  be  suggested.  They  were  in  har- 
mony with  each  other  on  th'^  great,  all-absorbing  question  of 
that  period,  but  their  tastes,  accomplishments  and  habits  of 
thought  and  speech  were  so  widely  different  that  each  had  a  dis- 
tinct personality  that  reflected  his  own  particular  influence  and 
marked  him  as  a  great,  strong,  individual  factor  in  the  tempestu- 
ous strife  of  the  hour. 

The  best  services  of  Chase  were  rendered  as  secretary  of 
the  treasury;  and  in  connection  with  that  oflice  and  as  chief 
justice  he  will  be  identified  in  history  rather  than  with  the  sen- 
atorship  or  the  governorship.  He  was  not  in  harmony  with  any 
party  on  the  slavery  question  while  a  member  of  the  Senate,  but 
so  far  in  advance  of  all  that  he  was  powerless  to  accomplish  any- 
tliing  on  the  lines  wdiere  he  was  strongest  and  most  interested. 
His  opportunity  was  to  come  later. 

George  E.  Pugh  was  one  of  the  youngest  but  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  representatives  Ohio  has  ever  had  in  the  Senate. 
He  was  not  yet  32  years  of  age  when  elected  but  he  had  already 


Ohio  Centennial,  285 

distinguished  himself  at  the  Ohio  bar  and  served  a  term  as 
attorney  general  of  the  state. 

He  was  a  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  Squatter-Sovereignty  Demo- 
crat, and  second  only  to  Mr.  Douglas,  if  second  to  anyone,  was 
the  ablest  advocate  of  that  doctrine. 

In  the  National  Democratic  Convention  of  i860,  at  Charles- 
ton, he  made  the  speech  that  divided  his  party  into  Douglas  and 
Breckenridge  Democrats  and  thus  assured  the  election  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln. 

The  Civil  War  marks  the  beginning  of  a  new  epoch  in 
American  politics.  The  advent  of  the  Republican  party  to  power 
meant,  naturally,  a  change  of  policies ;  but  the  sudden  outbreak 
of  the  rebellion  made  mere  opportunity  a  commanding  necessity, 
and,  in  addition  to  measures  to  raise  armies  and  save  the  Union, 
precipitated  legislation  that  might  otherwise  have  been  only  grad- 
ually arrived  at,  affecting  radically  our  economic  system  and  gen- 
eral industrial  and  financial  conditions. 

New  and  untried  paths  were  entered  upon.  They  would 
have  been  difficult  to  tread  under  the  most  favorable  circum- 
stances, but,  attended  as  they  were,  by  war,  they  were  especially 
hazardous.  Volumes  have  been  written,  and  other  volumes  will 
be  written  without  exhausting  the  story,  of  how,  as  the  defenders 
of  the  nation  marched  forth  to  battle,  the  statesmen  at  Washing- 
ton with  a  full  appreciation  of  their  responsibilities,  took  up  the 
herculean  labors  that  devolved  upon  them  and  so  legislated  as 
to  make  available  the  resources  of  the  country,  provide  a  cur- 
rency to  meet  the  almost  unmeasured  demands  upon  the  public 
treasury,  reorganize  our  banking  system,  and,  in  the  very  midst 
of  apparent  national  dissolution,  multiply  our  industries,  create 
business  activity,  and  a  greater  prosperity  and  higher  credit  than 
we  had  ever  before  enjoyed. 

The  popular  heroes  of  that  struggle,  as  of  all  others,  were 
the  successful  soldiers  who  w-on  battles.  But,  equally,  were  they 
also  heroes  who,  with  an  abiding  faith  in  the  nation's  cause,  and 
the  nation's  strength,  and  the  nation's  wealth,  and  the  nation's 
patriotism,  thus  wisely  and  unflinchingly  did  their  duty  in  the 
civil  service. 

The  Army  saved  the  l^nion,  but  they  saved  the  Army. 


286  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

It  was  a  great  work,  and  the  lapse  of  time  has  only  increased 
appreciation  for  it. 

Ohio  was  foremost  in  it  all.  No  state  did  more.  Few  did 
so  much. 

Senator  Wade  was  then  a  senator  of  long  experience.  He 
had  been  a  member  of  that  body  ten  years.  They  were  ten  years 
of  political  strife,  of  fierce,  ugly  intellectual  combat  —  at  times, 
almost  physical  combat.  Angry  passions  ruled  the  hour,  and 
personal  violence  was  constantly  apprehended  and  occasionally 
witnessed. 

Wade  was  a  rugged,  sturdy,  uncompromising  character  who 
detested  slavery  and  unsparingly  condemned  it  and  all  measures 
proposed  in  its  behalf.  In  consequence,  he  incurred  the  ill-will 
of  the  pro-slavery  senators,  and  was  almost  constantly  the  object 
of  their  attack.  He  was  aggressively  defensive,  and  thus,  natu- 
rally, became  one  of  the  leaders  of  his  party.  When  the  war  com- 
menced, he  was  made  chairman  of  the  joint  committee  of  the 
two  houses  on  the  conduct  of  the  war,  a  position  that  gave 
him  exceptional  opportunity  to  utilize  his  experience  and  display 
his  abilities.  He  improved  his  opportunity  to  the  utmost,  and, 
in  doing  so,  proved  a  veritable  pillar  of  strength  to  the  Union 
cause.  He  labored  in  season  and  out,  and  always  with  the  great- 
est efficiency.  An  adequate  review  of  his  services  during  this 
period  would  involve  a  review  of  almost  the  whole  great  struggle. 
He  became  a  great  national  figure  and  thus  brought  our  state 
into  still  greater  prominence. 

When  the  war  was  over  and  reconstruction  was  undertaken, 
the  usual  reaction  occurred  in  political  sentiment.  This  had  the 
effect  in  Ohio  of  giving  the  Democrats  a  majority  in  the  Legis- 
lature elected  in  1867,  and  that  majority  chose  Allen  G.  Thur- 
man  to  be  the  successor  of  Benjamin  F.  Wade. 

In  many  respects  there  was  a  striking  resemblance  in  the 
-characters  of  these  two  men.  Both  were  strong  men  physically ; 
iDoth  were  rugged  and  sturdy  in  thought  and  speech;  both  were 
plain  and  direct  in  argument,  and  both  despised  all  kinds  of  cant, 
pretense,  hypocrisy,  and  evasion.  They  excelled  in  frank,  open, 
manly  sincerity  and  candor.  Both  were  partisans ;  not  in  a  nar- 
row, but  in  that  broad  sense  that  regards  parties  as  necessary 


Ohio  Centennial.  287- 

political  agencies  in  the  administration  of  popular  government. 
Each  believed  in  his  party  and  aided  to  maintain  its  organization 
and  uphold  its  discipline.  Both  believed  that  party  mistakes 
should  be  corrected,  but  that  party  defeat  was  not  occasion  for 
dissolution  or  despair. 

Thurman  not  only  possessed  all  these  natural  qualities,  but, 
when  elected,  he  already  had  a  ripe  experience.  He  had  seen 
considerable  public  service,  and  was  known  everywhere  as  a  pro- 
found constitutional  lawyer.  It  was  not  only  natural,  but  inevi- 
table, that  such  a  man,  entering  the  Senate  from  a  great  state 
and  with  the  prestige  of  having  defeated  such  a  leader  as  Wade, 
would  immediately  take  high  rank  in  the  councils  of  his  party. 
It,  therefore,  occasioned  no  surprise  when,  by  common  consent, 
he  was  accepted  as  the  leader  of  his  party  in  the  Senate,  almost 
from  the  day  he  became  a  member.  He  sustained  himself  in  that 
leadership  throughout  the  12  years  of  his  service  there,  notwith- 
standing there  were  no  national  victories  for  Democracy  during 
all  that  period,  beyond  an  occasional  majority  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  that  imparted  temporary  hope,  perhaps,  of  greater 
things  to  come;  but,  as  the  sequel  showed,  only  to  be  again  and 
again  deferred,  until  the  Democratic  heart  was  indeed  made  sick. 

So  far  as  partisan  questions  were  concerned,  he  was  during 
that  period,  all  that  his  party  was,  and  nowhere  can  be  found 
stronger  advocacy  of  its  claims  for  power  or  more  complete  de- 
fense of  its  positions  and  purposes  than  in  his  speeches  in  the 
Senate. 

But  he  was  more  than  a  party  leader.  He  rendered  service 
of  the  most  important  character  to  his  country  in  connection  with 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Funding  Bill,  by  the  provisions  of 
which  that  road  was  made  to  keep  faith  with  the  government, 
and  the  government's  claims  were  fully  protected  and  finally 
fully  realized.  To  him,  more  than  to  any  other  man,  is  credit 
due  for  the  enactment  of  that  measure. 

He  held  the  chairmanship  for  a  time  of  the  judiciary  com- 
mittee of  the  Senate,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Electoral  Com- 
mission that  determined  the  Hayes-Tilden  presidential  dispute. 
He  was  universally  esteemed  by  all  who  knew  him.  Republicans 


288  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

and  Democrats  alike,  as  a  man  of  irreproachable  integrity  and 
an  able  and  fearless  champion  of  his  convictions. 

At  the  end  of  his  second  term,  the  political  pendulum  in 
Ohio  swung  again  to  the  Republican  side,  and  the  Legislature 
elected  John  Sherman  to  be  his  successor. 

Sherman  had  for  his  colleagues  during  his  term  of  service 
not  only  Wade  and  Thurman,  but  also  Pendleton,  Fayne  and 
Brice. 

Pendleton  was  one  of  the  most  accomplished  men  of  his 
time.  He  was  a  polished  speaker.  He  had  engaging  manners, 
decided  ability,  and  a  good  name  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 
He  was  never  severe  or  acrimonious  in  debate,  yet  was  sufficiently 
partisan  to  be  constant  and  zealous  in  the  support  of  his  party 
and  the  advancement  of  its  policies.  His  greatest  work  was  as 
the  successful  advocate  of  our  first  civil  service  legislation. 
That  legislation  has  been  severely  criticized,  but  it  has  never 
been  repealed,  and  never  will  be.  Amended  and  improved  it  will 
continue  to  stand  as  his  greatest  monument. 

Payne  had  been  prominent  in  his  party  for  years.  He  was 
its  candidate  for  United  States  senator  when  Wade  was  first 
elected  in  1851,  and  its  candidate  for  governor  against  Chase  in 
1857,  when  he  was  defeated  by  only  503  votes. 

He  was  a  Democratic  mem1)er  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  the  Forty-fourth  Congress,  and  chairman  of  the  house 
committee  that  acted  in  conjunction  with  a  like  committee  from 
the  Senate  in  devising  the  Electoral  Commission  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Hayes-Tilden  presidential  dispute. 

He  was  quiet  and  modest  in  manner,  and  made  but  few 
speeches,  but  he  was  so  vvise  in  judgment  that  his  advice  was 
sought  and  followed  to  such  an  extent  that  he  exerted  an  un- 
usual influence  upon  his  party  associates,  and,  in  non-political 
matters,  upon  men  of  all  parties  and  measures  of  all  kinds. 

He  entered  the  Senate  late  in  life,  when  his  party  was  in 
the  minority,  and  when,  on  that  account,  there  was  little  oppor- 
tunity for  him  to  add  to  his  reputation. 

F)rice  was  young  and  buoyant,  of  sanguine  disposition,  al- 
ways briglit.  versatile  and  charming.  He  was  exceedingly  pop- 
ular on  both  sides  of  the  chamber.     He  had  a  faculty  for  large 


Ohio  Centennial.  289 

affairs  and  was  unusually  successful  in  business.  He  might  have 
participated  in  the  debates  with  much  credit  to  himself,  but  he 
preferred  the  more  quiet  and  less  frictional  work  of  the  commit- 
tee, where  his  power  and  influence  were  fully  felt  and  recognized. 

It  is  no  disparagement  of  anyone  and  no  exaggeration  of 
the  truth  to  say  that,  of  all  the  many  able  men  who  have  repre- 
sented Ohio  in  national  affairs,  John  Sherman  is  facile  princeps. 

Others  reached  the  presidency,  and  some  of  them,  through 
fortuitous  circumstances,  and  opportunities,  may  have  attained 
greater  popularity  and  a  more  commanding  place  in  history,  but 
no  other  stood  so  long  on  the  "perilous  heights." 

No  other  was  tried  in  so  many  ordeals.  No  other  was  called 
upon  to  deal  with  so  many  and  such  difficult  questions.  No 
other  showed  such  varied  powers  of  adaption  to  rapidly  chang- 
ing and  widely  different  conditions,  and  no  ot)ier  so  completely 
and  uninterruptedly  commanded  the  confidence  and  enjoyed  the 
respect  of  the  whole  American  people  as  a  wise,  safe  and  capable 
leader  and  statesman. 

He  had  a  tall  and  commanding  figure  —  not  a  magnetic,  but 
a  pleasing  personality.  He  was  a  man  of  conservative  tempera- 
ment, considerate  judgment  and  affable  manners. 

He  had  a  strong  intellectual  endowment,  clear  conceptions, 
and  great  powers  of  logic  and  analysis.  His  voice  was  agreeable, 
and  his  speech  easy  and  fluent.  His  arguments  were  plain,  direct 
and  convincing.  He  commanded  attention,  and  easily  held  it. 
No  one  could  remain  within  the  sound  of  his  voice  while  he-  was 
speaking,  no  matter  what  his  subject,  without  following  his  re- 
marks. 

He  too  was  a  self-made  man.  He  was  of  the  plain  people 
and  always  had  their  sympathy  and  support.  He  was  born  pooi 
but  had  a  sound  constitution,  and  was  proud  to  earn  his  own  liv- 
ing. He  commenced  as  a  rodman  in  an  engineering  corps,  but 
he  advanced  rapidly.  He  acquired  a  good  education,  read  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  finally  entered  public  life  in  1854 
as  a  member  of  the  Thirty-fourth  Congress,  admirably  equipped 
for  the  great  work  and  the  great  career  before  him. 


19 


290  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  slavery  question  in  general,  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
question  in  particular,  then  held  public  attention.  From  the  first 
he  took  and  held  high  rank  as  a  leader  and  a  debater. 

When  the  war  came  he  was  thoroughly  prepared  for  his 
part. 

Entering  the  Senate  in  March,  1861,  he  carried  with  him 
from  the  House  an  experience  and  a  prestige  that  gave  him  right- 
fully a  place  in  the  front  rank  of  his  colleagues. 

It  is  impossible  and  unnecessary  to  relate  here  his  services 
during  the  thirty-six  years  that  followed  until  the  fourth  of 
March,  1897,  when  he  resigned  his  seat  at  the  request  of  President 
McKinley  to  accept  the  office  of  secretary  of  state.  They  are  so 
interwoven  with  the  history  of  our  country  for  that  period  that 
all  are  familiar  with  them. 

It  is  enoughs  to  say  that  to  him  more  than  to  any  other 
man  the  American  people  are  indebted  for  the  sound  currency, 
the  safe  and  adequate  banking  facilities,  and  the  general  improve- 
ment of  our  fiscal  system  by  the  adoption  and  development  of 
those  economic  policies,  under  which  our  country  has  so  devel- 
oped and  prospered. 

His  most  pronounced  triumph  was  in  connection  with  the 
resumption  of  specie  payments  in  1879,  but  his  services  in  that 
respect  were  only  in  keeping  with  his  record  throughout.  He 
was  given  special  credit  in  that  instance  not  because  his  labors 
in  that  particular  were  exceptional,  but  because  they  were  prac- 
tical and  apparent.  While  he  will  be  most  remembered  for  his 
services  in  connection  with  the  finances  of  the  country,  yet  they 
were  only  a  part  of  his  work. 

In  the  troublesome  and  trying  days  of  reconstruction  he  was 
untiring. 

As  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations,  the 
Pacific  Railroads  and  the  Judiciary,  he  was  constantly  engaged 
in  the  consideration  of  grave  questions  and  great  measures. 

Many  statutes  bear  testimony  to  his  far-sighted  wisdom  as 
a  legislator.     One  of  the  most  important  was  one  of  the  latest. 

It  shows  how  clearly  he  understood  the  progress  of  chang- 
ing conditions  and  the  legislative  remedy  to  apply  to  correct 
apprehended  evils  and  abuses. 


Ohio  Centennial  291 

He  was  among  the  first  to  see  the  enormous  combinations 
of  capital  we  have  been  witnessing  and  the  temptation  there 
would  be  to  unreasonable  restraint  and  monopoly,  and  before 
others  realized  the  danger  or  comprehended  that  any  legislation 
was  necessary  or  even  appropriate  he  had  secured  the  enactment 
of  what  the  whole  country  has  recently  become  familiar  with  as 
the  Sherman  Anti-trust  Law  of  1890. 

He  gave  himself  up  wholly  and  devotedly  to  his  work,  so 
much  so  that  he  probably  did  himself  an  injustice  by  the  conse- 
quent neglect  thereby  occasioned,  to  some  extent,  at  least,  of 
social  duties  and  relations. 

He  was  for  years,  without  regard  to  his  own  desires  in  the 
matter,  considered  a  leading  candidate  for  the  presidency.  His 
name  was  repeatedly  presented  to  national  conventions  for  the 
nomination.  That  honor  was  denied  him,  but  there  never  was 
a  time  when  the  whole  country  did  not  feel  that  he  was  well 
equipped  and  well  entitled  to  hold  that  high  office.  He  will  rank 
in  history  with  Webster,  Clay  and  Blaine. 

For  obvious  reasons  I  shall  leave  to  some  future  orator  who 
may  have  occasion  to  speak  of  "Ohio  in  the  Senate"  an  account 
of  the  work  done  by  the  present  incumbents.  I  take  advantage 
of  this  opportunity  however  to  inform  him  in  advance  that  if 
he  shall  be  able  to  say  of  them  that  they  earnestly  strove  to 
emulate  the  examples  of  their  illustrious  predecessors  that,  in 
their  opinion,  will  be  the  highest  character  of  compliment  and 
praise. 


OHIO  IN  THE  NATIONAL  HOUSE  OF 
REPRESENTATIVES. 


CHARLES    H.    GROSVENOR. 


INTRODUCTORY. 
Mr.  President  and  Fellow-Citizens: 

It  is  well  that  at  the  end  of  a  hundred  years  of  statehood 
Ohio  should  pause  in  her  grand  march  and  consider  the  path- 
way over  which  she  has  trod,  take  stock  of  the  present,  and  look 

forward,  with  hope  and  confidence,  to 
the  future. 

A  hundred  years  in  the  life  of  the 
world,  in  the  life  of  the  great  nations 
of  the  world,  is  but  a  brief  episode; 
and  yet,  looking  back  and  contemplat- 
ing Ohio  in  1803  and  contrasting  her 
with  Ohio  of  1903,  this  state  presents 
a  condition  of  growth  m  wealth,  in 
property,  in  intelligence  and  in  pa- 
triotism and  virtue,  unequalled  in  the 
history  of  modern  times,  and  far  out- 
ranking the  development  of  nations  of 
the  old  world  in  all  the  past. 

It  is  difficult  for  our  neighbors  to 
account  for  the  progress  of  Ohio.  They  sometimes  think  our  po- 
sition has  been  won  by  aggressive  competition,  by  aggressive  as- 
saults upon  the  rights  of  others,  but  Ohio  has  ever  been  contrib- 
utor of  her  splendid  population  to  the  growth,  development,  and 
honor  of  other  states. 

I  desire  to  place  in  this  memorial  an  extract  from  a  little 
volume  called  "Ohio  in  Congress,"  by  Colonel  William  A.  Taylor. 
That  distinguished  writer  and  political  philosopher  has  explained 
to  the  public  why  it  is  and  how  it  is  that  the  people  of  Ohio 
have  made  this  wonderful  progress.     It  is  as  follows : 

292 


C.   H.   GROSVENOR. 


Ohio  Centennial.  293 

Read  of  the  founding  of  the  ancient  states,  and  the  elemental 
constituents  were  as  naught  compared  with  that  of  Ohio.  A  single  race 
or  a  single  sect  made  up  the  founders  of  the  ancient  state.  There  was 
no  combining  and  no  affiliation  of  strong  'elements,  which  became  stronger 
and  better  by  the  union.  No  empire  or  state  mentioned  in  history  em- 
braced so  many  elements  at  its  birth,  and  during  its  early  growth,  as  Ohio. 
In  the  sunset  of  the  17th  and  the  morning  of  the  18th  centuries,  a  few 
intermittent  heralds  and  pursuivants  of  the  coming  civilization  came  into 
and  crossed  some  portion  of  the  Miami  Valley,  blazing  the  future  march 
of  empire,  and  startling  the  puny  civilization  of  Europe  with  their  wonder- 
ful narratives,  but  not  until  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  epoch  did  the 
tide  of  venturesome  civilization  rise  to  the  Appalachian  summits,  and 
trickle  down  into  the  Ohio  basin  in  forceful  streams,  constantly  fed  and 
constantly  augmented  by  those  whose  gaze  was  fixed  upon  the  evening  star. 

They  comprised  the  children  of  every  family  of  the  Aryan  race  —  all 
the  strongest  elements  of  European  civilization.  Celt  and  Gaul ;  Pict  and 
Scot;  Saxon,  Dane,  Norman  and  Briton;  Teuton  and  Latin;  Roundhead, 
Cavalier,  Huguenot  and  Puritan;  Covenanter  and  Dissenter;  Calvinist  and 
Lutheran;  Catholic  and  Protestant,  they  marched  abreast  under  the 
single  banner  of  civilization,  and  gave  the  first  exemplification  not  of  the 
right  alone,  but  of  the  practice  of  worshipping  God  according  to  the 
dictates  of  their  own  conscience,  while  each  respected  his  fellow  who 
followed  the  same  practice. 

Think  of  these  varying  elements  and  the  remote  generations  from 
which  they  had  descended.  Some  from  the  dwellers  of  ancient  Memphis 
and  from  the  artisans  of  the  pyramids.  Others  dated  back  to  the  events 
of  the  Roman  Empire,  or  to  Marathon,  or  Thermopylae.  Still  others 
could  trace  their  lineage  to  the  heroes  of  Cressy,  Positiers,  Agincourt, 
or  Flodden.  All  were  strong  family  types,  proud  and  independent  spirits, 
fretting  against  the  debasing  environments  of  European  monarchy,  slowly 
evolving  from  a  rapidly  disappearing  feudalism,  and  seeking  in  the  new 
world  an  asylum,  for  the  promised  land  where  the  new  political  birth 
was  destined  to  challenge  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  the  nations, 
and  light  up  the  proud  standard  of  individual  manhood  and  sovereignty. 

These  diverse,  or  seemingly  diverse,  human  elements,  speedily 
blended  and  commingled,  forming  a  splendid  composite  type,  the  grandest 
of  the  19th  century,  and  one  which  will  put  its  impress  upon  all  the 
decades  of  the  20th.  The  whole  was  better  and  greater  than  any  of  its 
individual  parts.  The  new  type  was  grander,  and  of  infinitely  greater 
proportion,  than  any  of  its  prototypes,  containing  the  best  and  strongest 
of  all,  and  the  worst  and  weakest  of  none.  It  was  born  of  common  dan- 
gers, common  hardships,  mutual  sacrifices  and  common  purposes,  shared 
by  all  and  endured  by  all  with  a  common  fortitude.  These  founders  of 
a  new  moral  and  material  empire  came  to  build  up  a  nobler  common- 
wealth  in   a   virgin    soil ;    not    to    dismantle,    dismember   and    scatter   the 


294  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

accretions  of  the  ages ;  to  forge  and  weld  the  new  link  of  a  newer  brother- 
hood, higher  than  creeds,  holier  than  dogmas,  not  to  tear  agape  the 
wounds  inflicted  by  the  javelins  of  prejudice  or  wrought  by  the  hand 
of  bigotry. 

This  explains  the  grandeur  of  Ohio ;  it  is  due  to  her  peculiar 
population.  But  the  topic  of  this  hour  is  "Ohio  in  Congress." 
The  distinguished  senior  Senator  from  Ohio  who  has  spoken  of 
Ohio  in  the  United  States  Senate  has  found  the  task  of  referring 
to  the  senators  who  have  preceded  him  by  name  and  individuaUty 
a  much  easier  task  than  would  be  mine  were  I  to  attempt  to 
discuss  Ohio  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  in  doing  so 
refer  to  individuals  to  any  considerable  degree.  Thirty  senators 
can  be  more  easily  mustered  and  discussed  by  name  than  can 
the  long  list  of  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Ohio  has  been  represented  in  the  .House  of  Representatives 
by  a  few  more  than  400  men,  and  in  fulfilling  the  duty  of  this 
hour  I  shall  not  attempt,  with  very  few  exceptions,  to  discuss 
individual  character  and  individual  attainment.  There  have  been 
a  few  men  in  the  House  who  by  reason  of  their  relation  to 
peculiar  events  at  special  times,  under  extraordinary  circum- 
stances, have  so  far  identified  themselves  with  current  events 
and  great  questions  of  policy  that  my  address  would  be  in- 
effective were  they  not  referred  to  by  their  names  and  achieve- 
ments; but  I  shall  do  so  rather  in  discussing  the  period,  the 
event,  the  question,  than  as  discussing  the  man  himself. 

Men  have  gone  from  Ohio  to  the  House  of  Representatives, 
passed  through  the  period  assigned  them  and  have  disappeared 
and  are  forgotten.  Others  have  filled,  with  marked  ability  and 
great  distinction,  the  positions  given  to  them,  and  opportunity 
has  come  to  some  to  make  careers  which  would  not  have  been 
afiforded  them  in  the  ordinary  current  of  everyday  events. 

Ohio's  introduction  to  the  union. 

Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1803,  that  is,  she 
became  fully  clothed  with  statehood  in  that  year.  At  her  ad- 
mission political  questions  arose  which  have  been  the  subject  of 
discussion  on  the  cominq-  in  of  each  individual  state  from  that 


Ohio  Centennial.  295 

day  to  this.  Political  and  partisan  considerations  have  ever  and 
always  been  present  and  potent  in  deciding  for  or  against  each 
application  of  a  new  state  for  admission. 

Ohio  was  the  first  born  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  That 
ordinance  antedated  the  constitution  by  the  period  extending 
from  April  to  September.  The  constitution,  when  ratified, 
"formed  a  more  perfect  Union"  in  the  language  of  its  creators. 
It  became  a  political  corporation.  Its  members  stood  upon  an 
equality  of  political  rights.  There  were  thirteen  of  them,  and 
while  it  was  true  that  the  Ordinance  of  1787  contemplated  the 
creation  of  states  northwest  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  undertook 
to  prescribe  the  terms  and  conditions  upon  which  the  new 
states  might  come  into  the  Union,  it  was  nevertheless  denied 
by  the  statesmen  of  that  day,  that  there  was  such  a  thing  in  ex- 
istence as  vested  political  rights,  and  it  was  denied  that  the 
state  of  Ohio  had  any  right  to  come  into  the  Union,  any  right 
to  demand  introduction,  any  right  to  come  in  and  be  a  factor 
and  component  part  of  the  political  corporation  to  which  she 
aspired.  That  is  as  a  matter  of  actual  right  which  the  territory 
might  assert  independent  of  the  views  and  opinions  of  the 
United  States. 

Upon  the  other  hand,  it  was  claimed  that  she  must  come 
as  a  humble  suppliant  for  the  favor  of  introduction,  she  must 
seek  the  boon  of  statehood  not  as  a  matter  of  right,  but  as  a 
matter  of  grace,  and  the  question  to  be  decided  by  the  Con- 
gress, and  which  was  decided  by  the  Congress,  was  that  Ohio, 
as  a  state,  would  confer  benefits  upon  the  Union,  and  be  a  perma- 
nent blessing  to  the  political  corporation,  and  for  that  reason  she 
was  admitted,  and  not  because  of  any  claims  that  she  asserted 
by  virtue  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787;  and  it  may  be  said,  with 
absolute  accuracy  of  statement,  that  from  that  day  to  this,  upon 
the  recurring  application  of  each  individual  state,  which  has 
raised  the  number  from  17  to  45,  the  question  to  be  decided  has 
been  one  of  benefit  and  of  political  aggrandizement  to  the  cor- 
poration rather  than  as  a  matter  of  right  to  the  applicant.  The 
strength  or  weakness  of  the  dominant  party  at  the  time  of  the 
admission  has  always  been  deemed  a  pertinent  and  proper  ques- 
tion. 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Thus,  the  equilibrium  of  free  and  slave  states  was  main- 
tained by  the  admission  of  one  of  each  condition  at  a  time.  Thus 
it  was  that  Nevada  came  into  the  Union  for  a  sole  and  simple 
political  purpose,  and  thus  it  has  ever  been.  And  thus  it  ever 
will  be  so  long  as  this  national  government  is  one  by  parties 
and  partisan  action.     And  so  it  always  should  be.   ' 

In  connection  with  the  admission  of  Ohio  and  to  emphasize 
my  statement,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  election  of  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson to  be  president  in  1800  was,  first,  a  surprise  to  the  Fed- 
eralists, and,  second,  was  a  very  closely  contested  election,  and 
if  a  new  state  could  be  carved  out  of  the  Northwest  Territory 
and  admitted  into  the  Union  in  time  for  the  election  of  1804  it 
would  secure  three  additional  votes  for  Thomas  Jefferson  as 
president,  and  so  it  was  that  from  and  after  the  introduction 
of  the  state  Jeffersonian  Democrats,  appealing  to  the  people  that 
their  statehood  was  due  to  the  Democratic  party  in  Congress, 
carried  the  new  state  almost  constantly  for  a  long  time  for.  the 
Democrats,  and  Ohio  cast  her  electoral  vote  in  1804,  1808,  18 12, 
18 1 6  and  1820  just  as  it  was  supposed  she  would  when  she  was 
admitted  by  the  influence  of  Jefferson  and  his  partisan  friends. 

It  does  not  appear  from  the  record  that  Ohio  became  con- 
spicuous in  the  House  of  Representatives  or  of  Congress  in  the 
early  days  of  her  statehood.  During  the  first  decennial  period 
she  had  but  a  single  member  of  Congress,  Jeremiah  Morrow. 
Ohio  having  come  into  the  Union  in  1803,  there  was  no  appor- 
tionment until  18 10.  So  it  was  that  Governor  Morrow,  ad- 
mitted as  the  single  representative  of  the  new  state,  was  our 
sole  representative  from  1803  to  1812.  Jeremiah  Morrow  was  a 
Democrat,  if  Jeffersonianism  of  that  date  was  Democracy.  This 
is  not  the  proper  place  to  discuss  that  question,  nor  is  the  ques- 
tion itself  pertinent  to  the  day  we  celebrate.  It  may  be  possible 
that  a  clear-minded,  analytical  student  of  politics  would  be  driven 
hard  to  discover  the  similarity  in  the  details  of  the  Democrat  of 
the  Jeffersonian  school,  and  the  Democrat  of  the  current  period. 
But  it  is  enough  to  say  that  whatever  Jefferson  was  in  politics, 
so  also  was  Jeremiah  Morrow.  He  had  been  an  active  advocate 
for  statehood  for  Ohio,  and  the  honor  of  representing  her  alone 
and  singly  for  ten  years  was  conferred  upon  him.     But  it  does 


Ohio  Centennial.  297 

not  appear  that  he  took  an  active  part,  at  least  upon  the  floor 
of  the  House  of  Representatives.  As  I  have  said,  he  served 
for  ten  years  and  was  elected  to  Congress  again  in  1838,  and 
1840.  So  much  for  the  first  member  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives from  Ohio. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  said  that  during  the  hundred 
years  of  our  statehood  there  have  been  four  members  of  Con- 
gress turned  out  upon  contests,  and  that,  in  view  of  the  great 
number  of  representatives,  and  the  controversies  that  have  arisen 
in  Ohio  politics,  speaks  well  for  the  contentment  of  the  people 
to  abide  by  the  verdict  as  first  announced  from  the  polls.  Mere 
technical  contests,  based  upon  trivial  grounds,  have  not  been 
favored  in  Ohio,  nor  yet  by  her  representatives  in  Congress. 

The  cases  of  contests  where  the  sitting  member  has  been 
turned  out  were  those  of  Vallandingham  against  Campbell  (Lewis 
D.),  Wallace  against  McKinley,  Campbell  against  Morey,  and 
Romeis  against  Hurd. 

Twelve  congressmen  died  in  office,  as  follows:  Moore,  of 
Franklin  County;  Brinkerhoff,  of  Huron  County;  Hamer,  of 
Brown  County;  Dickinson,  of  Sandusky  County;  Hamilton,  of 
Union  County;  Hoag,  of  Lucas  County;  Updegraff,  of  Jeffer- 
son County ;  Warwick,  of  Wayne  County ;  Houk,  of  Montgomery 
County ;  Northway,  of  Ashtabula  County ;  Danford,  of  Belmont 
County,  and  Enochs,  of  Gallia  County.  These  twelve  men  died 
while  in  office. 

Twenty  have  resigned,  negativing  the  old  proverb  that  "Few 
die  and  none  resign."  Of  these  twenty,  however,  John  Mc- 
Lean resigned  to  accept  the  position  of  United  States  judge; 
William  Creighton,  Jr.,  of  Ross  County,  to  accept  the  position  of 
United  States  judge,  but  he  was  not  confirmed.  Humphrey  H. 
Leavitt,  of  Jefferson  County,  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of 
United  States  district  judge.  .  Thomas  Corwin  resigned  to  be- 
come governor  of  Ohio.  Joshua  R.  Giddings  resigned  for  a 
special  reason,  personal  to  himself,  in  March,  1842,  and  was  re- 
elected as  his  own  successor  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  April  of  the 
same  year.  Thomas  Corwin  again  resigned  to  become  minister  to 
Mexico ;  John  Sherman  to  become  United  States  senator ;  Ruther- 


298  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Fublications. 

ford  B.  Hayes  to  become  governor  of  Ohio,  and  John  A.  Caldwell 
to  become  mayor  of  Cincinnati. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  properly  said,  moreover,  that 
three  ex-members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  from  Ohio 
became  president  of  the  United  States — Hayes,  Garfield  and  Mc- 
Kinley.  Fuller  reference  to  these  gentlemen  will  be  made  later 
on.  Each  of  them  had  won  distinction  as  soldiers  in  the  field 
in  the  great  war  for  the  Union;  each  of  them  became  dis- 
tinguished leaders  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  each  of 
them  served  well  his  day  in  the  highest  office  in  the  gift  of  the 
people,  and  two  of  them  filled  martyrs'  graves.  Thus  it  will  be 
seen  that  of  Ohio's  sons  who  have  achieved  highest  place  in 
the  Nation  three  of  them  had  won  renown  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. 

The  two  congressmen,  holding  equal  terms,  and  the  longest 
terms  ever  conferred  upon  Ohio  congressmen,  were  Joshua  R. 
Giddings,  of  Ashtabula,  and  Samuel  F.  Vinton,  of  Gallia.  These 
two  gentlemen  were  honored  by  eleven  terms  or  twenty- 
two  years  each  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  ser- 
vice of  Mr.  Giddings  was  continuous  during  that  period  of  time 
but  Mr.  Vinton,  who  began  his  congressional  service  in  the 
Eighteenth  Congress  and  ended  with  the  Thirty-first,  did  not 
serve  in  the  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth  and  Twenty-seventh 
Congress.  Garfield  served  nine  terms,  and  the  present  repre- 
sentative from  the  Eleventh  Congressional  District  has  had  an 
equal  number  of  elections,  but  Garfield's  service  was  continuous, 
while  the  congressman  from  the  Eleventh  District  had  a  break 
of  a  single  term.  Joseph  Vance  served  nine  full  terms.  Elisha 
Whittlesey,  Robert  Schenck  and  John  A.  Bingham,  each  served 
eight  terms.  Thomas  Corwin  served  seven  terms  of  fourteen 
years.  Otherwise,  the  highest  in  rank  have  been  Lewis  D. 
Campbell,  Henry  C.  Van  Voorhis,  William  McKinley  and  Ezra 
B.  Taylor,  each  of  whom  has  had  six  terms  and  Mr.  Van  Voorhis 
is  ably  filling  his  sixth  term  and  it  does  not  appear  that  his 
career  in  Congress  is  yet  ended. 

It  will  be  seen  by  a  careful  study  of  the  career  of  Ohio 
congressmen  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  that  continuous 
elections   and   long  service   have   made   it   possible   for   Ohio   to 


Ohio  Centennial.  299 

achieve  the  results  it  has  in  the  national  body.  At  least  the 
record  can  be  fairly  interpreted  to  support  that  the6ry.  Few 
men  can  reach  high  rank  in  Congress  and  be  of  especial  benefit 
to  the  state,  the  country  or  their  people  at  home  without  the 
force  and  influence  which  time,  study  and  experience  in  the 
House  gives  to  a  member  possessed  of  average  ability,  education 
and  wisdom.  It  requires  time,  observation  and  contact  with 
the  machinery  of  legislation  to  fit  a  man  for  a  leading  position 
in  Congress.  Hence  the  state,  district  or  community  which 
passes  around  its  seat  or  seats  in  Congress  by  a  system  of  rota- 
tion will  generally  be  found  to  be  unknown  to  the  history  being 
made  in  the  greatest  popular  legislative  body  in  the  world. 

GREAT    EVENTS. 

It  will  not  be  the  purpose  of  this  address  to  comment 
especially  upon  individual  action  hereafter  so  much  as  upon 
great  national  events,  and  the  part  taken  by  Ohio  therein. 

The  slavery  question  divided  the  people  of  Ohio  into  more 
than  two  political  organizations.  There  was  the  Abolitionist 
pure  and  simple,  and  Joshua  R.  Giddings  was  the  typical  leader 
of  the  sentiment.  An  Abolitionist  of  the  early  period  believed 
that  it  was  the  duty  of  Congress  to  abolish  slavery  by  some 
process,  some  method,  wherever  slavery  existed,  whether  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  in  the  territories,  or  in  the  states.  To 
them  the  institution  was  a  cursed  institution,  a  blight  upon 
our  civilization,  an  impediment  to  our  progress,  and  they  de- 
manded its  extinction.  The  Democratic  party  in  Ohio  long 
before  the  Rebellion  took  strong  ground  in  opposition  to  the 
extension  of  slavery,  and  to  slavery  itself.  Its  platform,  pre- 
ceding the  war,  declared  that  the  Democratic  party  looked  upon 
"slavery  as  an  evil,  and  opposed  to  the  best  interests  of  the 
Government,  and  so  believing,  we  will  use  all  power  clearly 
given  by  the  terms  of  the  National  Compact  to  mitigate  and 
finally  eradicate  the  evil."  This  is  in  substance  the  declaration 
oft  repeated  in  the  Ohio  platform.  The  exact  language  it  is  not 
intended  here  to  repeat. 

The  conservative  element  at  that  early  time  was  in  con- 
siderable measure  found  in  the  ranks  of  the  Whig  party.    Thomas- 


300  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Corwin,  himself  a  son  of  Kentucky,  Samuel  F.  Vinton,  and 
many  otHers,  were  highly  conservative  and  did  not  join  with  the 
Abolitionists.  Notably  Mr.  V.  B.  Horton  was  firmly  fixed  in 
the  ranks  of  the  more  moderate  men  of  ante-bellum  days. 

The  anti-slavery  sentiment  moved  slowly  in  Ohio,  although 
there  was  bitter  opposition  to  slavery,  and  a  great  body  of  able 
men  advocated  the  doctrines  of  Giddings,  Chase  and  others.  Yet 
not  until  John  Sherman  headed  a  convention  at  Columbus,  was 
the  Republican  party  fully  organized  upon  the  basis  of  free 
speech,  free  soil,  free  territory,  and  free  men. 

Then  it  was  that  a  readjustment  of  old  party  lines  took 
place  in  Ohio,  and  the  Republican  party  of  that  early  day  was 
made  up  of  Democrats  and  Whigs,  who  were  anti-slavery  men 
and  who  believed  in  the  platform  of  the  new  party.  The  Re- 
publican party  proper  in  Ohio  had  such  men  as  Giddings, 
Schenck,  Vinton  and  others,  but  these  three  men  represented 
three  distinct  elements,  one  the  Abolitionist,  another  the  con- 
servative Whigs,  and  the  third,  the  fiery,  able,  indefatigable 
leader  Robert  C.  Schenck.  No  man  filled  a  place  in  Congress  from 
Ohio  with  greater  fame  as  a  leader,  debater  and  wise  statesman 
than  did  Schenck.  Columbus  Delano  came  into  the  Twenty-ninth 
Congress  and  was  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  great  contests 
that  preceded  the  war.  He  served  three  terms  with  great  dis- 
tinction and  joined  with  his  associates  in  resisting  the  aggres- 
sions of  slavery.  But  John  Sherman,  who  served  four  terms  in 
the  House  of  Representatives,  distinguished  himself  above  all 
•others  by  his  determined  opposition  to  the  domination  of  slavery. 
It  was  John  Sherman,  at  the  head  of  a  committee,  that  laid  bare 
the  wrongs  and  outrages  in  the  elections  in  Kansas.  It  was 
John  Sherman  who,  voicing  the  sentiment  of  a  majority  of  the 
people  of  Ohio,  hurled  defiance  in  the  face  of  the  radical  ag- 
gressive element  of  the  South,  and  brought  upon  himself  the 
-criticism  and  opposition  of  the  conservative  Whig  element  of 
Ohio,  and  it  was  the  votes  of  Ohio  congressmen,  elected  as 
Whigs,  that  defeated  his  election  as  speaker,  the  keynote  of 
the  opposition  being  an  endorsement  of  a  certain  anti-slavery 
publication  known  as  the  ''Helper  Book."     But  Ohio  then  stood 


Ohio  Centennial.  301 

conspicuous  in  the  ranks  of  the  leaders  of  thought  and  progress, 
as  she  has  done  at  all  times. 

Sherman  entered  Congress  in  the  Thirty-fourth  Congress, 
and  left  it  at  the  close  of  the  Thirty-seventh.  In  the  Thirty- 
fourth  Congress  he  had  as  colleagues,  among  others  from  Ohio, 
John  A.  Bingham,  Lewis  D.  Campbell,  Samuel  Galloway,  Joshua 
R.  Giddings,  Valentine  B.  Horton,  Oscar  F.  Moore,  Benjamin 
Stanton  and  others.  Here  was  a  galaxy  of  strong  men,  all  new 
to  Congress  except  Giddings,  but  all  typical  representatives  of 
the  great  spirit  that,  emanating  from  the  conditions  to  which 
reference  has  already  been  made,  placed  Ohio  then,  as  now  and 
always,  in  the  front  ranks  of  progress  and  patriotism.  These 
men  were  our  representatives  prior  to  the  war. 

The  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth  and  Thirty-sixth  Congresses 
brought  us  to  the  culmination  of  organized  rebellion.  Samuel 
S.  Cox,  of  Ohio,  came  in  the  Thirty-fifth  Congress  as  did  also 
George  H.  Pendleton.  Mr.  Cox  was  a  young  man  of  great 
promise  and  foreshadowed  the  brilliant  career  that  he  after- 
wards had  as  a  representative  from  Ohio  and  from  New  York, 
He  ably  represented  the  central  district  of  Ohio  in  four  Con- 
gresses. George  H.  Pendleton  served  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, four  Congresses,  one  term  in  the  Senate,  and  after- 
wards died  abroad  as  minister  to  Germany.  Charles  D.  Mar- 
tin with  Vallandingham  and  Gary  A.  Trimble,  were  members 
of  the  Thirty-sixth  Congress,  all  young  men,  full  of  life,  vigor 
and  great  ability.  Vallandingham  made  a  career;  Trirhble 
served  with  ability,  and  it  has  always  been  regretted  that  Charles 
D.  Martin,  who  gave  assurance  of  great  achievements,  did  not 
continue  longer  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  He  had  the 
conspicuous  ability  which  makes  leadership  possible  and  he  had 
the  education  and  ambition  that  would  have  early  made  him 
prominent  had  he  remained  longer.  C.  B.  Tompkins,  splendid 
orator,  warm-hearted  patriot,  champion  of  the  down-trodden, 
was  a  colleague  of  Sherman  and  Giddings  in  these  great  contests. 

Wells  A.  Hutchins,  clear-headed,  able,  brilliant,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress.  This  brilliant  galaxy  of 
statesmen  were  the  representatives  of  Ohio  in  the  Congresses 
that  preceded  the  war.     Sherman  was  the  true  leader  of  Ohio 


•302  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications, 

.sentiment  as  it  finally  developed,  but  there  was  no  delegation 
in  these  Congresses,  the  period  of  whose  existence  led  up  to 
the  Civil  War,  that  had  superior  ability  to  that. from  Ohio. 

Passing  the  epoch  that  preceded  the  war  and  coming  into 
the  years  and  times  that  tried  the  foundations  of  the  Govern- 
ment, we  find  Ohio  strong,  vigorous  and  potential.  Some  of 
those  to  which  special  reference  has  already  been  made  came 
forward  and  served  in  the  Congresses  of  reconstruction.  There 
is  no  period  of  American  history  where  real  statesmanship, 
profound  learning  and  undaunted  loyalty  were  of  higher  worth 
than  in  the  Congresses  during  and  succeeding  the  war. 

Garfield  went  to  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress  and  found 
Hutchins,  Long,  Cox,  Pendleton,  Schenck,  Spalding  and  others 
his  colleagues.  Garfield  served  for  eighteen  years,  and  during 
that  period  of  time  the  country  merged  from  the  closing  hours 
•of  the  great  war  all  through  the  travail  of  reconstruction,  and 
the  horrors  of  inflated  currency,  and  he  closed  his  career  in 
Congress  when  resumption  of  specie  payments  had  put  the  cap- 
stone upon  the  temple  of  a  reunited,  reinvigorated  and  prosperous 
nation. 

Garfield  had  mighty  influence  in  _ the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. He  served  as  chairman  of  the  committees  on  Military 
Afifairs,  Banking  and  Currency,  Ways  and  Means,  and  other 
important  committees,  and  was,  in  all  respects,  an  acknowledged 
leader  of  thought  and  action..  He  had  with  him  during  his 
career  in  these  positions  of  leadership  able  men.  In  the  Thirty- 
ninth  Congress  there  came  from  Ohio,  Plants,  a  clear-headed, 
able  man,  and  Martin  Welker,  and  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  after- 
wards to  become  president  of  the  United  States. 

It  may  be  remarked  in  this  connection  that  the  men  from 
Ohio  who  achieved  distinction  in  the  years  that  followed  the 
war  were  almost  without  exception  men  who  had  served  the 
country  upon  the  battlefield.  The  country  was  appreciative  of 
their  services  and  responded  gratefully  to  the  suggestion  of  their 
promotions  in  civil  life. 

Among  the  men  who,  perhaps, "  more  than  others  dis- 
tinguished themselves  in  the  period  of  reconstruction,  it  is  just 
to  remember  Samuel  Shellabarger,  who  entered  Congress  in  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  303 

Thirty-seventh  Congress.  He  served  with  great  distinction,  a 
colleague  of  Bingham.  He  w^as  a  member  of  the  Thirty-seventh, 
Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth  and  Forty-second  Congresses,  a  period 
v^^hich  carried  him  through  the  great  reconstruction  event.  No 
men  did  more  than  Shellabarger  and  Bingham  in  shaping  the 
reconstruction  policy  of  the  Government.  They  stood  together 
upon  nearly  all  the  important  questions,  and  without  an  ex- 
ception no  men  from  Ohio  ever  did  more  for  the  good  of  the 
country  than  did  Shellabarger  and  Bingham. 

The  Fourteenth  amendment  to  the  constitution  was  the 
handiwork,  it  is  said,  in  its  phraseology,  of  Mr.  Bingham. 
Whether  the  proposition  of  Thad.  Stevens,  of  Pennsylvania, 
would  not  have  better  met  the  exigencies  of  this  time,  is  a 
subject  that  will  bear  argument  and  discussion  on  both  sides. 

Moving  forward  now  to  the  period  when  the  great  ques- 
tion was  one  of  finance,  we  find  Ewing  and  Warner  and  others 
from  Ohio,  prominent  and  distinguished  as  advocates  of  a  system 
of  finance  which  was  not  agreed  to,-  and  was  not  adopted  by 
Congress  or  by  the  people,  but  they  were  men  of  great  ability 
and  fearlessly  stood  by  the  positions  which  they  assumed,  but 
Garfield,  Lawrence,  Beatty,  Bingham,  Delano,  Eggleston,  Hayes, 
Schenck,  Shellabarger  and  Wilson,  formed  a  body  of  men  that 
stood  for  the  Ohio  idea,  for  sound  money,  specie  resumption 
and  national  credit.  There  came  a  time  when  a  direct  vote 
was  had  in  the  House  of  Representatives  proposing  the  repeal 
of  the  resumption  act,  and  so  strong  was  the  hold  upon  the 
minds  of  the  people  that  resumption  pn  January  i,  1879,  was 
too  early,  that  Republicans  of  strong  faith  faltered  and  fell. 
Three  Republicans  from  Ohio  in  the  Congress,  when  this  issue 
was  squarely  made,  voted  to  repeal  the  resumption  act,  but 
Lorenzo  Danford,  J.  Warren  Keifer,  Charles  Foster  and  the 
men  of  that  class,  true  types  of  Republican  doctrine,  stood  un- 
terrified  and  unstampeded.  These  men  were  entitled  to  great 
credit  for  they  stood  for  a  principle  which  was  not  popular 
with  the  masses,  and  their  vindication  has  come  in  the  results 
of  their  action  and  is  written  in  the  history  of  the  country. 

The  tarifif  question  has  been  always  a  political  one.  It 
was  political  in  1787  and  it  is  political  in   1903,  and  no  shift 


304  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

or  device  can  ever  take  the  question  of  tariff  out  of  the  politics 
of  the  country  until  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  is 
materially  amended.  So  long  as  it  is  provided  in  the  organic 
law  of  the  country  that  bills  for  the  raising:  of  revenue  must 
originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  questions  of  high 
duties,  low  duties,  and  no  duties,  will  be  questions  of  politics. 
There  is  involved  in  it  principles  and  ideas,  fundamental  in  their 
character,  and  necessarily  proper  subjects  of  political  division. 
Ohio  has  led  in  the  discussions  upon  this  great  question.  In 
the  House  of  Representatives,  where  tariff  legislation  must  nec- 
essarily arise,  the  battle  has  been  waged  long  and  hard,  and 
Ohio  has  been  conspicuous  on  the  firing  line  of  every  contest. 
Garfield,  as  a  member  of  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee,  was 
a  champion  of  protective  tariff,  not  possibly  with  the  enthusiasm' 
and  certainty  of  the  future  that  were  involved  in  the  charac- 
teristics of  William  McKinley,  but  Schenck,  Lawrence,  Delano 
and  Foster  were  leaders  upon  this  question,  and  then  came 
the  man  who  outstripped  them  all  as  the  champion  of  protec- 
tion to  American  capital  and  American  industry,  and  a  leader 
that  fought  unceasingly.  As  a  defender  of  all  assaults  no  man 
in  the  House  of  Representatives  has  outranked  William  Mc- 
Kinley. I  quite  remember  the  successful  leadership  of  Wil- 
liam D.  Kelley,  I  quite  remem_ber  Morrill,  of  Vermont,  but  no 
man  ever  achieved  greater  distinction  and  accomplished  greater 
results  in  this  field  of  politics  than  did  William  McKinley.  As 
a  member  of  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee,  and  finally  its 
chairman,  he  led  the  battle  in  1890,  and  placed  upon  the  statute 
books  the  law  that  bore  his  name,  and  when  a  seeming  rebuke 
was  administered  and  it  appeared  that  the  country  had  turned 
against  his  policy,  he  never  faltered  in  his  faith,  he  never  lowered 
his  standard,  he  stood  as  a  rock  immovable  with  the  utmost 
confidence  that  the  verdict  of  1892  would  be  reversed,  and  he 
lived  to  see  at  the  end  of  four  short  years  the  labor  of  his 
own  hands  prosper.  As  a  leader  on  the  floor  of  the  House 
McKinley  has  had  no  superior  in  this  generation.  Around  him 
stood  the  champions  of  protection,  and  the  leaders  of  political 
action  in  that  direction.  They  took  their  orders  from  McKinley 
and  fought  the  great  battle  of  1890  under  his  direction. 


Ohio  Centennial.  305 

Coming  to  the  presidency,  McKinley  brought  with  him  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  House  of  Representatives;  he 
brought  with  iiim  a  full  knowledge  of  the  history  of  the  leg- 
islation of  the  country  upon  the  great  economic  questions  of  the 
day,  but  this  is  not  the  time  or  place  for  personal  eulogy ;  we 
are  talkmg  about  the  influence  and  power  that  has  been  exerted 
by  Ohio  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Especially  important  were  the  services  of  Butterworth, 
Outhwaite  and  Foster,  the  latter  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  busi- 
ness representatives  we  ever  had  in  the  House,  and  there  are 
others,  which  time  will  not  permit  me  to  refer  to.  All  of 
them  achieved  reputations,  did  good  work  for  their  country, 
and  placed  Ohio  in  the  front  rank  of  legislative  power. 

Ohio  lias  l)een  honored  by  the  speakership  of  the  National 
House  of  Representatives  only  once  during  her  hundred  years 
of  statehood — indeed  her  representatives  have  seldom  been  can- 
didates. The  most  notable  candidacy,  aside  from  the  success- 
ful one,  was  that  of  McKinley,  who  sought  the  speakership 
of  the  Fifty-first  Congress.  His  defeat  made  him  chairman  of 
the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  and  gave  him  the  great  promi- 
nence that  he  attained  in  the  politics  of  the  country  and  doubt- 
less did  more  to  make  him  president  than  any  one  event ;  but  Gen- 
eral Joseph  Warren  Keifer  was  elected  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  the  Forty-eighth  Congress.  He  had  served 
with  great  distinction  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  and  has 
served  in  the  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth  and  Forty-seventh  Con- 
gresses, and  having  been  re-elected  to  the  Forty-eighth,  became 
at  once  a  candidate  for  speaker  and  was  successful.  He  at- 
tained prominence  and  distinction  in  the  chair  of  the  presiding- 
officer.  He  was  a  lawyer  of  great  ability  and  mastered  the 
complications  of  parliamentary  law,  so  that  his  decisions  upon 
points  of  order  have  been  notable  and  recognized  as  satisfactory 
precedents.  He  retired  at  the  end  of  the  Forty-eighth  Con- 
gress, but  he  served  again  as  major-general  during  the  Spanish 
War  and  is  still  alive  and  we  are  all  delighted  to  see  him  here 
present,  hale,  hearty  and  vigorous. 

o.  c— 20 


306  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

It  will  be  seen  that  I  have  not  referred  by  name  to  any  of 
the  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  now  representing 
our  state.  In  the  aggregate  and  as  a  body  they  are  sober, 
honest,  upright,  able  men.  They  stand  with  repute  and  credit 
among  their  fellows.  Comparisons  would  be  odious  and  in- 
vidious distinctions  improper.  In  closing  it  may  be  well  said, 
and  I  say  it  with  great  pride,  that  so  far  as  I  can  recall  Ohio 
has  never  been  called  upon  to  hide  her  face  in  shame  because 
of  the  official  conduct  of  her  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. They  have  stood-in  the  blaze  of  light  of  the  Nation's 
observation,  and  have  stood  a  reputable,  earnest,  patriotic,  and 
distinguished  body  of  men.  For  a  hundred  years  the  people 
of  Ohio  have  been  earnestly,  strongly,  efficiently  represented, 
and  to-day  looking  forward  as  far  as  it  is  possible  for  human 
insight  to  look,  there  is  nothing  to  discourage  gur  people,  but 
everything  to  make  them  proud  of  their  standing  in  this  great 
branch  of  the  people's  government.  And  so  we  stand  to-day 
liere  in  this  famous  city,  the  first  capital  of  the  great  state,  with 
profound  gratitude  to  Almighty  God  who  has  given  us  homes 
and  locations  and  roof-trees  under  Ohio's  constitution,  proud 
of  our  state  government,  grateful  for  the  heroism  of  our  soldiers 
and  enthusiastically  looking  to  the  future. 

Here  is  appended  a  list  of  the  representatives  from  Ohio 
from  the  organization  of  the  state  down  to  and  including  the 
current  Congress,  the  Fifty-eighth.  It  was  compiled  by  Colonel 
Taylor,  and  I  have,  with  his  consent,  copied  it  from  his  inter- 
esting book  on  ''Ohio  in  Congress." 

REPRESENTATIVES 

In  their  alphabetical  order.  The  numbers  following  the  name  indicate  the 
Congress  or  Congresses  in  which  the  representative  served,  or  to 
which  he  was  elected,  with  the  county  of  his  residence.  The  changes 
of  membership  resulting  from  deaths,  resignations  and  contests  are 
noted  at  the  foot  of  the  preceding  division: 

Albright,  Charles  J.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Guernsey  County. 

Allen.  John  W.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Cuyahoga.  , 

Allen.  William.  —  Twenty-third,  Ross. 

Allen,   William. —  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh,  Darlc^. 

Alexander,  James.  Jr.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Belmont. 


Ohio  Centennial.  307 

Alexander,  John.  —  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  Greene. 

Ambler,  Jacob  A.  —  Forty-first,  Forty-second,  Columbiana. 

Anderson,  Charles  M.  —  Forty-ninth,  Darke. 

Andrews,   Sherlock  J.  —  Twenty-seventh,  Cuyahoga. 

Ashley,     James     Al.  —  Thirty-sixth,     Thirty-seventh,     Thirty-eighth,- 
Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Lucas. 

Atherton,  Gibson.  —  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh,  Licking. 

Badger,  DeWitt  C.  —  Fifty-eighth,  Franklin. 

Ball,  Edward.  —  Thirty-third,  Thirty-fourth,  Muskingum. 

Banning,    Henry   B.  —  Forty-third,    Forty-fourth,    Forty-fifth,    Ham- 
ilton. 

Barber,   Levi.  —  Fifteenth,   Sixteenth,  Washington. 

Barrere.   Nelson.  —  Thirty-second,  Adams. 

Bartley,     Mordecai.  —  Eighteenth,    Nineteenth,    Twentieth,    Twenty- 
first,  Richland. 

Beach,  Clifton  B.  —  Fifty-fourth,   Fifty-fifth,  Cuyahoga. 

Beall,  Rezin.  —  Thirteenth,  Wayne. 

Beatty,  John.  —  Fortieth,   Forty-first,   Forty-second,   Morrow. 

Beecher,    Philemon.  —  Fifteenth,    Sixteenth,    Eighteenth,    Nineteenth, 
Twentieth,  Fairfield. 

Beideer,  Jacob  A.  —  Fifty-seventh.   Fifty-eighth,  Cuyahoga. 

Bell,   Hiram.  —  Thirty-second,    Darke. 

Bell,  James  M.  —  Twenty-third,  Guernsey. 

Bell,  John.  —  Thirty-first,  Sandusky. 

Berry,  John.  —  Forty-third,  Wyandot. 

Bingham,  John  A.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth,  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty- 
seventh,  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Forty-first,  Forty-second,  Harrison. 

Blake,  Harrison  G.  —  Thirty-sixth.  Thirty-seventh,   Medina. 

Bliss,  George.  —  Thirty-third,  Portage ;  Thirty-eighth,  Wayne. 

Bliss,  Philomen.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth.  Lorain. 

Bond,    William    Key.  —  Twenty-fourth,    Twenty-fifth,    Twenty-sixth, 
Ross. 

Boothman,  M.  M.  —  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Williams. 

Brenner,  John   L.  —  Fifty-fifth,   Fifty-sixth,    Montgomery. 

Brinkerhoff,  Henry  R.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Huron. 

Brinkerhoff,  Jacob.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth,  Richland. 

Bromwell,    Jacob    H.  —  Fifty-third,    Fifty-fourth,    Fifty-fifth,    Fifty- 
sixth,  Fifty-seventh,  Hamilton. 

Brown.  Charles  E.  —  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Hamilton. 

Brown.   Seth  W.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth,  Warren. 

Brush,   Henrj.  —  Sixteenth,   Ross. 

Buckland,  Ralph  E.  ^ — Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Sandusky. 

Bundy,  Hezekiah  H.  —  Thirty-ninth,  Forty-third,  Fifty-third,  Jackson. 
.;  -     Burns,   Joseph.  —  Thirty-fifth,    Coshocton. 

Burton.    Theodore    E.  —  Fifty-first,    Fifty-fourth.    Fifty-fifth,    Fifty- 
sixth.  Fifty-seventh.  Fifty-eighth,  Cuyahoera. 


Ohio  Arch.  cDid  His.  Society  Publications. 

Busby,  George  H.  —  Thirty-second,  Marion. 

Butterworth,  Benjamin.  —  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh,  Forty-ninth, 
Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Hamilton. 

Cable,  Joseph.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,   Carroll. 

Caldwell,  James.  —  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  Belmont. 

Caldwell,  John  A.  —  Fifty-first,  Fifty-second,   Fifty-third,  Hamilton. 

Campbell,  James  E.  —  Forty-eighth,  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Butler. 

Campbell,  John  W.  —  Fifteenth,  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth, 
Nineteenth,  Adams. 

Campbell,  Lewis  D.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,  Thirty-third, 
Thirty-fourth,   Thirty-fifth,   Forty-second,   Butler. 

Canby,   Richard  S.  —  Thirtieth,   Logan. 

Carey,  John.  —  Thirty-sixth,   Wyandot. 

Cary,  Samuel  F.  —  Fortieth,  Hamilton. 

Cartter,  David  K.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,  Stark. 

Cassingham,  John  W.,  Fifty-seventh,  Fifty-eighth,  Coshocton. 

Chambers,  David.  —  Seventeenth,  Muskingum. 

Chaney,  John.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-fifth,  Fairfield. 

Clark,  Reader  W.  —  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Clermont. 

Clendenen,  David.  —  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  Trumbull. 

Cockerill,  Joseph  R.  —  Thirty-fifth,  Adams. 

Coffin,  Charles  D.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Columbiana. 

Converse,  George  L.  —  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh,  Forty-eighth, 
Franklin. 

Cook,  Eleutheros.  —  Twenty-second,  Huron. 

Cooper,  William  C.' —  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Knox. 

Corwin,  Moses  B.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,  Champaign. 

Corwin,  Thomas.  —  Twenty-second,  Twenty-third,  Twenty- fourth. 
Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh,  Warren. 

Cowen,    Benjamin    S. — Twenty-seventh,    Belmont. 

Cowen,  Jacob  P.  —  Forty-fourth,  Ashland. 

Cox,  Jacob  Dolson.  —  Forty-fifth,  Lucas. 

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan. —Thirty-fifth,  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh, 
Thirty-eighth,  Franklin. 

Crane,  Joseph  H.  —  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Twenty-third,. 
Twenty-fourth,   Montgomery. 

Creighton,  William,  Jr.  —  Thirteenth,  Fourfeenth,  Twentieth,  Twenty- 
first,  Twenty-second,  Ross. 

Crouse,  George  W.  —  Fiftieth,  Summit. 

Crowell,  John.  —  Thirtieth,  Thirty-first,  Trumbull. 

Cummins,  John  D.  —  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth,  Tuscarawas. 

Cunningham.  Francis  A.  —  Twenty-ninth,  Preble. 

Cutler,  William   P.  —  Thirty-seventh,  Washington. 

Danford,  Lorenzo.  —  Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  Forty-fifth,  Fifty- 
fourth,   Fifty-fifth,   Fifty-sixth.   Belmont. 

Davenport,    John.  —  Twentieth,    Belmont. 


Ohio  Centennial.  309 

Dawes,  Rufus  R.  —  Forty-seventh,  Washington. 

Day,  Timothy  C.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Hamilton. 

Dean,  Ezra.  —  Twenty-seventh,  Twenty-eighth,  Wayne. 

Delano,   Columbus.  —  Twenty-ninth,   Thirty-ninth,   Fortieth,   Knox. 

DeWitt,    Francis   B.  —  Fifty-fourth,    Paulding. 

Dick,  Charles.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth,  Fifty-seventh,  Fifty-eighth, 
Summit. 

Dickey,  Henry  L.  —  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth,  Highland. 

Dickinson,  Edward  F.  —  Forty-first,  Sandusky. 

Dickinson.  Rudolphus.  —  Thirtieth,  Sandusky. 

Disney,  David  T.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,  Thirty-third,  Ham- 
ilton. 

Doan,   Robert  E.  —  Fifty-second,   Clinton. 

Doane,    William.  —  Twenty-sixth,   Twenty-seventh,    Cuyahoga. 

Dodds,   Ozro,  J.  —  Forty-second,   Hamilton. 

Donovan,  Dennis  D.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Henry. 

Duncan,  Alexander.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-eighth, 
Hamilton. 

Duncan,  Daniel.  —  Thirtieth,  Licking. 

Dungan,  Irvine.  —  Fifty-second,  Jackson. 

Eckley,  Ephraim  R.  —  Thirty-eighth,  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Carroll. 

Edgerton,  Alfred   P.  —  Thirty-second,  Thirty-third,  Defiance. 

Edgerton,   Sidney.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh,   Summit. 

Edwards,  John  S.  —  Thirteenth,  Trumbull. 

Edwards,  Thomas  O.  —  Thirtieth,  Fairfield. 

Eggleston,  Benjamin.  —  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth.  Hamilton. 

Ellison,  Andrew.  —  Thirty-third,   Brown. 

Ellsberry,  William  W.  —  Forty-ninth,  Brown. 

Emerie,  Jonas  R.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Highland. 

Enochs,  William  H.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Lawrence. 

Evans,  Nathan.  —  Thirtieth,  Thirty-second,  Guernsey. 

Ewing,  Thomas.  —  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth,  Fairfield. 

Faran,  James  J,  —  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth,   Hamilton. 

Fenton,  Lucien  J.  —  Fifty-fourth,  Fifty-fifth,  Adams. 

Finck,  William  E.  —  Thirty-eighth,  Thirty-ninth,  Forty-third,  Perry. 

Findlay,  James.  —  Nineteenth,  Twentieth,  Twenty-first,  Twenty- 
second,  Hamilton. 

Finlcy,  Ebenezer  B.  —  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth,  Crawford. 

Fisher,   David.  —  Thirtieth,   Clinton. 

Florence,   Elias.  —  Twenty-eighth,    Pickaway. 

Follett,  John  F.  —  Forty-eighth,  Hamilton. 

Foran,    Martin    A.  —  Forty-'eighth,    Forty-ninth,    Fiftieth,    Cuyahoga. 

Foster,  Charles.  —  Forty-second,  Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  Forty- 
fifth,  Seneca. 

Fries,  George.  —  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth,   Columbiana. 


310  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Galloway,   Samuel.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Franklin. 

Gantz,   Martin   K.  —  Fifty-second.   Miami. 

Garber,  Harvey  C.  —  Fifty-eighth,   Darke. 

Gardner,  Mills.  —  Forty-fifth,  Fayette. 

Garfield,  James  A.  —  Thirty-eighth,  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Forty- 
first,  Forty-second,  Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth, 
Portage. 

Gaylord,  James  M.  —  Thirty-second,  Morgan. 

Gazlay,  James.  —  Eighteenth,  Hamilton. 

Geddes,  George  W.  —  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh,  Forty-eighth,  Forty- 
ninth,  Richland. 

Giddings,  Joshua  R.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh, 
Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth,  Thirty-fir.st.  Thirty-second, 
Thirty-third,  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth,  Ashtabula. 

Gill,   Joseph   J.  —  Fifty-sixth,    Fifty-seventh,    Fifty-eighth,    Jefferson. 

Goebel,   Herman   P.  —  Hamilton. 

Goode,  Patrick  G.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh, 
Shelby. 

Goodenow,  John  M.  —  Twenty-first,  Jefferson. 

Gordon,  Robert  B.  —  Fifty-sixth,   Fifty-seventh,  Auglaize. 

Green,  Frederick  W.  —  Thirty-second,  Thirty-third,  Seneca. 

Groesbeck,  William  S.  —  Thirty-fifth,  Hamilton. 

Grosvenor,  Charles  H.  —  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Fifty- 
third,  Fifty-fourth,  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth,  Fifty-seventh,  Fifty-eighth, 
Athens. 

Gunckel,    Lewis    B.  —  Forty-third,    Montgomery. 

Gurley,  John  A.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh,  Hamilton. 

Hall,  Lawrence  W.  —  Thirty-fifth,  Crawford. 

Hamer,  Thomas  L.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-fifth, 
Thirtieth,  Brown. 

Hamilton,  Cornelius  S.  —  Fortieth,  Union. 
.Hamlin,  Edward  S.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Lorain. 

Hare,  Darius  Dodge.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Wyandot. 

Harlan,    Aaron.  —  Thirty-third,    Thirty-fourth,    Thirty-fifth,    Greene. 

Harp-er,  Alexander.  —  Twenty-fifth.  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth, 
Thirty-second,  Muskingum. 

Harris,   Stephen  D.  —  Fifty-fourth,   Crawford. 

Harrison,  John  Scott.  —  Thirty-third,  Thirty-fourth,  Hamilton. 

Harrison,  Richard  A.  —  Thirty-seventh,  Madison. 

Harrison.  William  Henry.  —  Fourteenth,  Fifteenth,  Hamilton. 

Hart,  Alphonso.  —  Forty-eighth.   Highland. 

Harter,  Michael  D.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Richland. 

Hastings,  John.  —  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh,  Columbiana. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B.  —  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Hamilton. 

Haynes,  William  E.  —  Fifty-first,  Fifty-second,  Sandusky. 


Ohio  Centennial.  311 

Helmick,  William.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Tuscarawas. 

Herrick,  Samuel.  —  Fifteenth,  Sixteenth,  Muskingum. 

Hildebrand,   Charles   Q.  —  Fifty-seventh,   Fifty-eighth,   Clinton. 

Hill,  William  D.  —  Forty-sixth,  Forty-eighth,  Forty-ninth,   Defiance. 

Hitchcock,  Peter.  —  Fifteenth,  Geauga. 

Hoag,  Truman.  —  Forty-first,  Lucas. 

Hoagland,  Moses.  —  Thirty-first,  Holmes. 

Horton,  Valentine  B.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth,  Thirty-seventh, 
Meigs. 

Houk,  George  W.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Montgomery. 

Howard,  William.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Clermont. 

Howell,  Elias.  —  Twenty-fourth,  Licking. 

Hubbell,  James  R.  —  Thirty-ninth,  Delaware. 

Hulick,  George  W.  —  Fifty-third,  Fifty-fourth,  Clermont. 

Hunter,  William  H.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Huron. 

Hunter,  William  F.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,  Huron. 

Hurd,    Frank    H.  —  Forty- fourth,    Forty-sixth,    Forty-e'ghth,    Lucas. 

Hutchins,  John.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh,  Trumbull. 

Hutchins,  Wells  A.  —  Thirty-eighth,  Scioto. 

Ikirt,  George  P.  —  Fifty-third,  Columbiana. 

Irwin,  William  W.  —  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Fairfield. 

Jackson,  Amos  H.  —  Fifty-eighth,   Sandusky. 

Jennings,  David.  —  Nineteenth,  Belmont. 

Jewett,  Hugh  J.  —  Forty-third,   Franklin. 

Johnson,  Harvey  H.  —  Thirty-third,  Ashland. 

Johnson,  John.  —  Thirty-second,  Coshocton. 

Johnson,  Perley  B.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Morgan. 

Johnson,  Tom  L.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Cuyahoga. 

Johnson,  William.  —  Thirty-eighth,  Richland. 

Jones,   Benjamin.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Wayne. 

Jones,  John  S.  —  Forty-fifth,  Delaware. 

Jordan,  Isaac  M.  —  Forty-eighth,  Hamilton. 

Keifer,  J  Warren.  —  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth.  Forty-seventh.  Forty- 
eighth,  Clark. 

Kennedy,  James.  —  Fifty-eighth,  Mahoning. 

Kennedy,  Robert  P.  —  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Logan. 

Kennon,  William.  —  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Twenty-fourth, 
Belmont. 

Kennon,   William.   Jr.  —  Thirtieth,   Belmont. 

Kerr,  Winfield  Scott.  —  Fifty-fourth,  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixtli,  Rich- 
land. 

Kilbourne,  James.  —  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  Franklin. 

Kilgore,  Daniel.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-fifth,  Har- 
rison. 

Kyle,  Thomas  B.  —  Fifty-seventh.   Fifty-eighth.   Miami. 


312  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Lahm,   Samuel.  —  Thirtieth,   Stark. 

Lamison,  Charles  N.  —  Forty-second,  Forty-third,  Allen. 

Lawrence,   William.  —  Thirty-fifth,  Guernsey. 

Lawrence,  William.  —  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Forty-first,  Forty-third, 
Forty-fourth,  Logan. 

Layton,  Fernando  C.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Fifty-fourth,  Au- 
glaize. 

Leadbetter,  Daniel  F.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Holmes. 

Leavitt,  Humphrey  H.  —  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Twenty-third, 
JeflFerson. 

Le  Blond,  Francis  C.  —  Thirty-eight,;  Thirty-ninth,  Mercer. 

Leedom,  John   P.  —  Forty-seventh,   Adams. 

LeFevre,  Benjamin.  —  Forty-sixth,  Forty-sevenlh,  Forty-eighth, 
Forty-ninth,  Shelby. 

Leiter,  Benjamin  F.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth.   Stark. 

Lentz,  John  J.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth.  Franklin. 

Lindsley,  William  D.  —  Thirty-third,  Erie. 

Little,  John.  —  Forty-ninth,  Greene. 

Long,   Alexander.  —  Thirty-eighth,   Hamilton. 

Longworth,   Nicholas.  —  Fifty-eighth,  Hamilton. 

Loomis,  Andrew  W.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Columbiana. 

Lybrand,  Archibald.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth.  Delaware. 

Lytle,   Robert   T.  —  Twenty-third,   Hamilton. 

Marshall,  George  A.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Shelby. 

Martin,  Charles  D.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Fairfield. 

Mason,  Samson.  —  Twenty- fourth.  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth, 
Twenty-seventh,    Clark. 

Mathiot,  Joshua.  —  Twenty-seventh,   Licking. 

Matthews,  James.  —  Twenty-s'eventh,  Twenty-eighth,  Coshocton. 

Medill,  William.  —  Twenty-sixth.  Twenty-seventh,  Fairfield. 

Meekison,  David.  —  Fifty-fifth,   Fifty-sixth,  Henry. 

Miller,  John  K.  —  Thirtieth,  Thirty-first.  Knox. 

Miller,  Joseph.  —  Thirty-fifth,  Ross. 

Mitchell,    Robert.  —  Twenty-third,    Muskingum. 

Monro'e,  James.  —  Forty-second,  Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  Forty- 
fifth,  Forty-sixth.  Lorain. 

Moore,  Eliakim  H.  —  Forty-first.  Athens. 

Moore,  Heman  A.  —  Twenty-eighth.  Franklin. 

Moore.  Oscar  F.  —  Thirty-fourth.   Scioto. 

Morey,    Henry   L.  —  Forty-seventh.    Forty-eighth.    Fifty-first,    Butler. 

Mgrgan,  George  W.  —  Fortieth,  Forty-first.  Forty-second,  Knox^ 

Morgan,  Stephen.  —  Fifty-sixth,  Fifty-s'eventh.  Fifty-eighth,  Jackson. 

Morris,  Calvary.  —  Twenty-fifth.  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh, 
Athens. 

Morris,  James  R. -^  Thirty-seventh.  Thirty-eighth. 'Monroe. 


Ohio  Centennial.  313 

Morris,  Jonathan  D.  —  Thirtieth,  Thirty-first,  Cl'ermont. 

Morris,  Joseph.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth,  Monroe. 

Morrow,  Jeremiah.  —  Eighth,  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  Twelfth, 
Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh,  Warren. 

Mott,  Richard.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth,  Lucas. 

Muhlenburg,   Francis.  —  Twentieth,   Pickaway. 

Mungen,  William.  —  Fortieth,  Forty-first,  Hancock. 

Murray,   Robert   Maynard.  —  Forty-eighth,   Miami. 

McArthur,    Duncan.  —  Thirteenth,    Eighteenth,    Ross. 

McDowell,  John  A.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth,  Holmes. 

McDowell,  Joseph  J.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth.  Highland. 

McCauslin,  William.  ■ —  Twenty-eighth,   Jefferson. 

McClure,  Addison  H.  —  Forty-seventh,  Fifty- fourth,  W^ayne. 

McCormick,  John  W.  —  Forty-eighth,   Gallia. 

McKinley,  William,  Jr.  —  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh, 
Forty-eighth,   Fiftieth,   Fifty-first,   Stark.  » 

McKinney,  John  F.  —  Thirty-eighth,   Forty-second,  Miami. 

McLean,  John.  —  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  Warren. 

McLean,   William.  —  Eighteenth,    Nineteenth,   Twentieth,   Miami. 

McLene,    Jeremiah.  —  Twenty-third,    Twenty-fourth,    Franklin. 

]\IcMahon,  John  A.  —  Forty-fourth,  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth,  Mont- 
gomery. 

Ncal,  Henry  S.  —  Fort^-fifth,   Forty-sixth,  Fony-seventh,  Lawrence. 

Neal,  Lawrence  T.  —  Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  Ross. 

Nevin,   Robert  AL  —  Fifty-seventh,   Fifty-eighth,   Montgomery. 

Newton,   Eben.  —  Thirty-second,   Mahoning. 

Nicholas,  Matthias  H.  —  Thirty-third,  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth, 
Allen. 

Noble,   Warren   P.  —  Thirty-seventh,   Thirty-eighth,    Seneca. 

Northway,  Stephen  A.  —  Fifty-third,  Fifty-fourth,  Fifty-fifth,  Ash- 
tabula. 

Norton,    James    A.  —  Fifty-fifth,    Fifty-sixth,    Fifty-Seventh,    Seneca. 

Nugcn,   Robert  H.  —  Thirty-seventh,   Tuscarawas. 

Ohliger,  Lewis  P.  —  Fifty-s'econd,  Wayne. 

Olds,  Edson  B.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,  Thirty-third,  Pickaway. 

O'Neill,  John.  —  Thirty-eighth,   Muskingum. 

Outhwaite,  Joseph  H.  —  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first.  Fifty- 
second,  Fifty-third,  Franklin. 

Owens,   James  W.  —  Fifty-first,   Fifty-second,   Licking. 

Paige,  David  R.  —  Forty-eighth,  Summit. 

Parsons,  Richard  C.  —  Forty-third,  Cuyahoga. 

Parrish,  Isaac.  —  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-ninth,  Guernsey. 

Patterson,  John.  —  Eighteenth,  Belmont. 

Patterson,  William.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Richland. 

Pattison,  John  M.  —  Fifty-second,  Clermont. 


314  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Payne,  Henry  B.  —  Forty-fourth,  Cuyahoga. 

Pearson,  Albert  J.  —  Fifty-second,  Fifty-third,  Monroe. 

Peck,  Erasmus  D.  —  Forty-first,  Forty-second,  Wood. 

Pendleton,  George  H.  —  Thirty-fifth,  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh, 
Thirty-eighth,  Hamilton. 

Pendleton,  Nathaniel  G.  —  Twenty-seventh,  Hamilton. 

Perrill,   Augustus  L.  —  Twenty-ninth,  Pickaway. 

Perry,  Aaron  F.  —  Forty-second,  Hamilton. 

Phillips,  Fremont  O.  —  Fifty-sixth,  Medina. 

Plants,   Tobias.  —  Thirty-ninth,   Fortieth,   Meigs. 

Poppleton,  Early  F.  —  Forty-fourth,  Delaware. 

Potter,  Emory  D.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Thirty-first,  Lucas. 

Pugsley,  Jacob  J.  —  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Highland. 

Rice,   xA.mericus  V.  —  Forty-fourth,   Forty-fifth,    Putnam. 

Rice,  John  B.  —  Forty-seventh,  Sandusky. 

Richards,  James  A.  D.  —  Fifty-third,  Tuscarawas. 

Riddle,  Albert  G.  —  Thirty-seventh,  Cuyahoga. 

Ridgway,  Joseph.  —  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh,. 
Franklin. 

Richey,  Thomas.  —  Thirtieth,  Thirty-third,  Lucas. 

Ritchie,  Byron  F.  —  Fifty-third,  Lucas. 

Ritchie,  James  M.  —  Forty-seventh,  Lucas. 

Robinson,  James.  —  Forty-seventh,  Forty-eighth,  Hardin. 

Robinson,  James  W.  —  Forty-third,  Union. 

Romeis.  Jacob.  —  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Lucas. 

Root,  Joseph  M.  —  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth,  Thirty-first,  Huron. 

Ross,   Thomas  R.  —  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth,  Warren. 

Ryssell,  William  —  Twentieth,  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Twenty- 
seventh,  Adams. 

Sapp.  William  R.  —  Thirty^third,  Thirty-fourth,  Knox. 

Savage,   John    S.  —  Forty-fourth,    Clinton. 

Sawyer,   William.  —  Twenty-ninth,   Thirtieth,   Mercer. 

Sayler,    Milton.  —  Forty-third,    Forty-fourth,    Forty-fifth,    Hamilton. 

Schenck.  Robert  C. —  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth,  Thirty- 
first,  Thirty-eighth,  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Forty-first,  Montgomery. 

Schultz,   Emanuel.  —  Forty-seventh.   Montgomery. 

Seney,  George  E.  —  Forty-eighth.  Forty-ninth.  Fiftieth,  Seneca. 

Shannon,  Thomas.  —  Nineteenth.  Belmont. 

Shannon,   Wilson.  —  Thirty-third,   Belmont. 

Shattuc,  William  B.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth,  Fifty-seventh,  Ham- 
ilton. 

Shellabarger,  Samuel. —  Thirty-seventh.  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Forty- 
second,  Clark. 

Sheplar,  Matthias.  —  Twenty-fifth,   Stark. 


Ohio  Centennial.  315 

Sherman,  John.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Thirty-fifth,  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty- 
seventh,  Richland. 

Sherwood,  Isaac  R.  —  Forty-third,  WilHams. 

Shields,  James.  —  Twenty-first,  Butler. 

Skiles,  William  W.  —  Fifty-seventh,  Fifty-eighth,   Richland. 

Sloan,  John.  —  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth,  Nineteenth,  Twen- 
tieth, Wayne. 

Sloane,  Jonathan.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Portage. 

Smith,  John  A.  —  Forty-first,  Forty-second,   Highland. 

Smith,  John  Q.  —  Forty-third,  Clinton. 

Smyser,  Martin  L.  —  Fifty-first,  Wayne. 

Snook,  John  S.  —  Fifty-seventh,  Fifty-eighth,  Paulding. 

Sorg,   Paul  J.  —  Fifty-third,  Fifty- fourth,   Butler. 

Southard,  James  H.  —  Fifty-fourth,  Fifty-fifth,  Fifiy-sixth,  Fifty- 
seventh,  Fifty-eighth,  Lucas. 

Southard,  Milton  I.  —  Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  Forty-fiftli,  Mus- 
kingum. 

Spalding,  Rufus  P. — Thirty-eighth,  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Cuya- 
hoga. 

Spangler,  David.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,   Coshocton. 

Spink,  Cyrus.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Wayne. 

Sprague,  William  P.  —  Forty-s'econd,  Forty-third,  Morgan. 

Stanbery,   William.  —  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Licking. 

Stanton,  Benjamin.  —  Thirty-second,  Thirty-fourth.  Thirty-fifth', 
Thirty-sixth,  Logan. 

Starkweather,  David.  —  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-ninth,  Stark. 

Stevenson,  Job  E.  —  Forty-first,  Forty-second,  Hamilton  . 

St.  John,  Henry.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth.  Seneca. 

Stokely,  Samuel.  —  Twenty-seventh.  Jefferson. 

Stone,  Alfred  P.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Franklin. 

Storer,  Bellamy.  —  Twenty- fourth,  Hamilton. 

Storer,  Bellamy    (second).  —  Fifty-second,   Fifty-third,   Hamilton. 

Strader,  Peter  W.  —  Forty-first,  Hamilton. 

Strong,  Luther  M.  —  Fifty-third,  Fifty-fourth,  Hardin. 

Stuart,  Andrew.  —  Thirty-third,  Jefferson. 

Swearingen,    Henry.  —  Twenty-fifth.    Twenty-sixth,  Jefferson. 

Sweetzer,  Charles.  —  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second,  Delaware. 

Sweney,  George.  —  Twenty-sixth,   Twenty-seventh.    Crawford. 

Taft,  Charles  P.  —  Fifty-fourth,  Hamilton. 

Taylor,  Ezra  B.  —  Forty-seventh,  Forty-eighth,  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth, 
Fifty-first,  Fifty-second,  Trumbull. 

Taylor,  Isaac  H.  —  Forty-ninth,  Carroll. 

Taylor,  John  L.  —  Thirtieth.  Thirty-first,  Thirty-second.  Thirty- 
third,  Ross. 


316  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Taylor,  Jonathan.  —  Twenty-sixth,  Licking. 

Taylor,  Vincent  A.  —  Fifty-second,  Cuyahoga. 

Tayl'er,  Robert  W.  —  Fifty-fourth,  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth,  Fifty- 
.seventh,  Mahoning. 

Theaker,   Thomas  C.  —  Thirty-sixth,   Belmont. 

Thompson,  Albert  C.  —  Forty-ninth.  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Scioto. 

Thompson,  John.  —  Nineteenth,  Ross. 

Thompson,  John." —  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Twenty-third, 
Twenty-fourth,  Columbiana. 

Thurman,  Allen  G.  —  Twenty-ninth,  Ross. 

Tilden,  Daniel  R.  —  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth,  Portage. 

Tompkins,   Cydnor  B.  —  Thirty-fifth,   Thirty-sixth,   Morgan. 

Tompkins,  Emmett.  —  Fifty-seventh,  Franklin. 

Townsend,  Amos.  —  Forty-fifth,  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh,  Cuya- 
hoga. 

Townshend,  Norton  S.  —  Thirty-second,  Lorain. 

Trimble,  Carey  A.  —  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty-seventh,  Ross. 

Updegraff,  Jonathan.  —  Forty-sixth,   Forty-seventh,  Jefferson. 

Upson,  William  H.  —  Forty-first.  Forty- second,  Summit. 

Vallandingham^  Clement  L.  —  Thirtyrfifth,  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty- 
:seventh,  Montgomery. 

Vance,  John  L.  —  Forty-fourth,  Gallia. 

Vance,  Joseph.  —  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth.  Nineteenth.  Twentieth, 
Twenty-first,  Twenty-second.  Twenty-third,  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth, 
Champaign. 

Van   Meter,   John   I.  —  Twenty-eighth,    Pike. 

Van  Trump,  Philadelph.  —  Fortieth,  Forty-first,  Forty-second,  Fair- 
field. 

Van  Voorhis,  Henry  Clay.  —  Fifty-third,  Fifty-fourth.  Fifty-fifth, 
Fifty-sixth.   Fifty-seventh,   Fifty-eighth,    Muskingum. 

Van  Vorhes,  Nelson  H.  —  Forty-fourth.  Forty-fifth,  Athens. 

Vinton,  Samuel  F.  —  Eighteenth,  Nineteenth,  Twentieth.  Twenty-first, 
Twenty-second,  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty- 
ninth,  Thirtieth.  Thirty-first,  Gallia. 

Wade.  Edward.  —  Thirty-third.  Thirty-fourth.  Thirty-fifth,  Thirty- 
sixth.  Cuyahoga. 

Wallace,  Jonathan  H.  —  Forty-seventh.  Columbiana. 

Walling,  Ansel  T.  —  Forty-fourth,  Pickaway. 

Warner,  Adoniram  J.  —  Forty-sixth.  Forty-eighth.  Forty-ninth, 
"Washington. 

Warnock.  William  R.  —  Fifty-seventh.   Fifty-eighth.  Champaign. 

Warwick,  John  G.  —  Fifty-second,*  Stark. 

Watson,  Cooper  K.  —  Thirty-fourth,  Seneca. 

Watson,  David  K.  —  Fifty-fourth,  Franklin. 

Weaver,  Walter  L.  —  Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth,  Clark. 


Ohio  Centennial.  317 

Webster,  Taylor.  —  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Butler. 

Welch,  John.  —  Thirty-second,  Athens. 

Welker,  Martin.  —  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth,  Forty-first,  Wayne. 

Weller,  John  B.  —  Twenty-sixth,  Twenty-seventh,  Twenty-eighth^ 
Butler. 

White,    Clinton   A.  —  Thirty-seventh,    Thirty-eighth,   Brown. 

White,  Joseph  W.  —  Thirty-eighth,  Guernsey. 

White,  William  J.  —  Fifty-third,  Cuyahoga. 

Whittlesey,  Elisha.  —  Eighteenth,  Nineteenth,  Twentieth,  Twenty- 
first,  Twenty-second,  Twenty-third,  Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-fifth,  Trum- 
bull. 

Whittlesey,  William  A.  —  Thirty-first,  Washington. 

Wickham,  Charles  P.  —  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Huron. 

Wilkins,    Beriah.  —  Forty-eighth,    Forty-ninth,    Fiftieth,    Tuscarawas, 

Williams,  Elihu  S.  —  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first,  Miami. 

Wilson,  George  W.  —  Fifty-third,  Fifty-fourth,  Madison. 

Wilson,  John  T.  —  Fortieth.  Forty-first,  Forty-second,  Adams. 

Wilson,  William.  —  Eighteenth,  Nineteenth,  Twentieth,  Licking. 

Winans,  James  J.  —  Forty-first,  Greene. 

Wood,  Amos  E.  —  Thirty-first,  Sandusky. 

Woods,  John.  —  Nineteenth,  Twentieth,   Butler. 

Woodworth,  Laurin  D.  —  Forty-third,  Forty-fourth,  Mahoning. 

Worcester,  Samuel  T.  —  Thirty-seventh,  Huron. 

Wright,  John  C.  —  Seventeenth.  Eighteenth,  Nineteenth,  Twentieth^ 
Jefiferson. 

Yoder,  Samuel  S.  —  Fiftieth.  Fifty-first,  Allen. 

Young,  Thomas  L.  —  Forty-sixth,  Forty-seventh,  Hamilton. 

The  foregoing  list  embraces  the  names  of  403  persons  who 
were  elected  to  or  served  in  the  Congresses  from  the  date  of  the 
admission  of  the  state  to  the  Union,  in  1803,  up  to  and  including 
the  Fifty-sixth,  ending  March  4,  1901. 


THE  OHIO  JUDICIARY. 


MOSES    M.    GRANGER. 


The  committee  in  charge  of  these  centennial  proceedings 
asked  me  "to  speak  not  exceeding  twenty  or  twenty-five  minutes," 
and  to  write  a  fuller  article  on  the  Judiciary  of  Ohio  for  publica- 
tion as  part  of  said  proceedings. 

Time,  therefore,  will  now  and  here 
only  permit  a  brief  outline  of  my 
subject  matter  followed  by  a  fuller 
presentation  of  a  few  incidents  of 
interest. 

The  constitution  of  1802  provided 
for  a  Supreme  Court  with  three 
judges  to  be  elected  by  the  Legis- 
lature for  terms  of  seven  years,  "if 
they  so  long  behave  well" ;  directed  a 
division  of  the  state  into  three  Com- 
mon Pleas  Circuits;  the  election  by 
the  Legislature  of  a  president  judge 
for  each  circuit,  and  of  not  more 
than  three,  nor  less  than  two  associate  judges  for  each  county, 
for  terms  of  seven  years  "if  so  long  they  behave  well" ;  and  that 
a  competent  number  of  justices  of  the  peace  should  be  elected 
by  the  qualified  voters  in  each  township  in  the  several  counties 
to  continue  in  office  three  years.  After  five  years  the  Legisla- 
ture was  authorized  to  add  a  fourth  judge  to  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  to  increase  the  number  of  circuits  of  the  Common  Pleas. 
When  four  supreme  judges  should  be  in  office,  they  might  divide 
the  state  into  two  circuits,  within  which  any  two  judges  might 
hold  a  court.  The  constitution  directed  the  Supreme  Court  to 
hold  a  term  once  a  year  in  each  county.  The  Common  Pleas 
terms  were  fixed  by  the  Legislature;  three  terms  each  year  in 


MOSES  M.   GRANGER. 


318 


Ohio  Centennial,  319 

•each  county.  The  associate  judges  could  hold  special  terms  at 
any  time  for  probate  business. 

In  1804  the  Legislature  added  a  fourth  judge  to  the  Su- 
preme Court;  in  1810  it  reduced  the  number  to  three;  in  1816 
again  added  a  fourth  judge.  The  Court  continued  to  have  that 
number  of  judges  until  on  February  9,  1852,  a  new  Court,  under 
the  constitution  of  185 1,  began  work.  The  number  of  common 
pleas  circuits  was  from  time  to  time  added  to  as  population  in- 
creased and  new  counties  were  created.  There  were  twenty 
circuits  in  185 1. 

In  December,  1809,  the  governor's  message  urged  the  Leg- 
islature to  repeal  the  act  of  1808.  He  argued  that  under  that 
act  only  two  judges  would  sit  in  each  county,  and,  if  they  dis- 
agreed, the  judgment  complained  of  would  necessarily  be  affirmed 
by  the  voice  of  only  one  judge.  In  practice  this  evil  seldom,  if 
ever,  occurred.  When  the  two  judges  on  a  circuit  disagreed,  on 
motion  of  either  counsel,  they  reserved  the  case  for  hearing  and 
decision  by  the  whole  Court  sitting  at  the  Capitol  "in  Bank,"  as 
it  was  called,  pursuant  to  a  statute  enacted  by  the  General  As- 
sembly. 

The  constitution  of  1851,  provided  for  a  Supreme  Court  of 
five  judges,  elected  by  the  people,  for  terms  of  five  years ;  divided 
the  state  into  nine  common  pleas  districts,  later  increased  to 
ten ;  each  district,  having  more  than  three  counties,  contained 
three  sub-divisions ;  each  sul3-division,  by  popular  vote,  chose  one 
judge  of  common  pleas  for  a  term  of  five  years.  Under  later 
legislation  in  each  sub-division  additional  common  pleas  judges 
were  chosen;  so  that  now  there  are  eighty  judges  of  said  Court. 

In  each  county,  each  year,  one  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
with  the  common  pleas  judges  of  the  district  held  one  term  of  a 
"'District  Court."  which  took  the  place  of  the  old  "Supreme  Court 
on  the  Circuit."  The  entire  Supreme  Court  were  required  to 
hold  a  term  beginning  each  year  in  January  at  the  capitol.  A 
probate  judge,  elected  by  the  people  in  each  county  for  a  term 
of  three  years,  took  the  place  of  the  associate  judges. 

In  1873  ^"  amendment  of  the  constitution  authorized  the 
Legislature  to  provide,  once  in  ten  years,  a  Supreme  Court  Comr 
mission   of  five  judges,   to   be   nominated  by  the  governor  and 


320  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

confirmed  by  the  State  Senate.  Governor  Hayes  appointed  the 
first  commission,  which  sat  for  three  years,  1876  to  1879;  and 
Governor  Foster  a  second  commission  of  five  judges  which  sat 
from  April,   1883,  to  April  1885. 

In  1884  the  state  was  divided  into  seven  circuits,  in  each  of 
which  the  people  elected  three  circuit  judges  for  terms  of  six 
years.  On  February  9,  1885,  this  court  took  the  place  of  the 
former  District  Court.  An  eighth  circuit  was  added  in  1887. 
In  1892  a  sixth  judge  was  added  to  the  Supreme  Court;  his  term 
and  the  term  of  each  judge  thereafter  chosen  for  a  full  term,  to 
continue  six  years. 

Besides  the  courts  I  have  named,  from  1838  to  February,, 
1853,  one  judge  elected  for  seven  years  by  the  Legislature  held 
the  Superior  and  Commercial  Court  of  Cincinnati ;  from  1848. 
to  February,  1853.  a  like  judge  held  the  Superior  Court  of  Cleve- 
land ;  from  April,  1854,  a  Superior  Court  of  the  city  of  Cincin- 
nati has  been  held  by  three  judges  chosen  by  the  city  voters  for 
terms  of  five  years;  from  July  i,  1856,  to  July  i,  1886,  one  judge 
—  chosen  by  the  voters  of  Montgomery  County  —  for  a  five  year 
term  —  held  the  Superior  Court  of  Montgomery  County ;  from 
March,  1857,  to  April,  1865.  a  like  judge,  chosen  by  the  voters 
of  Franklin  County,  held  the  Superior  Court  of  Franklin  County ; 
and  from  March,  1852,  to  May,  1854,  a  like  judge,  chosen  by  the 
voters  of  Hamilton  County,  held  the  Criminal  Court  of  Hamil- 
ton County. 

Besides  ordinary  probate  jurisdiction  the  Probate  Court  in 
each  county  had  been  clothed  with  power  in  many  cases  and  pfo- 
ceedings  not  requiring  a  jury;  with  jurisdiction  of  jury  cases  for 
appropriation  of  property  for  public  use,  and  with  considerable 
minor  criminal  jurisdiction. 

ORDER    OF    PRECEDENCE    AMONG    THE    JUDGES. 

The  act  of  April  15,  1803.  directed  the  governor  to  commis- 
sion one  of  the  three  judges  elected  by  the  General  Assembly 
"chief  judge,"  and  provided  that  the  other  two,  and  all  future 
judges  should  have  precedence  according  to  the  respective  dates 
of  their  commissions ;  when  more  than  one  commission  was  of 


Ohio  Centennial.  321"^ 

the  same  date,  the  judges  to  rank  according  to  their  respective 
ages. 

The  act  of  February  7,  1831,  Vol.  29,  p.  56,  gave  preced- 
ence according  to  date  of  commission,  but  provided  that  any 
judge  re-elected  for  two  or  more  terms  in  succession,  should 
rank  as  of  the  date  of  his  first  commission;  where  two  or  more 
held  commissions  of  the  same  date,  they  took  rank  according  to 
their  respective  ages.  The  judge  entitled  to  precedence  over  all 
others  to  be  styled  chief  judge  of  said  court. 

The  act  of  February  19,  1852,  Vol.  50,  p.  6y,  provided  that 
the  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  having  the  shortest  time  to  serve 
(he  not  holding  by  appointment  or  election  to  fill  a  vacancy) 
should  be  the  presiding  or  chief  judge  of  said  court. 

The  act  of  1892,  Vol.  89,  p  318,  authorized  the  Court  to 
divide  itself  into  two  divisions,  each  composed  of  three  judges. 
The  two  judges  having  the  shortest  time  to  serve  (not  holding 
by  appointment  or  election  to  fill  a  vacancy)  shall  preside  in  their 
respective  divisions  at  all  terms  thereof.  In  case  of  the  absence 
of  either,  the  judge  holding  the  next  shortest  term  shall  preside. 
The  elder  in  service  of  the  two  chief  justices  shall  preside  at  a 
sitting  of  the  whole  Court. 

The  commissions  chose  their  own  chief  judges.  Judge 
Josiah  Scott,  so  chosen  in  February,  1876,  declined  to  act.  Judge 
Luther  Day  served  during  that  year,  and  Judge  William  W.. 
Johnson  during  term  from  February,  1877,  to  February,  1879^ 
Judge  Moses  M.  Granger,  twice  chosen  by  the  unanimous  vote 
of  his  four  associates,  served  from  April  17,  1883,  to  April  17,. 
1885.  As  his  business  required  his  presence  in  Zanesville  a  part, 
of  every  week,  by  agreement  the  second  commission  took  a  recess; 
from  noon  of  every  Friday,  until  noon  of  Monday;  each  judge 
doing  a  full  week's  work. 

The  statutes  now  require  the  Supreme  Court  to  hold  art 
annual  term  beginning  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
January,  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  It  may  hold  special  or  adjourned! 
terms  at  such  times  and  places  as  the  judges  or  a  majority  o£- 
them  shall,  from  time  to  time,  determine;  but  if  held  elsewhere^ 
than  in  Columbus  thirty  days  notice  of  time  and  place  must  bej 
published  in  Columbus  newspapers. 
o.  c— 21 


822  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


SALARIES    PAID. 

Section  19,  Article  i,  Constitution  of  1802,  forbade  payment 
—  before  1808  —  of  more  tlian  1,000  dollars  per  year  to  any 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  or  more  than  800  dollars  per  year 
to  any  president  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  The  act 
of  1803  made  said  salaries  900  and  750  dollars,  respectively. 

The  act  of  March  2,  1837,  Vol.  35,  p.  17,  made  the  salaries 
of  each  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  1,500  dollars  per  year; 
and  that  of  each  president  judge  of  Common  Pleas,  1,200 
dollars. 

The  act  of  May  i,  1852,  Vol.  50,  p.  221,  made  the  respective 
salaries  1,700  dollars  and  1,500  dollars. 

The  act  of  January  24,  1867,  Vol.  64,  p.  9,  made  them  3,000 
dollars  and  2,500  dollars. 

The  act  of  March  18,  1887,  made  the  respective  salaries 
$4,000  and  $2,500;  the  act  of  April  10,  1900,  made  then  $5,000 
and  $2,500;  and  that  of  February  7,  1902,  made  them  $6,000  and 
$2,500. 

It  is  not  now  easy  to  picture  for  ourselves  in  thought  the 
Ohio  judiciary  as  they  administered  justice  during  the  first  de- 
cades of  Ohio  life.  Many  of  them  had  been  born  and  educated 
in  the  "Old  Thirteen  States ;"  some  had  graduated  at  Yale  College 
and  studied  law  at  the  noted  law  school  of  Judge  Reeves  in  Litch- 
field, Connecticut ;  while  others  were  almost  self-made  as  students 
of  the  law.  Within  all  Ohio,  in  those  early  years,  the  aggregate 
of  law  books  did  not  number  so  many  as  may  now  be  found  in 
each  leading  law  office  in  our  county  towns.  Every  lawyer  judge 
traveled  many  hundreds  of  miles  each  year  upon  a  circuit  in  which 
the  best  roads  were  very  poor,  and  the  most  of  them  often  im- 
passable on  wheels.  The  president  judge  of  the  Third  (then  the 
eastern)  Circuit,  began  at  Warren,  Trumbull  County,  on  the  sec- 
ond Tuesday  in  March,  and  ended  at  Zanesville,  Muskingum 
County,  as  soon  after  the  fourth  Tuesday  in  December,  as  the 
docket  there  would  permit;  but  next  before  going  to  Zanesville, 
he  had  to  sit  at  Marietta.  If  you  look  at  the  map  you  can  trace 
him  from  Warren  in  Trumbull  via  New  Lisbon  in  Columbiana, 
Steuben ville  in  Jeflferson,  St.  Clairsville  in  Belmont,  and  Marietta 


Ohio  Centennial.  323 

in  Washington,  to  Zanesville  in  Muskingum.  Although  the  Ohio 
River  bounded  four  of  his  counties,  and  a  passage  by  boat  was 
sometimes  had,  the  navigation  was  too  irregular  to  be  relied  upon. 
The  president  judges  in  the  First  and  Second  Circuits  rode  about 
equal  distances.  While  the  supreme  judges  numbered  only  three, 
their  travel  carried  them  once  a  year  to  every  county  in  each  of 
the  three  circuits.  Members  of  the  county  bar  traveled  with,  or 
met,  the  judges  and  lodged  with,  or  near,  them  during  term.  The 
saddle  bags  carried  Ohio  Statutes,  then  small  in  bulk.  Black- 
stone's  Commentaries ;  sometimes  Coke  or  Littleton ;  sometimes  a 
volume  or  two  of  an  English  Law  or  Equity  report ;  and  a  small 
*Vade  mecum"  legal  treatise,  the  name  of  which  is  now  known  to 
few  of  our  profession. 

Such  a  life  made  these  judges  thinkers.  If  riding  alone,  each 
had  ample  time  and  temptation  to  beguile  the  tedium  of  slow 
travel  by  putting  to  himself  legal  cases,  questions  and  problems, 
and  solving  them  upon  principle.  If  in  company  of  other  judges, 
or  lawyers,  each  would  try  to  test  or  puzzle  his  companions,  or 
to  find  entertainment,  or  profit,  in  discussing  legal  difficulties  in 
which  he,  or  his  clients,  were  interested. 

Out  of  this  life  those  who  were  blessed  with  legal  ability 
and  judicial  minds,  grew  to  be  great  judges ;  during  many  years 
upon  the  bench  caused  right  and  justice  to  prevail  within  their 
jurisdictions,  and  left  behind  them,  among  lawyers  and  people, 
high  reputations  for  ability  and  integrity. 

Time  here  permits  only  mention  of  one  of  these.  On  Feb- 
ruary 10,  1810,  when  thirty-five  legislative  votes  re-elected  Francis 
Dunlevy,  president  judge  of  the  First,  or  Cincinnati  Circuit,  of 
the  Common  Pleas,  John  McLean  had  thirty-three  votes.  On 
February  17,  i8t6,  he  was  chosen,  by  the  Legislature,  one  of  four 
supreme  judges,  and  sat  upon  our  Ohio  State  Bench  until  1822. 
Then  President  Monroe  asked  him  to  be  the  commissioner  of  the 
general  land  office.  In  1823  the  same  president  made  him 
postmaster-general,  in  which  office  President  John  Quincy  Adams 
continued  him  until  1829.  Then  President  Jackson  nominated 
him  a  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  His  great 
service  there  for  thirty-two  years  was  ended  by  his  death  in  1861 ; 


324  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

it  is  well  known  to  you  all.  He  was  one  of  those-to  whom  I  have 
referred  as  almost  self-made  lawyers  and  judges. 

He  was  born  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  on  the  eleventh 
day  of  March,  1785.  In  1789,  his  father,  a  poor  man  with  a  large 
family,  removed  to  the  West,  stopping  first  in  Morgantown,  Va., 
thence  going  to  Nicholasville,  Kentucky,  and  finally,  in  1799,  set- 
tled on  a  farm  in  Warren  County,  Ohio.  John  worked  on  the 
farm  until  sixteen  years  old;  then  received  private  instruction  in 
the  classics  for  two  years,  and,  at  eighteen,  went  to  Cincinnati 
to  study  law.  Meanwhile  he  supported  himself  by  writing  in  the 
county  clerk's  office.  In  1807  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and 
began  practice  at  Lebanon,  Warren  County.  From  1813  to  1816, 
he  represented  the  Cincinnati  District  in  Congress.  In  the  latter 
year,  at  the  age  of  thirty-one,  he  took  his  seat  on  the  Supreme 
Bench  of  Ohio. 

My  study  of  the  courts  of  those  days  was  embarrassed  by 
the  fact  that  Ohio  made  no  provision  for  publishing  reports  of 
cases  decided  in  her  courts  until  about  1824.  The  first  official 
volume  —  First  Hammond  (Ohio)  Reports  —  published  in  1824, 
begins  with  a  case  decided  on  the  circuit  in  August,  1821,  and 
contains  only  six  cases  decided  prior  to  December  term,  1823. 
Benjamin  Tappan,  who  was  then  president  judge  of  the  then 
Fifth  Circuit  from  18 16  to  1823,  afterwards  published  a  small 
volume  now  known  and  referred  to  in  our  Ohio  Digests  as  "Tap- 
pan's  Report." 

However,  public  records  and  a  few  references,  by  one  or  two 
Ohio  writers  of  history,  enable  me  to  tell  you  how,  in  its  earliest 
years,  the  judiciary  of  Ohio  maintained  its  constitutional  position 
as  a  department  of  the  state  government,  and  thereby  preserved 
the  constitution  itself  from  being  converted  into  a  cypher. 

At  the  session  begun  in  December,  1805,  our  Legislature 
passed  an  act  relating  to  justices  of  the  peace.  Its  fifth  section 
so  far  extended  their  jurisdiction  that  no  party  to  a  suit  in  which 
more  than  twenty  and  not  more  than  fifty  dollars  was  in  dispute 
could  obtain  a  trial  by  jury.  The  twenty-ninth  section  provided 
that  if  any  plaintiff  suing  on  original  writ  in  the  Common  Pleas 
did  not  recover  more  than  fifty  dollars,  he  must  pay  his  own  costs. 
In  1807,  Calvin  Pease,  sitting  as  president  judo^e  in  the  Common 


Ohio  Centennial.  325 

Pleas  in  Belmont  and  also  in  Jefferson,  held  said  provisions  of 
said  sections  unconstitutional  and  declared  them  null  and  void, 
because  Section  8,  Article  8,  Ohio  Constitution  read  ''the  right 
of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  inviolate."  In  the  Supreme  Court,  to 
which  one  or  more  of  said  cases  had  been  duly  carried,  the  voices 
of  Samuel  Huntington  and  George  Tod,  judges,  affirmed  the  rul- 
ings made  by  Judge  Pease.  When  the  General  Assembly  met  at 
Chillicothe  in  December,  1807,  the  then  acting  governor  (Thomas 
Kirker,  the  speaker  of  the  Senate)  in  his  message  related  said 
decisions  and  recommended  that  the  Legislature  make  suitable 
provision  for  the  trial  of  actions  in  which  the  issues  concerned 
values  between  $20  and  more  than  $50.  The  House  at  once  re- 
ferred the  matter  to  a  special  committee.  On  January  4,  1808, 
it  passed  a  resolution  reported  by  said  committee,  reading  thus: 

Resolved,  That  the  judges  of  the  state  are  not  authorized  by  the  con- 
stitution to  set  aside  an  act  of  the  Legislature  by  declaring  the  same  uncon- 
stitutional and  void. 

The  vote  was  ayes  18,  noes  12.  Although  the  committee 
continued  to  consult  no  further  action  w^as  had  at  that  session. 
On  December  23,  1808,  the  House  adopted  resolutions  impeach- 
ing Judge  Pease  by  a  vote  of  35  to  11;  and  on  the  next  day  sim- 
ilar ones  impeaching  Judge  Tod  by  34  to  9.  Judge  Huntington, 
in  October,  1808,  had  been  elected  governor,  and  had  resigned 
his  judgeship  in  order  to  enter  upon  his  new  office ;  so  no  resolution 
against  him  was  presented. 

The  House  directed  Thomas  Morris,  Joseph  Sharpe,  James 
Pritchard,  Samuel  Marrett  and  Othniel  Looker  to  act  as  man- 
agers of  the  prosecution  during  the  trial  before  the  Senate. 
Judge  Pease  at  once  filed  answer  admitting  his  decisions;  aver- 
ring that  they  were  fully  supported  by  constitutional  law,  and 
that  it  was  his  official  duty  to  decide  and  adjudge  as  he  had  done, 
and  pleading  "not  guilty."  Judge  Tod  did  the  like.  The  Senate 
sat  as  a  court  of  impeachment  from  within  the  last  week  in 
December  until  the  end  of  the  first  week  in  February,  1809,  t)Ut 
not  continuously,  nor  for  a  whole  day  at  a  time,  and  then  ac- 
quitted both  judges. 


326  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  question  involved  was  new  to  lawyers  and  people.  Be- 
fore 1630  in  England,  Lord  Chief  Justice  Coke  had  said :  "When 
ah  act  of  Parliament  is  against  common  reason,  or  repugnant, 
or  impossible  to  be  performed,  the  common  law  controls  it,  and 
adjudges  said  act  to  be  void" ;  and  about  1690,  Lord  Chief  Justice 
Holt,  quoting  this,  added,  ''Lord  Coke  said  not  an  extravagant 
but  a  reasonable  saying."  These  utterances  had  remained  buried 
in  old,  seldom  examined  books.  Few  men  living  and  acting  in 
English  America  between  1775  and  1808,  had  any  knowledge  of 
them.  Happily  Judge  Pease  was  among  those  few.  The  gen- 
eral impression  was  that  an  act  of  Parliament  or  of  a  Legislature 
overrode  the  courts  and  could  only  be  neutralized  by  amendment, 
repeal  or  revolution.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 
prior  to  1807,  had  decided  cases  in  each  of  which  the  constitu- 
tionality of  a  statute  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut, had  been  questioned,  but  had  adjudged  said  statutes 
constitutional.  At  February  term,  1808,  in  the  case  of  the  United 
States  vs.  Judge  Peters,  5  Cranch's  Reports,  pages  115  to  141, 
Chief  Justice  Marshall,  the  entire  court  concurring,  adjudged 
an  act  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  in  April,  1803, 
imconstitutional  and  void.  The  case  will  interest  you  while  con- 
sidering the  Ohio  impeachment  cases  of  1808-9.  ^^  January, 
1803,  Richard  Peters,  United  States  district  judge  for  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  a  suit  fully  within  the  jurisdiction  of  his  court,  had 
m.ade  a  decree  distributing  the  proceeds  of  a  judicial  sale  of  the 
cargo  of  the  ship  Active.  In  1803,  the  Legislature  of  Pennsyl- 
vania passed  an  act  declaring  the  decree  so  made  by  the  United 
States  Court,  invalid,  and  directing  the  attorney  general  of  the 
state  to  require  payment  of  said  sale  moneys  into  the  state  treas- 
ury, and  in  case  of  refusal,  to  sue  for  them  in  a  state  court. 
Said  act  also  "authorized  and  required  the  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania to  protect  the  just  rights  of  the  state,  in  respect  of  the 
premises,  by  any  further  means  and  measures  that  he  may  deem 
necessary  for  the  purpose,  and  also  to  protect  the  persons  and 
properties  of  the  defendants,  Elizabeth  Sargeant  and  Esther 
Waters,  from  any  process  whatever  issued  out  of  any  Federal 
Court  in  consequence  of  their  obedience  to  the  requisition,  so  as 
aforesaid  directed  to  be  m^.de  to  them  by  the  attorney  general 


Ohio  Centennial.  327 

of  this  commonwealth."  The  moneys  ordered  distributed  by 
Judge  Peters'  decree  were  in  custody  of  said  two  ladies  as  exec- 
utrixes of  their  father,  David  Rittenhouse.  The  persons  en- 
titled, under  said  decree,  to  said  moneys,  applied  to  Judge  Peters 
to  issue  the  proper  process  to  enforce  payment  according  to  his 
decree.  This  he  declined  to  do.  Then  they  applied  to  and  ob- 
tained from  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  a  mandamus 
to  compel  said  judge  to  issue  said  process.  Judge  Peters,  in  his 
answer  to  said  writ,  said:  ''From  prudential  more  than  other 
motives,  I  deemed  it  best  to  avoid  embroiling  the  government  of 
the  United  States  and  that  of  Pennsylvania  (if  the  latter  govern- 
ment should  choose  to  do  so),  on  a  question  which  has  rested  on 
my  single  opinion,  so  far  as  it  is  touched  by  my  decree ;  and  under 
the  influence  of  this  sentiment,  I  have  withheld  the  process  re- 
quired. I  entertained  a  hope  that  a  Legislature  succeeding  that 
by  which  the  act  before  mentioned  was  passed,  would,  under  a 
more  temperate  view  of  the  subject,  have  repealed  it,  and  enabled 
and  directed  the  executive  of  the  state,  or  some  other  authority, 
to  put  this  case  in  legal  train  of  investigation;  so  that  the  final 
judgment  and  decree  of  the  superior  tribunal  of  the  United  States 
might  have  been  in  a  proper  course  obtained." 

The  timidity  of  Judge  Peters  had  delayed  for  five  years  the 
enforcement  of  a  valid  judicial  decree.  As  the  opinion  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  Nation  was  not  delivered  until  after  Jan- 
uary, 1808,  the  Ohio  judges  acted  in  1806  and  1807  without  its 
aid.  In  August,  1806,  in  an  infant  state,  amid  the  yet  thinly 
settled  woodlands  of  Eastern  Ohio,  Calvin  Pease,  holding  Com- 
mon Pleas  Court  at  St.  Clairsville  and  at  Steubenville,  far  from 
libraries,  thought  out  the  question.  In  1807  Huntington  and 
Tod  affirmed  his  judgment.  Notwithstanding  excitement,  the 
House  consulted  for  almost  one  year  before  reporting  articles 
of  impeachment,  although  three-fourths  of  the  body  thought  the 
judges  guilty.  The  Senate  gave  more  than  one  month  to  hearing 
and  consideration.  Itself  a  member  of  the  legislative  body,  it  in 
effect  decided  that  the  judicial  power  could  annul  a  statute  be- 
cause it  contravened  the  constitution. 

The  leaders  in  the  attempt  to  impeach  Judges  Tod  and  Pease 
were  among  the  ablest  of  the  Ohioans  of  that  time.     One  of  the 


t 

^328  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

.,|nanagers,  Thomas  Morris,  was  subsequently  elected  a  supreme 
Judge;  later  a  United  States  senator.  Thomas  Worthington,  an 
earnest  supporter  of  the  charges,  served  for  years  as  United 
^States  senator,  and  later  as  governor  of  the  state.  During  1807- 
^8-9-10,  the  excitement  in  political  quarters  was  intense.  The  im- 
peaching resolutions  were  voted  for  by  more  than  three-fourths 
jpf  the  House.  The  acquittal  did  not  for  more  than  a  year  destroy 
.;l;his  intense  feeling.  Although  the  supporters  of  impeachment 
did  not  elect  as  large  a  majority  in  the  House  of  1809-10  as  they 
held  in  that  of  1808-9,  they  were  able  in  January,  18 10,  to  pass 
what  was  known  as  "The  Sweeping  Resolution."  This  vacated 
the  offices  of  all  the  then  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  all  presi- 
dent judges  of  the  Common  Pleas  Circuits;  and  all  the  associate 
judges  of  Common  Pleas  in  every  county.  It  also  vacated  the 
offices  of  secretary  of  state,  the  auditor  of  state,  and  the  treas- 
urer of  state.  Another  act  provided  for  the  election  of  new 
justices  of  the  peace  in  every  township. 

This  exercise  of  legislative  power  evidently  "relieved  the 
pressure."  How  did  the  people  treat  the  accused  judges?  In 
October,  1808,  the  people  elected  Judge  Huntington  governor  of 
the  state ;  in  October,  i8io,  Trumbull  County  sent  Judge  Tod  to 
the  State  Senate ;  in  February,  18 10,  the  Legislature  gave  28  votes 
for  Judge  Tod  for  president  judge  of  Common  Pleas,  and  in 
18 16  and  1823  elected  and  re-elected  him  to  that  office,  in  which 
he  served  for  14  years;  in  18 12  Trumbull  County  sent  Judge 
Pease  to  the  State  Senate;  and  the  State  Legislature  in  181 5  and 
1822  elected  and  re-elected  him  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
where  he  served  for  14  years. 

Ohio  should  always  be  proud  of  the  conduct  of  her  sons  in 
the  controversy  I  have  now  related  to  you.  But  she  should  award 
the  laurel  for  that  battle  to  her  judiciary.  They  preserved  the 
state  constitution.  Unless  the  courts  can  make  null  a  legislative 
act  not  authorized  by  the  constitution,  that  constitution  would  be 
valueless,  because  its  provisions  could  not  be  enforced  against  the 
will  of  a  bare  majority  in  each  house  of  the  Legislature.  I 
assume  that  a  brief  sketch  of  each  of  the  three  judges  who  so 
served  our  state,  will  interest  vou. 


Ohio   Ceniennial.  329 

Calvin  Pease  was  born  in  Suffield,  Connecticut,  September 
9,  1776;  studied  law  with  Gideon  Granger  (who  was  postmaster- 
general  from  1801  to  1814),  and  married  his  preceptor's  sister; 
was  admitted  to  the  Connecticut  Bar  in  1798,  and  to  our  Terri- 
torial Bar  at  Marietta  in  October,  1800,  where  and  when  George 
Tod  and  Samuel  Huntington  were  also  admitted.  On  April  10, 
1803,  the  Legislature  elected  him  president  judge  of  Common 
Pleas  for  the  Third  Circuit.  He  served  until  March  4,  1810, 
when  he  resigned.  As  already  stated,  he  sat  as  a  supreme  judge 
of  Ohio  from  181 6  to  1830,  maintaining  and  deserving  high  repu- 
tation for  ability,  integrity  and  knowledge  of  legal  principles. 
In  person  he  was  tall  and  well-made;  in  temperament,  cheerful 
and  agreeable.  Tradition  tells  that  he  was  noted  also  for  his 
wit. 

George  Tod  was  born  in  Suffield,  Connecticut,  December  11, 
1773;  graduated  at  Yale  in  1795;  studied  law  at  Judge  Reeves' 
famous  school  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  and  became  a  member  of 
the  Bar  of  that  State.  He  came  to  Ohio,  and  was,  as  already 
stated,  admitted  to  the  Bar  at  Marietta  in  October,  1800,  and  at 
once  became  prosecuting  attorney  of  Trumbull  County.  He 
feerved  as  state  senator  from  Trumbull  County  in  1804-5  \  ^i^d 
&s  supreme  judge  from  1806  to  1810;  again  as  state  senator 
in  1810-11.  Was  major  and  later  colonel  of  the  19th  Ohio 
[Militia  regiment  in  1812-13-14,  and  served  with  credit  at  Fort 
Meigs  and  at  Sackett's  Harbor;  sat  as  president  judge  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  in  the  Third  Circuit  from  181 5  to  1829.  He  died 
October  11,  1841.  He  was  the  father  of  David  Tod,  the  war 
governor  of  Ohio,  who  was  elected  by  55,223  majority  in  Octo- 
ber, 1 86 1,  and  effectively  supported  President  Lincoln  during  his 
entire  term. 

Samuel  Huntington  was  born  in  Norwich,  Connecticut,  in 
1765;  graduated  at  Yale  in  1795;  practiced  law  at  Norwich;  was 
sent  by  owners  of  Western  Reserve  lands  to  examine  their  prop- 
erty ;  decided  to  live  in  Ohio ;  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  at  Mari- 
etta in  1800;  represented  Trumbull  County  in  the  constitutional 
convention  of  1802 ;  represented  the  same  county  in  the  State 
Senate  1803-4;  was  elected  supreme  judge  April  2,  1803,  and 
served  until  the  fall  of  1808,  when  he  resigned  in  order  to  qualify 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

as  governor  of  the  state,  in  which  high  position  he  served  two 
years.  He  died  in  February,  1817,  at  Painesville,  Ohio.  His 
family  was  old  and  of  high  repute  in  Eastern  Connecticut.  He 
was  worthy  of  his  parentage,  and  deserved  and  faithfully  dis- 
charged the  trusts  awarded  him  by  clients,  by  his  fellow  legis- 
lators, and  by  the  people. 

For  almost  half  a  century,  from  April,  1803,  to  February, 
1852,  beside  each  lawyer  president  judge  of  Common  Pleas  in 
each  county,  sat  two  or  three  "associate  judges" — laymen  — 
elected  by  the  Legislature  for  terms  of  seven  years.  This  office 
had  been  adopted  from  Pennsylvania.  These  associate  judges 
formed  a  necessary  part  of  the  court  at  all  times,  and  alone  — 
as  a  general  thing  —  transacted  all  business  pertaining  to  an 
Orphans'  or  Probate  Court.  Each  of  them  had  a  right  to  vote 
upon  every  decision  —  each  of  their  votes  being  equal  to  that  of 
the  lawyer  president  judge. 

In  1847  the  president  judge  of  the  Muskingum  Circuit  was 
disabled  by  sickness  for  a  full  year.  He  wished  to  resign,  but 
the  Bar  insisted  that  he  should  continue  in  office.  So  for  that 
year  the  associate  judges  held  all  the  terms.  As  there  was 
only  one  lawyer  judge  in  each  circuit,  no  substitute  for  Judge 
Richard  Stillwell  could  be  obtained.  The  associates  also  sat 
alone  in  cases  in  which  the  president  judge  had  been  of  counsel, 
or  was  otherwise  interested. 

At  the  last  term  in  Muskingum,  under  the  old  constitution, 
in  January,.  1852,  a  question  arose  that  resulted  in  an  over- 
ruling of  the  opinion  of  the  president  judge  by  his  associates. 
Numerous  indictments  under  the  liquor  law  of  185 1  had  been 
presented  by  the  Grand  Jury.  The  prosecuting  attorney,  who 
for  many  subsequent  years  was  a  distinguished  lawyer,  and 
served  a  full  term  as  judge,  had  omitted  a  certain  negative 
averment.  Judge  Corrington  W.  Searle,  deciding  a  motion  to 
quash  one  of  said  indictments,  and  following  what  had  become 
a  custom  when  such  a  question  had  been  submitted,  announced 
an  opinion  sustaining  the  motion  as  the  judgment  of  the  court 
without  consulting  either  of  his  associates ;  and  the  noon  hour 
having  arrived,  ordered  a  recess.  The  question  involved,  had 
been  much  discussed,  not  only  in  court,  but  among  the  people, 


Ohio  Centennial.  33X 

and  temperance  men  were  anxious  that  the  prosecutions  should 
be  sustained.  When  court  opened,  in  the  afternoon,  Judge 
Horatio  J.  Cox  gave  an  opinion  against  the  motion  to  quash. 
Judge  Wilkin  Reed  then  did  the  like.  Judge  Searle  then  said,. 
"The  Court  being  divided  in  opinion  the  motion  is  overruled."' 
Hearing  this.  Judge  Jacob  P.  Springer  added,  'T  agree  with 
the  associate  judges."  Judge  Searle  docketed  the  decision,  and 
soon  after  declared  the  court  adjourned  sine  die;  and  the  old 
court,  with  the  old  constitution,  was  dead.  The  question  in- 
volved survived.  Judge  Richard  Stillwell,  during  his  first  term 
under  the  new  constitution,  decided  as  the  associates  had  done,, 
but  the  Supreme  Court,  three  judges  concurring,  agreed  with 
Judge  Searle,  and  reversed  Judge  Stillwell. 

The  list  of  associate  judges  contains  the  names  of  many 
men  well  known  for  their  experience,  good  sense,  good  judgment 
and  integrity.  For  49  years  they  administered  the  laws  regulat- 
ing the  administration  of  estates,  partition  of  lands,  etc.,  sensibly 
and  justly. 

[The  foregoing  was  read  on  May  20,  1903,  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  as  a 
part  of  the  proceedings  at  the  Centennial  Celebration  conducted  under 
the  management  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 
Pursuant  to  the  request  of  that  Society,  I  now  add  the  following  pages  in 
completion  of  my  paper  on  "The  Ohio  Judiciary — 1803-1903."] 

The  decisions  of  Judges  Pease,  Tod  and  Huntington,  as 
already  stated,  made  our  state  constitution  safe  from  injury  at 
the  will  of  bare  legislative  majorities.  The  unfortunate  blunder 
made  by  the  refusal  of  the  constitutional  convention,  to  vest  in 
the  governor  a  qualified  veto  power,  compelled  the  courts  to  de- 
termine countless  questionings  about  legislative  action.  The 
number  of  statutes  and  parts  of  statutes,  denied  validity  by  Ohio' 
courts  within  the  century,  may  be  computed  by  the  hundred. 
As  no  court  could  interfere  to  protect  the  citizen  until  action 
duly  brought  and  submitted,  the  people  of  Ohio  have  been 
wronged  —  beyond  my  power  to  compute  —  by  so-called  statutes- 
It  became  a  well  known  and  recognized  usage  for  judiciary  com- 
mittees in  each  House  to  report  "without  recommendation"  bills- 
whose  unconstitutionality  was  evident,  and  for  the  House  to  pass 


J-832  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

them : — leaving  the  courts  when  duly  invoked — to  prevent  further 
injury  to  the  people.  In  November,  1903,  the  people  can,  if  they 
will,  well  begin  our  second  century  by  correcting  the  error  of 
1802,  and  securing  the  aid  of  the  governor  before  any  effect  can 
be  given  to  invalid  legislation. 

.  Another  question  of  vast  importance  was  presented  to  the 
Ohio  judiciary.  "By  what  tribunal,  if  any,  could  final  decisions 
be  made  between  state  and  national  authority?" 

In  the  constitutional  convention  of  1787,  a  Virginia  member 
offered  a  resolution  reading: 

A  national  judiciary  ought  to  be  established  with  jurisdiction  to  hear 
and  determine  cases  in  which  foreigners  and  citizens,  a  citizen  of  one 
state  and  a  citizen  of  another  state  may  be  interested ;  cases  which  respect 
the  collection  of  the  national  revenue;  impeachments  of  national  officers, 
and  questions  which  involve  the  national  peace  and  harmony. 

The  convention  adopted  it  by  a  unanimous  vote,  and  so 
worded  Article  III  of  the  national  constitution  as  to  vest  "the 
judicial  power  of  the  United  States  in  one  Supreme  Court,  and 
in  such  inferior  courts  as  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  or- 
dain and  establish"";  and  to  provide  that  "The  judicial  power 
shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and  equity  arising  under  the 
constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made, 
or  which  shall  be  made  under  their  authority;  to  all  cases  of 
admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  controversies  to  which 
the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ;  to  controversies  between  two 
or  more  states;  between  a  state  and  citizens  of  another  state; 
between  citizens  of  different  states ;  between  citizens  of  the  same 
state,  claiming  lands  under  grant  of  different  states,  and  be- 
tween a  state,  or  the  citizens  thereof  and  foreign  states,  citizens 
or  subjects;  in  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  min- 
isters and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  state  shall  be  a  party, 
the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the 
other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  ap- 
pellate jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions 
and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make." 

The  Eleventh  amendment  to  the  national  constitution  pro- 
vided. 


Ohio  Centennial.  333" 

The  judiciary  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to 
extend  to  any  suit,  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted,  against  one 
of  the  United  States,  by  citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects 
of  any  foreign  state. 

By  express  provision  the  national  constitution  extended  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  national  courts  to  all  cases  and  controversies 
above  enumerated,  except  suits  brought  against  any  state  by 
citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  foreign 
state ;  and  also  by  express  provision  authorized  Congress  to  regu- 
late the  "Appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme  Court." 

Unless  an  act  of  Congress  should  provide  for  bringing  the 
final  judgment  of  a  state  court,  rendered  in  any  of  said  enumer- 
ated cases,  or  controversies,  into  the  National  Supreme  Court  for 
review,  much  of  Article  III  would  be  made  of  no  effect. 

Therefore,  Congress  made  what  is  now  Section  709,  Revised 
Statutes  of  the  United  States,  a  law  "of  the  land." 

A  final  judgment,  or  decree,  in  any  suit  in  the  highest  court  of  a 
state,  in  which  a  decision  in  the  suit  could  be  had,  where  is  drawn  in 
question  the  validity  of  a  treaty,  or  statute  of,  or  an  authority  exercised 
under,  the  United  States,  and  the  decision,  is  against  their  validity;  or 
vhere  is  drawn  in  question  the  validity  of  a  statute  of,  or  an  authority 
exercised  under  any  state,  on  the  ground  of  their  being  repugnant  to  the 
constitution,  treaties,  or  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the  decision  is  in- 
favor  of  their  validity ;  or  where  any  title,  right,  privilege,  or  immunity 
is  claimed  under  the  constitution,  or  any  treaty,  or  statute  of,  or  commis- 
sion held  or  authority  exercised  under,  the  United  States,  and  the  de- 
cision is  against  the  title,  right,  privilege,  or  immunity  specially  set  up 
or  claimed,  by  either  party,  under  such  constitution,  treaty,  statute,  com- 
mission or  authority,  may  be  re-examined,  and  reversed  or  affirmed  in 
the  Supreme  Court  upon  a  writ  of  error.  The  writ  shall  have  the  same 
effect  as  if  the  judgment  or  decree  complained  of  had  been  rendered  or 
passed,  in  a  court  of  the  United  States ;  and  the  proceeding  upon  the 
reversal  shall  be  the  same,  except  that  the  Supreme  Court  may,  at  their 
discretion,  proceed  to  a  final  decision  of  the  case  and  award  execution,  or 
remand  the  same  to  the  court  from  which  it  was  removed.  The  Supreme 
Court  may  re-affirm,  reverse,  modify  or  affirm  the  judgment  or  decree 
of  such  state  court,  and  may,  at  their  discretion,  award  execution  or 
remand  the  same  to  the  court  from  which  it  was  removed  by  the  writ. 

In  Woodward  vs.  Dartmouth  College,  4  Wheaton  R.  518^ 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  nation  held   that  "the  charter  of  a. 


334  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

private  corporation  is  in  nature  of  a  contract  between  the  state 
and  the  corporation,  and  no  material  change  can  be  made  in  such 
act  of  incorporation,  unless  with  the  assent  of  the  corporation, 
unless  said  power  of  change  was  reserved."  In  Ohio  vs.  Com- 
mercial Bank  of  Cincinnati,  7  Ohio  (Hammond),  Part  i,  page 
125,  Ohio  Supreme  Court,  by  the  voices  of  Chief  Justice  Peter 
Hitchcock  and  Justices  Ebenezer  Lane  and  John  C.  Wright, 
(Judge  Joshua  Collett  dissenting),  followed  the  ruling  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  adjudged  that  the  state  could 
not  collect  from  the  bank  a  larger  tax  than  its  charter  reserved. 
This  was  "Ohio  Doctrine"  until  Bank  v.  Knoup,  Treasurer,  i 
Ohio  State  Rep.  603,  decided  in  1853,  by  Judge  John  A.  Corwin, 
Chief  Justice  William  B.  Caldwell,  and  Judges  Thomas  W.  Bart- 
ley,  Allen  G.  Thurman  and  Rufus  P.  Ranney  concurring,  over- 
ruled the  old  court.  The  last  case  was  taken  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  which  in  1856,  by  the  voices  of 
•Chief  Justice  Roger  B.  Taney,  and  Justices  John  McLean,  James 
M.  Wayne,  Samuel  Nelson,  Robert  C.  Grier  and  Benjamin  R. 
Curtis  (Justices  John  Catron,  Peter  V.  Daniel  and  John  A.  Camp- 
bell dissenting),  reversed  the  Ohio  Court  of  1853  and  approved 
the  old  case  in  7  Ohio  Rep. 

Pursuant  to  the  act  of  Congress  the  National  Supreme  Court 
issued  to  the  Ohio  Supreme  Court  a  mandate  reversing  the  judg- 
ment of  1853  and  ordering  that  court  to  enter  and  enforce  said 
decree  of  reversal. 

A  motion  to  enter  said  mandate  was  submitted  at  December 
Term,  1856.  Judge  Joseph  R.  Swan,  having  been  of  counsel  for 
the  bank  in  the  case  prior  to  his  election  as  judge,  did  not  sit. 
Judge  Josiah  Scott,  with  whom  concurred  Judges  Jacob  Brinker- 
liofif  and  Ozias  Bowen,  held : 

The  questions  arising  in  this  case,  and  the  opinion  of  this  court 
upon  them,  were  such  as  to  bring  it  within  the  cognizance  and  jurisdiction 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  unless  we  assume  that  that 
tribunal  has  no  jurisdiction  to  review  any  decisions  whatever  of  the  state 
courts,  or  questions  relating  to  the  conflict  of  a  state  law  with  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United   States. 

The  theory  upon  which  such  a  position  must  rest  a  majority  of  this 
court  is  not  prepared  to  adopt.  We  do  not  mean  to  say  that  in  case 
of  clear  usurpation  by  the   Supreme  Court  of  the  United   States,   of  an 


Ohio  Centennial.  335 

authority  and  jurisdiction  wholly  unwarranted  by  the  federal  constitu- 
tion, it  would  not  be  competent  for  this  court,  as  a  court  of  last  resort 
in  a  sovereign  state,  to  decline  obedience  to  a  mandate  issued  in  the  exer- 
cise of  such  usurped  jurisdiction.  But  no  such  case  is  before  us.  On  the 
contrary,  the  jurisdiction  here  claimed  has  been  constantly  exercised  by 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  ever  since  the  organization  of 
the  general  government,  with  the  general  acquiescence  of  the  state  courts. 
In  conformity,  then,  with  what  has  heretofore  been  the  uniform  practice 
in  this  state,  we  direct  the  mandate  to  be  entered. 

Judge  Thomas  W.  Bartley,  on  pages  343  and  344  of  6th 
Ohio  State  Reports,  worded  the  syllabi  of  his  dissenting  opinion 
thus : 

The  provision  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  expressly 
conferring  appellate  jurisdiction  on  the  Supreme  Court  does  not  author- 
ize the  exercise  of  appellate  power  to  that  tribunal  over  the  state  courts, 
but  extends  simply  to  appeals  from  the  subordinate  Federal  courts." 

There  is  no  provision  in  the  constitution  from  which  a  supervising 
power  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  over  the  state  courts 
can  be  derived  by  way  of  incident  or   implication. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  not  been  constituted 
the  exclusive  tribunal  of  last  resort,  to  determine  all  controversies  in  re- 
lation to  conflicts  of  authority  between  the  Federal  Government  and  the 
several  states  of  the  Union. 

The  state  courts  and  the  federal  courts  are  co-ordinate  tribunals, 
having  concurrent  jurisdiction  in  numerous  cases,  but  neither  having  a 
supervising  power  over  the  other;  and  where  the  jurisdiction  is  concur- 
rent, the  decision  of  that  court,  or  rather  of  the  courts  of  that  judicial 
system,  in  which  jurisdiction  first  attaches,  is  final  and  conclusive  as  to  the 
parties. 

Judge  Bartley  filled  Volume  6  of  Ohio  State  Reports  from 
page  343  to  page  448  in  an  attempt  to  support  his  said  syllabi. 

But  he  does  not  attempt  to  explain  how  the  judicial  power 
of  the  United  States  can  be  made  to  extend  to  and  include  all 
cases  enumerated  in  Article  III  of  the  national  constitution,  un- 
less its  courts  can  draw  to  them  and  re-examine  judgments  and 
decrees  of  state  courts  that  deny  to  citizens  of  the  United  States 
some  right  given  or  secured  by  that  constitution ;  or  attempt  to 
enforce  some  state  enactment  that  is  in  violation  of  said  con- 
stitution. 


336  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Happily,  the  majority  of  the  court  maintained  the  true  doc- 
trine and  held  Ohio  firmly  within  constitutional  moorings.  If 
the  dissenting  judge  could  have  had  his  way,  five  years  before 
South  Carolina  led  the  way  into  insane  civil  war,  our  state  would 
have  forbidden  the  enforcement  within  her  limits  of  all  United 
States  laws  and  judgments  not  approved  by  a  majority  of  our 
State  Supreme  Court. 

Three  years  later  —  at  Columbus  in  May,  1859  —  the  Ohio 
Supreme  Court  —  amid  intense  popular  excitement  —  once  more 
saved  our  state. 

Paragraph  3  of  Section  2  of  Article  IV  of  the  national 
constitution  reads : 

No  person  held  to  service,  or  labor,  in  one  state,  under  the  laws 
thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law,  or  regu- 
lation, therein  be  discharged,  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be 
delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be 
due. 

To  enforce  this  constitutional  provision  Congress  passed 
the  act  of  February  12,  1793,  approved  by  President  Washington, 
and  the  act  of  September  18,  1850,  approved  by  President  Fill- 
more. The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  Frigg.  v. 
Pennsylvania,  16  Peters  539,  in  1842,  unanimously  decided  that 
the  law  of  1793  was  constitutional;  and  in  1858,  in  Ableman  v. 
Booth,  21  Howard,  U.  S.  Reports  506,  held  the  act  of  1850  con- 
stitutional in  all  of  its  provisions,  the  whole  court  concurring. 
On  April  15,  1859,  Simon  Bushnell  was  found  guilty  under  an 
indictment  framed  under  said  act  of  1850,  and  was  sentenced 
by  the  United  States  District  Court  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  sixty 
days  imprisonment  in  the  jail  of  Cuyahoga  County  from  and 
after  May  11,  1859,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of  $600  and  the  costs  of 
prosecution. 

Counsel  for  Bushnell  applied  to  Ohio  Supreme  Court  at  Co- 
lumbus and  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  brought  the  case  and  the 
accused  before  that  tribunal,  "to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  such 
imprisonment." 

A  long  line  of  decisions  had  defined  the  limits  within  which 
the  inquiring  court  could  act,  and  an  Ohio  statute  read: 


Ohio  Centennial.  337 

If  it  appear  that  the  person,  alleged  to  be  restrained  of  his  liberty, 
is  in  custody  of  an  officer  under  process  issued  by  a  court  or  magistrate, 
or  by  virtue  of  the  judgment  or  order  of  a  court  of  record,  and  that  the 
court  or  magistrate  has  jurisdiction  to  issue  the  process;  render  the  judg- 
ment or  make  the  order,  the  person  shall  not  be  discharged  by  reason  of 
any  informality,  or  defect  in  the  process,  judgment,  or  order. 

If  the  so-called  "F'ugitive  Slave  Act,"  passed  September  i8, 
1850,  was  constitutional,  all  admitted  that  the  prisoner  was 
legally  held  under  the  sentence,  judgment  and  writ  of  the  United 
States  District  Court  at  Cleveland. 

No  one  disputed  the  fact  that  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  had  unanimously,  within  the  year,  decided  that 
said  law  was  constitutional  in  all  of  its  provisions. 

Chief  Justice  Joseph  R.  Swan,  and  Judges  Josiah  Scott  and 
William  V.  Peck,  held  that,  on  such  a  question,  the  decision  of  the 
National  Supreme  Court  was  binding  upon  the  state  court,  and 
they  remanded  the  prisoner  to  the  Cleveland  jail. 

Judge  Jacob  Brinkerhofif  thought  that  the  indictment  was 
defective  and  for  that,  and  for  some  other  reasons,  favored  a  dis- 
charge of  the  prisoner. 

Judge  Milton  Sutlifif  refused  to  be  bound  by  the  repeated 
and  unanimous  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law ;  de- 
cided for  himself  that  said  act  was  unconstitutional  and  invalid, 
and  voted  to  discharge  the  prisoner. 

If  a  majority  of  the  Ohio  court  had  concurred  with  him ;  if 
either  Peck,  Scott  or  Swan  had  voted  with  Brinkerhoff  and  Sut- 
liiT,  Governor  Salmon  P.  Chase  held  himself  ready  to  use  the 
Ohio  militia  in  resistance  to  the  United  States  authority,  and  to 
prevent  the  enforcement  of  the  decree  of  the  United  States  Court. 
This  would  have  placed  Ohio  in  June,  1859,  where  South  Caro- 
lina and  her  allies  were  in  1861,  so  far  as  concerned  constitutional 
principles. 

Judge  Joseph  R.  Swan  had  been  elected  in  1854  by  more 
than  77,000  majority.  On  May  1,  1859,  h^  was  expecting  re- 
nomination  and  re-election.  The  intense  anti-slavery  feeling 
prevalent  in  Ohio  later  in  that  month,  assured  him  that,  unless 

o.  c.  22 


338  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

he  would  join  in  defying  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  preventing  the  enforcement  within  Ohio  of  the 
Fugitive  Slave  Law,  he  could  neither  be  re-nominated  nor  elected. 
The  same  feeling  assured  Judges  Scott  and  Peck,  that  their  con- 
currence with  Chief  Justice  Swan  would  make  improbable  their 
own  re-nomination  in  succeeding  years. 

Grandly  did  they  maintain  judicial  independence  and  integ- 
rity. Bravely  did  they  do  their  whole  duty.  They  firmly  held 
Ohio  to^  her  place  in  the  Union. 

On  September  15.  1858,  in  his  debate  with  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  at  Jonesboro,  Illinois,  Abraham  Lincoln  said : 

Let  me  ask  you  why  many  of  us,  who  are  opposed  to  slavery  upon 
principle,  give  our  acquiescence  to  a  fugitive  slave  law?  Why  do  we 
hold  ourselves  under  obligations  to  pass  such  a  law,  and  abide  by  it  when 
it  is  passed?  Because  the  constitution  makes  provision  that  the  owners 
of  slaves  shall  have  the  right  to  reclaim  them.  Now,  on  what  ground 
would  a  member  of  Congress,  who  is  opposed  to  slavery  in  the  abstract, 
vote  for  a  fugitive  slave  law,  as  I  would  deem  it  my  duty  to  do?  Be- 
cause there  is  a  constitutional  right  which  needs  legislation  to  enforce  it. 
And,  although  it  is  distasteful  to  me,  I  have  sworn  to  support  the  consti- 
tution ;  and  having  so  sworn,  I  cannot  conceive  that  I  do  support  it,  if  I 
withhold  from  that  right  any  legislation  to  make  it  practical. 

Amid  the  excited  feeling  of  1859,  Chief  Justice  Svj^n  was 
retired  to  private  life  because  he  so  bravely  did  his  duty.  But 
Abraham  Lincoln's  teaching  so  far  corrected  party  sentiment 
that  he  was  chosen  president  in  i860,  and  Judge  Josiah  Scott 
re-elected  in  1861. 

Each  of  the  three  judges,  who  so  bravely,  nobly  and  effect- 
ively served  their  country,  should  ever  be  held  in  most  honorable 
memory  by  our  people. 

Joseph  Rockwell  Swan  was  born  December  28,  1802,  in 
Oneida  County,  New  York.  He  received  a  classical  education  at 
Aurora  in  that  state,  and  there  began  to  study  law.  He  came  to 
Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1824,  and  continuing  study  in  the  office  of 
his  uncle,  Judge  Gustavus  Swan,  was  soon  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  was  prosecuting  attorney  of  Franklin  County  from  1830 
until  in  1834  the  Legislature  elected  him  president  judge  of  the 
Twelfth  Circuit  then  consisting  of  Champaign,  -Clark,  Delaware, 


Ohio  Centennial.  339 

Franklin,  Logan,  Madison  and  Union  Counties.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1841  but  resigned  in  1845;  formed  the  noted  law 
firm  of  Swan  and  Andrews  (John  W.  Andrews,  the  junior  mem- 
ber) and  practiced  with  energy  and  success  until  1854.  The 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  passed  in  May  of  that  year 
aroused  the  country.  Although  Ohio,  in  October,  1853,  had 
chosen  William  Medill,  Democrat,  governor  by  a  plurality  ex- 
ceeding 61,000  votes,  in  October,  1854,  Judge  Swan  —  Repub- 
lican—  or  "anti-Nebraska  candidate,"  was  elected  supreme  judge 
by  a  majority  of  more  than  77,000  votes. 

"On  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court"  (I  quote  from  John 
W.  Andrews,  Allen  G.  Thurman  and  R.  A.  Harrison)  "he  fully 
sustained  his  earlier  reputation  as  a  judge,  and  probably  held  as 
high  a  place  in  the  estimation  of  the  bench,  !the  bar  and  the 
public,  as  has  ever  been  reached  by  any  one  of  the  many  dis- 
tinguished men  who  have  adorned  our  judicial  history.  Wise, 
patient,  firm,  impartial,  courteous,  he  never  lost  sight  of  the  dig- 
nity of  his  high  ofifice,  to  which  he  brought  unusual  native  vigor 
of  mind,  large  stores  of  learning,  untiring  industry,  and  the 
most  conscientious  regard  for  the  rights  of  litigants,  and  abhor- 
rence of  all  injustice  and  wrong." 

I  have  told  you  how  and  why  unusual  political  excitement 
prevented  his  renomination  and  election.  Its  injustice  did  not  dis- 
turb him.  Not  long  afterwards  an  appointment  to  fill  a  vacancy 
on  the  supreme  bench,  and  also  a  Republican  nomination  as  a 
candidate  therefor  was  tendered  him.  But  after  leaving  the 
bench  in  February,  i860,  he  never  renewed  the  active  practice 
of  his  profession,  nor  accepted  a  judicial  position.  In  1836  he 
published  the  treatise  entitled,  "A  Treatise  on  the  Law  Relating 
to  the  Powers  and  Duties  of  Justices  of  the  Peace,  Etc.,"  of 
which  eleven  editions  were  published  during  his  life  time  and  a 
twelfth  prepared  by  him.  That  was  published  after  his  death. 
Ohio  editors  have  since  prepared  and  published  other  editions. 
Quotmg  again  from  Andrews,  Thurman  and  Harrison,  I  add : 
"This  has  probably  proved  to  be  the  most  useful  book  ever  pub- 
lished in  Ohio.  Its  circulation  has  been  immense  among  the 
successive  generations  of  justices  of  the  peavc  'n  every  town- 
ship in  the  state,  lawyers,  county  officers,  judges  ond  business 


840.  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

men,  in  other  states  as  well  as  our  own ;  and  it  has  been  a  model 
for  similar  works  elsewhere.  The  influence  of  such  a  book,  cir- 
culating in  every  neighborhood,  and  among  all  classes,  in  shap- 
ing the  characters  of  the  people,  and  inculcating  a  reverence  for 
law,  can  hardly  be  overestimated." 

In  1850-51  Judge  Swan  represented  Franklin  County  in  the 
second  constitutional  convention  of  Ohio,  and  rendered  valuable 
service  as  a  member  of  the  committee  on  the  judicial  depart- 
ment, and  of  the  committee  on  public  debts  and  public  works. 
An  act  relating  to  the  settlement  of  estates  of  deceased  persons, 
and  another  relating  to  wills,  passed  by  the  General  Assemblv  of 
Ohio  in  1840,  were  drafted  by  Judge  Swan.  But  few  amend- 
ments of  these  statutes  have  been  found  necessary. 

Four  general  revisions  of  Ohio  Statutes  were  made  by  Judge 
Swan.  Of  these  the  code  commissioners  of  1880  wrote,  "Per- 
haps no  other  man  —  with  the  material  before  him,  and  in  the 
absence  of  all  power  to  change  it,  would  have  been  able  to  pro- 
duce a  collation  of  our  statutes  so  admirable  in  all  that  pertains 
to  the  work  of  an  editor,  as  Swan's  statutes  of  1841.  In  1854-55, 
i860  and  1868  he  performed  the  same  task  of  collating  and 
arranging  the  statutes  in  force." 

In  1843  1^^  published  his  ''Guide  to  Executors  and  Admin- 
istrators ;  Swan's  Pleading  and  Precedents"  —  one  volume  in 
1845,  ''^  second  in  1850.  In  i860  appeared  "Swan's  Pleadings  and 
Precedents  Under  the  Code."  Of  this  Andrews,  Thurman  and 
Harrison  wrote :  "The  1)ench  and  bar  of  Ohio  were  largely 
influenced  by  it,  and  led  to  construe  the  code  in  the  spirit  of  the 
code  itself ;  and  as  a  consequence  qug^tions  of  pleading  and  prac- 
tice brought  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  under  the  code, 
which  in  the  state  of  New  York  fill  many  volumes,  would  not 
altogether  make  one  volume  of  the  size  of  the  Ohio  State  Re- 
ports." I  continue  quoting:  "His  private  life  was  in  all  re- 
spects in  keeping  with,  and  worthy  of  the  place  which  he  held  in 
the  estimation  of  the  public.  In  every  station,  and  always,  he 
was  the  same  quiet,  upright,  conscientious,  patriotic,  Christian 
man,  loving  home,  friends,  neighbors  and  country,  and  finding 
in  them  and  the  duties  claimed  by  them,  a  means  of  preparation 
for,  and  foretaste  of  that  life  to  come  which  Christianity  reveals. 


Ohio  Centennial.  341 

His  name  will  live  in  our  history ;  and  as  long  as  the  Common 
Law  of  England  shall  constitute  the  basis  of  our  jurisprudence 
Joseph  Rockwell  Swan  will  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance 
by  the  bar  and  people  of  Ohio." 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Columbus  on  December  i8,  1884. 

JosiAH  Scott  was  born  in  Washington  County,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  December  i,  1803,  on  his  father's  farm,  about  three  miles 
from  Cannonsburg  —  the  seat  of  Jefferson  College  where  he 
was  educated  under  the  celebrated  Dr.  McMillen.  He  lived  at 
home,  walking  to  and  from  college.  In  182 1  he  graduated  with 
the  highest  honors  of  his  class.  For  a  time  he  taught  a  classical 
school  in  Richmond.  Va,  Later  he  returned  to  Cannonsburg 
and  acted  as  a  tutor  in  the  college  while  he  studied  law.  In  1830 
he  moved  to  Hucyrus,  Ohio,  and  there  began  to  practice  law.  In 
1840-41  he  represented  Crawford,  Delaware  and  Marion  Coun- 
ties in  the  Ohio  House  of  Representatives.  In  185 1  he  made 
his  home  at  Hamilton.  Butler  County,  and  practiced  there  until 
in  October,  1856,  he  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
for  the  term  that  began  on  February  9,  1857.  ^^^  predecessor. 
Judge  Ranney,  having  resigned  after  October  11,  1856,  Governor 
Chase  named  Judge  Scott  for  the  vacant  place.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1 86 1  and  1866,  but  declined  to  be  again  a  candidate 
in  1871.  In  1872  he  resumed  practice  at  Bucyrus,  but  accepted 
from  Governor  Hayes  a  seat  on  the  first  Supreme  Court  Com- 
mission, where  he  served  until  February,  1879.  In  February, 
1876,  his  associates  elected  him  chief  judge,  but  he  declined  to 
accept  it.  Being  in  feeble  health  when  his  term  on  the  Com- 
mission ended  lie  did  not  resume  practice ;  and  died  on  June 
15,  1879.  He  was  twice  married,  and  was  survived  by  his  widow 
and  by  a  son  and  two  daughters,  all  children  of  his  first  wife. 
The  life  of  Judge  Scott  was  active  and  useful ;  and  was  dis- 
tinguished for  its  purity.  He  possessed  remarkable  traits  of 
character;  was  a  profound  thinker,  and  an  able  jurist.  He  was 
noted  for  his  mathematical  attainments,  and  his  hours  of  recre- 
ation were  frequently  spent  in  solving  abstruse  problems  in  the 
higher  mathematics.  His  judicial  opinions  are  in  Volumes  5  to 
21,  inclusive,  and  in  Volumes  2y,  28,  30,  32  and  33,  Ohio  State 


342  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Reports.     I  have  quoted  freely  from  a  sketch  prepared  by  his 
brother  judges. 

William  Virgil  Peck  was  born  at  Cayuga,  New  York,  on 
April  i6,  1804.  His  father  died  in  the  following  September,  and 
in  October  his  mother  returned  to  their  former  home  in  Litch- 
field, Connecticut.  He  there  attended  the  common  schools ;  then 
Pierce  Academy  and  later  South  Farms  Academy,  until,  at 
twelve  years  of  age,  he  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  a  store.  In 
1824  he  entered  the  famous  law  school  at  Litchfield,  then  con- 
ducted by  Judge  Gould,  and  graduated  in  1826.  He  then  wont 
to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  entered  the  office  of  Judge  Bellamy 
Storer.  In  1827  he  opened  his  own  office  in  Portsmouth,  where, 
on  June  8,  1830,  he  married  Miss  Mary  Ann  Cook.  He  soon 
acquired  high  reputation  and  a  profitable  practice.  In  February. 
1847,  Ohio  Legislature  elected  him  president  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  for  the  Seventeenth  Circuit.  In  October,  185 1, 
at  the  first  election  under  the  second  constitution,  the  voters  of  the 
second  sub-division  of  the  Seventh  Judicial  District,  composed 
of  Jackson,  Lawrence,  Pike,  Scioto  and  Vinton  Counties,  made 
him  its  sole  judge.  They  re-elected  him  in  1856  for  a  five-year 
term,  but  he  resigned  and  took  his  seat  on  the  supreme  bench 
in  February,  1859,  having,  in  October,  1858,  defeated  Judge 
Thomas  W.  Bartley.  In  1863  he  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for 
another  term.  In  1864  he  returned  to  Portsmouth,  but  did  not 
resume  practice.  He  died  there  on  December  30,  1877 ;  his  wife 
—  the  mother  of  his  many  children,  —  having  preceded  him  on 
the  eleventh  day  of  the  same  month.  The  History  of  Scioto 
County,  by  Captain  N.  W.  Evans,  tells  us  that  "of  his  contem- 
poraries at  the  bar  none  ever  spoke  of  him  as  a  lawyer  and  a* 
judge  except  in  terms  of  highest  commendation.  As  a  common 
pleas  judge  he  was  considered  the  superior  of  all  who  came 
before;  and  since  his  time  there  has  not  been  his  equal."  His 
opinions  as  a  supreme  judge  are  in  Volumes  8  to  14,  both  in- 
cluded, of  Ohio  State  Reports. 

The  limits  of  my  paper  will  not  permit  special  notice  of  all 
Ohio  supreme  judges,  but  I  will  select  a  few.  One  of  these  is 
Charles  Robert  Sherman,  whose  sons  —  William  Tecum- 
SEH,  as  a  general,  and  John,  as  a  statesman,  attained  the  highest 


Ohio  Centennial.  343 

rank  in  both  state  and  nation.  The  judge  was  born  in  Nor- 
walk,  Connecticut,  September  26,  1788.  He  received  the  best 
educational  advantages  of  his  day;  studied  law  under  his  father, 
Taylor  Sherman,  and  Judge  Chapman,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Connecticut  bar  in  1 810.  He  married  Mary  Hoyt  in  May  of 
that  year;  traveled  via  Pittsburg,  Wheeling  and  Zanesville  to 
Lancaster,  Ohio;  decided  to  settle  there;  and  in  181 1,  with  wife 
and  infant  child,  rode  on  horseback  through  the  wilderness  to 
their  new  home.  The  war  with  England  began  in  181 2,  and  he, 
as  major  of  the  Fairfield  regiment,  was  active  in  filling  the 
county  quota  for  the  army  at  Detroit.  An  old  lawyer,  who 
knew  him  well,  wrote:  "Established  permanently  at  Lancaster 
he  rapidly  rose  to  eminence  as  a  polished  and  eloquent  advocate, 
and  as  a  judicious,  reliable  counselor  at  law ;  few  men  were  his 
equals,  and  fewer  still  his  superiors,  in  Ohio  or  out  of  it."  The 
same  lawyer  wrote  of  early  Ohio  practice  thus :  "During  the 
pioneer  years  of  Ohio  its  lawyers  were  obliged  to  make  extensive 
circuits;  they  were  accustomed  to  accompany  the  courts  from 
county  to  county.  They  rode  together  in  primitive  style;  their 
saddle-bags  stufifed  with  papers,  documents,  briefs,  law  books, 
clothing  and  peradventure  some  creature  delectation  also.  They 
were  exposed  to  the  same  inclemencies  and  impediments  in  travel; 
they  lodged  together  at  the  same  inns,  or  taverns,  messed  at  the 
same  table,  slept  in  the  same  rooms,  and  were  not  unfrequently 
coerced  by  twos  into  the  same  bed.  Free,  jovial,  genial,  manly 
and  happy  times  they  were,  when  after  a  hard-fought  field-day 
of  professional  antagonisms  in  court,  the  evening  hours  were 
crowded  with  social  amenities,  and  winged  with  wit  and  merri- 
ment, with  pathos,  sentiment  and  song."  *  *  *  "At  these 
symposiums  of  recreation  —  and  they  were  held  wherever  the 
courts  used  to  meet  —  Charles  R.  Sherman  was  always  the  most 
welcome  of  companions.  Thus  endowed  and  so  associated  he 
became  known  as  a  leading  and  popular  people's  lawyer  from  the 
Ohio  to  Lake  Erie." 

In  1823  the  Legislature  elected  him  a  supreme  judge,  and 
placed  him  on  the  same  bench  with  Calvin  Pease,  Jacob  Burnet 
and  Peter  Hitchcock.  His  opinions,  in  the  early  volumes  of 
Hammond's  Ohio  Reports,  are  clear,  compact,  comprehensive,  in- 


344  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

tuitive,  logical,  complete  and  conclusive.  I  quote  from  the  same 
lawyer,  who  added :  "He  won  upon  the  bench,  as  he  did  at  the 
bar,  the  affection  and  confidence  of  his  associates.  They  es- 
teemed him  for  his  gentle  and  genial  nature,  for  the  brilliant 
flashes  of  his  mind  and  the  solid  strength  of  his  judgment;  abov^^ 
all  for  the  stainless  integrity  of  his  character  as  a  judge  and  as 
a  man."  In  June,  1829,  when  about  to  open  court  at  Lebanon, 
Warren  County,  a  virulent  disease  attacked  him  suddenly  and 
caused  almost  immediate  death  on  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  the 
month.  No  man  in  our  state  was  more  generally  and  sincerely 
mourned. 

I  cannot  tell  of  Chief  Justice  Peter  Hitchcock  in  better  words 
than  those  written  by  Judge  William  Lawrence  when  officially 
noting  the  termination  of  the  court  under  the  constitution  of 
1802,  on  Fel)ruary  9,  1852. 

Peter  Hitchcock  was  born  October  19,  1781,  at  Cheshire. 
Connecticut ;  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  vSeptember,  1801  ;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  his  native  state  in  March,  1803 ;  removed 
to  Burton,  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  in  June,  1806,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  reside,  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  except 
when  officially  employed ;  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives in  18 10,  and  served  one  term;  was  elected  to  the  Senate 
of  Ohio  in  181 2;  where  he  served  two  years;  again  elected  in 
1815,  and  during  the  session  of  1815-16  presided  over  that  body 
as  speaker;  was  elected  in  1816  a  representative  to  Congress,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  two  years ;  again  elected  a  member  of 
the  Ohio  Senate  in  1833,  and  during  the  session  of  1834-35,  a  sec- 
ond time  presided  over  that  body  as  speaker;  and  finally  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  new  con- 
stitution of  Ohio,  while  he  was  yet  chief  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  state. 

In  all  these  various  offices  he  acted  a  prominent  and  dis- 
tinguished part,  alike  honorable  to  himself  and  to  his  country, 
with  the  history  of  which  he  is  so  identified,  that  his  services  will 
be  appreciated  and  his  fame  remembered  as  long  as  that  history 
shall  endure.  As  a  jurist  his  services  were  still  more  pre-eminent. 
For  twenty-eight  years  he  was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  — 
the  longest   period   of   service   rendered   by   any   judge   on   that 


Ohio  Centennial.  346 

bench.  His  terms  of  service  were  as  follows :  He  was  com- 
missioned as  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  February  5,  1819,  in 
place  of  Hon.  Ethan  Allen  Brown,  resigned,  and  served  seven 
years.  He  was  again  commissioned  February  i,  1826,  to  take 
effect  February  5,  1826,  the  date  of  the  expiration  of  his  first 
term,  and  served  seven  years.  He  was  again  commissioned 
March  7,  1835,  in  place  of  Hon.  John  C.  Wright,  resigned,  and 
served  seven  years.     He  was  again  commissioned  February   16, 

1845,  and  served  until  February  9,  1852,  when  his  term  ceased 
by  the  operation  of  the  new  constitution,  about  one  week  before 
the  expiration  of  the  full  term  for  which  the  General  Assembly 
had  elected  him. 

He  was  chief  judge  six  years  ;  during  1831-32-33  and  in  1849, 
1850-51-52  until  February  9.  Two  Ohio  colleges  —  Marietta  and 
Western  Reserve  —  honored  him  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 

Distinguished  for  his  profound  learning,  his  vast  and  varied 
-attainments,  his  unsullied  integrity,  his  long,  lal)orious  and  use- 
ful services  to  the  public,  and  for  his  extensive  experience  as  a 
judge,  in  which  capacity  he  was  master  of  the  law ;  with  the 
confidence  of  the  bar  and  the  people,  he  retired  from  the  high 
office  of  chief  justice  at  the  age  of  seventy  years,  enjoying  in  an 
eminent  degree  ''Mens  sana  in  corpore  sanof 

He  died  on  the  eleventh  day  of  May,  1853,  at  Painesville. 
Ohio.  Throughout  his  career  he  was  a  generous  benefactor  of 
benevolent  enterprises. 

Reuben  Wood  was  born  in  Rutland  County,  Vermont,  in 
1792.  He  served  in  the  War  of  1812-15  as  captain  of  Vermont 
volunteers.  He  later  studied  law,  came  to  Cleveland.  Ohio,  and 
began  practice  there  about  1820.  From  1825  to  1828  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Ohio  Senate.  In  1830  the  Legislature  elected 
him  president  judge  of  the  Third  Common  Pleas  Circuit ;  and 
on  February  17,  1833,  the  same  body  made  him  a  Supreme  Court 
judge;   to  which  office  he  was  re-elected  in  1839,  and  served  until 

1846.  In  October,  1850,  he  was  elected  governor  of  Ohio.  The 
second  constitution  terminating  his  term  before  its  two  vears 
bad  passed,  he  was  again  elected  in  October,  1851,  and  was  the 
first  governor  under  that  constitution.  The  Democratic  national 
convention  sitting  at  Baltimore  in  1852  discussed  the  nomination 


346  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

of  Governor  Wood  for  the  presidency,  but  unfortunately  selected 
Franklin  Pierce.  If  Reuben  Wood  had  been  president  in  1853- 
54,*  his  sound  sense  would  have  prevented  the  silly  and  disastrous 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,,  and  perhaps  have  thereby 
saved  our  country  from  the  Civil  War  of  1861-65.  In  1853  J^i^^R^ 
Wood  resigned  the  governorship,  and  accepted  a  consulship  at 
Valparaiso,  Chile,  where  the  climate  favored  his  restoration  to 
health.  In  1855  he  resigned,  returned  to  Ohio,  retired  from  pub- 
lic life,  and,  on  October  2,  1864,  died  at  Rockport,  Cuyahoga 
County.  His  judicial  opinions  are  in  volumes  six  to  fifteen  — 
both  included  —  Ohio  Reports. 

RuFus  Putnam  Ranney  was  born  at  Blandford.  Hamp- 
den County,  Massachusetts,  on  the  thirteenth  day  of  October, 
1813.  His  father  was  a  farmer  of  Scotch  descent.  The  family 
removed  to  Portage  County,  Ohio,  in  1824.  There  —  then  a 
western  frontier  settlement,  the  means  of  public  instruction  were 
limited.  They  had  brought  some  standard  books  from  Massa- 
chusetts. His  active,  penetrating  intellect  aroused  within  him  a 
desire  to  get  an  education.  By  manual  labor,  and  teaching  in 
backwoods  schools,  he  earned  enough  to  enter  an  academy  where 
in  a  short  time  he  prepared  himself  for  college.  By  chopping 
cordwood  he  earned  the  money  to  enter  Western  Reserve  College, 
then  at  Hudson,  but  for  want  of  means  he  could  not  complete 
the  college  course.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two,  in  the  law  office 
of  Joshua  R.  Giddings  and  Benjamin  Wade  he  began  to  study 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar  in  1836.  Mr.  Giddings 
began  his  long  career  in  Congress,  and  upon  Mr.  Wade's  sug- 
gestion the  law  firm  of  Wade  and  Ranney  was  formed,  and  soon 
became  the  leading  one  in  Northeastern  Ohio.  In  1845  Wade  be- 
came president  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas,  and  in  1851  entered 
the  United  States  Senate.  In'  1846  Ranney  removed  to  Warren 
in  Trumbull  County.  His  party  —  the  Democratic  —  nominated 
him  for  Congress  in  1846  and  1848  in  a  district  in  which  it  was 
hopelessly  in  the  minority ;  but  in  1850  Trumbull  and  Geauga 
Counties; — though  heavily  Whig  —  chose  Ranney  a  delegate  to 
the  second  constitutional  convention,  where  he  served  with  dis- 
tinction on  the  committees  on  the  judiciary,  on  revision,  on 
amendments  and  some  others.     His  associates  on  the  judiciary 


Ohio  Centennial.  347 

committee  were  Henry  Stanbery,  Joseph  R.  Swan,  William  S. 
Groesbeck,  and  William  Kennon.  In  1892  a  committee  of  the 
Ohio  bar,  composed  of  Allen  G.  Thurman,  Richard  A.  Harrison, 
Jacob  D.  Cox,  F.  E.  Hutchins  and  Samuel  E.  Williamson,  thus 
wrote  of  his  work  and  standing  in  that  convention : 

Although  he  was  then  a  young  man  he  was  soon  recognized  as  one 
of  the  leading  members  of  the  convention.  In  this  body  of  distinguished 
lawyers,  jurists  and  statesmen,  there  were  few  members  who  had  as  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  political  science,  constitutional  law,  political  and  judicial 
history  and  the  principles  of  jurisprudence  as  Judge  Ranney  displayed 
in  the  debates  of  the  convention.  There  was  no  more  profound,  acute 
and  convincing  reasoner  on  the  floor  of  the  convention,  and  in  the  com- 
mittee rooms  his  suggestions  and  enlightened  mind  were  invaluable.  The 
amended  constitution  conforms  very  nearly  to  the  principles  and  provisions 
advocated  by  him. 

In  March,  1851,  the  General  Assembly  elected  him  a  supreme 
judge  to  succeed  Judge  Avery;  and  in  October  of  the  same  year 
the  people  elected  him  a  member  of  the  new  Supreme  Court. 
The  terms  were  distributed  by  lot  and  the  full  five  years  fell  to 
him.  In  October,  1856,  Judge  Josiah  Scott,  Republican,  was 
chosen,  and  later  in  the  year  Judge  Ranney  resigned,  and  began 
law  practice  at  Cleveland  in  the  firm  of  Ranney,  Backus  and 
Noble.  In  1859  he  was  Democratic  candidate  for  governor,  but 
the  Republican  candidate,  William-  Dennison,  was  elected.  In 
1862  both  parties  went  to  Ranney,  Backus  and  Noble  for  their 
candidates  for  Supreme  Court  judge,  and  that  year  Franklin  T. 
Backus,.  Republican,  was  defeated  by  his  Democratic  partner. 
But  the  attractions  and  demands  of  a  large  Northern  Ohio  prac- 
tice soon  induced  Judge  Ranney  to  finally  leave  the  bench.  He  re- 
signed on  February  23,  1865,  and  renewed  the  practice  of  law 
at  Cleveland.  The  demands  upon  his  professional  services  were 
more  than  he  could  comply  with ;  but  the  needs  of  a  man  or 
woman  in  difficulty  or  distress  were  more  likely  to  secure  his 
devoted  services  than  the  offer  of  a  large  fee.  Toward  the  close 
of  his  life  he  gradually  withdrew  from  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion; but  the  urgent  solicitation  of  some  old  friend,  or  an  attack 
upon  some  important  constitutional  or  legal  principle,  drew  him 
occasionally  from  his  library  to  the  court  room,  where  his  partici- 


348  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

pation  in  a  case  never  failed  to  bring  together  an  audience  of 
lawyers  eager  to  learn  from  him  the  art  of  forensic  reasoning,  of 
which  he  was  a  consummate  master,  and  to  be  entertained  and 
instructed  by  his  sympathy  and  familiarity  with  the  more  recent 
advances  in  the  science  of  jurisprudence. 

When  the  Ohio  Bar  Association  was  organized  in  1881  he 
was  made  its  first  president.  He  devoted  much  of  his  time  for 
several  years  to  placing  "The  Case  School  of  Applied  Science" 
at  Cleveland  upon  a  firm  foundation,  and  providing  for  it  ade- 
quate buildings  and  equipment.  I  quote  again  from  the  commit- 
tee of  lawyers : 

Judge  Ranney  was  a  man  of  great  simplicity  of  character ;  wholly 
free  from  affectation  and  assumption.  He  could  have  attained  the  highest 
standing  in  any  pursuit  or  station  requiring  the  exercise  of  the  best  intel- 
lectual and  moral  qualities;  but  his  ambition  was  chastened  and  moderate, 
and  he  seemed  to  have  no  aspirations  for  o^cial  place  or  popular  applause. 
While  always  dignified  he  was  a  genial  and  companionable  man,  of  fine 
wit  and  rare  humor.  While  on  the  bench  his  most  distinguished  trait 
was  his  grasp  of  general  principles,  in  preference  to  decided  cases.  He 
never  ran  to  book  shelves  for  a  case  which  had  some  resemblance  to  that 
in  hand ;  perceiving,  as  he  did,  that  the  resemblance  is  frequently  mis- 
leading. 

Judge  Ranney  had  those  qualities  of  simplicity,  directness,  candor, 
solidity,  strength  and  sovereign  good  sense  which  the  independent  and 
reflective  life  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  western  country  fostered.  He  was 
a  personal  force  whose  power  was  profoundly  felt  in  the  adminstration 
of  justice  throughout  the  state.  He  made  a  deep  and  permanent  impression 
on  the  jurisprudence  of  Ohio. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Cleveland  on  the  sixth  day  of  Decem- 
ber, 1 89 1.  As  a  man,  as  a  lawyer,  as  a  judge,  and  as  a  states- 
man, he  left  a  record  without  a  blemish;  a  character  above  re- 
proach; and  a  reputation  as  a  jurist  and  statesman  which  but 
few  members  of  the  bar  have  attained. 

William  White  was  born  in  England  on  the  twenty-eighth 
day  of  January,  1822.  His  parents  died  in  his  early  childhood, 
and  he  came  to  Springfield,  Ohio,  in  183 1  with  an  uncle.  When 
twelve  years  old  he  was  apprenticed  for  nine  years  to  a  cabinet 
maker.  After  six  years  service  he  bought  his  remaining  time, 
his  master  accepting  the  boy's  notes  for  the  purchase  money. 


Ohio  Centennial.  349 

Having  paid  these  out  of  his  later  earnings,  he  dihgently  attended 
Springfield  schools,  principally  the  high  school,  working  at  his 
trade  during  vacations  and  other  spare  time.  He  studied  law 
under  William  A.  Rodgers,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Clark  County, 
teaching  school  at  intervals  for  his  necessary  expenses.  In  1846 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was  his  preceptor's  partner  until 
Mr.  Rodgers  became  judge  of  Common  Pleas  in  February,  1852. 
In  1847  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Clark  County, 
and  was  thrice  re-elected.  In  1856  the  bar  nominated  him  for 
common  pleas  judge  and  he  was  chosen,  over  the  two  party 
candidates,  by  a  large  majority.  The  vote  of  Clark  County  was 
cast,  almost  unanimously,  for  him.  In  1861  he  was  re-elected. 
Judge  Hocking  H.  Hunter  having  on  February  9,  1864,  resigned 
as  supreme  judge,  Governor  John  Brough  the  next  day  appointed 
William  White  to  fill  the  vacancy.  In  1864,  1868,  1873  and  in 
1878  the  people  elected  and  re-elected  him  to  the  same  ofiice. 
Early  in  1883  ^^^  was  nominated,  by  President  Arthur,  and  con- 
firmed by  the  Senate,  judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court 
for  the  Southern  District  of  Ohio,  but  his  illness  prevented  accept- 
ance by  him.  Pie  died  on  March  12,  1883.  On  the  fourteenth 
of  that  month  the  Ohio  State  Bar  Association,  and  other  members 
of  the  bar,  met  in  the  Supreme  Court  room  at  Columbus.  Judge 
Rufus  P.  Ranney,  president  of  the  association,  appointed  Rich- 
ard A.  Harrison,  Allen  G.  Thurman,  William  H.  West,  W.  W. 
Boynton,  William  J.  Gilmore,  Henry  C.  Noble,  Durbin  Ward, 
Michael  A.  Daugherty  and  John  W.  Herron,  a  committee  "to 
draft  a  memorial  and  resolutions  concerning  the  character  and 
public  services  of  Chief  Justice  William  White." 

They  made  a  report,  by  Richard  A.  Harrison,  which  the 
meeting  unanimously  approved  and  adopted ;  the  Supreme  Court 
made  it  a  part  of  their  record,  and  by  their  order  it  was  printed 
in  full  on  pages  7  to  12,  both  included,  in  Volume  38,  Ohio 
State  Reports. 

I  quote  a  few  paragraphs : 

Judge  White's  simple  and  modest  manners,  his  kindness  of  nature, 
his  warm  social  impulses,  his  unvarying  courtesy,  his  almost  unexampled 
regard  for  the  feelings  and  rights  of  others,  his  charity  for  human  frailties., 
and  his  never  failing  patience  towards  all  men,  endeared  him  to  every- 


•350  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

one  who  knew  him.  These  characteristics,  as  well  as  the  manner  in  which 
he  discharged  the  duties  of  his  great  office,  made  him  a  favorite  with  the 
bar,  as  well  as  with  all  ranks  and  conditions  of  men.  Both  the  bar  and 
the  public  manifested  their  admiration,  esteem,  confidence  and  gratitude 
toward  him,  by  renominating  without  opposition,  and  re-electing  him,  as 
often  as  his  term  of  office  expired. 

He  was  a  wise  and  honest  citizen.  His  neighbors,  without  exception, 
regarded  him  as  a  loving  friend.  He  took  pleasure  in  aiding  them  with 
his  wise  counsels,  and  his  charities  were  bestowed  with  a  free  hand.  Those 
who  have  known  him  from  boyhood  affirm  that  he  never  had  a  personal 
■enemy.  His  personal  character  was  of  the  highest  order.  Exemplary 
rectitude  and  wise  sobriety  adorned  his  whole  life.  He  was  the  very  soul 
of  honor  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  He  was  unpretentious  in  all  his  acts 
.and  was  another  illustration  of  the  truism  that  unpretending  characters  are 
rarely  deficient. 

To  say  that  he  was  patient,  diligent  and  thorough  in  the  investiga- 
tion of  causes,  is  simply  to  state  what  is  attested  by  his  opinions  recorded 
in  twenty  volumes  of  Ohio  State  Reports.  These  will  constitute  for  all 
time  an  enduring  monument  of  his  sound,  discriminating  judgment,  and 
his  fidelity  and  eminence  as  a  jurist.  He  aided  in  solving  many  constitu- 
tional questions  of  the  highest  moment.  His  reported  decisions  touch 
almost  every  branch  of  the  law.  They  have  always  been,  and  will  ever  be 
regarded  with  the  highest  respect,  because  they  bear  internal  evidence 
that  they  are  the  results  and  products  of  exhaustive  legal  research  by  a 
strong,  logical,  penetrating  mind,  and  of  a  man  of  the  sternest  integrity 
and  strictest  impartiality. 

Judge  White  has  left,  for  all  time,  an  enduring  and  elevating  im- 
pression upon  the  jurisprudence  and  judicial  history  of  the  state,  and  he 
has  added  much  to  the  distinction  of  her  Supreme  Judicial  Court. 

Judge  White  has  left  to  the  profession  of  the  bar,  from  which  he 
was  promoted  to  the  highest  honor  which  a  lawyer  can  receive  from  the 
state,  a  lesson  and  an  example  worthy  of  following;  and  although  he 
left  but  a  small  estate  to  his  widow  and  children,  he  left  them  the  rich 
heritage  of  an  unsullied  name,  and  the  record  of  a  life  devoted  to  the 
service  of  his   fellow   men. 

He  was  married  in  1847  ^^  Miss  Rachel  Stout,  whose  par- 
ents were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Springfield.  She,  with 
one  son  and  two  daughters,  survive  him.  The  son,  Charles  R. 
White,  served  as  judge  of  common  plejs,  in  the  Clark  County 
sub-division,  from  May,  1885,  until  his  death  in  1890. 

The  Ohio  judge  who  sat  upon  an  Ohio  bench  longer  than 
.any  other  man  is  still  living.  Because  of  that  fact,  I  depart  from 
the  rule  that  has  limited  my  biographical  sketches  to  judges  who 


Ohio  Centennial.  351 

have  ended  life  here,  and  briefly  tell  you  of  William  Hugh 
Frazier. 

He  was  t)orn  in  Hubbard,  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  on  March 
II,  1826.  His  father,  George  Frazier,  a  native  of  Kent  County, 
Maryland,  was  a  farmer  and  magistrate  in  Trumbull  County, 
Ohio,  where  he  had  married  Miss  Bethiah  Randall,  a  native  of 
Washington  County,  Pennsylvania.  William  was  reared  on  the 
farm,  and  attended  school  in  Hubbard,  until  in  1838  his  parents 
removed  to  Guernsey  County,  Ohio.  There,  until  he  became  of 
age,  he  attended  common  schools  in  winter  and  worked  on  the 
farm  in  summer.  He  then  entered  Madison  College,  at  Antrim, 
Guernsey  County,  spending  vacations  at  home  in  farm  work. 
After  two  years  at  the  college  he  studied  law  under  his  elder 
brother,  Henry,  until  on  May  17,  1852,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Coshocton,  Ohio.  He  at  once  began  to  practice  at  Sarahs- 
ville,  Noble  County,  Ohio,  in  partnership  with  his  brother,  who 
died  within  a  year  thereafter.  Tn  1858  William  removed  to 
Caldwell,  the  new  county  seat.  In  1865  —  for  about  one  year  — 
James  S.  Foreman  was  his  partner  there.  Thereafter  he  prac- 
ticed alone.  In  1855  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Noble  County,  and  was  re-elected  for  five  successive  terms.  In 
1866  Noble  County  in  convention  unanimously  supported  him  for 
nomination  as  common  pleas  judge,  but  Moses  M.  Granger 
was  nominated  and  elected.  Although  assured  of  renomina- 
tion  and  re-election  early  in  1871  Judge  Granger  announced  his 
intention  to  resign  after  the  then  coming  September.  He  did 
so,  and  Governor  Hayes  appointed  William  Hugh  Frazier  to  fill 
the  vacancy  on  October  9,  1871.  The  people  elected  and  re- 
elected him  in  1871,  1876  and  1881.  Tn  November,  1884.  they 
elected  him  one  of  the  three  circuit  judges  for  the  Seventh  or 
Eastern  Ohio  Circuit,  which  extended  from  Lake  Erie  to  Wash- 
ington County.  Judge  Frazier  drew  the  four  year  term,  but  was 
re-elected  for  the  full  six  year  term  in  1888  and  1896.  He  re- 
tired from  the  bench  February  9,  1901,  having  served  as  judge 
almost  thirty  years.  He  was  married  November  30,  1855,  to 
Miss  Minerva  E.  Staats,  who  died  on  November  10,  1898.  Four 
daughters  and  one  son  survive  her.  The  son,  L.  B.  Frazier,  Is  a 
lawyer  practicing  in  Caldwell. 


362  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  bar  and  people  of  Eastern  Ohio  hold  Judge  William 
H.  Frazier  in  high  honor  and  regard ;  due  to  him  because  of  the 
purity  and  rectitude  of  his  life  as  a  man,  and  the  ability,  industry 
and  impartiality  with  which  he  served  them  as  a  judge  for  so 
many  years.  Only  three  Ohio  judges  have  exceeded  twenty- 
five  years;  John  McLean,  32  years  (26  of  them  on  a  United 
States  bench)  ;  Peter  Hitchcock,  28  years;  William  Hugh  Fra- 
zier, 29  years  and  8  months.* 

Historic  references  to  "The  Twelve  Judges"  of  England, 
as  well  as  the  English  Common  Law  numbering  of  its  jury,  has 
made  us  familiar  with  the  number  "twelve"  in  connection  with 
the  judiciary.  I  have  briefly  outlined  for  you  the  lives  and  ser- 
vices of  twelve  of  the  Ohio  judges  of  1803- 1903,  and  submit 
them  as  illustrations  of  that  judiciary.  Many  others  could  be 
added  from  the  probate  courts,  the  superior  courts,  the  com- 
mon pleas  courts,  the  circuit  courts,  and  from  the  supreme  bench, 
but  I  have  no  right  to  convert  my  centennial  paper  into  an  Ohio 
judicial  biographical  dictionary. 

After  one-third  of  the  century  had  passed,  Joseph  Vance, 
governor  of  Ohio,  in  his  inaugural  address  on  December  13, 
1836,  said: 

I  have  again  and  again,  whilst  on  business  in  eastern  cities,  heard 
our  judiciary  spoken  of  in  terms  that  made  me  proud  that  I  was  a  citizen 
of  Ohio.  "No  collusion  or  fraud,  sir,"  said  an  eminent  merchant  of  one 
of  our  eastern  cities,  "can  stand  before  your  judiciary."  This  is  the 
character,  gentlemen,  that  causes  capital  to  seek  employment  here;  that 
gives  security  to  our  rights  and  value  to  our  property. 

When  the  first  half  century  was  near  its  close,  in  April,  1852, 
Judge  William  Lawrence,  noted  for  long  service  in  the  National 
House  of  Representatives,  and  in  other  public  positions  and 
trusts,  and  high  in  rank  at  the  bar,  wrote  of  the  Supreme  Court 
that  had  adjourned  sine  die  on  January  16,  1852: 

This  court  has  from  its  commencement  been  composed  of  judges 
distinguished  for  learning,  talents  and  integrity.  Its  decisions,  on  the 
circuit  and  in  bank,  now    (1852)   comprise  twenty  volumes  of  Reports — 


*  Judge  H.  H.  Leavitt  sat  as  United  States  judge  thirty-six  years  and 
eight  months 


Ohio  Centennial.  363 

a  fund  of  judicial  learning,  characterized  by  profound  research,  and  lumin- 
ous exposition,  not  only  invaluable  to  the  profession  in  Ohio,  but  which 
will  leave  its  impress  upon  the  science  of  law,  wherever  that  science  is 
known  and  understood. 

The  bench  of  Ohio  of  1803- 1903  made  to  other  high  de- 
partments of  national  arid  state  service  the  following  contribu- 
tions : 

Eight  governors  of  Ohio,  for  terms  aggregating  twenty- 
two  years;  three  justices  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
for  terms  aggregating  forty  years ;  one  secretary  of  state ;  two 
attorney-generals;  one  secretary  of  war;  and  two  postmaster- 
generals  of  the  United  States  for  terms  aggregating  twenty- 
one  years;  one  governor-general  of  the  Philippines,  still  in 
office;  nine  United  States  senators,  for  terms  aggregating  sev- 
enty-six years;  thirty-nine  members  of  the  National  House  of 
Representatives,  for  terms  aggregating  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
two  years.  The  histories  of  State  and  Nation  tell  that  they  faith- 
fully and  effectively  performed  the  duties  of  their  respective 
posts. 

Ohio,  may,  rightfully,  be  proud  of  her  judiciary  and  of  its 
record  for  its  first  hundred  years. 

So  long  as  her  people  will  insure  the  independence  of  her 
courts  by  wise  laws;  and  maintain  their  character  by  always 
refusing  nominations  and  votes  to  unfit  candidates  for  judicial 
office,  they  will  make  secure  their  own  lives,  liberties  and  prop- 
erty.   May  1903-2003  find  all  as  safe  as  they  are  now! 

I  think  that  Ohio  lawyers  will  be  glad  to  read  a  list  of 
Ohio  judges  and  therefore  try  to  furnish  one.  It  is  impracticable 
for  me  to  learn  the  names  and  years  of  service  of  the  probate 
judges  of  Ohio's  eighty-eight  counties,  so  I  omit  them  and  also 
their  predecessors,  the  associate  judges  of  common  pleas  from 
1803  to  1852.  Although  judges  of  the  Territory  Northwest  of 
the  Ohio,  and  the  judges  of  the  district  and  circuit  courts  of 
the  United  States  who  have  served  in  Ohio  are  not  literally  and 
strictly  members  of  ''Ohio  Judiciary,"  I  include  them  in  this 
appendix. 

o.  c  23 


854  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

In  making  my  list  of  common  pleas  judges  I  have  used  the 
same  names  and  dates  as  aie  in  "The  Ohio  Hundred  Year  Book, 
1803-1902,"  except  such  as  I  have  found  to  be  incorrect.  I  have 
had  no  means  of  testing  the  accuracy  of  the  great  majority  of 
them. , 
.;  THE  TERRITORIAL  JUDGES. 

Samuel  Holden  Parsons,  from  April,  1788,  to  November  1789.  (a.) 
Drowned. 

James  Mitchell  Varnum,  from  April,  1788,  to  February,  1789.  (b.) 
Died. 

.  John  Cleves  Symmes,  from  February  19,  1789,  to  April,  1803. 
George  Turner,  from  September  8,  1789,  to  February,  1798.    Resigned. 
"     Rufus   Putnam,  from  January,  1790,  to  October,   1796.     Resigned. 
Joseph  Gilman  from  November,  1796,  to  April,  1803. 
Return  Jonathan  Meigs,  Jr.,  from  February  12,  1798,  to  April,  1803. 

(a)  John  Armstrong  was  appointed  at  the  same  time  as  Parsons 
and  Varnum,  but  he  declined  to  accept. 

(b)  On  August  18,  1789,  William  Barton  was  nominated  and  con- 
firmed in  place  of  Judge  Varnum,  but  he  declined  to  accept,  and  then 
George  Turner  was  made  judge. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  CIRCUIT  COURT  FOR  THE 

SIXTH  CIRCUIT:    KENTUCKY,  MICHIGAN, 
,,  ,  .      OHIO  AND  TENNESSEE. 

John'  Baxter,  of  Tennessee,  1867  to  1870. 

Halmon  H.  Emmons,  of  Michigan,   1870  to  1886. 

Howell  p.  Jackson,  of  Tennessee,  1886  to  1892. 

William  H.  Taft,  of  Ohio,  March  3,  1893,  resigned  March  15,  1900. 

Horace  H.  Lurton,  of  Tennessee,  1893,  in  office. 

William  R.  Day,  of  Ohio,  February  28,  1898,  to  January,  1903. 

Hertry  F.  Severens,  of  Michigan,  1900,  in  office. 
>;.  John  K.' Richards,  of  Ohio,  March  16,  1903,  in  office. 
;  phio  was  one  district  from  1803  until  in  March,  1855,  when  Congress 

,  divided  it  into  two ;  the  Northern  and  the   Southern. 

y         JUDGES  OF  THE  U.  S.  DISTRICT  COURT  FOR  OHIO. 

Charles  Willing  fiird,  irom  March  3,  1803,  died  August  11,  1828. 
.,,•       William  Creighton,  Jr.,  from  November  1,  1828,  until  December  31, 
1828.     (He  was  nominated  by  President  John  Q.  Adams  whose  term  was 
to  end  March  4,  1829.     The  Senate  refused  to  confirm,  and  thus  kept  the 
place  open  for  President  Jackson.) 

John  W.  Campbell,  from  March  7,  1829,  died  September  24,  1833. 


Ohio  Centennial.  355 

Benjamin  Tappan,  from  December  23,  1833,  until  December  26,  1833. 
(The  Senate  temporarily  hostile  to  President  Jackson,  refused  to  con- 
firm.) 

Humphrey  Howe  Leavitt,  from  July  24,  1834,  retired  March  13,  1871. 
(From  1855  he  was  Judge  of  the  District  of  Southern  Ohio.) 

JUDGES  OF  THE  U.  S.  DISTRICT  OF  SOUTHERN  OHIO. 

Humphrey  Howe  Leavitt,  from  March,  1855,  retired  March  13,  1871. 
Died  1873. . 

Philip  B.  Swing,  from  March  13,  1871,  died  October  30,  1882. 

William  White,  confirmed  March,  1883.  (Judge  White  died  March 
12,    1883.) 

George  R.  Sage,  from  April  7,  1883,  retired  September  22,  1898. 
Died  November  19,  '1898. 

Albert   C.   Thompson,   from   September  22,   1898,  in  office. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  U.  S.  DISTRICT  OF  NORTHERN  OHIO. 

Hiram  V.  Wilson,  from  March  20,  1855,  died  November  11,  1866. 
Charles  T.   Sherman,  from  March   19,   1867,  resigned  November  29, 
1873. 

Martin  Welker,  from  December  8,  1873,  retired  March  29,  1889. 
Augustus  J.  Ricks,  from  July  31,  1889,  in  office. 
Francis  J.  Wing,  from  January  30,  1901,  in  office. 

JUDGES  OF  OHIO  SUPREME  COURT— 1803-1903. 

Thomas  Q.  Ashburn,  (First  Commission),  from  March  18,  1876,  to 
February,  1879. 

Gibson  Atherton,  f  re  n  August  20,  1885,  to  December. 16,  1885. 
Edward  Avery,    from   1847   to   1851. 
Thomas  W.  Bartley,  from  1852  to  1859. 
Matthew  Birchard,  from  1842  to  1849. 
Ozias  Bo  wen,   from  1856  to  1858. 
W.  W.  Boynton,  from  1877  to  1881. 
Joseph   P.   Bradbury,   from   1889  to   1900. 
Jacob  Brinkerhoff,  from  1856  to  1871. 

Ethan  Allen   Brown,   from  1810   to   1818.  - 

•      Henry  Brush,  from  1830  to  1831. 
Jacob  Burnet,  from  1821  to  1828. 
Jacob  F.   Burket",  from  1893,  in  office. 
William  B.  Caldwell,   from  1849  to  1854.      ' 
Joshua  Collett,   from   1829  to   1835. 

Charles  C.  Convers,  from  February  9,  1856,  to  May  15,  1856. 
John  A.  Corwin,  from  1852  to  1854. 
Jessup  N.  Couch,  from  1816  to  1821 


856  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

William  B.  Crew,  from  July  19,  1902,  in  office, 

William  Z.   Davis,  from  1900,  in  office. 

Luther  Day,  from   1865  to  1875. 

Luther  Day,  (First  Commission),  from  February,  1876,  to  February, 
1879. 

Franklin  J.  Dickman,  (Second  Commission),  from  April  17,  1883, 
to  April  17,   1885. 

Franklin  J.  Dickman,  from  November  16,  1886,  to  February  9,  1895. 

John  H.  Doyle,   from  March,  1883,  to  December,  1883. 

Martin  D.   Follett  from  December,   1883,  to  February,   1887. 

William  Y.   Gholson,  from   1859  to  1863. 

William  J.  Gilmore,  from  1875  to  1880. 

John  Milton  Goodenow,  from  1830  to  (a  few  months)  1830. 

Moses  M.  Granger  (Chief  Judge,  Second  Commission),  from  April 
17,  1883,  to  April  17,  1885. 

Frederick  Grimke,   from    1836  to   1842. 

Elijah  Hay  ward,  from  1830  to   (a  few  months)    1830. 

Peter  Hitchcock,  from  1819  to  1833 ;  from  1835  to  1842 ;  from  1844  to 
1852 — 28  years.     He  served  as  Chief  Justice   six  years. 

Hocking  H.  Hunter,  from  February  9,  1864,  to  February  10,  1864. 

Samuel  Huntington,  from  1803  to  1808. 

William  W.  Irwin,   from  1810  to   1816. 

William  W.  Johnson  (First  Commission),  from  1876  to  1879;  from 
February  9,  1879,  to  November  15,  1886. 

William  Kennon,  from  1854  to  1856. 

Ebenezer  Lane,   from  1830  to  1844. 

Nicholas  Longworth,   from  1881  to   1883. 

John  McCauley  (Second  Commission),  from  April  17,  1883,  to  April 
17,  1885. 

George  W.   Mcllvaine,   from  1871  to   1886. 

John  McLean,  from  1816  to  1822. 

Charles  D.  Martin  (Second  Commission),  from  April  17,  1883,  to 
April  17,  1885. 

Return  Jonathan  Meigs,  Jr.,  from  1803  to  1804 ;  from  1808  to  1809. 

Thaddeus  A.  Minshall,  from  1886  to  1902. 

Thomas  Morris,   elected   1809,   did  not  accept. 

George  K.  Nash  (Second  Commission),  from  April  17,  1883,  to  April 
17,   1885. 

John  W.  Okey,  from  February  9,   1878,  to  August,   1885. 

Selwyn  N.  Owen,  from  December,  1883,  to  February  9,  1889. 

Calvin   Pease,   from   1816  to   1830. 

William    V.    Peck,    from   1859    to   1864. 

James  L.  Price,  from  1901,  in  office. 

Rufus  P.  Ranney,  from  1851  to  1852;  from  1852  to  1857;  from  1863 
to  1865. 


Ohio  Centennial.  357 

Nathaniel  C.   Read,  from  1842   to  1849. 

George  Rex,  from  1874  to  1877. 

Josiah  Scott,  from  1857  to  1872;  (First  Commission),  from  February, 
1876,   to  February,   1879. 

Thomas  Scott,   from  1809  to  1816. 

John  A.  Shauck,  from  February,  1895,  in  office. 

Charles  R.  Sherman,  from  1823  to  1829. 

Rufus   P.   Spaulding,    from  1849   to    1852. 

William  T.   Spear,  from  1885,  in  office. 

William  Sprigg,  from  1803  to   1806;   from  1808  to  1810. 

Walter  F.   Stone,  from  1873  to  1874. 

Milton  Sutliff,  from  1858  to  1863. 

Joseph  R.   Swan,  from  1855  to  1860. 

Daniel  Symmes,  from  1805  to  1808. 

Allen  G.  Thurman,  from  1852  to   1856. 

George  Tod,  from  1806  to  1810. 

William  H.  Upson,  from  March,  1883,  to  December,  1883. 

Robert  B.  Warden,  from   1854  to  1855. 

John    Welch,    from    1865   to   1878. 

William  H.  West,  from  1872  to  1873. 

William  White,  from  February  10,   1864,  to  March  12,  1883. 

Henry  C.  Whitman  (First  Commission),  from  February,  1876,  to 
March  17,  1876. 

Horace  Wilder,  from  1863  to  1865. 

Marshall  J.    Williams,  from  1887,  died  July,   1902. 

Reuben  Wood,  from.  1833  to  1847. 

D.  Thew  Wright  (First  Commission),  from  February,  1876,  to  Febru- 
ary, 1879. 

John  C.  Wright,  from  1830  to  1835. 

Since  February  9,  1885,  much  of  the  work  formerly  done  by  the 
Supreme  Court  in  Annual  Term,  or  in  Bank,  and  all  of  the  work  formerly 
done  by  the  District  Courts,  has  been  performed  by  the  Circuit  Court. 
I  therefore  append  alphabetical  lists  of  the  Circuit  Judges,  according  to 
their  Circuits: 

THE  FIRST   CIRCUIT. 

*     Joseph  Cox,  Cincinnati,  February  9,  1885,  to  February  9,  1899. 
William   S.  Giffin,  Cincinnati,   1899,  in  office. 
Ferdinand  Jelke,  Jr.,  Cincinnati,  1901,  in  office. 
James  M.  Smith,  Lebanon,  1885  to  1901. 
Peter  F.   Swing,  Batavia,   1885,  in  office. 

THE  SECOND  CIRCUIT. 

James  I.  Allread.  Greenville,  from  February  9,  1895',  to  November 
15,  1895. 


358  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications, 

John  A,   Shauck,  Dayton,  from  1885  to  February  9,  1895. 
Charles  C.  Shearer,  Xenia,  from  1887  to  1899. 
Gilbert  H.   Stewart,   Columbus,    from   1885   to   1895. 
Theodore  Sullivan,  Troy,  from  1899,  in  office. 
Augustus  N.  Summers,  Springfield,  from  1895,  in  oifice. 
Marshall  J.  Williams,  Washington  C.  H.,  from  1885  to  1887. 
Harrison  Wilson,   Sidney,   from   November   16,    1895,  in  office. 

THE  THIRD  CIRCUIT. 

Thomas  Beer,  Bucyrus,  from  February  9,  1885,  to  February  9,  1893. 

James  H.  Day,  Celina,  February  9,  1893,  in  office. 

Ebenezer  Finley,  Bucyrus,  November  17,  1896,  to  February  9,  1897. 

William  L.  Mooney,   St.  Marys,  February  9,  1901,  in  office. 

John  J.  Moore,  Ottawa,  February  9,  1885,  to  February  9,  1895. 

Caleb  H.  Norris  Marion,  February  9,  1897,   in  office. 

James  L.   Price,  Lima,  February  9,  1895  to  February  9,  1901. 

John  K.  Rohn,  Tiffin,  September  8,  1896,  to  November  16,  1896. 

Henry  W.  Seney,  Kenton,  February  9,  1885,  to  September  7,  1896. 

THE  FOURTH   CIRCUIT. 

Joseph  P.  Bradbury,  Pomeroy,  from  February  9,  1885,  to  February 
9,  1889.  . 

Thomas  Cherrington,   Ironton,  from  1885,   in  office. 
Milton  L.   Clarke,   Chillicothe,   from   1885  to   1897. 
Thomas  A.  Jones,  Jackson,  from   1901,   in   office. 
Daniel  A.   Russell,   Pomeroy,  from  1889  to  1901. 
Hiram  L.  Sibley,  Marietta,   from  1897  to  1903. 
Festus  Walters,  Circleville,  from  1903,  in  office. 

THE  FIFTH   CIRCUIT. 

John  J.  Adams,  Zanesville,  from  February  9,  1895,  to  February  9, 
1901. 

John  W.  Albaugh,  Canton,  1895  to  February  9,  1893.    . 

George  E.  Baldwin,  Canton,  from  October  5,  1895,  to  November  17, 
1895. 

Maurice  H.  Donahue,  New  Lexington,  from  February  9,  1901,  in 
office. 

Silas  M.  Douglas,  Mansfield,   from  1897  to  1903. 

Charles  Follett,   Newark,   from   1885   to  1895. 

John  W.  Jenner,   Mansfield,  from  1885  to  October  5,   1895. 

Charles  H.  Kibler,  Newark,  from  November  18,  1895,  to  1897. 

Thomas  T.  McCarty,   Canton,   from  February  9,  1903,  in  office. 

Julius  C.  Pomerene,  Coshocton,  from  February  9,   1893,  to  January, 


Ohio  Centennial.  359, 

Martin  L.  Smyser,  Wooster,  from  January  14,  1898,  to  November 
15,  1898. 

John  M.  Swartz,  Newark,  from  November  16,  1898,  to  February  9, 
1899. 

Richard  M.  Voorhees,  Coshocton,,  from  February  8,  1899,  in  office. 

THE  SIXTH  CIRCUIT. 

Charles  C.  Baldwin, :  Cleveland,  from,  February  9,  1885,  to  Eighth 
Circuit.  ' 

Charles  S.  Bentley,  Bryan,  from  February  9,  1888,  to  1895. 

George  R.  Haynes,  Toledo,  from   February  9,;  1885,  in  office. , 

Linn  W.  Hull,  Sandusky,  from  October  10,  1899,  in  office. 

Edmund  B.  King,  Sandusky,  from  February  9,  1895, ,  to  October  9, 
1899.  '    ,  ;     ;    .  :    ', 

Robert  S.  Parker,  Bowling  Green,  from  March  11,  1897,,  in  office. 

Charles  H.  Scribner,  Toledo,  from  Febryary  9,  1888,  to  1897./, 

William  H.  Upson,  Akron,  from  February  9,  1885,  to  JEighth  Circuit 

THE  SEVENTH  CIRCUIT, 

Jerome  B.  Burrows,  Painesville,  from  December  30,  1895,  in  office. 

John  M.  Cook,  Steubenville,  from   February  9,   1901,  in  office. 

William  H.  Frazier,  Caldwell,  from  1885  to  1901. 

Peter  A.  Lanbie,  Salem,  from  1885,  in  office. 

H.  B.  Woodbury,  Jefferson,  from  1885  to  December,   1896. 

THE   EIGHTH  CIRCUIT. 

Charles   C.  Baldwin,  Cleveland,  from  February  9,  1885,  to  1895. 
Hugh  C.  Caldwell,  Cleveland,  from  1888  to  1903. 
John  C.  Hale,  Cleveland,  from   1893,  in  office. 
Ulysses  L.  Marvin,   Akron,  from  February  18,  1895,  in  office. 
William  H.  Upson,  Akron,  from  February  9,'  1885,  to  1893. 
Louis  H.  Winch,  Cleveland,  from  February  9,  1901,  in  office. 
The  Judges  of  the  Circuit  Court  each  year  elected  one  of  their  num« 
ber  to  act  as  Chief  Justice  of  Ohio  Circuit  Courts,  and 
Marshall  J.  Williams  was  chosen  in  1885  and  1886. 
James  M.  Smith  was  chosen  in  1887  and  1888. 
George  R.  Haynes  was  chosen  in  1889  and  1890. 
Gilbert  H.  Stewart  was  chosen  in  1891-2-3-4. 
Milton  H.  Clark  was  chosen  in  1895. 
Charles  C.   Shearer  was  chosen  in  1896  and  1897. 
James  L.  Price  was  chosen  in  1898,  1899,  1900,   1901.      .     * 
Samuel  M.  Douglas  was  chosen  in  1902. 
John  C.  Hale  was  chosen  in  1903. 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


PRESIDENT  JUDGES  OF  THE  COURTS  OF  COMMON  PLEAS- 

1803-1852. 

Beers,  John,  First  Circuit,  1850  to  1852. 

Belden,  George  W.,  Fifth  Circuit,  1837  to  1844. 

Belt  or  Betts,  Levin,  Middle  Circuit,   1804  to  1810. 

Birchard,  Matthew,  Third  Circuit,  1833  to  1837. 

Bissell,  Benjamin,   Fourteenth  Circuit,   1842  to  1849. 

Bliss,   Philemon,   Fourteenth  Circuit,    1849  to   1852. 

Bowen,  Ozias,   Second   Circuit,   1838  to   1852. 

Brough,  Charles  H.,   Ninth  Circuit,   1849  to  1852. 

Brown,   Archibald  G.,  Eighth   Circuit,   1851  to  1852. 

Caldwell,  William  B.,   Ninth  Circuit,   1842  to   1849. 

Collett,  Joshua,   Seventh  Circuit,   1818  to- 1829. 

Collins,   George,   Tenth  Circuit,  1848  to  1852. 

Cowen,   Benjamin   Sprague,   Fifteenth   Circuit,   1847  to  1852. 

Cox,  Levi,  Eleventh  District,  1848  to  1852. 

Crane,  John  H.,  First  Circui'.,   1817  to  1829. 

Dean,   Ezra,   Eleventh  Circuf ,   1834  to  1841. 

Dunlevy,  Francis,  Western  Circuit,  1803  to  1817. 

Este,  David  K.,  Ninth  Circuit,  1835  to  1842. 

Fishback,  Owen  T.,  Tenth  Circuit,   1841  to  1848. 

Goode,  Patrick  G.,  Sixteenth  Circuit,  1845  to  1852. 

Goodenow,  John  W.,  Ninth  Circuit,  1833  to  1835. 

Grimke,  Frederick,  Sixth  Circuit,  1830  to  1836. 

Halleck  or  Hallock,  Jeremiah  H.,  Fifth  Circuit,  1823  to  1837. 

Hanna,  John  E.,  Eighth  Circuit,  1840  to   1847. 

Harper,   Alexander,  Fourth  Circuit,   1822  to  1836. 

Hart,   Ralph   S.,  Twentieth  Circuit,    1851  to  1852. 

Helfenstein,  William  L.,  Seventh  Circuit,  1836  to  1843. 

Hinckson,  Benjamin,  First  Circuit,  1836  to  1843. 

•Holt,  George  B.,  First  Circuit,  1829  to  1836  to  1843. 

Humphrey,  Van  R.,    Third  Circuit,  1837   to  1844. 

Irvin,  Thomas,  Eighth  Circuit,   1833  to  1840. 

Keith,  John  H.,   Sixth  Circuit,   1836  to  1850. 

Kennon,  William,   Fifteenth  Circuit,   1840  to  1847. 

Newton,  Eben,   Third   Circuit,   1844  to   1847. 

Nye,  Arius,   Eighth   Circuit,    1847  to  1852. 

Osborn,   Ezra,   Eighth   Circuit,   1819   to  1838.. 

Parish,  Orris,  Sixth  Circuit.  1816  to  1830. 

Parker,  Jacob,  Eleventh  Circuit,   1841  to  1848. 

Pease,   Calvin,   Eastern  Circuit.   1803  to  1810. 

Peck,  William  V.,  Seventeenth  Circuit,  1848  to  1852. 

Pierce.  John,  Fifth  Circuit.  1844  to  1852. 

Potter,  Emory  D.,   Thirteenth  Circuit,  1839  to  1844. 


Ohio  Centennial.  361 

Price,  John  W.,  Tenth  Circuit,  1834  to  1841. 
Probasco,  John,  Jr.,  Seventh  Circuit,  1850  to  1852. 
Searle,  Corrington  W.,  Fourth  Circuit,  1836  to  1847. 
Silliman,   WylHs,   Middle   Circuit,    1803;   declined. 
Slaughter,  Robert  F.,   Middle  Circuit,   1805,  impeached  1807. 
Stewart,  James,  Nineteenth  Circuit,  1850  to   1852. 
Stillwell,  Richard,   Fourth   Circuit,   1847   to   1852. 
Swan,  Joseph  Rockwell,   Twelfth  Circuit,  1834  to  1846. 
Tappan,   Benjamin,  Fifth  Circuit,    1816  to   1823. 
Thompson,   John,   Western — Second   Circuit,   1810   to   1824. 
Tilden,   Myron   H.,  Thirteenth   Circuit,   1844  to   1851. 
Tod,  George,  Third  Circuit,  1816  to  1830. 
Torbert,  James  L..  Twelfth  Circuit,  1846  to  1852. 
Torrence,  George  Paul,  Ninth  Circuit,  1819  to  1833. 
Vance,  Elijah,  Seventh  Circuit,   1843  to  1850. 
Wade.  Benjamin  Franklin,  Third  Circuit,  1847  to  1851. 
Warden,  Robert   B.,   Ninth   Circuit,   1850  to   1852. 
Way,  George   B.,  Eighteenth   Circuit,   1848  to   1852. 
Whitman,  Henry  C,   Sixth  Circuit,  1850  to  1852. 
Willey,  John  W.,   Fourteenth  Circuit,  1840   to  1842. 
Wilson,  William,  Fourth  Circuit,  1808  to  1822. 
Wood,   Reuben,  Third   Circuit,   1830   to  1833. 

JUDGES  OF  COMMON  PLEAS  SINCE  FEBRUARY  9,  1852. 

Abernathy,  Isaac  N.,  Fifth  District,  Circleville,  February,  1890,  to 
February,   1895. 

Adams,  John,  Sixth  District,  Mount  Vernon,  February,  1872,  to 
February,  1882. 

Allread,  James  I.,  Second  District,  Greenville,  February,  1902,  in 
office. 

Alexander,  Robert  J.,  Eighth  District,  St.  Clairsville,  February, 
1852,  to  February,  1857. 

Allen,  William,  Second  District,  January,  1866,  to  February,  1867. 

Ambler,  Jacob  A.,  Ninth  District,  Salem,  October,  1859,  to  February, 
1867. 

Ambler,  Ralph  S.,  Ninth  District,  Carrolton,  1901,  in  office. 

Armstrong,  S.  A.,  Third  District,  Celina,  January,  1899,  in  office. 

Arrell,  George  F.,  Ninth  District,  Youngstown,  September,  1880,  to 
February,  1887. 

Ashburn,  Thomas  Q.,  Fifth  District,  Batavia,  February,  1869,  to 
March,  1876. 

Avery,  William  L.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1871,  to 
October,  1884. 

Babcock,  William  A.,   Fourth  District,  Cleveland,   1902,  in  office. 


362  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Badger,  DeWitt  C,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  May,  1893,  to  February, 
1903.  ^ 

Baldwin,  William  H.,  Second  District,  February,  1855,  to  October, 
1855. 

Ball,  William  H.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  August,  1879,  to  August, 
1884. 

Bannon,  James  W.,  Seventh  District,  Portsmouth,  October,  1884,  to 
February,  1887. 

Barber,  Gershom,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1875,  to 
November,   1885. 

Barber,  Jason  A.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  February,  1897,  in  office. 

Barlow,  Moses,  Second  District,  Xenia,  February,  1874,  to  February, 
1879. 

Bates,  Clement,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1871,  to  Oc- 
tober. 1884. 

Bates,  James  L.,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  February,  1852,  to  Feb- 
ruary,   1862. 

Beacom,  Madison  W.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,   1902,  in  office. 

Beebe,  Judson  A.,  Sixth  District,  Mansfield,  October,  1873,  to  Sep- 
tember, 1874. 

Beer,  Thomas,  Third  and  Tenth  Districts,  Bucyrus,  November,  1874, 
to  October,  1884. 

Belden,  Edgar  A.,  Second  District,  Hamilton,  February,  1902,  in 
office. 

Belden,  George  W.,  Ninth  District,  February,  1852,  to  October,  1855. 

Bigger,  Thomas  M.,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  February,  1897,  in 
office. 

Billingsly,  Nathan  B.,  Ninth  District,  Lisbon,  April,  1893,  to  Decem- 
ber,  1895. 

Bingham,  Edwin  F.,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  May,  1873,  to  April, 
1887. 

Bishop,  Jesse  P.,  February,   1857,  to  February,   1862. 

Blandin,  E.  J.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  September,  1882,  to  Sep- 
tember, 1887. 

Bolton,  Thomas  F.,  Fourth  District,  February,  1862,  to  February, 
1867. 

Bostwick,  Samuel  W.,  Eighth  District,  October,  1854,  to  February, 
1862. 

Bowersox,  Charles  A.,  Third  District,  Bryan,  December,  1883,  to 
October,   1884. 

Boynton,  W.  W.,  Fourth  District,  Elyria,  February,  1869,  to  October, 
1877. 

Bradbury,  Joseph  P.,  Seventh  District,  Pomeroy,  October,  1875,  to 
January,  1885. 

Briggs,  Robert  M.,  Fifth  District,  October,  1858,  to  October,  1863. 


Ohio  Centennial.  363 

Bright,  Samuel,  Seventh  District,  Logan,  November,  1887,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1888. 

Brown,  Orrin  Britt,  Second  District,  Dayton,  November,  1896,  in. 
office. 

Brumbach,  Jefferson,  Sixth  District,  Newark,  February,  1867,  to- 
October,   1869. 

Buchwalter,  M.  L.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1882,  to 
February,  1897. 

Buckingham,  Jerome,  Sixth  District,  Newark,  October,  1869,  to  Oc- 
tober, 1870;  April,  1888,  to  April,  1893. 

Buckland,  Horace  S.,  Fourth  District,  Fremont,  May,  1896,  in  office. 

Burgess,  George  D.,  Second  District,  Troy,  February,  1877,  to  De- 
cember, 1877. 

Burke,  Stevenson,  Fourth  District,  Akron,  February,  1862,  to  Jan- 
uary, 1872. 

Burnet,  Jacob  J.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  November,  1871,  to 
February,  1882. 

Cadwell,  Darius,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  February,  1874,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1884. 

Cadwell,  James  P.,  Ninth  District,  Jefferson,  January  1901,  died 
November  12,  1902. 

Caldwell,  John  A.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1902,  in 
office. 

Campbell,  J.  W.,  Eighth  District,  Cambridge,  October,  1884,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1892. 

Campbell,  Robert  M.,  Sixth  District,  Ashland,  February,  1899,  in 
office. 

Canfield,  Delos  W.,  Ninth  District,  Chardon,  October,  1875,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1877:  February,  1885,  to  1900. 

Canfield,  Milton  C,  Ninth  District,  Chardon,  February,  1872,  to- 
February,  1875. 

Canfield,  William  H.,  Fourth  District. 

Carpenter,  James,  Fourth  District,  February,  1857,  to  February,  1862. 

Carter,  A.  G.  W.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1852,  to  Feb- 
ruary,  1862. 

Cartright,  John,  Seventh  District,  February,  1875,  to  October,   1884. 

Chaffee,  Norman  L.,  Ninth  District,  Jefferson,  February,  1862,  to- 
February,  1872. 

Chambers,  Robert  E.,  Eighth  District,  St.  Clairsville,  February,  1872,. 
to  February,  1877. 

Chambers,  William,  Eighth  District,  Cambridge,  April,  1892,  to= 
April,  1902. 

Church,  John  W.,  Ninth  District,  February,  1859,  to  February,  1864, 

Clark,  James,  Second  District,  February,  1855,  to  October,  1857. 

Clark,  John,  Ninth  District,   October,   1855,   to  February,   1857. 


364  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Clark,  John  C,  Second  District,  Greenville,  May,  1893,  to  May, 

Clark,  Milton,  Second  District,  Lebanon,  December,  1895,  in  office. 

Coffinberry,   James   M.,    Fourth  District,   Cleveland. 

Cole,  Henry  M.,  Second  District,  Greenville,  May,  1898,  in  office. 

Cole,  Philander  B.,  Third  District,  Marysville,  February,  1872,  to 
February,  1877. 

Collins,  Henry,  Seventh  District,  Manchester,  February,  1902,  in 
office. 

Collins,  Isaac,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  October,  1859,  to  February, 
1862. 

Collins,  William  A.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  February,  1870,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1875. 

Commanger,  D.  H.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  March,  1883,  to  October, 
1889. 

Conant,  Philo  B.,  Ninth  District,  Ravenna,  November,  1868,  to  No- 
vember, 1878. 

Conklin,  Jacob  S.,  Third  District,  Sidney,  October,  1864,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1872. 

Connor,  John  S.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1882,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1887. 

Convers,  Charles  C,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  October,  1854,  to 
October,  1855. 

Corwin,  Ichabod,  Second  District,  Urbana,  February,  1867,  to  1872. 

Coultrap,  Henry  W.,  Seventh  District,  McArthur,  January,  1895. 

Courtright,  Samuel  W.,  Fifth  District,  Circleville,  May,  1875,  to 
May,  1880. 

Cowen,  Allen  T.,  Fifth  District,  Batavia,  October,  1876,  to  October, 


Cowen,  Daniel  D.  T.,  Eighth  District,  St.  Clairsville,  September, 
1865,  to  December,  1865. 

Cox,  Joseph,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1867,  to  February, 
1882. 

Coyner,  George,  Sixth  District,  Delaware,  1902,  in  office. 

Grain,  Martin,  Seventh  District,  October,  1867,  to  February,  1872. 

Crew,  William  B.,  Eighth  District,  McConnelsville,  February,  1892, 
tto  July,  1902. 

Cross,  Nelson,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  May,  1854,  to  October,  1854. 

Cunningham,  W.  H.,  Third  District,  Lima,  February,  1899,  in  office, 

Davies,  William  D.,  Third  District,  Sidney,  February,  1901,  to  No- 
vember, 1901. 

Davis,  David,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1897,  to  February, 
1902. 

Davis,  Frank,  Fifth  District,  New  Richmond,  October,  1888,  to  Oc- 
tober, 1898. 


Ohio  Centennial.  365 

Davis,  William  D.,  Third  District,  Sidney,  February,  1901,  incum- 
bent. 

Day,  J.  H.,  Third  District,  Celina,  February.  1880,  to  September, 
1892. 

Day,  Luther,  Ninth  District,  Ravenna,  February,  1852,  to  February, 
1857. 

Day,  William  R.,  Ninth  District,  Canton,  April,  1868,  to  December,. 
1886. 

Dean,  E.  V.,  Seventli  District,  Ironton,  September,  1884,  to  October, 
1884. 

Dellenbaugh,  F.  E.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  1895,  to  November, 
1901. 

De  Steiguer,  Rudolph,  Seventh,  Athens,  February,  1885,  to  February. 
1897. 

Dever,  Noah  J.,  Seventh  District,  Portsmouth,  February,  1887,  to 
February,  1897. 

Dewett,  James  L.,  Fourth  District,  Sandusky,  February,  1887,  died 
1890. 

Dickey,  Alfred  S.,  Fifth  District,  Lydon,  January,  1858,  to  February, 
1872. 

Dickey,  Jabez,  Sixth  District,  Mt.  Gilead,  October,  1882,  to  February, 
1889. 

Dickey,  Moses  R.,  Sixth  District,  Mansfield,  February,  1877,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1882. 

Dilatush,  Walter  A.,  Second  District,  Lebanon,  February,  1892,  to 
September,  1895. 

Dillon,  Edmond  B.,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  1903,  in  office. 

Dirlam,  Darius,  Sixth  District,  Mansfield,  February,  1872. 

Dissette,  Thomas  K.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  December,  1894, 
incumbent. 

Doan,  Azariah  W.,  Second  District,  Wilmington,  April,  1875,  to  May, 
1890. 

Dodge,  Henry  H.,  Third  and  Tenth  Districts,  Perrysburg,  February, 
1878,  to  February,  1888. 

Donnelly,  Michael,  Third  District,  Napoleon,  May,  1899,  in  office. 

Douglas,  J.  C,   Fifth  District,  Chillicothe,   February,  1894,  in  office. 

Dow,  Duncan,  Tenth  District,  Bellefontaine,  February,  1897,  in  office. 

Dowell,  Edward  S.,  Sixth  District,  Wooster,  1888,  to  November, 
1896. 

Downing,  Joseph  H.,  Sixth  District,  December,  1866,  5  days. 

.Dresbach,  Charles,  Fifth  District,  Circleville,  February  9,  1903,  in 
office. 

Doyle,  John  H.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  October,  1879,  to  March, 
1883. 

Du,  Hadaway  Porter,  Seventh  District,  Jackson.   February,  1874. 


.'366  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Duncan,  Thomas  E.,  Sixth  District,  Mt.  Gilead,  April,  1882,  to  Oc- 
tober, 1882;   February,   1892,  to  February,   1899. 

Duncan,  Thomas  J.,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  February,  1887,  to 
February,  1897. 

Duncan,  William  F.,  Tenth  District,  Findlay,  August,  1902,  in  office. 

Dunn,  Andrew  K.,  Sixth  District,  Mt.  Gilead,  September,  1876,  to 
February,   1877. 

Dustin,  Charles  W.,   Second  District,  Dayton,  July,   1896. 

Dwyer,  Dennis,  Second  District,  Dayton,  July,  1886,  to  July,  1896. 

Eason^  Samuel  B.,  Sixth  District,  Wooster,  February;  1898,  in  office. 

Elliott,  Henderson,  Second  District,  Dayton,  November,  1871,  to 
November,  1896. 

Evans,  Charles,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1887,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1897. 

Evans,  Ezra  E.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  February,  1862,  to 
December,  1866. 

Evans,   Eli   P.,   Fifth   District,   Columbus,  May,   1878,   in   office. 

Evans,  Marcus  G.,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  November,  1902,  in 
•office. 

Evans,  Nathan,  Eighth  District,  Cambridge,  February,  1859,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1864.* 

Evans,  William  Edgar,  Fifth  District,  ChilHcothe,  July,  1886,  to 
Pebruary,  1894. 

Ewing,  Philemon  B.,  Seventh  District,  Lancaster,  March,  1862,  to 
November,  1862. 

Finch,  Sherman,  Sixth  District,  Delaware,  February,  1857,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1862. 

Finefrock,  Thomas  P.,  Fourth  District,  Fremont,  October,  1874,  to 
October,  1879. 

Fisher,  Elam,  Second  District,  Eaton,  November,  1894,  in  office. 

Fitch,  John,   Fourth  District,   November,   1854,  to  1870. 

Follett,  Charles,  Sixth  District,  Newark,  October,  1870,  to  February, 
1877. 

Foote,  Horace,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  February,  1854,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1874. 

Force,  Manning  F.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1887,  to 
February,   1897. 

Ford,  Simpson  S.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1900,  in 
•office. 

Frazier,  Alfred  A.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  August,  1899,  in  office. 

Frazier,  William  H.,.  Eighth  District,  Caldwell,  October,  1871,  to 
October,  1884. 

Frease,  Joseph,  Ninth  District,  Canton,  February,  1867,  to  February, 
1877. 


Ohio  Centennial.  367 

French,  James  J.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  October,  1874,  to  Oc- 
tober, 1875. 

Fries,   Edward   M.,  Tenth  District,   North   Baltimore,   1902. 

Friesner,  John  S.,  Seventh  District,  Logan,  December,  1879. 

Fulton,  R.  C,  Second  District,  Urbana,  December,  1872,  to  1877. 

Geddes,  George  W.,  Sixth  District,  Mansfield,  February,  1857,  to 
October,  1866;    December,    1808,  to   November,    1873. 

Geiger,  Levi,  Second  District,  Urbana,  November,  1889,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1894. 

Giffen,  William  S.,  Second  District,  Hamilton,  November,  1892,  to 
February,  1902.     '      . 

Gill,  John  S.,  Sixth  District,  Delaware,  February,  1892,  to  February, 
1897. 

Gillmer,  Thomas  I.,  Ninth  District,  Warren,  December,  1886,  to  1901. 

Gilmore,  James  A.,  Second  District,  Eaton,  March,  1879,  to  May, 
1884. 

Gilmore,  William  J.,  Second  District,  Eaton,  November,  1858,  to 
February,  1862. 

Given,  William,  Sixth  District,  February,  1859,  to  February,  1864. 

Glenn,  Hiram  C.,  Third  District,  Van  Wert,  October,  1892,  to  De- 
cember, 1892. 

Glidden,  C.  E.,  Ninth  District,  Warren,  February,  1862,  to  February, 
1867;   October,  1871,   to    February,   1872. 

Goode,  James  S.,  Second  District,  Springfield,  April,   1875. 

Granger,  Moses  M.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  December,  10,  1866, 
to  October,  9,  1871. 

Gray,  Thomas  M.,  Fifth  District,  Washington  C.  H.,  February,  1874, 
to  January,  1876. 

Greene,  Edwin  P.,  Fourth  District,  Akron,  October,  1883,  to  1891. 

Green,  John  L.,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  February,  1867,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1872. 

Greene,  John  L.,  Fourth  District,  Fremont,  October,  1861,  to  Janu- 
ary, 1864. 

Gregg,  Ace,  Fifth  District,  Washington  C.  H.,  November,  1880,  died 
1894. 

Groghan,  James  R.,  Seventh  District,  September,  1866,  to  November, 
1866. 

Guthrie,  Erastus  A.,  Seventh  District,,  Athens,  February,  1865,  to 
October,  1875. 

Hagan,  Francis  M.,  Second  District,  Springfield,  April,  1875. 

Hale,  John  C,  Fourth  District,  Elyria,  February,  1877,  to  1883. 

Hall,  Lawrence,  Third  District,  February,  1852,  to  February,  1857. 

Hall,  Theodore,  Ninth  District,  Jefferson,  November,  1902,  in  office. 

Hamilton,  E.  T.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1875,  to  1895. 


i 

Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Hance,  Joseph  C,  Eighth  District,  New  Philadelphia,  February,  1882, 
to  February,  1892. 

Handy,  William  H.,  Third  District,  Wauseon,   February,   1885. 

Hanna,  John  E.,  Eighth  District,  McConnelsville,  September,  1854, 
to  October,  1854. 

Harlan,  Robert  B.,   Second  District,  October,  1885. 

Harman,  Guilbert,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,   October,  1899,  in  office. 

Harman  Judson,    First   District,    Cincinnati,  October,    1875. 

Harper,  John  J.,  Seventh  District,  Portsmouth,  February,  1872,  to 
February,  1882. 

Hart,  Ralph  S.,  Second  District,  February,  1852,  to  February,  1857. 

Harter,  Henry  W.,  Ninth  District,  Canton,  February,  1903,  in  office. 

Hastings,  W.  K.,  Seventh  District,  Jackson,  March,  1872,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1874. 

Hawes,  James  E.,  Second  District,  February,  1852,  to  February,  1855. 

Hayden,  George,  Fourth  District,  Medina,  January,  1901,  in  office. 

Haynes,  Abner,  Second  District,  Xenia,  February,  1879,  to  February, 
1889. 

Haynes,   George  R.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,   November,  1883. 

Headington,  Nicholas,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1862,  to 
February,  1867. 

Hebard,  David  B.,  Seventh  District,  January,  1875,  to  October,  1875. 

Heiserman,  C.  B.,  Second  District,  Urbana,  November,  1894,  resigned 
1901. 

Heisley,  John  W.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1885,  to 
February,  1889. 

Hidy,  Joseph,  Fifth  District,  Washington  C.  H.,  February,  1899,  in 
office. 

Hitchcock,  Reuben,  Ninth  District,  February,  1852,  to  February, 
1855. 

Hoffman,  Benjamin  F.,  Ninth  District,  February,  1857,  to  February, 
1862. 

Hole,  Warren  W.,  Ninth  District,  Salem,  November,  1900,  in  office. 

Hollingsworth,  J.  W.,  Eighth  District,  St.  Clairsville,  February,  1897, 
in  office. 

Hollister,  Howard  C,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1893, 
to  February,   1903. 

Howland,  William  P.,  Ninth  District,  Jefferson,  December,  1892, 
died  1900. 

Hoyt,  Thaddeus  E.,  Ninth  District,  Jefferson,  September,  1884,  to 
October,  1884. 

Hubbard,  William  H.,  Third  District,  Defiance,  February,  1897,  in 
office. 

Huffman,  Joseph  G.,  Seventh  District,  New  Lexington,  December, 
1889,  died  1896. 


Ohio  Centennial.  369 

Huggins,    Henry   M.,    Fifth   District,    Hillsboro,    February,    1882,    to 
February,  1892. 

Hughes,  Charles  M.,   Third  District,  Lima.  February.  1879,   to  Feb- 
ruary, 1889. 

Hull,   Lynn   W  ,   Fourth  District,    Sandusky.   February,   1897,   to  June 
1899. 

Hume,   Alexander  F.,   Second   District,   Hamilton,  January,  18G0,   to 
January,    1805 ;    January,    1875,    to    February,    1887. 

Humphreyville,    Samuel,    Fourth    District.    February,    1852,    to    Feb.- . 
ruary,  1857. 

Hunter,  Samuel  M.,  Sixth  District,  Newark,  February,  1877,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1887. 

Hurd,    Rollin    C,    Sixth    District,    Mt.    \'ernon,    February,    1852,    to 
February,   1857. 

Huston.    Alexander   B.,    First   District,    Cincinnati,  October,    1884,    to 
February,  1887. 

Hutchins.   John    C,    Fourth   District,   Cleveland,    November,    1892,   to 
November,   1895. 

Irvine,    Clark,    Sixth   District,    Mt.   Vernon,  February.    1887,   to   Feb- 
ruary, 1892. 

Jackson,    Abner    M.,    Third    District,    Bucyrus,    February,    1872,    to 
August,  1874. 

Jackson,  Abner  M.,  Tenth  District.  Kenton,  February,  1890,  to  Feb- 
ruary,  1895. 

James,    William    D.,    Seventh    District,    Waverly,    February,    1894,    to 
February,    1899. 

Jelke.  Jr.,    Ferdinand.    First   District,    Cincinnati.    February.    1897.    to 
February,  1901. 

Jevvett,    Thomas    L.,    Eighth    District,    Stcubcnville,    February,    1852, 
to   October,   1854. 

Johnson,    George    F.,    Ninth    District,    Ravenna.    February.    1893,    in 
office. 

Johnson.  William  W..    Seventh  District,   Ironton,   February,    1859,  to 
March,   1872. 

Johnston,  James  E.,   Seventh   District,   February   1896,   to  November, 
1896. 

Johnston,    Joseph    R..    Ninth    District.    Youngstown,    February,    1887, 
to   February,  1897. 

Johnston,  Robert   A.,    First  District.    Cincinnati,   November,   1876,   to 
November,  1886. 

Jones,    James    M.,    Fourth    District,    Cleveland.    November.    1875,    to 
November,    1880;    February.    1882.    to    February.    1887. 

Jones.  Davis  W.,   Seventh  District.  Gallipolis,  July,  1898,  in  office. 

Jones.  John  David.  Sixth  District.   Newark.  February,  1897,  in  office. 

c.  c.  24 


370  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Jones,  Thomas  C,  Sixth  District,  Delaware,  February,  1862,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1872. 

Jones,  Waher  D.,  Second  District,  Piqua,  February,  1889,  in  office. 

Kelly,  Malcolm,  Fourth  District,  Port  Clinton,  February,  1892. 

Kelly,  St.  Clair,  Eighth  District,  St.  Clairsville,  November,  1871,  to 
February,   1872;   February,   1882,   to   February.   1887. 

Kennedy,  Edwin  M.,  Eighth  District,  McConnelsville,  November, 
1902,  in  office. 

Kennedy,  James  B.,  Ninth  District,  Youngstown,  February,  1897, 
resigned  1899. 

Kennedy,  Thomas  M.,   Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  1902,  in  office. 

Kennon,  Jr.,  William,  Eighth  District,  St.  Clairsville,  November, 
1865,  resigned  1867. 

Kinney,  Thomas  J.,  Sixth  District,  Ashland,  September,  1874,  died 
1882. 

Kincade,  R.  R.,  Fourth  District,^  Toledo,  February,  1900,   in  office. 

Knowles,  Samuel  S.,  Seventh  District,  Marietta,  October,  1875,  to 
July,  1883. 

Kohler.  Jacob  A.,  Fourth  District,   Akron,   May,   1896,  in  office. 

Kumler,  Alvin  W-,  Second  District,  Dayton,  November,  1896,  in 
office. 

Kumler,  Phil  H.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1887,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1897. 

Lamson,  Alfred  W.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1885,  to 
November,   1900. 

Lane,  William  G.,  Fourth  District,  Sandusky,  February,  1873,  to 
December,  1877. 

Latty,  Alexander  S.,  Third  District,  Defiance,  February,  1857,  to 
February,    1862;    February,    1872,   to    February,    1877. 

Laubie,  Peter  A.,  Ninth  District,  Salem,  November,  1875,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1885. 

Lawrence,  James,  Fourth  District,   Cleveland,   1902,  in  office. 

Lawrence,  William,  Third  District.  Bellefontaine,  February,  1857, 
resigned   1864. 

Lee,  Eusebius,  Ninth  District,  February.  1875,  to  October,  1875. 

Lemert,  Charles  C,  Tenth  District,  Kenton,  November,  1902,  in 
office. 

Lemmon,  R.  C,  Fourth  District.  Toledo,. October,  1874,  to  February, 
1895. 

Lemon,  John  M.,  Fourth  District,  Clyde,  May,  1886,  to  November, 
1887. 

Lewis,  George  W.,  Fourth  District,  Medina,  September,  1883,  to 
February,  1892. 

Lincoln,  George,  Fifth  District,  London,  February,  1880,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1890. 


Ohio  Centennial.  371 

Littleford,    William,    First    District,    Cincinnati,    February,    1901,    in 
office. 

Lockvvood,    William    F.,    Fourth    District,    Toledo,    November,    1878, 
to   February,   1892. 

Logue,  J.  T.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1895,  died  1900. 

Longvvorth,    Nicholas,   First   District,   Cincinnati,    February,   1877,   to 
February,   1882. 

Loomis,  William  B.,  Seventh  District,  Marietta,  July,  1868,  to  July, 
1873. 

Loudon,   DcWitt  C,   Fifth  District,   Georgetown,   1881,  to   February, 
1892. 

Mackenzie,    James,    Third   District,    Lima,    February,    1869,    to    Feb- 
ruary, 1879. 

Mackey,   John,   Fourth  District,   Sandusky,   May,   1880,   to  February, 
1887. 

Mackey,  J.   H.,  Eighth  District,  Cambridge,  April,    1902,  in   office. 

McCarty,    Thomas    T.,    Ninth    District,    Canton,    February,    1892,    to 
1902. 

McCauley.  John.  Tenth  District,  Tiffin,  February,  1880,  to  April  17, 
1883. 

McClure,   Samuel  W.,   Fourth   District,   Akron,    May,    1871,  to  May, 
1876. 

McClcary,    Charles   W.,    Seventh    District,    Lancaster,    August,    1900, 
to  November,  1900. 

McCray,    H.  L.,    Sixth   District,   Ashland,    November,    1888,   to   Feb- 
ruary,  1894. 

McElroy,   Charles  H.,   Sixth   District,    Delaware,    February,    1882,   to 
February,  1892. 

McGinniss,  James  M.,  Eighth  District,  Caldwell,  July,   1902,  to  No- 
vember, 1902. 

Mcllvaine,  George  W.,  Eighth  District,   New  Philadelphia,   February, 
1862,  to  January,   1871. 

McKenny.  John   C,   Second  District,   Greenville,   May,    1868,   to  Oc- 
tober, 1872. 

McKinney,    Henry,   Fourth   District,    Cleveland,   November,    1880,   to 
1888. 

McMaith,  Jesse  H.,  Fourth  District,   Cleveland,  November,    1875,   to 
November,  1880. 

Mallon,   Patrick,   First  District,   Cincinnati,    February,   1857. 

Mansfield,  John  A.,  Eighth  District,   Steubenville,   February,   1892. 

Markley,   John   M.,    Fifth    District,    Georgetown,   February,    1897,    in 
office. 

Marsh,  Lucius  P.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  October,   1856,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1862 ;  Augu.st,  1871,  to  August,  1879. 


372  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Marvin,  Ulysses  L.,  Fourth  District,  Akron,  May,  1883,  to  October, 
1883. 

Matthers,  Hugh  T.,  Third  District,  Sidney,  November,  1901,  in  office. 

Matthews,  Stanley,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  January,  1852.  re- 
signed. 

Mathews,  S.  R.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1883,  to  De- 
cember, 1888. 

Maxwell,  John  T.,  Sixth  District,  Millersburg,  February,  1897,  in 
office. 

Maxwell,  Samuel  N.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1882,  to 
February,   1892. 

May,  Manuel,  Sixth  District,  Mansfield,  October,  1882,  to  February, 
1892. 

Maynard,  H.  B.,  Fifth  District,  Washington  C.  H.,  April,  1894,  to 
1899. 

Means,  Thomas,  Eighth  District,  Steubenville,  October,  1854,  to 
October,  1855. 

Meeker,  David  L.,  Second  District,  Dayton,  February,  1801,  resigned 
1866;  October,   1872,  to  May,   1883;  Greenville,  May,  1885,  to  May,   1893. 

Melhorn,  Charles  W.,  Tenth  District,  Kenton,  February,  1895.  died 
November  1,    1902. 

Metcalf,  Benjamin  F.,  Third  District,  Lima,  February,  1852,  to 
February,    1857;    November,   1858,   died   1865. 

Metcalf,  Willis  S.,' Ninth  District,  Chafdon,  January,  1901,  in  office. 

Meyer,  Seraphim,  Ninth  District,  Canton,  February.  1877,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1892. 

Middleton,  Evan  P.,  Second  District,  Urbana,  September.  1901,  in 
office. 

Middleton,  W.  H.,  Seventh  District,  Waverly,  February,  1899,  in 
office. 

Miller,  John  C,  Second  District,  Springfield,  December,  1890,  to 
1900. 

Miller,  John  H.,  Eighth  District,  Steubenville.  January,  1871,  to 
February,  1877. 

Mills,    Grayson,   Fourth   District,   Sandusky,   1890,  to   February,    1892. 

Milner,  John  C,  Seventh  District,  Portsmouth,  February,  1897.  in 
office. 

Minshall,  Thaddeus  A..  Fifth  District,  Chillicothe,  October,  1876,  to 
January,    1886. 

Mooney,  W.  T.,  Third  District,  St.  Mary's,  December.  1892,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1901. 

Moore,  Frederick  W.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1878,  to 
December,   1883. 

Moore,  John  J.,  Third  District,  Ottawa,  May,  1879,  to  February, 
1886. 


Ohio  Centennial.  378 

Morris,  Lindley  W.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  October,  1894,  in  office. 

Mott,  Chester  R.,  Tenth  District,  Upper  Sandusky.  February,  1867, 
to  February,  187-^. 

Mower,  Jacob  K.,  Second  District,  Springfield,  October,  1900,  in 
office. 

Munger.  Edward  H.,  Second  District,  Xenia,  1868,  to  February, 
1872. 

Munson.  Gilbert  D.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  August,  1894,  to 
August,  1899. 

Murdock.  Charles  C,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1862,  to 
February,   1877. 

Murphy,  John  P.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1897,'  in  office. 

Nash,  Simeon,  Seventh  District,  Gallipolis,  February,  1852,  to  Feb- 
ruary,   1862. 

Neff,  W.   B.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1895,  in  office. 

Neilan,  John  F.,  Second  District,  Hamilton,  February,  1897,  to 
February,  1902. 

Newby,   Cyrus,   Fifth  District,   Hillsboro,  February,   1902,  in  office. 

Nicholas,  John  D.,  Sixth  District,  Wooster,  February,  1887,  to  Feb- 
ruary,   1897. 

Nichols,  William  A..  Ninth  District,  October,  1885,  to  November, 
1895. 

Noble,  Conway,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland.  November,  1887,  to 
November,    1897. 

Norris.  Caleb  H.,  Tenth  District.  Marion,  October,  1884,  to  Feb- 
ruary,  1897. 

Norris.  Shepherd  F.,  Fifth  District,  Batavia.  February,  1852,  to 
February,  1862. 

Nye.  David  J.,  Fourth  District,  Elyria,  February.  1892,  to  February, 
1902. 

Okey,  John  W.,  Eighth  District,  Woodsfield,  February,  1857,  to 
August,  1865. 

Okey.  William.  Eighth  District.  Woodsfield,  February,  1877,  to  Feb- 
ruary,  1882. 

Olds,  Joseph.  Fifth   District.   Circleville.  May.  1868,  to  May,  1873. 

Oliver.  Melancthon  W.,  First  District.  Cincinnati,  February,  1857^ 
to  October,  1869. 

O'Neall.  Joseph  W..  Second  District.  Lebanon,  February,  1885,  to 
February.  1891. 

Ong.  Walter  C,  Fourth  District.  Cleveland,  February,  1894,  to  Feb- 
ruary. 1899. 

Osborn,  William.  Sixth  District.  Ashland,  October,  1866,  to  Feb- 
ruary. 1872. 

Otis.   Lucius  B.,  Fourth  District.  February,   1852,  to  February,  1857. 


374  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Outcalt,  Miller,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1888,  to  De- 
cember, 1893. 

Owen,  Selwyn  N.,  Third  District,  Bryan,  February,  1877,  to  1883. 

Palmer,  John  K.,  Third  District,  February,  1852,  to  February,  1857, 

Parker,  James.    First    District,    Cincinnati,    May,    1854. 

Parrott,  John  S.,  Fifth  District,  Batavia,  October,  1898,  in  office. 

Parsons,  Sr.,  Charles  C,  Sixth  District,  Wooster,  February,  1877, 
to  February,   1888. 

Parsons,  Ebenezer,  Second  District,  February,  1857,  to  February, 
1867. 

Patrick,  Jr.,  James,  Eighth  District,  New  Philadelphia,  February, 
1877,  to  February,   1882. 

Payne,  Robert  T.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,.  May,  1869,  to  May, 
1874. 

Pearce,  John  S.,  Eighth  District,  Cadiz,  April,  1882,  to  April,  1892. 

Pease,  Anson,  Ninth  District,  Canton,  February,  1882,  to  February, 
1892. 

Peck,  William  V.,  Seventh  District,  Portsmouth,  February,  1852,  to 
February,  1859. 

Pendleton,  George  F.,  Tenth  District,  Findlay,  1883,  to  February, 
1890. 

Pennewell,  Charles  E.,  Fourth  District,  Norwalk.  October,  1869,  to 
October,   1874;    October,    1892,    to   November,    1892. 

Pfleger,  Otto,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1898,  in  office. 

Phelps,  Edwin  M.,  Third  District,  St.  Mary's,  May,  1869. 

Phillips,  George  L.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  August,  1884,  to 
August,  1894. 

Phillips,  George  L.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  January,  1901,  in 
.  office. 

Piatt,  Don,  First  District,  Cincinnati.  April  1852,  to  October,  1852. 

Pike,  Louis  H.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  November,  1883,  to  No- 
vember, 1888. 

Pillars,  James,  Third  and  Tenth  Districts,  Tiffin,  May,  1868,  to 
May,  1878. 

Plants,  Jacob   S.,   Tenth  District. 

Plants,  Tobias  A.,  Seventh  District,  Pomeroy.  July,  1873.  resigned 
1875. 

Pomerene,  Celsus,  Sixth  District,  Millersburg,  November,  1897,  to 
February,  1898. 

Pope,  Leroy,  Second  District,  Wilmington,  February,  1869,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1874. 

Porter,  John  L.,  Third  and  Tenth  Districts,  Marysville,  February, 
1877,  to  February,  1882. 

Potter,  Lyman  W.,  Ninth  District,  February,  1857,  resigned  1859. 


Ohio  Centennial.        -  375 

Pratt,  Charles,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  February,  1895,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1900. 

Prentiss,  Samuel,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  February,  1867,  to 
February,   1882. 

Price,  John  A.,  Tenth  District,  Bellefontaine,  February,  1882,  to 
February,  1897. 

Pugh,  David  F.,   Fifth  District,   Columbus,  April,   1887,   to   1898. 

Pugsley,   Isaac  P.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,   November,  1888. 

Raley,  Robert,  Ninth  District,  Carrolton,  November,  1887,  died  1889. 

Rathmell,   Frank,  Fifth  District,  Columbus,  1903,  in  office. 

Reed,  Charles  S.,  Fourth  District,  Sandusky,  February,  1899,  in 
office. 

Reed.  William,  Sixth  District,  Millersburg,  February,  1857,  resigned 
1866. 

Reeves,  John  G.,  Seventh  District,  Lancaster.  November,  1900,  in 
office. 

Richards,  Rees  G.,  Eighth  District,  Steubenville,  February,  1902,  in 
office. 

Richie,  John  E.,  Third  District,  Lima,  February,  1889,  to  February, 
1899. 

Ridgely,  John  H.,  Tenth  District,  Tiffin,  May,  1888,  to  May,  1893. 

Robertson,  Charles  D.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1883, 
to  December,  1888. 

Robinson,  George,  Ninth   District,  Ravenna,   April,  1888,  in  office. 

Rogers,  Disney,  Ninth  District,  Youngstown,  September,  1899,  in 
office. 

Rogers,  William  A.,  Second  District,  Springfield,  February,  1852, 
resigned  1855. 

Rose.  O.  W.,  Third  District,  Lima,  February,  1889.  to  February, 
1899. 

Rouse,  Birdseye  W..  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  May,  1876.  to  May, 
1881. 

Runyan,  J.  A.,   Second  District,  Lebanon.  1891.  to  February.   1892. 

Russell,  F.  C,  Seventh  District,  Pomeroy.  January,  1885.  to  Octo- 
ber,. 1885. 

Saflford,  William  H.,  Fifth  District,  Chillicothe,  February.  1869,  to 
February,   1874. 

Sample,  William,  Sixth  District,  Coshocton,  February,  1852,  to  Feb- 
ruary. 1857. 

Sanders,  William  B.,  Fourth  District.  Toledo.  May,  1871,  resigned 
1874. 

Sater,  John  W..  Second  District,  Greenville.  May.  1883,  to  May,  1888. 

Sauers,  Enos  S.,  Eighth  District,  New  Philadelphia,  September, 
1899,  to  November,  1899. 


376  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Savage,  William  W.,  Second  District,  Wilmington,  May,  1900,  died 
1903. 

Sayler,  John  R.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1892,  to  Feb- 
ruary,   1897. 

Schaufelberger.  J.  W.,  Tenth  District,  Tiffin,  May,  1893,  resigned 
1902. 

Scroggy,  Thomas  E.,  Second  District,  Xenia,  February,  1899,  in 
office. 

Searle,  Corrington  W.,  Eighth  District,  Zanesville,  October,  1855, 
to  October,   1850. 

Seney,    George  E.,  Third  and  Tenth  Districts,  October,  1857. 

Seney,  Joshua  R.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  February,  1888,  re- 
signed 1889. 

Seward,    Charles    W..    Sixth   District,    Newark,    1902,    in   office. 

Servis.  Francis  C.  Ninth  District,  Canfield,  February,  1877,  to 
March,   1877. 

Shallenbarger,  James  M.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November, 
1901,  in  office. 

Sheets,  John  M.,  Third  District,  Wauseon,  May,  1894,  to  May,  1899. 

Sherman,  Laban  S.,  Ninth  District,  Jefferson,  February,  1877,  to 
February,  1892. 

Sherwood,  William  E.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  January,  1890, 
died  1892. 

Shotwell.  Walter  G..  Eighth  District,  Cadiz,  November,  1899,  in 
office. 

Shroder,  Jacob.  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1887,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1892. 

Sibley,  Hiram  L.,  Seventh  District,  Marietta,  July,  1883,  to  Jan- 
uary, 1897. 

Sloan,  James.  Fifth   District,  January,   1857,  resigned   1858. 

Sloane,  Felix  G.,  Second  District,  Wilmington,  April,  1903,  in  office. 

Slough,  Tall,  Seventh  District,  Lancaster,  November,  1888,  died 
1900. 

Smalley,  Allen  C  Tenth  District,  Upper  Sandusky,  April,  1890,  to 
April,  1900. 

Smith,  Fayette,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1878,  to  De- 
cember,  1883. 

Smith,  George  T..  Second  District,  February.  1859,  to  February,  1869. 

Smith,  Horace  L.,  Second  District,  Xenia,  February,  1889,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1899. 

Smith,  James  M.,  Second  District,  Lebanon,  February,  1872,  to 
February.   1885. 

Smith,  Philip  M..  Ninth  District,  Wellsville,  December,  1895,  to 
1900. 


Ohio  Centennial.  377 

Smith,    Samuel    W.,   Jr.,    First   District,    Cincinnati,    February,    1897, 
in  office. 

Snook,    William   H.,    Third    District,    Paulding,    February,    1892,    to 
February,  1897. 

Solders,   George   B..   Fourth    District,   Cleveland,    February.    1889,    to 
February,   1899. 

Spear,   William   T.,   Ninth   District,    Warren,   October,   1878.    to  Feb- 
ruary,  1886. 

Spiegel,     Fred    S.,     First    District,     Cincinnati,     February,     1897,     in 
office. 

Stallo,   John   B.,   First  District,    Cincinnati,    February,    18-52,   resigned 
1854. 

Stanley,    George    W.,    Second    District,    Lebanon,    October,    1895,    to 
December,  1895. 

Starkweather,     Samuel,    Fourth    District,    February,    1852,    to     Feb- 
ruary, 1857. 

Steele,  Samuel   F.,  Fifth   District,  Hillsboro,  February,  1872,   to  Feb- 
ruary,  1882. 

Stewart,  James,    Sixth  District,    February,    1883,   to    1888. 

Stillwell,    Wellington,    Sixth    District,    Millersburg,    February,    1867, 
to   February,    1877. 

Stilwell,    Richard,    Eighth    District,    Zanesville,    February,    1852,    re- 
signed  1854. 

Stone,    Carlos    M.,    Fourth    District,    Cleveland,    November,    1890,    in 
office. 

Stone.   Walter    F.,    Fourth    District,    Sandusky,    December,    1866,    re- 
signed 1873. 

Strimple,   Theodore   L.,  Fourth   District,    Cleveland,   February,   1899. 
in   office. 

Strong.  Luther  M.,  Tenth  District,  Kenton,  April,   1883,  to  October, 
1883. 

Sullivan.  Theodore,  Second  District,  Troy,  February,  1892,  resigned 
1899. 

Sutphen.   Silas  T.,  Third   District.   Defiance,   October,   1884,   to  Feb- 
ruary,  1892. 

Taggart.  Frank,  Sixth  District,  December,  1890.  to  November,   1897. 

Tarbell,  David,  Fifth  District,  Georgetown,  June,  1871,  to  June,  1881. 

Taylor.  Ezra  B.,  Ninth  District,  Warren,  March,  1877,  resigned  1880. 

Taylor.    Frank,    Tenth    District,    North    Baltimore.    April.    1898,    in 
office. 

Taylor.  Isaac  H.,  Ninth  District.   Carrollton,  October.  1889,  resigned 
1901. 

Taylor,    Sebastian,    Fourth    District,    February,    1857,    to    February, 
1867.  I 


378  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Theyes,  Albert  A.,  Ninth  District,   Warren,  February,  1886,   to  De- 
cember, 1886. 

Thompson,  Albert  C,   Seventh  District,  Portsmouth,  February,  1882,. 
to  October,  1884. 

Thompson,    James    H.,    Fifth    District,    October,    1881,    to    February, 
1882. 

Tibbals,  Newell  D.,  Fourth  District,  Akron,  May,   1876,  to  October, 
1883. 

Tilden,   Duane  H.,   Fourth   District,   Cleveland,  1902,  in   office. 

Tobias,  James  C,  Tenth  District,  Bucyrus,  February,   1897,  in  office. 

Towne,  Henry  A.,  Seventh  District,  Portsmouth,  1869. 

Tripp,    James    M.,    Seventh    District,    Jackson.    February,    1879,    to 
February,   1894. 

Tuttle,  George  M.,  Ninth  District,  Warren,  February,  1867,  to  Feb- 
ruary. 1872. 

Tyler,  Julian   H.,   Fourth  District,  Toledo,   February,  1902,  in  office. 

Van    Der    Veer,    Ferdinand,    Second    District.    Hamilton.    February, 
1887,  died  1892. 

Van  Hamm,  Washington,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  October,  1854. 

Van    Meter.   John   M.,   Fifth   District,   Chillicothe,  January,   1876,   to 
October,  1876. 

Van    Peet,    David    B.,   Second   District.    Wilmington,   May,    1890,    to 
May,   1900. 

Van   Trump.    Philadelphus,    Seventh  District,    Lancaster,   November,. 
1862,  to  August,   1866. 

Voorhees,    Carolus   F.,    Sixth    District,    Millersburg,    February,   1878, 
to   February.    1883. 

'       Voris.   Alvin   C,   Fourth  District.    Akron.   December,    1890,   to   May, 
1896. 

Waight.    John    B.,    Sixth    District,    Mt.    Vernon.    February,   1892,    to 
February,  1897. 

Wallace.   Jonathan   H.,   Ninth  District,   February,    1885,   to    October, 
1885. 

Walters,   Festus,  Fifth  District,   Circleville,   February,   1895.   to  Feb- 
ruary, 1903. 

Warden,    Robert    B.,   First   District,    Cincinnati,    February.    1852,    re- 
signed 1852. 

Warnock,  William  R.,  Second  District,  Urbana,  November.   1879,  to 
November,   1889. 

Watson,  Cooper  K..  Fourth  District,  Sandusky,  February,  1876.  died 
1880. 

Way,  John  S.,  Eighth  District,  Woodsfield,  October,  1807.  died  1871. 

Webber,  Amos  R.,  Fourth  District,  Elyria,  February,  1902,  in  office. 

Welch.  John,  Seventh  District,  Athens,  February,  1862,  to  February^ 
1865. 


Ohio  Centennial.  379 

Welker,  Martin,  Sixth  District,  Wooster,  February,  1852,  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1857. 

White,  Charles  R.,  Second  District,  Springfield,  May,  1885,  died 
1890. 

White,  William,  Second  District,  Springfield,  February,  1857,  re- 
signed 1864. 

Whiteley,  M.  C,  Third  District,  February,  1857,  to  February,  1802. 

Whitman,  Henry  C,  Seventh  District,  Lancaster,  February,  1852, 
resigned   March,  1862. 

Wickham,  Charles  P.,  Fourth  District,  Toledo,  May.  1881,  to  May^ 
1886. 

Wickham,  Emmet  M.,  Sixth  District,  Delaware,  February,  1897,  in 
office. 

Wilder,  Eli  T.,  Ninth  District,  April,  1855,  to  October,  1855. 

Wilder,  Horace,  Ninth  District,  October,  1855,  to  February,  1862. 

Wildman,  Samuel  A.,  Fourth  District,  Norwalk,  February,  1891,  in 
office. 

Williams,  Curtis  C„  Fifth  District.  Columbus,  May.  1898,  in  office. 

Williams,  Henry  H.,  Second  District,  Troy.  December,  1877,  to  De- 
cember, 1882. 

Williamson,  Samuel  F.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1880, 
resigned  1882. 

Wilson,  John  L.,  Second  District.  Lebanon,  February,  1885,  to 
October,  1885. 

Wilson,  Moses  F.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  February,  1892,  to 
February,  1897. 

Wilson,  William  M.,  Second  District,  October,  1857,  to  November, 
1858. 

Winans,  James  J.,  Second  District,  Xenia,  February,  1864.  to  Feb- 
ruary, 1868. 

Wing,  Francis  J.,  Fourth  District,  Cleveland,  November,  1900,  to- 
January,  1901. 

Wolfe,  Norman  M.,  Sixth  District,  Mansfield,  February,  1892,  irt 
office. 

Wood.  Frederick  W.,  Eighth  District.  McConnelsville.  August,  1869, 
to  August,  1874. 

Wood,  Joseph  M.,  Seventh  District  Athens,  February.  1897.  in  office, 

Woodbury,  Hamilton  B.,  Ninth  District,  Jefferson.  January,  1876, 
to  February.   1885. 

Woodruff,  Edward,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  November,  1852,  re- 
signed   1854. 

Worcester,  Samuel  T.,  Fourth  District,  January.  1859.  resigned  Oc- 
tober,  1861. 

Wright,  Calvin  D.,  Second  District,  Troy,  February,  1882,  to  Feb- 
ruary,  1892. 


380  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Wright,  D.  Thew.,  Jr.,  First  District,  Cincinnati,  December,  1893,  to 
December,  1898. 

Wright.  O.  W.  H.,  Seventh  District,  Logan,  December,  1899,  in 
office. 

Wright,  Silas  H.."  Seventh  District,  Logan,  October,  1866,  died  1887. 

Wylie,  Hawley  J..  Fifth  District,  Cohimbus.  February,  1882,  to 
February,  1887. 

Young,  Boston  G.,  Tenth  District.  Marion.  April.  1900.  in  office. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  SUPERIOR  COURT  OF  CLEVELAND   UNDER 

ACT   OF   1847. 

She'rlock.  J.  Andrews,  February  7.  1848,  to  February  14.  1853. 

UNDER  ACT  OF  1873. 

Gershom  M.  Barber,  July  15,  1873,  to  June  30,  1875. 
Seneca  O.   Griswold,  July  15,  1873,  to  June  30,  1875. 
James  M.  Jones,  July  15,  1873,  to  Jime  30,  1875. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  SUPERIOR  COURT  OF  MONTGOMERY 
COUNTY  UNDER  THE  ACT  OF  MARCH  29,  1856.' 

Daniel  A.  Haynes,  July  1,  1856,  to  1869. 
J.  A.  Jordan,  July  1,  1869,  to  1871. 
Thomas  C.  Lowe,  July  1,   1871,  to   1876. 
Daniel  A.  Haynes,  July  1,  1876,  to  1881. 
Dennis  Dwyer.  July  1.  1881,  to  July  1.  1886. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  SUPERIOR  COURT  OF  FRANKLIN  COUNTY, 
UNDER  THE  ACT   OF  1857. 

Fitz  James  Mathews.  May   1,  1857,  to  May  1,  1862. 
J.  William  Baldwin,  May  1,  1^62,  to  April  1,  1865. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  SUPERIOR  COURT  OF  CINCINNATI,  UNDER 
THE  ACT   OF  18:38. 

David  K.  Este,  from  1838  to  1845. 

Charles   D.    Coffin,   from    1845  to   1847. 

William  Johnston,  from   1847"  to  1850. 

Charles  P.  James,  from   1850  to  1851. 

George  Hoadly,   from  1851. 

The  Act  of   1852  terminated   this  Court  with  February,  1853. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  SUPERIOR  COURT  OF  CINCINNATI,  UNDER 

ACT  OF  1853. 

Coffin,  Charles  D.,  1862-1863. 
Dempsey.  Edward  J.,  1898-1903. 


Ohio   Centennial.  381 

Ferris,  Howard,  1902,  in  office. 

Foraker,  Joseph   B.,   1879-1882. 

Force,  Manning  F.,   1877-1887. 

Fox,  Charles,  1865-1868. 

Gholson,  William   Y.,   1854-1859. 

Hagans,  Marcellus  B.,  1869-1873. 

Harmon,  Judson,  1878-1887. 

Hoadly,   George,    1860-1865.  '  '  • 

Hosea,  Lewis  M.,  1903,  in  office. 

Hunt,   Samuel  F.,   1890-1898. 

Jackson,  William  H..   1897-1902. 

Matthews,   Stanley,   1863-1865.  ' 

Miner,  John  L.,  1872. 

Moore,  Frederick  W.,   1887-1897. 

Noyes,  Edward  F.,   1889-1890. 

O'Connor,  Timothy  A..   1873-1877. 

Peck,    Hiram   D.,   1883-1889. 

Sayler,   John   Riner,    1890-1891. 

Smith,  Rufus  B.,  1891,  in  office. 

Spencer,   Oliver  M.,    1854-1861. 

Storer,    Bellamy,    1854-1871. 

Taft,    Alphonso,    1866-1871. 

Taft,    William  H.,   1887-1890. 

Tilden,   Myron  H.,  1874-1878. 

Walker,   J.    Bryant,    1872. 

Worthington,  William,  1882-1883. 

Yaple.    Alfred,    1873-1878. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  CRIMINAL  COURT  OF  HAMILTON  COUNTY 
UNDER  ACT  OF  1852. 

Jacob  Flinn,  from  March.  1852,  to  May,  1854. 

OHIO   IN  THE  SUPREME   COURT   OF   THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Salmon  Portland  Chase,  Chief  Justice,  December  13,  1864,  to  Ma\^ 
7,  1873. 

Morrison  Remick  Waile,  Chief  Justice,  January  21,  1874,  to  March 
23,  1888. 

John  McLean,  Justice,  March  7,  1829,  to  April  4,  1861. 

Noah  Haynes  Swayne,  Justice,  January  24,  1862,  to  January  24, 
1881. 

Edwin  Mc Masters  Stanton,  Justice,  December  20,  1869,  to  Decem- 
ber 24,  1869. 

Stanley  Matthews,  Justice,  May  12,  1881,  to  March  22,  1889. 

William  R.   Day,   Justice.   January,    1903,  in   office. 


INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS  OF  OHIO. 


MARCUS    A.    HANNA. 


Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  Coming  among  you  this  evening  in 
the  very  midst  of  your  festivities  and  absorbing  a  large  amount 
of  the  inspiration  which  I  find  on  every  hand,  I  am  happy  in 

the  fact  that  I  was  born  in  Ohio. 
(Applause.)  I  never  tire  of  singing 
her  praises  and  I  never  fail  to  state 
facts,  because  her  history  needs  no 
embellishment. 

Standing  upon  the  threshold  of  this 
new  century  it  is  a  vantage  ground 
in  retrospective  for  ,you  to  witness 
the  development  of  our  state  in  a 
hundred  years.  That  backward  look 
reveals  to  us  glories  of  which  the  early 
pioneers  of  Ohio  never  dreamed.  The 
infant  industries  began  when  the  pio- 
neers flocked  to  our  state,  every  man 
hewing  his  own  log  and  making  his 
own  shingles,  his  interest  lying  in  the  fact  of  securing  for  him- 
self and  his  family  a  roof  over  his  head,  a  home  for  his  family, 
a  castle  for  himself  from  which  to  begin  to  build  his  fortunes. 
Who  could  have  dreamed  that  among  those  sturdy  men 
who  came  here  from  the  east;  as  General  Cowen  described  — 
from  whatever  motive  they  came  to  this  section  of  our  country 
it  mattered  not  —  there  were  those  whose  pioneer  character  and 
nature  should  so  well  have  qualified  them  to  hew  their  way  in 
the  forests  of  our  new  state. 

And  well  they  hewed.  Blest  as  we  are  by  a  magnificent 
soil,  endowed  by  nature  with  mineral  wealth  and  all  the  nec- 
essary attributes  to  lay  the  foundation  of  an  industrial  develop- 


MARCUS  A.   HANNA. 


*  Stenographic   report. 


382 


Ohio  Centennial.  383 

ment,  well  it  was  that  those  who  came  to  lay  that  foundation 
stone  came  from  every  section  of  our  country  and  originally 
from  every  nation  of  Europe.  No  better  combination  of  blood 
could  be  made  than  that  composing  that  cosmopolitan  people ; 
:starting  back  originally  from  the  countries  where  personal  lib- 
erty was  unknown,  guided  by  the  inspiration  of  those  who  had 
gone  before,  lured  here  by  the  stories  that  were  wafted  back 
across  the  ocean  —  a  land  of  liberty,  a  land  in  which  every 
man  could  enjoy  all  the  rights  and  blessings  due  to  men.  And 
when  that  migration  took  its  westward  step  the  very  flower  of 
those  people  were  first  to  take  advantage  of  the  opportunities 
heralded  from  our  shores  and  coming  to  Ohio  in  small  groups, 
yet  growing  every  year  to  an  army  of  working  men,  hewing 
their  way  through  our  boundless  forests  and  reaching  into 
the  soils  from  which  nature  gave  a  rich  reward.  Oh,  it  was  a 
splendid  people  that  laid  the  foundations  of  this  great,  enterpris- 
ing state !  Is  it  any  wonder  that  with  the  combination  of  those 
natural  resources  and  the  activity  and  industry  of  this  people 
we  have  risen,  not  by  steps,  but  by  strides  in  the  industrial 
world  ? 

Originally  a  farming  state  and  prosperous  in  that  industry, 
happy  because  happiness  comes  from  success  of  effort,  health- 
ful in  climate,  invigorated  and  inspired  by  the  very  air  that 
surrounded  them,  that  people  went  forward  and  have  never 
stopped  nor  halted.     (Applause.) 

I  say  that  we  have  been  blessed  by  nature  not  alone  in 
the  fact  of  a  splendid  climate,  a  fruitful  soil,  but  in  the  deposits 
of  mineral  wealth  placed  there  as  a  reserve  force  of  wealth  to 
become  a  part  of  our  prosperous  development. 

Almost  among  the  first  industries  developed  in  the  United 
States  was  that  founded  upon  the  discovery  of  iron  ore  in 
small  portions  of  our  state  —  in  your  own  neighborhood,  the 
Hocking  Valley,  where,  utilizing  the  fuel  made  from  the  tim- 
ber, those  small  charcoal  furnaces  began.  Then,  later  on,  in 
the  north-eastern  part  of  our  state,  in  Mahoning  and  Trum- 
bull Counties,  we  discovered  a  fuel,  a  quality  of  coal  which 
up  to  that  time  had  been  the  unknown  factor  in  the  manufacture 
of  iron ;    so  that  under  the  combination  of  the  native  ores  and 


B84  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

later  On  the  ores  that  were  imported  from  other  states,  by  virtue 
of  the  superiority  of  that  fuel,  the  foundation  was  laid  of  that 
infant  industry,  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel. 

In  those  two  primitive  industries  Ohio  was  one  of  the 
early  pioneers.  Those  industries,  successful  from  the  begin- 
ning, attracted  kindred  industries  of  all  varieties  until  we  iiave 
grown  and  grown  and  grown  and  to-day  cease  to  be  an  agri- 
cultural state,  scarcely  raising  enough  to  feed  our  own  people. 
And  what  is  the  result  —  a  great  manufacturing  and  industrial 
state,  second  or  third  in  the  nation. 

It  is  not  owing  alone  to  the  raw  material  that  Ohio  lias 
been  so  successful,  but  it  has  been  because,  coming  from  that 
race  of  men,  from  that  cosmopolitan  race  so  ably  described  by 
General  Cowen,  the  mingling  of  blood,  the  creation  of  the  Ohio 
man  made  it  what  it  is.  And  that  Ohio  man,  seizing  upon 
every  opportimity,  availing  himself  of  every  opening  in  the  in- 
dustrial world,  with  the  Ohio  man  at  the  helm,  advantages  not 
here  were  brought  here,  and  industry,  ingenuity  and  integrity 
combined  placed  him  among  the  leaders  of  industrial  captains. 
That  combination  has  made  us  a  great  state  in  the  industrial 
world,  and  this  development  must  go  on ;  it  is  the  history  of  Ohio 
that  her  course  has  never  been  checked  in  its  industrial  progress. 

It  is  a  notorious  fact  in  the  commercial  world  that  the 
credit  of  Ohio's  business  men  and  industrial  captains  has  been 
equal  if  not  superior  to  that  of  any  other  state  in  the  Union. 
What,  then,  can  be  said  for  our  future?  Why,  my  fellow- 
citizens,  standing,  as  I  say  we  do  to-day,  upon  the  threshold 
of  this  new  century  and  looking  backward,  witnessing  the  won- 
derful developments  of  the  last  hundred  years,  who  can  prophesy 
what  shall  be  the  fruition  of  this  great  promised  combination 
with  which  Ohio  will  be  blessed? 

There  is  no  other  section  of  the  United  States  which  has 
more  natural  advantages.  In  transportation  our  state  is  traversed 
with  a  network  of  railroads,  well  built  and  well  managed.  Our 
towns  are  bristling  with  industries,  established  upon  merit  and 
prosperous  because  of  their  merit  and  good  management.  Having 
passed  the  time  of  our  early  natural  advantages,  and  coming  to 
our  dav.  now,  in  the  contest  for  commercial  and  industrial  su- 


Ohio  Centennial.  ,  386 

premacy  within  the  hmits  of  our  country,  Ohio  will  reap  the 
advantage  of  those  people  who  have  come  from  the  difficulties 
which  I  have  named  and  who  have  benefitted  by  this  grand 
system  of  our  common  school  education.  And  I  am  glad  to 
hear  such  a  favorable  report  from  our  School  Commissioner; 
there  lies  the  bulwark  which  all  the  ideas  and  isms  of  socialism 
and  anarchy  might  butt  against  until  the  end  of  time — they  will 
remain.      (Applause.) 

We  welcome  to  our  shores  people  from  every  clime  and 
every  nation,  who  coming  here  seeking  may  find  a  home,  an 
asylum  where  hope  and  plenty  enter  in.  We  love  them  all.  There 
is  work  for  willing  hands  to  do. 

Because  this  wonderful  development  of  this  country  is  not 
abnormal  under  the  conditions  of  to-day,  the  industry  and  in- 
genuity of  our  people  are  being  felt  everywhere  and  Ohio  shares 
a  large  part  in  that  enterprise  which  is  carrying  our  manu- 
factured goods  to  every  clime  under  the  sun. 

To  the  inventive  genius  of  her  citizens  we  owe  many  of 
the  ripe  machines  that  have  been  brought  to  the  aid  of  labor, 
not  to  the  detriment  of  labor,  but  to  the  benefit  of  all  the  people. 
It  is  to  that  enterprise  and  to  that  inventive  genius  that  we  look 
in  our  future  development  for  a  realization  of  all  that  for  which 
men  hope;  our  beneficent  laws  protecting  and  caring  for  our 
industries,  and  inviting  here  those  who  associate  together  with 
capital  large  and  efficient  enough  to  carry  on  enterprises  under 
the  laws  of  our  state. 

We  have  cared  for  them  and  nurtured  them,  but  under 
this  development  there  comes  a  time,  my  fellow-citizens,  when 
it  is  necessary,  in  keeping  pace  with  the  rapid  progress,  to 
adjust  ourselves  and  our  laws  to  meet  these  conditions.  We 
must  not  be  led  astray  by  false  sentiment  of  demagogism.  We 
must  not  yield  to  any  cry  that  would  in  any  way  intimidate 
or  paralyze  capital,  but,  recognizing  that  other  great  factor  which 
is  associated  with  capital,  our  laws  and  our  policy  must  be  in 
the  interest  of  all  classes  and  those  who  work  with  their  hands, 
(Applause.) 


25 


886  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Important  questions  in  connection  with  this  industrial  de- 
velopment are  forcing  themselves  upon  us  every  year,  aye,  every 
month.  I  say  important  questions  because  nothing  can  be  more 
important  than  the  questions  which  strike  at  the  very  heart  of 
industrial  development.  It  is  the  duty,  the  bounden  duty  of 
every  citizen  of  Ohio  to  feel  that  his  interests  and  responsi- 
bilities are  not  limited  within  the  environment  of  his  own  town 
or  county.  It  is  this  great  civic  pride  which  permeates  the 
whole  state  and  occasions  of  this  kind  will  bring  into  life  the 
public-spirited  and  patriotic  feeling,  so.  that  the  very  name  of 
Ohio  and  its  future  will  be  an  inspiration.     (Applause.) 

Let  it  be  known  that  we  as  a  people,  that  we  as  a  state, 
consider  from  the  standpoint  of  individual  and  corporate  in- 
terests the  value  of  all  that  aids  in  the  production  and  develop- 
ment of  our  industries,  and  that  a  good  name  abroad  will  bring 
within  the  limits  of  our  own  state  all  the  elements  needed 
to  feed  and  to  nourish  this  spirit  of  evolution  and  development. 
The  people  have  as  much  to  do  with  that  success,  almost,  as 
does  nature,  because  it  is  the  people  who  create  the  sentiment, 
who  fill  the  very  atmosphere  with  that  sentiment,  of  fair  deal- 
ing, of  honest  but  effective  laws,  of  the  consideration  of  every 
man's  interest,  individual  or  corporate,  with  a  desire,  aye  a 
determination  to  do  that  which  is  best  for  the  whole  people. 

Ohio,  I  am  glad  to  say,  in  all  her  past  history  has  shown 
that  spirit  both  in  law  and  sentiment,  and  it  is  because  of  the 
success  and  the  growth  of  that  spirit  that  I  join  with  you  in 
the  prophecy  of  the  future,  that  the  greatness  of  our  state  has 
only  just  begun;  that  what  has  been  accomplished  in  a  hun- 
dred years,  aye,  within  the  last  fifty  years,  and  with  the  condi- 
tions favorable,  with  that  spirit  which  I  hope  fills  the  heart  and 
mind  of  the  people  when  they  are  called  together  in  convention 
or  in  conference  or  in  the  celebration  of  an  occasion  like  this, 
that  they,  appreciating  what  has  been  wrought  out  and  called 
to  their  attention,  will  go  home  and  think  about  it,  think  about 
it  from  the  standpoint  of  good  citizenship  and  humanity,  think 
about  these  economic  questions  from  the  standpoint  which  will 
uplift  society — and  when  I  say  society,  I  mean  from  the  bot- 
'Jtom  up  (great  applause),  place  all  classes,  as  God  Almighty  in- 


Ohio  Centennial.  387 

tended,  upon  the  same  equality,  and  let  them  work  out  their 
own  destiny  in  proportion  to  their  enterprise  and  ability.  (Re- 
newed applause.) 

What  an  inspiration  it  is,  my  friends!  I  do  not  believe  we 
fully  appreciate  that  in  these  United  States,  after  a  little  more 
than  a  hundred  years,  we  have  brought  together  men  from  all 
nations  and  all  conditions  and  harmonized  and  equalized  and 
made  them  a  part  of  this  great  body  politic,  all  bound  first  on 
bettering  their  own  condition,  then  their  duty  and  loyalty  to  their 
fellow-man,  and  then  to  their  state  and  country. 

A  hundred  years  has  done  this  and  from  what  a  begin- 
ning! It  would  startle,  aye,  it  would  stagger,  the  mind  of  the 
people  of  the  old  world  could  they  have  been  told  that  such 
a  result  would  have  occurred.  Could  any  man  have  prophesied 
that  under  our  institutions  a  people  governing  themselves  could 
have  come  out  of  all  this  combination  of  men  from  all  nations, 
could  have  been  molded  into  a  body  politic,  the  majority  of  which 
are  inspired  by  the  highest  motives  of  doing  good  to  themselves 
and  their  fellow-men.  That  is  American  and  that  is  the  Ohio 
idea.     (Great  applause.) 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure,  my  fellow-citizens,  to  be  present 
on  an  occasion  like  this,  because  it  gives  me  an  opportunity  of 
meeting  face  to  face  so  many  of  our  people,  so  many  of  my 
fellow-citizens  whom  it  has  not  been  my  pleasure  to  see  and  know ; 
to  join  with  you  in  the  celebration  of  this  great  event. 

I  join  with  you  in  the  bright  hopes  of  your  future  here  in 
Ross  County,  and  I  join  with  you  in  the  feeling  that  this  great 
function  has  been  and  will  be  productive  of  good  everywhere. 
It  is  good  to  have  these  conferences,  these  heart  to  heart  talks, 
this  dissemination  of  facts  which  is  appreciated  by  all,  the  op- 
portunity to  know  more  than  we  would  have  known  in  regard 
to  our  state  affairs  and  our  growth  and  development. 

From  the  standpoint  of  her  commercial  and  industrial  in- 
terests, if  I  know  anything,  I  know  that  Ohio  stands,  and  de- 
servedly so,  in  the  front  rank,  and  if  our  opportunities  for  the 
future  are  no  less  —  aye,  but  they  are  greater  than  a  hundred 
years  ago,  because  there  is  no  teacher  like  experience  —  there  is 
no  better  proof  of  what  can  be  done  than  to  judge  the  future 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


by  the  past  as  to  what  has  been  done;  therefore,  on  every  hand 
there  is  every  reason  why  this  should  be  made  an  opportunity 
for  rejoicing,  and  here's  hoping  that  we  may  all  live  to  enjoy 
another  one.    (Loud  and  long  continued  applause.) 


CAMPUS   MARTIUS,   MARIETTA. 


THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  OHIO. 


LEWIS    D.    BONEBRAKE. 


GENERAL   STATEMENT. 


NO     MINOR    INSTITUTION. 


The  history  of  the  public  schools  of  Ohio  and  the  state- 
ment of  the  present  condition  of  public  education  in  our  com- 
monwealth can  not  be  condensed  into 

a  few  words  or  be  covered  by  a  few 
fragmentary  sentences.  The  institu- 
tion commonly  called  the  free  public 
school  system  is  too  large  an  institu- 
tion; its  history  covers  too  much  de- 
tail; its  glorious  achievements  are  too 
many,  and  its  benefits  are  too  -far- 
reaching,  to  condense  them  into  a  few 
words  or  adequately  to  recount  them 
in  small  compass.  The  wisest  states- 
men of  one  hundred  years  ago  could 
hardly  have  foreseen  the  wonderful 
development  destined  to  come  from 
the  free  school  system  in  the  ten  dec- 
ades covered  by  the  first  century  of  our  statehood.  The  thought- 
ful and  far-seeing  might  have  hoped  for  larger  usefulness,  for 
extension  and  improvement,  but  the  present  glorious  heritage  of 
free  universal  opportunity  for  culture  and  learning  at  the  expense 
of  the  state  could  hardly  have  been  dreamed  of  even  by  the 
wisest  of  the  period.     The  public  schools  are  no  minor  institution. 


LEWIS   D.    BONEBRAKF.. 


389 


390  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


DEMOCRACY    AND    EDUCATION. 

In  a  retrospect  of  the  conditions  as  they  existed  a  little  more 
than  a  hundred  years  ago  in  America  there  is  much  of  interest 
and  profit.  The  closing  years  of  the  eighteenth  century  witnessed 
both  in  Europe  and  America,  a  remarkable  outburst  of  the  spirit 
of  democracy.  In  the  public  meetings  and  the  political  dis- 
cussions of  the  period  the  words  "people,"  "demos,"  "citizen," 
"voter,"  "commons,"  "inalienable  rights,"  and  other  similar  ex- 
pressions were  in  constant  use.  The  teachings  of  Rousseau  and 
his  associates,  and  the  declarations  and  doctrines  of  the  French 
Revolution,  were  widely  scattered  and  very  much  in  evidence  in 
the  political  assemblies.  It  was  only  five  years  prior  to  the  time 
the  bells  tolled  out  the  old  century  and  their  merry  chimes  wel- 
comed in  the  new,  that  a  young  Corsican  officer  had  with  con- 
summate skill  planted  his  cannon  in  the  streets  before  the  Tuiller- 
ies,  and  by  use  of  grapeshot  and  ball  ended  the  great  French 
Revolution.  This  act  made  Napoleon  a  prominent  figure ;  and 
at  once  he  began  his  remarkable  career  of  twenty  years  in  un- 
settling Europe,  overthrowing  hereditary  thrones,  and  dispelling 
forever  the  ancient  fiction  of  the  divine  rights  of  kings.  The 
eighteenth  century  closed  with  him  as  First  Consul  of  France ;  but 
the  people  felt  somehow  that  he  was  of  them  and  that  his  cause 
was  theirs.  England,  Austria,  Italy,  the  German  States,  and  all 
Europe  recognized  his  power.  The  French  Revolution  had  passed 
beyond  the  political  boundaries  of  France.  There  was  a  great 
awakening;  in  some  way  the  people  had  learned  that  ability  and 
talent,  rather  than  kingly  birth,  counted  in  human  affairs.  A  new 
day  had  come  to  Europe. 

In  America  great  events  had  transpired  just  prior  to  the 
close  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Thirteen  feeble  colonies,  wronged 
by  unjust  taxation,  goaded  by  the  calamitous  inflictions  of  evil- 
minded  ministers  and  a  foolish  stubborn  king,  had  at  last  sought 
independence,  and  achieved  the  same  after  a  long  and  distressing 
conflict.  Their  Declaration  made  in  1776,  and  their  Constitution 
made  operative  in  1789,  bear  every  evidence  of  their  sturdy  faith 
in  the  people  to  rule  themselves.  Their  yearnings  for  self-gov- 
ernment were  everywhere  apparent :    and  their  faith  was  clearly 


Ohio  Centennial.  391 

and  distinctly  a  faith  in  the  power  of  majorities.  In  America  at 
least  there  was  a  distinctive  tendency  to  trust  the  people  with 
larger  power. 

In  a  word,  without  effort  at  elaborate  portrayal,  it  is  safe 
to  say  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the  larger 
world-tendency  among  governments  was  to  trust  the  people 
themselves  with  larger  civic  powers,  and  to  grant  to  each  member 
of  society  a  wider  range  of  liberties.  The  individual  members  of 
society  were  assuming,  each  man  for  himself  and  all  in  their 
collective  capacity,  a  larger  work  of  managing  governmental 
affairs,  where  in  former  times  such  matters  were  intrusted  to  the 
few.    It  was  clearly  the  growth  of  democracy. 

PUBLIC   EDUCATION    A    NECESSITY. 

But  a  democracy  to  be  successful  and  efficient  must  be  made 
intelligent  and  resourceful.  To  grant  large  civic  rights  to  the 
people  without  providing  the  means  for  their  proper  education; 
to  permit  the  exercise  of  the  franchise  and  the  control  of  the 
affairs  of  the  state  itself,  without  providing  culture  for  all  and  a 
general  spread  of  intelligence,  in  the  end  would  lead  to  anarchy, 
strife  and  tyranny.  These  matters  were  foreseen  even  prior  to  the 
inauguration  of  the  Republic.  The  literature  of  the  later  colonial 
and  revolutionary  period  abounds  in  references  to  the  necessity  of 
education.  The  New  England  free  school,  like  the  New  England 
town  meeting,  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  spirit  of  democracy ;  and' 
the  spirit  of  democracy  was  much  in  evidence  in  the  early  colonies. 

In  President  Washington's  farewell  address  among  other  ex- 
cellent recommendations  he  wrote  the  following :  "Promote,  then,, 
as  an  object  of  primary  importance,  institutions  for  the  general 
diffusion  of  knowledge.  In  proportion  as  the  structure  of  a  gov- 
ernment gives  force  to  public  opinion,  it  is  essential  that  public 
opinion  should  be  enlightened." 

OHIO  SYSTEM   PART  OF   NATIONAL   POLICY. 

The  truth  of  the  matter  is,  the  public  free  school  system 
of  Ohio  must  be  linked  in  history  to  the  public  school  system  of 
New  England  and  the  East.     It  is  not  perhaps  wise  to  refer  at 


t 

392  Qhio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications, 

length  to  the  history  of  the  early  attempts  at  education  in.  the 
colonies.  Perhaps  the  free  school  system  itself  in  the  beginning 
was  not  definitely  planned.  The  public  school  was  a  necessity 
that  children  should  not  grow  up  in  ignorance.  It  was  not  the 
gift  of  any  man,  any  prince,  or  any  public  benefactor.  It  was  a 
growth,  a  development,  an  evolution.  It  simply  grew  —  at  first 
a  makeshift  and  a  community  necessity,  later  a  definitely  recog- 
nized institution,  recognized  as  fundamentally  worthy  of  public 
approval.  From  the  very  beginning  spontaneity  has  been  its 
keynote.  Recognized  in  the  town  meeting,  in  colonial  assemblies, 
then  later  in  the  surveys  of  public  lands,  in  state  constitutions 
and  state  legislation,  the  free  public  school  system  of  the  United 
States  has  taken  on  many  forms.  Each  state  and  territory  has 
done  about  as  seemed  wise  and  expedient  according  to  local  con- 
ditions. There  is  lack  of  symmetry,  and  lack  of  definite  form. 
Local  preferences  in  all  the  states  have  made  the  systems  dis- 
similar. Ohio  is  no  exception  to  the  rule. 

CONGRESSIONAL   ENACTMENTS. 

ACTS  OF  1785  AND  1 787. 

As  suggested  already  the  public  school  system  of  Ohio  must 
be  connected  with  the  system  in  vogue  in  the  colonies  at  the  time 
of  the  revolution.  Very  properly  our  school  system  must  be  rec- 
ognized as  a  part  of  the  growth  of  that  system  which  had  from 
the  earliest  settlement  and  occupanc}/  of  the  East  been  growing 
and  developing  in  the  colonies  and  the  original  states. 

As  early  as  May  20,  1785,  by  act  of  the  Congress  then  oper- 
ating under  the  old  Articles  of  Confederation,  the  public  lands  of 
the  government  were  ordered  to  be  surveyed  in  townships  six 
miles  square,  section  si^iteen  of  each  township  being  reserved  for 
common  school  purposes.  The  famous  "An  Ordinance  for  the 
Government  of  the  Territory  Northwest  of  the  River  Ohio"  was 
enacted  on  July  13,  1787.  Said  ordinance  contained  a  strong 
declaration  in  Article  III  relating  to  education,  which  reads  in 
part: 

Religion,  morality  and  knowledge,  being  necessary  to  good  govern- 
ment and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education 
shall  forever  be  encouraged. 


Ohio  Centennial.  393 

On  July  23,  1787,  just  ten  days  after  congress  had  passed 
said  ordinance,  whose  strong  words  are  here  noted  as  related  to 
education,  and  with  equally  significant  utterances  on  religious 
freedom,  the  habeas  corpus,  trial  by  jury,  slavery,  inviolability 
of  contracts  and  the  like,  a  very  important  act  often  lost  sight  of 
was  also  passed.  It  was  supplementary  to  the  act  of  May  20, 
1785,  relating  to  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  public  lands.  This 
act,  in  addition  to  setting  aside  every  sixteenth  section  of  each 
township  for  common  school  purposes,  also  ordered  that  two 
whole  townships  were  *'to  be  given  perpetually  for  the  purposes 
of  a  seminary  of  learning,  to  be  applied  to  the  intended  object 
by  the  legislature  of  the  state."  In  this  way  congress  prepared 
the  way  for  our  irreducible  school  fund,  by  means  of  section 
sixteen,  and  also  began  the  work  of  higher  education  at  state 
expense,  the  Ohio  University  at  Athens  being  the  beneficiary  of 
the  two  townships  referred  to.  The  names  of  Manasseh  Cutler, 
Rufus  Putnam,  Nathan  Dane,  and  Rufus  King  will  live  long 
in  this  chapter  of  our  educational  history. 

In  this  connection  perhaps  it  would  be  interesting  to  note 
that  the  general  government  has  during  its  history  set  apart 
over  eighty-six  million  acres  of  land  for  the  endowment  of  edu- 
cation —  a  territory  as  large  as  all  of  the  six  New*  England  states, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Maryland  and  Delaware  all  added  to- 
gether; a  territory  as  larere  as  the  whole  of  the  kingdom  of 
Prussia ;  as  large  as  seven-tenths  of  all  France.  Said  territory 
thus  given  by  the  government  and  supplemental  moneys  have  a 
value  of  about  or  nearly  $300,000,000  —  surely  a  princely  gift 
to  education. 

STATE    CONSTITUTIONAL    PROVISIONS. 

CONSTITUTION   OF    l802. 

In  compliance  with  the  enactment  of  congress,  **the  people 
of  the  eastern  division  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  north- 
west of  the  river  Ohio,"  adopted  a  state  constitution  in  1802,  and 
formed  themselves  into  a  free  and  independent  state  by  the  name 
of  the  state  of  Ohio.  In  the  third  section  of  their  bill  of  rights — 
Article  VI T I  of  their  constitution — they  reaffirmed  with  slightly 


394  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

changed  phraseology  the  utterances  of  the  third  article  of  the 
Ordinance  of  1787.     Said  section  3  reads  as  follows: 

Seciion  3.  But  religion,  morality  and  knowledge,  being  essen- 
tially n'ecessary  to  good  government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools 
and  the  means  of  instruction  shall  forever  be  encouraged  by  legislative 
provision,   not  inconsistent  with  the  rights  of  conscience. 

To  guard  against  possible  injustice  and  discrimination,  and 
to  make  even  more  emphatic  the  high  ground  taken  for  equal 
rights  to  poor  and  rich  alike  the  following  section  number  25 
was  also  added  to  the  bill  of  rights: 

Section  25.  No  law  shall  be  passed  to  prevent  the  poor  in  the 
several  counties  and  townships  within  this  state  from  an  equal  partici- 
pation in  the  schools,  academies,  colleges,  and  universities  within  this 
state,  which  are  endowed  in  whole  or  in  part  from  the  revenue  arising 
from  donations  made  by  the  United  States  for  the  support  of  schools  and 
colleges;  and  the  doors  of  said  schools,  academies  and  universities  shall 
be  open  for  the  reception  of  scholars,  students,  and  teachers  of  every 
grade,  without  any  distinction  or  preference  whatever,  contrary  to  the 
intent   for   which   said    donations  were  made. 

For  the  benefit  of  new  institutions  likely  to  apply  for  or- 
ganization and  i^cognition  the  following  section  was  also  incor- 
porated in  the  constitution : 

Section  27.  Every  association  of  persons,  when  regularly  formed, 
within  the  state,  and  having  given  themselves  a  name,  may,  on  applica- 
tion to  the  legislature,  be  entitled  to  receive  letters  of  incorporation,  to 
enable  them  to  hold  estates,  real  and  personal,  for  the  support  of  their 
schools,    academies,    colleges,   universities,    and   for  other  purposes. 

Much  discussion  has  been  indulged  in  by  those  interested 
in  divining  the  intent  of  these  three  originial  sections  as  related 
to  the  development  of  a  state-  system  of  education.  In  one  way 
and  another  the  landed  gifts  to  Ohio  for  educational  purposes 
have  exceeded  twelve  hundred  square  miles  of  land.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  1802, 
the  expectation  was  that  the  several  gifts  would  in  time  support 
the  entire  school  system  of  ^'schools,  academies,  colleges  and  uni- 
versities." If  so,  their  foresight  was  not  good.  They  were  soon 
shown  to  be  entirely  inadequate,  for  as  early  as  in  1821  the  general 


Ohio  Centennial.  BOS' 

t 

assembly  enacted  a  law  authorizing  a  school  tax.  Perhaps  as 
a  whole  these  three  simple  utterances  on  educatioii  were  as  good 
as  could  be  expected  at  the  time  they  were  written.  At  all  events 
the  school  system  was  organized  under  them  and  they  were  the 
fundamental  law  of  the  state  for  the  first  half-century  of  our  state- 
hood. 

CONSTITUTION  OF    185I. 

The  present  state  constitution,  that  of  185 1,  superseded  the 
constitution  of  1802.  The  words  of  the  new  constitution  relat- 
ing to  religion,  morality  and  knowledge  were  kept  substantially 
as  in  the  old  constitution.     They  are  at  present  as  follows: 

ARTICLE   I. 

Section  7.  Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge,  however,  being: 
essential  to  good  government,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly 
to  pass  suitable  laws  to  protect  every  religious  denominaton  in  the  peace- 
able enjoyment  of  its  own  mode  of  public  worship,  and  to  encourage 
schools  and  the  means  of  instruction. 

As  the  new  constitution  was  in  a  way  an  attempt  to  get  away 
from  special  legislation,  and  certain  abuses  possible  under  the  old 
constitution  there  was  placed  in  section  26  of  Article  II  the  fol- 
lowing significant  language: 

ARTICLE  II. 

Section  26.  All  laws,  of  a  general  nature,  shall  have  a  uniform 
operation  throughout  the  state;  nor,  shall  any  act,  except  such  as  relates- 
to  public  schools,  be  passed,  to  take  effect  upon  the  approval  of  any 
other  authority  than  the  general  assembly,  except  as  otherwise  provided 
in   this  constitution. 

The  really  significant  part  of  the  above  quoted  section  is 
that  part  which  permits  elasticity  and  the  referendum  in  school 
matters,  while  all  general  laws,  including  school  laws,  are  to  have 
uniform  operation  throughout  the  state.  In  Article  VI,  which 
is  entirely  devoted  to  education,  there  are  two  sections  historically 
and  practically  very  important.  The  first  provides  for  the  faith- 
ful custody  of  all  funds  arising  from  the  sale,  or  other  disposition 
of  lands,  or  other  property,  granted  or  intrusted  to  the  state  for 
educational  and  religious  purposes;    and  the  faithful  application 


t 

396  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

of  the  income  to  the  specific  objects  of  the  original  grant  or  ap- 
propriations. The  second,  however,  is  regarded  as  a  remarkably 
fine  statement  of  the  doctrine  of  the  duty  of  the  state  in  educa- 
tional affairs. 

ARTICLE    VI. 

Section  1.  The  principal  of  all  funds,  arising  from  the  sale,  or 
other  disposition  of  lands,  or  other  property,  granted  or  entrusted  to  this 
state  for  educational  and  religious  purposes,  shall  forever  be  preserved 
inviolate,  and  undiminished;  and,  the  income  arising  therefrom,  shall 
be  faithfully  applied  to  the  specific  objects  of  the  original  grants,  or 
appropriations. 

Section  2.  The  general  assembly  shall  make  such  provisions,  by 
taxation,  or  otherwise,  as,  with  the  income  arising  from  the  school 
trust  fund,  will  secure  a  thorough  and  efficient  system  of  common 
schools  throughout  the  state;  but  no  religious  or  other  sect,  or  sects, 
shall  ever  have  any  exclusive  rijght  to,  or  control  of,  any  part  of  the 
school  funds  of  this  state. 

In  Article  XII  there  is  also  to  be  found  section  2  which  reads 
as  follows : 

ARTICLE    XII. 

Section  2.  Laws  shall  be  passed,  taxing  by  a  uniform  rule,  all 
moneys,  credits,  investments  in  bonds,  stocks,  joint  stock  companies, 
or  otherwise;  and  also  all  real  and  personal  property  according  to  its 
true  value  in  money;  but  burying  grounds,  public  school  houses,  houses 
used  exclusively  for  public  worship,  institutions  of  purely  public  charity, 
public  property  used  exclusively  for  any  public  purpose,  and  personal 
property,  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  in  value  two  hundred  dollars,  for 
■each  individual,  may,  by  general  laws,  be  exempted  from  taxation;  but, 
all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  alteration  or  repeal ;  and  the  value  of  all 
property,  so  exempted,  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  ascertained  and 
published,    as  may  be   directed   by   law. 

Now  it  has  seemed  to  me  that  these  important  utterances 
•of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  the  three  sections  of  the  constitution  of 
1802,  and  the  five  sections  of  the  constitution  of  185 1,  should  be 
recounted  for  our  correct  understanding  of  the  fundamental  law 
m  relation  to  public  education  in  Ohio.  The  first  represents  that 
which  preceded  the  time  of  our  state  organization;  the  second 
represents  the  fundamental  law  under  which  we  projected  and 
developed  our  school  system  during  the  first  fifty  years  of  our 
separate  existence  as  a  state;  the  last  represents  the  past  fifty 


Ohio  Centennial.  397 

years,  and  our  present.     In  a  way  each  is  important;    each  is 
necessary  to  understand  our  educational  history. 

SCHOOIy  REVENUKb. 

SOURCES   OF   REVENUE. 

The  state  -of  Ohio  has  within  its  history  as  a  state  raised 
and  spent  fully  a  half  a  billion  of  dollars  in  the  public  schools. 
The  present  cost  of  the  public  schools  is  about  sixteen  and  a  half 
million  a  year  —  a  sum  about  equal  to  thirty-five  per  cent,  of  all 
revenues  raised  by  every  style  of  taxation  in  the  state.  It  be- 
comes therefore  a  matter  of  interest  to  know  the  sources  of  its 
revenues. 

In  general  they  are  not  numerous  or  difficult  of  understand- 
ing, as  they  come  from  state  and  local  taxation  on  the  one  hand 
and  from  certain  miscellaneous  sources  on  the  other.  More  defi- 
nitely stated  the  sources  are,  first,  the  general  state  tax  of  .95 
of  one  mill  collected  on  the  grand  duplicate  of  the  state  and  dis- 
tributed to  every  district  in  the  state  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  for  each 
enumerated  child  between  the  ages  of  six  and  twenty-one ;  second, 
the  annual  distribution  from  the  state  sinking  fund  of  six  per  cent, 
on  all  the  irreducible  state  debt,  the  money  going  to  those  districts 
whence  the  fund  is  derived;  third,  the  local  levies  made  by  the 
various  boards  of  education  in  the  various  school  districts  for 
the  several  funds  of  the  districts,  all  such  funds  being  collected 
by  the  county  treasurers  and  apportioned  back  to  the  school 
treasuries  of  the  districts  from  which  they  were  derived  for  ap- 
plication to  the  needs  of  the  districts ;  fourth,  certain  fines  and 
penalties  provided  by  law;  and,  fifth,  the  miscellaneous  receipts 
of  the  boards  of  education  for  such  items  as  outside  tuition,  sale 
of  old  materials,  rentals  and  the  like. 

Under  the  statutes  now  in  force  it  is  possible  for  village, 
township  and  special  districts  to  levy  ten  mills ;  and,  with 
certain  exceptions,  all  city  districts  can  levy  eight  mills.  Be- 
sides these  levies  it  is  possible  by  special  vote  of  the  people 
to  increase  these  levies  through  authorized  bond  issues;  and 
such  a  policy  seems  absolutely  necessary  at  times.  For  the  year 
ending  August  31,  1902,  out  of  a  total  of  $16,463,216.02  spent 


•398  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

in  the  public  schools  of  the  state  there  was  paid  to  teachers, 
^,267,638.94;  for  supervision,  $444,361.54;  for  sites  and  build- 
ings, $1,549,523.06;  for  interest  and  redemption  of  bonds,  $1,- 
.594,217.04;  and  for  the  contingent  expenses,  $3,607,475.44.  The 
sources  of  the  funds  were,  from  the  state  tax,  $1,817,767.58; 
from  the  school  lands,  $249,159.87;  and  the  remainder  from 
local  sources  including  the  miscellaneous  receipts. 

THE    IRREDUCIBLE    STATE    DEBT. 

The  so-called  irreducible  state  debt  of  Ohio  is  in  reality  a 
■great  trust  fund.  Ohio,  instead  of  creating  a  large  permanent 
fund  to  be  loaned  on  mortgage  security,  as  was  done  in  Massa- 
chusetts,  Kansas,  and  many  states  east  and  west  of  us,  provided 
early  in  our  history  that  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  section 
;sixteen  and  other  school  lands  should  be  used  by  the  state 
and  be  constituted  into  a  great  irreducible  debt,  held  forever 
by  the  state  with  a  fixed  annual  interest  of  six  per  cent,  to 
be  paid  thereon  to  the  districts  from  which  the  moneys  originally 
were  derived.  Without  entering  into  an  analysis  of  the  several 
items  making  this  fund,  which  in  a  general  way  are  named  after 
the  several  surveys,  or  in  any  way  attempting  to  be  too  definite, 
it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  said  fund  now  aggregates  a  little  over 
$4,000,000.00.  In  addition  thereto  the  state  holds  in  trust  cer- 
tain university  funds,  now  aggregating  something  like  a  half 
a  million  of  dollars  on  which  it  also  pays  six  per  cent,  per  annum. 

The  advantages  of  managing  these  funds  in  the  manner 
prescribed  by  law  are  very  apparent.  Our  early  law-makers 
were  wise  in  planning  as  they  did  in  this  matter.  Other  states, 
through  bad  loans,  the  fluctuation  of  interest  rates,  and  the  ex- 
penses of  supervision  and  control,  are  not  able  to  give  to  the 
beneficiaries  of  the  funds  either  so  large  or  so  constant  returns. 
In  most  respects  the  Ohio  plan  is  without  criticism.  In  this 
connection  perhaps  it  is  well  to  note  that  many  districts  still 
retain  the  control  of  their  school  lands,  not  always  with  advantage 
to  the  districts.   . 


Ohio  Centennial.  399 

DISBURSEMENT   OF    MONEY. 

Under  the  laws  of  the  state  all  moneys  having  once  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  school  treasurers  are  disbursed  only  upon 
order  of  the  boards  of  education.  Each  voucher  is  supposed 
to  be  drawn  by  the  clerk  and  countersigned  by  the  president 
of  the  board  of  education  before  being  paid  by  the  treasurer. 
Teachers  must  have  legal  certificates  covering  the  time  and 
branches  of  study  taught  and  file  with  the  clerk  all  statistical 
items  required  by  the  state  commissioner  of  common  schools. 
In  general,  the  boards  of  education  are  to  represent  the  people, 
and  are  clothed  with  ample  power  within  reasonable  limits.  The 
last  general  assembly,  through  the  bureau  of  public  accounting, 
has  made  provision  for  checking  up  and  auditing  all  school  ac- 
counts ;  besides  there  are  the  checks  and  safeguards  given  to 
the  board  of  education  itself,  and  the  authorization  of  inspection 
at  the  hands  of  an  accountant  sent  from  the  office  of  the  com- 
missioner of  schools.  It  is  safe  to  say  in  the  main  that  school 
moneys  are  administered  with  a  fair  degree  of  honesty  and 
fidelity. 

GENERAL  CHARACTER  OF  SCHOOL  SYSTEM. 
STYLE   OF   SCHOOL   DISTRICTS. 

In  1902  there  were  2,437  different  school  districts  in  the  state. 
Of  these  66  were  city  districts;  1,036  village  and  special;  and 
1,335  were  township  districts.  Each  year  sees  by  change  of 
boundaries  these  numbers  slightly  altered.  In  general  the  law 
gives  sanction  to  four  styles  of  districts  —  city,  village,  town- 
ship and  special.  On  account  of  recent  decisions  made  by  the 
supreme  court  some  changes  may  be  necessary  during  the  next 
session  of  the  general  assembly.  The  boards  of  education  in 
city  districts  consist  of  several  sorts.  In  some  the  board  are 
elected  by  all  the  people  at  large,  in  some  by  wards,  and  in 
some  partly  at  large  and  partly  by  wards.  In  number  they 
range  at  present  from  three  in  Delaware  and  Wooster,  and 
five  at  Toledo,  to  thirty-one  in  Cincinnati.  As  the  matter,  how- 
ever, will  need  to  be  adjusted  in  the  next  general  assembly, 
perhaps  it  need  not  be  discussed.     The  village  boards  of  educa- 


400  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

tion  consist  usually  of  six  persons,  elected  at  large,  though  by- 
special  legislation  some  consist  of  five  and  three.  Township 
boards  consist  of  one  person  from  each  sub-district,  except  in 
specially  centralized  districts  where  they  consist  of  five  elected 
at  large  in  the  township.  In  each  sub-district  there  is  also 
a  sub-district  board,  consisting  of  the  member  of  the  township 
board  and  two  sub-directors;  their  duties  are  limited  to  the 
nomination  of  teachers  for  their  sub-district  schools.  The  boards 
of  special  districts  consist  of  three  or  six  members  elected  at 
large.  Under  the  law  each  board  must  choose  its  own  president, 
and  usually  its  clerk  and  treasurer,  except  in  township  districts 
and  where  city  treasurers  act  ex-officio. 

ENUMERATION    AND   ATTENDANCE   OF   YOUTHi 

Under  the  laws  of  the  state  the  schools  are  to  be  free  to  all 
youth  between  six  and  twenty-one  who  are  children  or  wards 
of  residents  of  the  district.  No  discrimination  exists  as  to  color, 
all  are  admitted  free. 

During  each  summer  boards  of  education  are  required  t6 
cause  an  annual  enumeration  of  all  youth  in  their  respective 
districts  to  be  taken.  The  returns  thereof  are  filed  with  the 
county  auditors  and  then  in  turn  their  abstracts  are  filed  with 
the  commissioner  of  schools,  who  in  turn  files  a  certified  copy 
with  the  auditor  of  state.  Upon  this  final  return  the  auditor 
makes  his  semi-annual  distributions  of  the  state  common  school 
fund  to  each  county. 

Under  the  compulsory  education  laws  of  the  state  all  chil- 
dren between  eight  and  fourteen  must  attend  some  recognized 
school  for  the  full  time  the  public  schools  of  the  district  are  in 
session;  and  all  youth  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  not  reg- 
ularly engaged  in  some  useful  labor,  or  who  can  not  read  and 
write  must  also  attend  some  recognized  school.  Boards  of  edu- 
cation are  by  law  required  to  appoint  truant  officers  and  carry 
out  the  provisions  relating  to  attendance.  At  present  the  law 
is  fairly  well  executed,  the  law  itself  being  one  of  the  best  com- 
pulsory education  laws  in  the  United  States. 

No  school  can  be  run  for  a  shorter  time  than  twenty-four 
weeks  nor  longer  than  forty  weeks  in  a  year.     By  law  boards 


Ohio  Centenniai.  401 

of  education  are  authorized  to  make  suitable  and  appropriate 
rules  for  the  governing  of  the  pupils  in  the  schools.  The  safe- 
guards, in  general,  put  about  attendance,  length  of  term,  and 
the  making  of  an  efficient  school  are  most  excellent,  and  when 
rightly  executed  are  calculated  to  provide  good  schools. 

BOARDS    OF    EXAMINERS. 

In  order  to  insure  teachers  of  worth  and  merit  there  have 
been  from  a  very  early  day  certain  boards  for  the  examining  and 
licensing  of  teachers.  By  far  the  most  useful  board  of  this 
character  is  what  is  known  as  the  board  of  county  examiners. 
From  1825  to  the  present  time  there  has  been  some  style  of 
examining  teachers.  At  present  the  prolmte  judge  in  each 
county  appoints  a  board  of  three  persons  to  examine  and  license 
teachers.  Ten  examinations  are  held  each  year,  not  to  speak 
of  two  examinations  for  those  who  seek  high  school  admis- 
sion from  townships  and  special  districts.  Under  the  law  county 
examiners  can  issue  certificates,  good  in  the  county,  for  one  year, 
two  years,  three  years,  five  years  and  eight  years  from  the 
date  of  the  examination.  The  subjects  in  which  the  applicant 
must  be  examined  are  orthography,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic, 
geography,  English  grammar,  including  composition,  the  history 
of  the  United  States,  including  civil  government,  physiology  and 
hygiene,  including  scientific  temperance,  and  the  board  must  also 
certify  to  his  moral  character  and  that  he  possesses  an  adequate 
knowledge  of  theory  and  practice.  In  case  the  applicant  is  re- 
quired to  teach  other  subjects  than  those  above  enumerated  he 
must  pass  in  such  subjects.  Besides  the  county  boards  of  ex- 
aminers there  are  also  city  and  village  boards  appointed  by  the 
boards  of  education  in  districts  eligible  for  such  purposes,  whose 
duties  correspond  for  their  districts  to  the  duties  prescribed  for 
counties.  There  is  also  a  state  board .  of  school  examiners  ap- 
pointed by  the  state  commissioner  of  common  schools,  which 
issues  life  certificates  good  anywhere  in  the  state.  Said  board 
issues  three  grades  of  certificates,  all  good  for  life,  the  com- 
mon school  life  certificate  good  only  for  the  branches  named 
therein;    the  high  school  life  certificate,  good  in  any  part  of  the. 

26 


402  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

state  and  unlimited;  and  the  special  life  certificate,  good  for  the 
special  subject  covered  by  the  certificate,  as  drawing  or  music. 

In  1864  the  state  commissioner  of  common  schools  was 
authorized  to  appoint  a  state  board  of  school  examiners  con- 
sisting of  three  members.  In  1883  this  number  was  increased 
to  five.  The  following-  have  served  on  the  board  since  its  crea- 
tion: Marcellus  F.  Cowdery,  Thomas  W.  Harvey,  Eli  T.  Tap- 
pan,  Israel  W.  Andrews,  William  Mitchell,  Theodore  Sterling, 
John  Hancock,  Thomas  C.  Mendenhall,  Andrew  J.  Rickoff,  Al- 
ston Ellis,  Henry  B.  Furness,  John  B.  Peaslee,  William  W.  Ross, 
Charles  R.  Shreve,  Chas.  L.  Loos,  A.  B.  Johnson,  Henry  M. 
Parker,  William  G.  Williams,  Elmer  S.  Cox,  Chas.  C.  David- 
son, Marcellus  Manley,  Chas.  E.  McVay,  Thomas  A.  Pollock, 
E.  E.  White,  W.  J.  White,  E.  A.  Jones,  R.  W.  Stevenson,  Ed- 
ward T.  Nelson,  Jas.  W.  Knott,  J.  C.  Hartzler,  L.  D.  Bone- 
brake,  J.  P.  Sharkey,  Charles  Haupert,  C.  W.  Bennett,  J.  D.  Sim- 
kins,  W.  W.  Boyd,  W.  H.  Meek,  M.  E.  Hard,  W.  H.  Mitchell, 
C.  C.  Miller  and  Arthur  Powell.  The  last  five  named  are  the 
present   members   of   the   board. 


1 


I  SUPERVISION    OF    SCHOOLS. 

All  boards  of  education  are  by  law  authorized  to  employ 
suitable  persons  to  act  as  superintendents  of  the  schools  under 
their  charge.  In  some  of  the  larger  cities  the  superintendents 
thus  chosen  are  clothed  with  fairly  comprehensive  powers,  even 
to  the  extent  of  nominating  or  appointing  teachers.  Not  all  dis- 
tricts have  supervision,  but  in  round  numbers  about  a  thousand 
have  availed  themselves  of  the  opportunity  oflfered  by  the  law. 
The  greatest  need  is  in  the  rural  districts  of  the  state.  All  the 
cities  without  exception,  practically  all  of  the  villages,  some  of 
the  special  districts  and  some  of  the  townships  have  thus  availed 
themselves.  Undoubtedly  much  good  comes  from  such  super- 
vision ;  indeed,  it  is  difficult  to  understand  why  all  districts  do 
not  thus  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity.  Much  of  the  im- 
perfect work  of  the  rural  schools  is  directly  attributable  to  the 
fact  that  the  teachers  try  to  do  their  work  without  guide  or 
^compass  or  kindly  criticism.     Under  the  law  two  or  more  dis- 


Ohio  Centennial.  403 

tricts  may  unite  and  employ  the  same  person  as  superintendent. 
Frequently  it  happens  in  the  smaller  districts  that  the  super- 
intendent also  teaches  a  part  or  all  of  the  branches  offered  in 
the  high  school,  and  at  the  same  time  by  visits  to  his  schools, 
through  teachers'  meetings  and  examinations  he  keeps  himself  in 
touch  with  all  the  work  of  his  district.  In  the  largest  districts 
of  the  state  not  infrequently  the  superintendent  has  a  corps  of 
assistants  and  supervisors  who  look  after  part  of  the  work. 
Principals  of  buildings  and  special  teachers  also  are  to  be  ac- 
counted a  part  of  the  supervising  force. 

STATE    COMMISSIONER   OF    SCHOOLS. 

In  connection  with  the  work  of  supervision  it  is  well  also 
to  note  something  of  the  duties  and  powers  of  the  state  com- 
missioner of  common  schools.  Under  the  law  he  is  the  chief 
school  officer  of  the  state.  He  is  elected  by  the  people  of  the 
state  at  the  regular  November  election,  along  with  other  state 
officers,  for  a  term  of  three  years  from  the  succeeding  second 
Monday  of  July.  He  is  charged  with  numerous  duties.  He 
prepares  and  distributes  blanks  and  compiles  and  prints  the 
statistics  relating  to  education.  He  exercises  a  general  super- 
vision over  the  school  funds ;  appoints  persons  to  examine  into 
the  condition  of  the  funds  when  necessary;  appoints  the  mem- 
bers of  the  state  board  of  examiners ;  prepares  examination 
questions  for  those  seeking  high  school  admission  through  ex- 
aminations before  the  county  examiners;  grades  and  classifies 
the  high  schools  of  the  state  and  issues  their  commissions ; 
visits  the  schools,  counsels  boards  of  education,  addresses  in- 
stitutes and  other  educational  gatherings,  compiles  and  causes 
to  be  printed  that  portion  of  the  general  laws  whish  relates  to 
education,  passes  upon  school  law,  and  as  secretary  of  the  school 
book  commission  files  text  books  and,  prices  being  fixed,  notifies 
boards  of  education  of  the  names  of  publishers  who  thus  have 
agreed  to  furnish  their  books.  Many  duties  come  to  him  from 
the  nature  of  his  position  not  enumerated  in  the  law,  and  not 
easy  of  explanation.  The  office  is  a  serviceable  one,  and  has 
been  in  continuous  existence  for  the  past  fifty  years. 


404  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

It  is  a  statutory  and  not  a  constitutional  office.  The  act  of 
March  12,  1836,  practically  rewrote  the  Ohio  school  laws.  By 
this  act  there  was  created  the  office  of  superintendent  of  comr^ 
mon  schools,  the  provision  being  that  such  an  officer  was  to 
be  elected  by  joint  resolution  of  the  general  assembly.  The 
term  was  fixed  at  one  year  and  the  salary  at  $500.  On  April 
I,  1837,  Hon.  Samuel  Lewis,  of  Hamilton  County,  was  duly 
elected.  When  the  general  assembly  convened  in  January  follow- 
ing Mr.  Lewis  filed  his  annual  report  and  that  body,  on  Jan- 
uary 16,  1838,  ordered  10,500  copies  of  it  printed.  On  March  7, 
1838,  another  general  school  law  was  passed  and  under  section 
8  thereof  the  term  of  the  state  superintendent  was  fixed  at 
five  years  unless  the  incumbent  was  removed  by  joint  resolu- 
tion. The  salary  was  increased  to  $1,200.  Two  days  later  Mr, 
Lewis  w^as  elected  for  the  term  of  five  years.  On  March  23, 
1840,  politics  evidently  had  an  inning,  for  an  act  was  passed 
abolishing  the  office  of  state  superintendent  and  devolving  its 
duties  upon  the  secretary  of  state.  He  was  authorized  to  em- 
ploy a  clerk  to  perform  these  extra  duties  and  to  pay  him  $400- 
per  year.  This  arrangement  existed  until  after  the  adoption 
of  the  new  constitution  and  on  March  14,  1853,  the  office  of 
state  commissioner  of  common  schools  was  created.  Tt  has  ex- 
isted ever  since  and  during  the  half  century  many  additional  duties 
have  been  added. 

The  law  of  1853  provided  that  the  commissioner  should  be 
elected  at  the  general  election,  the  term  was  fixed  at  three 
years  and  the  salary  placed  at  $1,500.  During  fifty  years'  time 
this  salary  has  only  been  increased  to  $2,000.  The  law  of  1853 
was  also  a  complete  reorganization  of  the  Ohio  school  system  and 
in  addition  to  providing  for  the  present  classification  of  town- 
ship districts  and  cities  and  villages,  contained  provisions  for 
separate  schools  for  colored  youth,  county  boards  of  examiners 
for  teachers  and  for  school  libraries.  Our  subsequent  legis- 
lation has  followed  in  the  main  this  law,  which  for  fifty  years 
has  been  the  sub-structure  of  our  free  public  school  system. 

To  Hon.  Samuel  Lewis  belongs  the  honor  of  being  Ohio's 
only  state  superintendent  of  schools.  All  officers  since  have  been 
styled  state  commissioners  of  common  schools.     These  in  their 


Ohio  CenteiuiiaL  405 

order  are  as  follows:  Hiram  H.  Barney,  served  1854  to  1857; 
Anson  Smythe,  1857  to  1863 ;  C.  W.  H.  Cathcart,  served  a  few 
months  by  appointment  in  1863;  Emerson  E.  White,  1863  to 
1866;  John  A.  Norris,  1866  to  1869,  when  he  resigned  and 
William  D.  Henkle  was  appointed  and  later  elected,  serving 
to  1871 ;  Thomas  W.  Harvey,  1871  to  1875;  Charles  C.  Smart". 
1875  to  1878;  John  J.  Burns,  1878  to  1881 ;  Daniel  F.  DeWolf, 
1881  to  1884;  Leroy  D.  Brown,  1884  to  1887;  Eli  T.  Tappan, 
1887  to  1889,  when  he  died  and  was  succeeded  by  John  Han- 
cock, who  was  appointed  and  later  elected,  serving  to  1891,  when 
he  died  while  sitting  at  his  desk  at  w^ork  in  the  office;  Charles 
C.  Miller,  served  by  appointment  until  he  resigned  in  1892 ; 
Oscar  T.  Corson,  1892  to  1898;  Lewis  D.  Bonebrake,  1898,. 
term  will  expire  on  the  second  Monday  in  July,   1904. 

teachers'  institutes. 

The  teachers'  institutes  of  Ohio  became  effective  in  1864, 
since  which  time  they  have  done  a  great  work  for  the  teachers 
of  the  state.  At  present  about  twenty  thousand  teachers  a  year 
meet  in  their  annual  institutes,  which  are  held  in  each  county 
of  the  state.  The  institutes  are  usually  held  in  the  latter  part  of 
July  and  during  the  month  of  August.  Their  management  is 
by  law  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  executive  committee  con- 
sisting of  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  institute  and  three 
other  persons,  one  elected  each  year  for  a  term  of  three  years. 
All  these  are  chosen  by  the  institute.  The  funds  for  the  con- 
duct of  the  institutes  are  the  product  of  the  fifty-cent  fee 
charged  applicants  for  certificates  to  teach.  The  instructors 
are  chosen  by  the  executive  committee,  no  legal  requirements 
being  provided  for  their  undertaking  the  work.  Each  com- 
mittee must  file  reports  of  the  disbursement  of  money  and  of  the 
institute.  In  the  earlier  days  the  instruction  and  lectures  given 
in  the  institute  had  to  do  with  the  academic  work  of  the  schools, 
now  they  partake  of  a  larger  range  and  are  much  more  pro- 
fessional in  character. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  annual  institutes  thus  conducted 
it  is  the  custom  of  teachers  to  hold  monthly  or  quarterly  county 


t 

406  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

association  meetings  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  education; 
and  there  are  many  teachers'  meetings  not  enumerated.  The 
states  teachers'  association  is  now  over  fifty  years  old ;  and 
there  are  great  district  associations,  as  the  Northeastern,  North- 
western, Eastern  Central,  etc.,  which  meet  once  or  oftener  each 
year.  To  these  may  also  be  added  the  Ohio  Teachers'  Reading 
Circle,  now  over  twenty  years  old.  This  circle  is  a  voluntary 
organization,  having  had  the  past  year  over  seven  thousand 
paid  members,  and  doing  a  great  amount  of  good  in  the  state. 
Usually  four  lines  of  reading  are  offered,  viz.,  pedagogy,  lit- 
erature, history  and  science.  As  an  outgrowth  from  this  circle 
there  is  also  a  pupils'  reading  circle  doing  a  great  work  among 
the  pupils  of  the  schools. 

In  general  the  teachers  of  Ohio  are  very  loyal  to  all  the 
voluntary  agencies   in  their  midst   for  their  professional   uplift. 

THE   SCHOOL   CURRICULUM.. 
PUBLIC    ELEMENTARY    SCHOOLS. 

The  school  curriculum  is  always  a  subject  of  perennial  in- 
terest. It  is  not  less  so  on  this  occasion.  In  the  earlier  days 
the  ''three  R's" — Reading,  'Riting,  and  'Rithmetic  —  comprised 
the  chief  studies  offered  by  the  elementary  schools ;  and  they 
are  to-day  the  very  heart  and  core  of  the  elementary  work.  In 
the  act  of  1825  the  preamble  and  first  section  read  as  is  here 
given : 

Whereas,  It  is  provided  by  the  constitution  of  this  state,  that 
schools  and  the  means  of  instruction  shall  forever  be  encouraged  by 
legislative  provision,    therefore, 

Section  L  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  That  n  fund  shall  hereafter  be  annually  raised  among  the  several 
counties  of  this  state,  in  the  manner  pointed  .out  by  this  act,  for  the 
use  of  the  common  schools,  for  the  instruction  of  youth  of  every  class 
and  grade,  without  distinction,  in  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  and 
other  necessary  branches  of  a  common  education. 

The  words  in  the  last  line  or  two  of  the  above  quotation 
are  really  significant  —  *'in  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  and 
other  necessary  branches  of  a  common  education."  These  are 
a   manifest   attempt   to   indicate   the   work   of  the   schools,   and 


Ohio  Centennial.  407 

need  to  be  pondered  well  and  long.  Over  against  them  put 
section  4007-1  as  passed  April  9,  1902,  seventy-seven  years  later, 
the  last  enactment  of  the  lawrmaking  department  in  trying  to 
indicate  the  character  of  the  work  to  be  done  in  the  elementary 
schools  of  the  state : 

Section  4007-1.  An  elementary  school  is  hereby  defined  as  a  school 
in  which  instruction  and  training  are  given  in  spelling,  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,  English,  grammar  and  composition,  geography,  history  of  the 
United  States  including  civil  government,  and  physiology;  but  nothing 
herein  shall  be  construed  as  abridging  the  power  of  boards  of  education 
to  cause  instruction  and  training  to  be  given  in  vocal  music,  drawing,  and 
other  branches  which  they  may  deem  advisable  for  the  best  interests  of  the 
schools  under  their  charge. 

Both  contain  at  least  one  element  in  common  —  they  have 
the  element  of  elasticity.  Each  leaves  to  the  school  authorities 
some  choice  in  the  curriculum.  Each  names  "reading,  writing, 
and  arithmetic,"  but  does  not  stop  there.  Each  assumes  that 
there  are  "other  necessary  branches." 

Of  course  it  was  to  be  expected  that  the  curriculum  of 
the  elementary  schools  would  change  in  the  years  between  the 
two  enactments.  The  wonder  is  that  the  change  was  not  greater. 
The  pioneer  lads  of  the  earlier  day  could  hardly  be  expected 
to  do  the  work  of  the  modern  elementary  school.  It  was  the 
day  of  the  log  cabin  and  the  tallow  dip.  The  day  of  urban 
life  with  its  crowded  tenements  and  congested  population  was 
not  dreamed  of.  To-day,  at  the  end  of  a  century  of  state- 
hood, we  are  already  discussing  the  industrial  and  social  condi- 
tions fast  coming  upon  us.  The  simplicity  of  the  olden  days 
is  fast  giving  way  to  complexity.  Legislation  is  proverbially 
tardy.  Already  such  subjects  as  manual  training,  the  cooking 
schools  and  sewing,  industrial  arts,  drawing,  paper  -  cutting, 
clay-modeling,  typewriting,  phonography,  book-keeping,  com- 
mercial geography,  commercial  law,  scientific  agrictilture  and 
kindred  matters  have  made  some  headway  in  our  schools.  Al- 
ready some  schools  are  far  in  advance  of  the  most  recent  leg- 
islation on  the  subject  of  our  elementary  school  curriculum. 

*In  general  the  elementary  schools  are  the  most  important 
part  of  our  whole  school   system.     Of  832,044  different  pupils 


408  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

enrolled  in  the  schools  of  Ohio  for  the  year  ending  August 
31,  1902,  the  elementary  schools  enrolled  773,533,  and  the  high 
schools  58,511;  while  at  the  same  time  the  value  of  the  school 
property  used  for  the  elementary  schools  was  $41,903,353,  as 
against  $6,354,608  used  for  high  school  purposes. 

The  time  spent  in  the  elementary  school  for  a  fair  and 
reasonable  completion  of  the  work  offered  is  usually  designated 
as  about  eight  years,  and  in  the  child's  life  from  six  to  four- 
teen. It  would  be  too  much  to  claim  that  each  district  has  an 
organized  course  of  study,  with  regular  advancement  from  grade 
to  grade.  It  is  not  too  much  to  claim,  however,  that  the  ten- 
dency is  without  doubt  in  the  direction  of  a  closer  gradation, 
of  better  inspection,  and  more  definite  and  purposeful  endeavor. 
The  manifest  tendency  is  to  enrich  the  course  of  study,  and  touch 
the  child  in  more  ways  and  on  all  sides. 

As  against  narrowness  and  restriction,  the  trend  of  affairs 
is  in  the  opposite  direction  —  toward  liberalization  and  the  mul- 
tiplication of  studies,  particularly  is  this  true  in  cities. 

PUP.LTC    HIGH    SCHOOLS. 

The  development  of  the  public  high  schools  of  the  state 
from  the  academies  and  seminaries  to  be  a  very  important  part 
of  the  work  offered  by  the  public  schools,  is  at  once  inter- 
esting and  suggestive.  In  the  earlier  days  of  the  state  there 
were  many  small  private  academies,  some  of  them  incorporated 
institutions.  All  the  larger  centers  of  population,  such  as  Day- 
ton, Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Columbus  and  Sandusky  enjoyed  the 
benefits  of  the  old-time  academy  long  before  the  formation  of 
public  high  schools ;  the  same  thing  is  true  of  many  smaller 
places.  ".At  times  during  the  earlier  half  of  our  first  century  of 
statehood  there  seemed  to  have  been  those  who  advocated  the 
public  high  schools  in  place  of  the  old-time  academies.  Gov- 
ernor \\'orthington,  as  early  as  in  18 17,  recommended  that  a 
high  school  be  established  at  the  seat  of  government,  at  public 
expense,  for  the  thorough  education  of  poor  boys  for  the  work 
of  teaching.  This  recommendation  he  renewed  during  the  next 
session  of  the  general  assembly.     The  law^  of  1825  cited  under 


Ohio  Centennial.  401^ 

"the  discussion  of  elementary  schools,  it  will  be  noted,  does  not 
anywhere  deny  other  branches  of  study  besides  the  common 
school  subjects.  Indeed,  it  was  often  the  practice  during  the 
'twenties,  'thirties,  and  'forties  to  employ  teachers  who  were 
capable  of  instructing  in  Latin,  algebra,  natural  philosophy,  en- 
gineering and  other  advanced  studies.  The  people  were  thus 
made  ready  for  the  advent  of  the  public  high  school.  As 
usually  happens,  legislation  was  tardy.  The  larger  places  had 
already  begun  the  work  before  definite  enactments  legalized  their 
endeavors.  The  first  general  high  school  law  dates  from  1853, 
now  just  fifty  years  ago.  During  these  fifty  years  great  progress 
has  been  made.  In  i860  in  all  the  United  States  there  were 
less  than  two  hundred  public  high  schools,  now  there  are  over 
seven  thousand.  In  1853  we  began  our  public  high  school  work, 
and  now  we  have,  according  to  the  reports  filed  with  the  state 
commissioner  of  common  schools,  an  aggregate  of  941,  an 
average   of  about  ten   and   a   half  to  the   county. 

In  the  new  high  school  legislation  passed  by  the  legislative 
session  of  1902  there  are  many  matters  worthy  of  note.  In  the 
first  place  the  high  school  is  defined.  Section  4007-2  is  an  at- 
tempt to  define  the  work  each  high  school  is  supposed  to  ofifer. 
It  reads  as  follows : 

Section  4007-2.  A  high  school  is  hereby  defined  as  a  school  of 
higher  grade  than  an  elementary  school,  in  which  instruction  and 
training  are  given  in  approved  courses  in  the  history  of  the  United  States 
and  other  countries;  composition,  rhetoric,  English  and  American  liter- 
ature; algebra  and  geometry;  natural  science,  political  or  mental  science; 
ancient  or  modern  foreign  languages,  or  both;  commercial  and  industrial 
branches,  or  such  of  the  above  named  branches  as  the  length  of  its 
curriculum  make  possible,  and  such  other  branches  of  higher  grade  than 
those  to  be  taught  in  the  elementary  schools  and  such  advanced  studies 
and  advanced  reviews  of  the  common  branches  as  the  board  of  education 
may  direct. 

Under  this  law  there  are  three  grades  of  high  schools  — 
the  first  grade  being  about  equivalent  to  a  four-year  high  school ; 
the  second  being  about  equivalent  to  a  three-year  high  school ; 
and  the  third  a  two-year  high  school.  All  schools  of  a  lesser 
rank   are   denominated   elementarv   schools.      Bv   law   the   state 


410  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications^ 

commissioner  is  authorized  to  classify  all  high  schools  and  issue 
commissions  under  the  seal  of  his  office. 

In  a  circular  issued  on  March  lo,  1903,  to  all  boards  o£ 
education,  the  following  items  of  interest  appear  as  explain- 
ing the  present  requirements  of  high  schools  in  Ohio: 

HIGH    SCHOOLS   OF  THE    FIRST    GRADE. 

Measured  by  the  requirements  of  section  4007-4,  a  high  school  of  the 
first  grade  will  require  an  aggregate  of  not  less  than  512  recitations  per 
year,  and  2,048  in  four  years,  for  graduation.  Each  school  must  pro- 
vide four  years  of  not  less  than  thirty-two  weeks  a  year  of  approved  work 
and  offer  the  equivalent  of  four  courses  a  year  of  not  less  than  four  recita- 
tions a  week  in  each  course,  or  a  total  of  sixteen  courses  for  graduation, 
a  course  being  defined  as  not  less  than  four  recitations  a  week  continued' 
throughout  a  school  year.  When  section  4007-2,  which  defines  the  high 
school,  is  analyzed  and  made  to  apply  to  the  daily  practices  and  nomen- 
clature in  vogue  in  the  schools,  it  will  be  found  to  cover  about  seven 
groups  of  studies.  In  practice  these  are  styled —  (1)  Ancient  and  Modern 
Foreign  Languages;  (2)  English  (including  Composition,  Rhetoric, 
English  and  American  Literature)  ;  (3)  History  (including  U.  S.  History, 
Civil  Government,  General  History,  etc.);  (4)  Mathematics  (including, 
advanced  Arithmetic,  Algebra,  Geometry,  Trigonometry,  etc.)  ;  (5) 
Science  (including  the  various  divisions  of  Natural  Political  and  Mental 
Science)  ;  (0)  Commercial  and  Industrial  Branches,  and  (7)  Advanced 
Reviews  of  the  Common  Branches. 

To  give  boards  of  education  some  freedom  and  choice  in  making 
their  curriculums,  and  at  the  same  time  to  represent  all  the  essential  lines 
of  work  enumerated  in  the  law,  it  is  thought  best  to  exercise  the 
power  granted  to  the  state  commissioner  of  common  schools  in  approv- 
ing the  courses  and  to  indicate  a  minmium  of  work  for  twelve  of  the  six- 
teen courses  required  to  be  offered,  as  follows:  In  Latin  or  other  foreign 
language  not  less  than  four  years  of  work;  in  English  not  less  than  two 
years  of  work ;  in  History  not  less  than  one  year  of  work ;  in  Algebra  not 
less  than  one  and  a  half  years,  and  Geometry  not  less  than  one  year  of 
work;  and  in  Science  not  less  than  two  and  a  half  years  of  work,  one 
year  of  which  must  be  in  Physics.  The  remaining  four  courses  may  be 
selected  at  will  from  other  approved  courses,  or  be  given  to  those  named 
above,   or  if  thought  best  be  apportioned  to  both. 

In  offering  electives  boards  will.be  governed  by  the  statement  of 
approved   courses  given   elsewhere   in  this  circular. 

All  schools  of  this  grade  —  the  highest  recognized  by  law  —  will  be 
required  to  possess  standard  equipment,  employ  not  less  than  two  high 
school  teachers,  and  otherwise  meet  all  reasonable  requirements  and  offer 
all   the   facilities  necessary  for  standard   high   school   instruction. 


Ohio  Centennial.  411 


HIGH   SCHOOLS   OF  THE  SECOND  GRADE. 

Measured  by  the  requirements  for  second  grade  high  schools  such 
schools  will  require  an  aggregate  of  not  less  than  51'2  recitations  per  year, 
and  1,536  in  three  years,  for  graduation.  Each  such  school  must  continue 
not  less  than  thirty-two  weeks  a  year  and  offer  an  equivalent  of  not  less 
than  four  courses  a  year  of  not  leso  than  four  recitations  a  week  in  each 
course.  I  have  not  deemed  it  important  to  outline  definitely  as  to  what 
will  be  required  in  second  grade  high  schools  in  each  course,  preferring 
for  the  time  being  to  examine  each  curriculum  by  itself.  In  general  it  is 
recommended  that  the  Foreign  Languages,  English,  History,  Mathemat- 
ics, and  Science  be  given  proportionate  representation  in  the  curriculum. 
Schools  of  this  grade  will  be  required  to  possess  a  fair  equipment,  and 
have  teaching  force  sufficient  to  do  the  twelve  courses  of  work  in  a  satis- 
factory manner. 

HIGH    SCHOOLS    OF  THE  THIRD  GRADE. 

Measured  by  the  requirements  for  third  grade  high  schools  such 
schools  will  require  an  aggregate  of  not  less  than  448  recitations  per  year, 
and  896  in  two  years,  for  graduation.  Each  such  school  must  continue  not 
less  than  twenty-eight  weeks  a  year,  and  offer  an  equivalent  oi  not  less 
than  four  courses  a  year  of  not  less  than  four  recitations  a  week  in  each 
course.  Considerable  choice  will  be  allowed  in  selecting  the  eight  ap- 
proved courses  offered. 

STATEMENT    OF    APPROVED    COURSES. 

/.     Ancient  and  Modern  Foreign  Languages. 

a.  Latin.  The  importance  of  this  branch  is  acknowledged.  No  high 
school  has  been  recognized  thus  far  as  belonging  to  the  first  grade  which 
does  not  offer  four  years  of  work  in  this  branch.  The  aim  of  those  in- 
trusted to  teach  this  study  should  be  to  secure  not  only  ability  to  read  and 
pronounce  Latin,  to  construe  and  to  render  into  idiomatic  English,  but 
also  to  make  pupils  acquainted  with  Roman  antiquities,  ancient  history  and 
geography.  To  these  should  be  added  a  study  of  our  own  English  speech, 
as  influenced  by  the  Latin  language.  The  ordinary  requirements  and 
order  of  presentation  are  as  here  given : 

First  Year  —  Beginner's  Latin,   and  Grammar. 

Second  Year — Cnesar's  Gallic  War  (four  books)  or  selections  from 
miscellaneous  sources. 

Third   Year — Cicero's    Orations    (six    orations). 

Fourth  Year  —  Virgil's  Aeneid    (six  books). 

b.  Greek,  German,  Frencli,  or  Spanish.  Certain  high  schools  give  in 
Greek  the  Beginner's  Book,  Xenophon's  Anabasis,  and  Homer's  Iliad; 
others  offer  the  Elementary  Book  in  German,  French,  or  Spanish,  and 
follow  the  same  with  selected  classics.  In  high  schools  of  the  first  grade, 
if  any  courses  are  offered  in  these  languages,  it  is  urged  that  not  less  than 


412  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

two  years  be  devoted  to  the  language  chosen,  otherwise  college  recogni- 
tion  of   such   work   is  likely   to   be   denied. 

2.  English. 

a.  Composition  and  Rhetoric.  There  are  so  many  phases  of  the 
study  of  English  that  it  is  difficult  to  express  the  matter  in  short  compass. 
Each  pupil  should  be  taught  to  write  clear  and  correct  English.  His  daily 
and  ^  weekly  practice  in  preparing  written  exercises  and  mailing  para- 
graphs, abstracts,  outlines  and  developing  themes  and  giving  reproduc- 
tions ;  his  study  of  the  English  sentence ;  his  choice  of  words  and  growth 
in  vocabulary ;  his  acquiring  a  working  knowledge  of  the  rules  and  princi- 
ples of  rhetoric  and  the  development  of  correct  habits  of  thought  and  ex- 
pression—  these,  it  seems  to  me,  are  a  very  important  part  of  high  school 
w^ork. 

b.  The  History  of  Literature.  The  historical  development  of  our 
literature ;  the  biography  of  the  great  writers ;  the  periods  of  special  liter- 
ary activity,  and  the  development  of  our  English  language,  are  matters 
for  proper  study  in  well-conducted  high  schools.  While  important,  per- 
haps it  is  well  to  say  they  are  not  of  supreme  importance,  but  no  person 
should  be  allowed  to  graduate  from  a  first  grade  high  school  without  some 
idea  of  the  history  of  our  great  literature. 

c.  English  and  American  Classics.  It  is  the  practice  of  many  of  the 
better  high  schools  of  the  state  to  read  critically  the  books  outlined  by  the 
association  of  eastern  colTeges.  The  study  of  characters,  plots,  purpose, 
style,  and  the  memorizing  of  choice  quotations  of  standard  classics  are  to 
be  encouraged.  The  figures  of  speech  should  be  understood;  and  outside 
reading  should  be  looked  upon  with  favor. 

For  convenience  the  college  requirements  are  here  given.  For  care- 
ful study,  1903  and  1904;  Shakespeare's  Macbeth;  Milton's  L' Allegro,  II 
Penseroso,  Comus,  Lycidas ;  Burke's  Conciliation  with  America-;  Macau- 
lay's  Essays  on  Milton  and  Addison.  For  general  reading,  1903  and  1904 : 
Shakespeare's  Merchant  of  Venice,  and  Julius  Csesar ;  The  Sir  Roger  de 
Coverley  Papers ;  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield ;  Coleridge's  Rime  of 
the  Ancient  Mariner;  Scott's  Ivanhoe;  Carlyle's  Essays  on  Burns;  Teimy- 
Bon's  Princess ;  Lowell's  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal ;  George  Eliot's  Silas 
Marner. 

3.  History. 

a.  U.  S.  History  (advanced) .  The  advanced  intensive  study  of  the 
history  of  the  United  States  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  study  of 
the  elementary  text  in  the  seventh  and  eighth  years  of  the  elementary 
schools.  If  taken  in  the  high  school  as  a  separate  branch  it  should  be  as- 
signed a  place  toward  the  end  of  the  curriculum  and  be  given  not  less  than 
one-half  of  a  year.  All  pupils  should  have  ready  access  to  a  library  of  not 
less  than  fifty  or  seventy-five  specially  selected  volumes  on  American  his- 
tory and  biography.     The  investigation  of  special  topics  and  periods,   to- 


Ohio  Centennial.  413 

geth'er  with  their  causes  and  effects,  and  the  liberal  use  of  note  books  and 
participation  in  discussions  are  recommended.  The  correlation  of  this 
branch  with  civil  government  is  in  a  way  possible. 

b.  Civil  Government.  The  high  school  text  book  study  of  civil  gov- 
ernment is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  incidental  study  of  the  subject  as 
a  part  of  the  United  States  history  course  required  in  elementary  schools. 
It  must  be  a  study  of  the  whole  subject  as  presented  in  some  standard 
text,  and  continue  not  less  than  a  half-year.  Such  documents  as  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1787,  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  of  the  United 
States,   should  be  given  special  attention. 

c.  General  History.  Many  schools,  especially  in  the  smaller  dis- 
tricts, use  but  one  text  on  Ancient  and  Modern  History,  giving  a  year  to 
the  branch;  others  use  separate  texts  on  English  History,  Greek  and 
Roman  History,  and  American  History,  giving  in  effect  a  year  and  a  half 
or  more  to  the  whole  matter.  It  seems  to  me  that  a  year  to  this  important 
branch  is  as  short  a  period  as  should  be  accepted  in  any  school.  In  every 
instance  the  school  library  should  contain  some  of  the  large  standard  gen- 
eral treatises,  a  number  of  the  most  important  biographies,  and  provide  a 
ready  access  to  encyclopedias.  Not  only  should  pupils  become  acquainted 
in  the  high  school  with  the  general  outline  of  history,  but  they  should  be 
taught  to  study  individual  epoch-making  events,  and  learn  something  of 
the  institutions,  daily  life  and  ideals  of  various  peoples  ancient  and 
modern. 

4.     Mathematics. 

a.  Arithmetic  (advanced) .  The  assignment  of  this  branch  as  a  rec- 
ognized high  school  study  is  not  looked  upon  with  favor  except  as  made 
supplementary  to  algebra  and  other  subjects,  or  as  used  for  advanced  re- 
view work  toward  the  end  of  the  high  school  curriculum,  or  as  one  of  the 
commercial  courses  offered  in  schools  otherwise  attaining  the  standard. 
As  a  rule  arithmetic  should  be  fairly  completed  in  the  elementary  schools. 
However,  after  pupils  have  had  algebra  and  geometry,  a  review  of  this 
branch  will  often  be  found  of  service. 

b.  Algebra.  This  branch  is  so  important  in  giving  a  new  view  to 
mathematics  already  learned  and  making  possible  subsequent  investiga- 
tions, it  is  thought  best  to  recognize  no  school  which  does  not  give  the 
equivalent  of  one  and  a  half  years  to  the  branch.  Whether  geometry  is 
introduced  before  algebra  is  completed  or  afterward  is  not  so  important  as 
that   the  work   be  thoroughly   done. 

^  c.  Geometry.  In  schools  offering  both  plane  and  solid  geometry,  a 
year  is  ordinarily  given  to  plane  geometry,  and  a  half  a  year  to  solid 
geometry.  Some  schools  do  not  teach  solid  geometry,  substituting  trigo- 
nometry therefor.  The  benefits  derived  by  pupils  from  the  accurate  and 
definite  process  of  mathematics,  whether  arithmetic,  algebra,  geometry, 
or  trigonometry,  are  greatly  increased  by  assigning  to  such  branches, 
teachers  who  thoroughly  understand  their  work. 


414  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

d.  Trigonometry.  If  this  branch  is  taken  in  the  high  school  at  all, 
not  less  than  a  half  year  should  be  devoted  to  its  consideration.  A  few 
schools  require  it,  others  offer  it  as  an  elective. 

5.     Science. 

a.  Physiology  {advanced) .  The  instruction  given  in  this  branch  is 
not  to  be  confounded  with  the  ordinary  work  required  in  the  elementary 
schools.  Its  character  should  be  such  as  to  merit  recognition  as  advanced 
study,  and  a  half-year  to  be  given  to  it.  Some  laboratory  study  certainly  is 
desirable.  The  microscope  can  be  used  to  give  a  fair  idea  of  the  various 
tissues.  Chemistry  will  assist  in  making  tests  in  the  composition  of  vari- 
ous substances,    and   in  the   study  of  foods. 

b.  Botany.  The  subject  of  botany  is  given  about  a  half-year  of 
study  in  most  higher  grade  schools.  A  laboratory  is  desirable  with  either 
simple  or  compound  microscopes  or  both,  and  the  usual  equipment  of 
water,  gas,  and  tables.  The  collection  of  specimens,  their  analysis  and 
classification,  and  the  making  of  the  herbarium  are  conducive  to  the  scien- 
tific spirit  and  training. 

c.  Physics.  The  great  importance  of  this  branch  is  acknowledged. 
Thus  far  no  high  school  of  the  first  grade  has  been  recognized  as  such 
where  less  than  one  year  is  devoted  to  this  branch.  It  must  not  be  pur- 
sued simply  as  a  text-book  study.  Experiments  performed  by  the  pupils 
themselves  in  laboratories  properly  supplied  with  apparatus  and  work 
tables,  are  indispensable  to  the  correct  study  of  the  text.  Two  hours  in 
the  laboratory  work  to  three  in  text  book  study  is  a  fair  division  of  time. 
A  fair  supply  of  apparatus  for  this  work,  outside  of  the  construction  of 
tables,  and  arrangements  for  heat,  light,  and  water,  can  be  bought  or 
made  at  a  cost  of  from  $100  to  $300,  and  a  good  supply  can  be  had  for 
$500  to  $700. 

d.  Chemistry:  Quite  a  number  of  the  better  high  schools  offer  a 
■course  of  one  year  in  chemistry.  If  such  work  is  attempted  a  chemical 
laboratory  with  modern  up-to-date  equipment  and  opportunities  for  indi- 
vidual work  is  indispensable.  Ordinarily  speaking,  the  chemical  and 
physical  laboratories  should  be  separate,  but  should  be  of  easy-  access 
to  each  other. 

e.  Physical  Geography.  The  text  books  on  physical  geography  dif- 
fer materially,  some  being  intended  for  the  first  years  of  the  high  school 
curriculum,  the  others  for  the  latter  part  of  the  curriculum.  Despite  tech- 
nical distinctions  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  teaching  of  the  subject  of  physi- 
cal geography  is  attended  with  good  results.  A  half-year  devoted  to  this 
study  is  time  well  spent.  It  answers  a  demand.  In  connection  with  the 
text  book  study  it  presents  an  excellent  opportunity  to  teach  or  review 
<iescriptive  geography,   geology,   and  other  branches. 

/.  Biology,  Geology,  Astronomy,  Etc.  A  number  of  schools  offer 
courses  in  other  sciences  such  as  biology  (zoology),  geology,  astronomy, 


Ohio  Centennial.  415 

political  economy,  and  psychology.  These  courses  are  usually  elective, 
and  ordinarily  run  for  a  half-year  each.  It  is  not  deemed  important  to 
speak  of  these  in  detail. 

6.     "Commercial  and  Industrial  Branches'' 

There  has  been  a  growing  tendency  for  some  years  past  to  offer  in 
the  larger  schools  courses  in  such  commercial  subjects  as  bookkeeping, 
phonography,  typewriting,  commercial  law,  and  commercial  geography, 
side  by  side  with  the  college  entrance  courses.  There  is  also  a  recognition 
of  mechanical  drawing,  manual  training,  agriculture  and  other  matters 
industrial  in  character.  I  have  not  thought  it  best  to  speak  of  them  in 
detail,  preferring  that  each  case  be  considered  on  its  merits.  The  same 
thing  is  true  of  vocal  music,  elocution,  and  other  advanced  studies  offered. 

7.     "Advanced  Reviews  of  the  Common  Branches.'" 

The  law  recognizes  advanced  reviews  of  the  common  branches  as  a 
part  of  the  high  school  work.  It  is  important  that  no  misunderstandings 
arise  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  law.  To  give  unity  of  arrangement  in  the 
courses  and  definiteness  of  meaning  to  this  language  it  is  hereby  insisted 
that  such  "reviews"  be  made  either  incidental  to  other  recognized  high 
school  studies  or  that  they  be  placed  well  toward  the  end  of  the  curricu- 
lum. It  will  be  insisted  that  seven  of  the  eight  courses  offered  in  third 
grade  high  schools  consist  of  approved  high  school  courses  other  than 
"reviews"  ;  that  eleven  of  the  twelve  courses  offered  in  second  grade  high 
schools  consist  of  such  approved  courses ;  and  that  fifteen  of  the  sixteen 
in  the  first  grade  schools  consist  of  such  approved  courses.  The  intention 
is  to  recognize,  when  rightly  planned  and  properly  placed,  not  more  than 
one  course  for  a  year,  or  its  equivalent,  in  "advanced  reviews  of  the  com- 
mon branches."  Some  choice  as  to  the  character  of  these  reviews  and  the 
sequence  of  subjects  presented  will  be  given.  The  one  real  insistence 
is  that  the  expression  "advanced  reviews"  means  in  effect  a  new"  and  larger 
view  of  branches  of  study  once  fairly  completed,  not  merely  a  continuation 
of  elementary  school  subjects  in  the  first  year  of  the  high  school. 

GRADUATION. 

Section  4007-5  reads  in  part :  "A  diploma  shall  be  granted  by  the 
board  of  education  to  any  one  completing  the  curriculum  in  any  high 
school,  which  diploma  shall  state  the  grade  of  the  high  school  issuing  the 
said  diploma  as  certified  by  the  state  commissioner  of  common  schools, 
and  shall  be  signed  by  the  president  and  clerk  of  the  board  of  education, 
the  superintendent  and  principal  of  the  high  school,  if  such  there  be,  and 
shall  bear  the  date  of  its  issue.  A  certificate  shall  also  be  issued  to  the 
holder  of  each  diploma  in  which  shall  be  stated  the  grade  of  the  high 
school,  the  names  and  extent  of  the  studies  pursued  and  the  length  of  time 


416    g         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

given  to  each  said  study  to  be  certified  in  the  same  manner  as  set  forth- 
for  a  diploma." 

TOWNSHIP    GRADUATION. 

For  the  past  dozen  years  or  more  the  state  has  had  on 
the  statute  books  certain  sections  of  law  relating  to  the  grad- 
uation from  the  elementary  schools  of  the  township  districts. 
Recent  legislation  has  so  much  improved  the  original  draft  of 
these  laws  as  to  give  to  each  boy  and  girl  attending  the  rural 
schools  the  opportunity  to  graduate  from  the  elementary  schools 
of  his  district,  and  gain  free  admission  to  some  recognized 
public  high  school.  The  law  in  its  original  draft  was  made 
optional  in  its  application  as  to  the  payment  of  tuition,  but 
the  growth  of  sentiment .  favorable  to  the  law  was  so  great  as 
to  force  the  general  assembly  to  enlarge  its  scope  and  make  the 
payment  of  high  school  tuition  mandatory,  or  the  maintenance 
by  the  district  or.  public  high  schools  where  pupils  can  attend 
free  of  tuition.  At  present  there  is  no  legal  obstacle  preventing 
any  young  person  from  attending  a  public  high  school.  The 
prime  object  of  the  law  now  in  force  is  to  encourage  the  es- 
tablishment of  township  high  schools.  If  a  graduate  from  the 
district  school  is  not  provided  with  a  township  high  school  at 
home  his  board  of  education  is  compelled  to  pay  his  tuition 
elsewhere.  The  diploma  given  the  graduate  admits  the  holder 
thereof  to  the  high  school  wherever  his  residence  is  located. 
No  board  of  education  is  entitled  under  this  law  to  collect  tui- 
tion unless  the  board  is  maintaining  a  regularly  organized  and 
recognized  high  school  with  a  curriculum  extending  over  not 
less  than  two  years  of  high  school  work.  This  is  a  great  step 
towards  advancing  the  cause  of  popular  education,  and  taken 
together  with  the  high  school  law  already  discussed,  it  means 
much  for  the  youth  of  our  state  who  do  not  have  urban  educa- 
tional advantages. 

CITY    AXn    RURAL    SCHOOLS. 

It  is  often  claimed  by  those  who  have  given  much  study  ta 
our  Ohio  public  school  system  that  we  have  in  effect  two  dis- 
tinct school  systems  —  one  for  the  cities  and  one  for  the  town- 
ships.    In  law  as  well  as  in  practice  there  is  some  foundation 


Ohio  Centennial.  417 

in  fact  for  the  contention.  Cities  with  their  graded  courses  of 
study,  with  the  Hberal  transfer  of  children  from  building  to 
building,  with  supervision,  and  their  rights  relating  to  the  ex- 
amination of  teachers  and  the  like,  do,  in  reality,  present  units 
of  management  and  control  not  always  found  in  the  town- 
ships. Their  historic  independence  from  'many  of  the  elements 
of  weak  organization  found  in  rural  schools  has  occasioned 
this  belief  not  without  some  reason.  But  more  recent  legislation 
is  removing  much  of  the  criticism.  The  townships  are  gradually 
assuming  a  stronger  organization.  Courses  of  study  more  or 
less  definitely  outlined,  high  schools,  supervision,  and  the  con- 
solidation of  schools  are  working  toward  better  conditions  in 
rural  communities.  There  is  in  them  at  present  a  marked  ten- 
dency toward  the  adoption  of  many  of  the  best  things  found  in 
the  cities.     The  spirit  of  progress  is  at  work. 

In  a  former  day  we  always  spoke  of  the  general  school 
problem  as  though  there  were  in  reality  only  two  classes  of 
schools  —  city  and  rural.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  interurban 
car  lines  are  fast  making  at  least  five  classes  —  city,  suburban, 
those  on  interurban  lines,  village,  and  ungraded.  The  city 
schools  have  a  perfection  of  grading  and  equipment  that  is  ideal 
as  a  mechanism.  Its  dangers  are  of  a  class  by  themselves. 
The  surburban  schools  are  adequately  graded  and  possess  a 
freedom  that  entitles  them  to  rank  as  among  the  most  satis- 
factory of  any  class.  Their  retention  of  the  spirit  of  freedom 
and  educational  experimentation,  together  with  their  equipment 
and  professional  ideals,  clearly  emphasize  their  thorough  ef- 
fectiveness. The  development  of  rural  street  car  lines  in  this 
state  is  fast  making  new  opportunities  and  new  conditions  in 
many  rural  communities.  By  these  lines  children  are  often 
able  to  attend  the  best  high  schools  along  the  lines  and  have 
their  tuition  and  sometimes  their  traveling  expenses  paid  by  the 
district.  By  this  means  it  is  often  easier  for  the  child  to  go 
to  school  eight  or  ten  miles  than  to  walk  across  the  country 
two  miles.  It  is  a  new  condition  only  recently  made  possible, 
but  is  rapidly  becoming  a  factor  to  be  reckoned  with. 

In  this  connection,  too,  it  is  well  to  remember  that  the  im- 
provement of  roads,  the  delivery  of  mail  at  the  farmer's  door 
27 


418  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

every  day,  the  cheap  telephone,  and  such  matters  are  changing 
conditions  on  the  farm.  Of  course  there  are  many  ungraded 
country  schools  taught  in  school  buildings  having  but  one  room 
each  and  the  one  teacher.  These  ungraded  schools  are  in  reality 
much  in  evidence  and  a  problem  to  be  remembered ;  the  tendency, 
however,  at  present  is  toward  consolidation  and  centralization 
of  the  various  schools  of  each  township. 

CONSOLIDATION    OF    RURAL    SCHOOLS. 

This  leads  to  a  discussion  of  certain  laws  now  in  force  in 
Ohio  relating  to  tlie  transportation  of  pupils  at  public  expense 
and  the  suspension  of  separate  small  rural  schools.  Ohio  has 
the  honor  of  being  the  first  state  in  the  Middle  West  to  adopt 
and  put  in  active  operation  the  centralization  of  schools  and 
provide  for  transporting  pupils  from  one  district  to  another. 
We  now  have  two  excellent  laws  in  operation  in  over  twenty 
counties  of  the  state.  Centralization  means  the  closing  of  the 
small  separate  country  schools  and  the  gathering  of  the  chil- 
dren of  a  township  into  commodious  structures  usually  located 
near  the  center  of  the  township.  Sometimes  two  or  more  schools 
are  provided.  The  term  centralization  also  means  the  free  public 
transportation  of  the  pupils  to  the  schools  thus  provided  by 
means  of  comfortable  conveyances.  The  first  law  on  centrali- 
zation was  passed  in  1894  ^^^  was  a  local  measure  for  Kings- 
ville  Township,.  Ashtabula  County.  The  board  of  education  was 
simply  authorized  to  expend  money  at  its  disposal  in  transport- 
ing pupils  of  sub-districts  from  their  homes  to  the  high  school 
of  the  township.  The  experiment  proved  a  success  and  after  a  ten 
years'    trial    the    people    are    thoroughly    satisfied. 

Two  years  later  another  special  law  was  passed  applying  to 
the  counties  of  Stark,  iVshtabula  and  Portage.  This  law^  tooh 
an  advanced  step  and  permitted  special  as  well  as  township 
districts  to  provide  for  the  conveyance  of  pupils  out  of  the  con- 
tingent funds  at  their  disposal.  Meanwhile  different  agricul- 
tural associations  took  up  the  discussion  of  centralization  and 
two  years  later  the  legislature  amended  section  3921  so  as  to 
give  to  any  township  board   the   right   to   suspend   any   school 


Ohio  Centennial.  419 

where  it  was  deemed  necessary  and  provide  transportation  for 
the  pupils.  This  very  important  law  provided  for  giving  town- 
ship boards  of  education  largely  increased  powers  and  making 
the  special  centralization  law  general  in  its  application.  An 
impetus  was  given  to  the  movement  and  twenty  townships  were 
shown  to  have  adopted  the  plan  wholly  or  in  part  within  the 
year.  In  1900  another  general  law  bearing  on  centralization  was 
passed  permitting  a  different  plan  of  action.  These  two  laws 
have  since  been  amended  so  as  to  make  them  more  clear  and 
they  are  now  as  complete  as  possible  and  in  full  operation.  The 
first  provides  a  method  by  which  a  township  board  of  educa- 
tion may  centralize  a  portion  or  all  of  the  territory  under  its 
control  by  suspending  the  schools  in  one  or  more  of  the  sub- 
districts  and  transporting  the  pupils  to  another  school  or  schools 
in  the  townshi})  district.  The  cost  of  the  same  is  paid  out  of 
the  funds  under  its  control. 

The  second  general  centralization  law  provides  for  an  en- 
tirely new  organization  of  the  board  in  the  township  by  the 
election  of  a  board  of  education  at  large  consisting  of  five  mem- 
bers, the  full  term  of  members  being  three  years,  a  portion  being 
elected  annually.  A  vote  upon  centralization  can  be  ordered  by 
the  township  board  of  education  or  must  be  held  upon  the  peti- 
tion of  one-fourth  of  the  quahfied  electors  residing  therein.  At 
the  same  election  the  question  of  issuing  bonds  for  a  school 
house  is  to  be  submitted  if  necessary.  A  majority  vote  carries 
the  proposition.  Under  this  method  all  the  sub-districts  are 
abolished  and  transportation  of  pupils  to  one  or  not  to  exceed 
two  central  schools  is  required.  A  graded  course  of  study  is 
necessary  and  permission  for  a  township  high  school  given.  This 
general  law  is  popular  and  it  will  result  in  great  good  to  the 
schools. 

STATE    NORMAL    SCHOOLS. 

Despite  the  earnest  recommendation  of  Governor  Worthing- 
ton  in  181 7,  and  the  numerous  resolutions  of  teachers'  associa- 
tions, and  the  recommendations  of  every  state  commissioner  of 
schools  for  fifty  years,  it  was  not  till  March  12,  1902,  that  Ohio 
finally  committed  itself  to  the  work  of  training  its  teachers  at 


420  '  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

public  expense  for  the  service  of  the  pubHc  schools.     The  law 
is  so  important  that  it  is  here  given  in  full : 

Section  1.  That  there  be  and  are  hereby  created  and  estabhshed 
two  state  normal  schools  to  be  located  as  follows :  One  in  connection 
with  the  Ohio  university,  at  Athens,  and  one  in -connection  with  the 
Miami  university,   at  Oxford. 

Section  2.  The  boards  of  trustees  of  said  universities  shall,  not 
later  than  September,  1903,  organize  at  their  respective  institutions  a 
normal  school  which  shall  be  coordinate  with  existing  courses  of  in- 
struction, and  shall  be  maintained  in  such  a  state  of  efficiency  as  to 
provide  proper  theoretical  and  practical  training  for  all  students  desiring 
to  prepare  themselves  for  the  work  of  teaching;  said  normal  schools,  in 
each  case,  being  under  the  general  charge  and  management* of  the  re- 
spective boards  of  trustees  of  said  universities. 

Section  3.  To  enable  the  Ohio  university  and  the  Miami  university 
to  organize  and  support  said  normal  schools  there  shall  be  levied  annually 
a  tax  on  the  grand  list  of  the  taxable  property  of  th^e  state  of  Ohio, 
which  shall  be  collected  in  the  same  manner  as  other  state  taxes  and  the 
proceeds  of  which  shall  be  made  a  part  of  the  "Ohio  and  Miami  university 
fund,"  as  already  provided  for  (O.  L.,  Vol.  92,  pp.  40-41).  The  rate  of 
such  levy  shall  be  designated  by  the  general  assembly  at  least  once  in 
two  years,  and  if  the  general  assembly  shall  fail  to  designate  the  rate 
for  any  year,  the  same  shall  be  for  the  said  "Ohio  and  Miami  university 
fund,"  one-thirtieth  (1-30)  of  one  mill  upon  each  dollar  of  the  valuation 
of   such   taxable  property. 

Section  4.  The  said  "Ohio  and  Miami  university  fund,"  as  herein 
described,  shall  be  distributed  and  paid  annually,  seven-twelfths  (7-12) 
thereof  to  the  treasurer  of  the  Ohio  university  upon  the  order  of  the 
president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  said  Ohio  university  and  five- 
twelfths  (5-12)  thereof  to  the  treasurer  of  the  Miami  university  upon 
the  order  of  the  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  said  Miami  university. 

Section  5.  The  governor  is  hereby  authorized  and  required, 
within  ninety  days  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  to  appoint  a  board,  to 
be  known  as  the  state  normal  school  commission,  consisting  of  four 
judicious  citizens  of  the  state,  not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  be  of 
the  same  political  party,  who  shall  serve  without  compensation,  and 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make  investigation  upon  the  need  and  advisability 
of  the  future  establishment  by  the  state  of  one  or  more  additional  normal 
schools,  and  to  consider  in  what  manner  and  to  what  extent  existing 
educational  institutions  other  than  those  now  supported  .by  the  state  can 
be  made  more  active  and  effective  in  the  better  training  of  persons  for 
service  in  the  public  schools. 

Section  G.  The  state  normal  school  commission  shall,  prior  to  the 
meeting  of  the  seventy-sixth   general  assemlily,    make   full    report  of   its 


Ohio  Centennial.  421 

findings  and  investigations  to  the  governor,  who  shall  upon  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  general  assembly  transmit  to  it  said  report  v^^ith  such  recom- 
mendations as  he  may  deem  proper. 

It  is  very  gratifying  to  note  that  the  schools  at  Athens  and 
Oxford  promptly  arranged  to  open  their  doors  for  the  recep- 
tion of  students  at  the  beginning  of  the  academic  year  Septem- 
ber last.  Faculties  were  chosen,  the  curriculums  were  planned, 
and  everything  was  made  ready.  During  the  year  the  normal 
school  at  Athens  has  had  117  different  students  in  the  regular 
classes,  and  a  summer  school  of  491  dift"erent  persons.  Oxford 
had  128  different  students  in  the  normal  school  during  the  year, 
and  490  different  persons  in  the  summer  school.  It  will  be 
thus  seen  that  during  the  very  first  year  these  two  schools  have 
directly  touched  and  influenced  about  twelve  hundred  different 
persons.     Surely  this  is  a  record  of  which  to  be  very  proud. 

In  time  it  is  predicted  the  state  normal  schools  will  grow 
to  be  exceedingly  serviceable  and  strengthen  our  whole  educa- 
tional   system. 

What  the  normal  school  commission  may  do  for  the  state 
remains  to  1)e  seen,  as  no  report  has  been  made. 

TEXT    BOOKS    AND    APPARATUS. 

It  has  never  been  any  part  of  the  educational  policy  of  Ohio 
to  prepare,  print,  or  distribute  the  text  books  needed  by  the 
children  in  the  schools.  From  time  to  time  the  general  assembly 
has  by  law  authorized  boards  of  education  to  adopt  text  books, 
thereby  indicating  the  books  to  be  used  in  the  schools  under 
their  charge.  The  state  has  never  seriously  favored  the  matter 
of  going  into  the  book-publishing  business.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  has  been  its  policy  to  encourage  the  largest  freedom  possible 
to  the  districts  and  the  fullest  exercise  of  the  right  to  purchase 
where  the  best  books  could  be  bought  and  at  the  lowest  market 
figure.  The  present  law  on  this  subject  authorizes  the  gov- 
ernor, the  secretary  of  state  and  the  state  commissioner  of 
common  schools  to  act  as  a  state  school  book  commission,  with 
power  to  fix  the  prices  on  all  text  books  offered  by  the  various 
publishing  houses  at  not  to  exceed  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the 


422   ^         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

published  wholesale  prices,  and  to  transmit  to  boards  of  edu- 
cation the  names  of  the  publishers  agreeing  to  the  prices  thus 
fixed.  In  this  way  boards  of  education  are  able  to  purchase 
from  a  relatively  free  market  and  at  a  greatly  reduced  price. 
At  present  there  are  over  one  hundred  firms  which  have  agreed 
to  sell  books  at  the  prices  thus  fixed.  Under  the  law  boards 
adopt  books  for  five  years,  but  upon  the  vote  of  three-fourths 
of  the  members  elected  to  the  boards,  the  books  may  be  changed 
within  the  five-year  period.  Boards  are  authorized  to  pur- 
chase books  and  supply  them  free  to  the  schools  under  their 
control  if  thought  best,  but  the  more  common  practice  is  to 
permit  the  public  to  purchase  the  books  needed  and  retain  the 
same;  not  infrequently  such  books  are  used  by  several  children 
in  the  same  family.  The  Ohio  statute  has  been  used  as  a  model 
in  a  number  of  the  states  of  the  Union. 

The  usual  apparatus  for  class  room  purposes,  the  furniture, 
seatings,  heating  apparatus,  supplies  and  appliances  of  the  schools 
have  from  the  beginning  been  purchased  by  each  district  as 
seemed  best.  No  effort  at  any  state  control  has  ever  been  made. 
In  a  general  way  it  should  be  stated  that  all  such  necessary  items 
are  improving  greatly  each  year;  and  for  aught  of  that  so  are 
text  books,  and  boards  are  using  constantly  a  greater  degree  of 
good  judgment  in  their  selection  and  purchase. 

SCHOOL   BUILDINGS. 

There  were  in  the  state  on  August  31,  1902,  a  total  of  13,135 
different  school  buildings,  with  23,545  different  rooms.  Their 
construction  ranges  from  the  small  one-room  structure  to  the 
elaborate  many-roomed  modern  city  school  building.  Their  arch- 
itecture would  be  difficult  to  give.  The  earlier  single-roomed 
country  school  houses  were  very  simple  affairs  —  simply  small 
one-story  buildings  with  one  single  room,  the  windows  on  the 
sides  and  stove  in  the  middle  of  the  room,  often  no  alcove  cr 
wrap  room.  The  earlier  two-room  or  four  or  eight-room  struc- 
tures were  very  plain  box-like  affairs.  Such  buildings  were  built 
in  the  'forties,  'fifties  and  'sixties.  In  the  'seventies  many  struct- 
ures having  mansard  roofs  were  erected ;  in  the  'eighties  and  early 
nineties  there  was  a  marked  tendency  toward  towers,  cupolas  and 


Ohio  Centennial.  423 

over-ornamentation.  Now  the  tendency  is  in  the  direction  of  less 
pretentious  structures,  of  a  plainer  and  more  substantial  con- 
struction. In  the  larger  buildings  the  basements  are  often  very 
neatly  provided  with  heating  apparatus,  coal  bunkers,  water  clos- 
ets, workshops  and  laboratories.  Indeed,  the  modern  tendency  is 
to  treat  the  school  building  as  an  educational  workshop,  rather 
than  a  place  having  simply  so  many  school  rooms. 

In  this  connection  it  is  well  to  note  that  libraries,  laboratories, 
provisions  for  physical  exercises  and  gymnastics,  are  hardly  ever 
overlooked  in  the  newer  structures. 

The  school  grounds  also  are  often  beautifully  arranged  for 
their  respective  purposes,  in  the  rear  of  the  buildings  for  play, 
in  front  with  green  sward,  shrubbery  and  flowers.  Shade  trees 
are  also  being  planted  with  some  regard  to  the  needs  of  the  pub- 
lic, by  sidewalks  and  along  the  school  grounds.  The  physical 
appearance  of  the  school  property  is  much  better  in  Ohio  to-day 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 

SCHOOL    LIBRARIES. 

From  time  to  time  there  has  been  definite  recognition  of  the 
library  as  an  important  part  of  the  school  system.  A  half  a  cen- 
tury ago  the  state  undertook  the  work  of  encouraging  the  growth 
of  libraries  in  all  the  school  districts  of  the  state.  The  state  com- 
missioner of  schools  was  authorized  to  make  selections  and  dis- 
tribute the  books  provided  by  the  general  assembly.  The  plan 
worked  well  for  a  time,  bwt  finally  went  into  disuse.  Later, 
boards  of  education  were  authorized  to  make  purchases  and  build 
up  libraries.  Then  still  later  a  series  of  special  acts  were  passed 
for  certain  districts  while  some  general  law  existed  on  the  sub- 
ject. In  the  extraordinary  session  of  1902  a  very  important  gen- 
eral law  was  passed  authorizing  the  board  of  education  of  any 
city,  village,  or  special  district  to  provide  for  the  establishment, 
control  and  maintenance,  in  each  school  district,  of  a  public 
library,  free  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  such  district.  This  ad- 
vanced piece  of  legislation  will  do  a  great  deal  of  good,  and  very 
materially  tend  to  encourage  many  boards  and  quasi-public  asso- 
ciations to  ofl^er  even  more  facilities  for  free  libraries  for  the 
public  schools  than   heretofore  possible.     In  general,  there  has 


424  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

been  a  great  deal  of  spasmodic  and  occasional  help  for  the  growth 
of  free  public  school  libraries,  but  now  it  is  thought  the  plans  wdll 
be  better  perfected  and  efforts  better  directed.  The  library  while 
a  factor  in  the  past  will  be  more  of  a  factor  in  the  future. 


The  first  century  of  our  statehood  closes  with  the  public 
school  thoroughly  entrenched,  and  deeply  rooted  in  the  hearts 
and  affections  of  the  people  of  Ohio.  Their  approval  of  it  is  more 
marked  to-day  than  ever  before.  Its  tap-root  has  reached  down 
to  the  lowest  order  of  things ;  its  growth  has  been  steady  and  sub- 
stantial ;  its  beneficent  results  are  for  all,  rich  and  poor  alike. 
Side  by  side,  the  boy  in  jeans  and  the  boy  in  broadcloth,  learn 
the  same  lessons  and  receive  the  same  discipline  from  the  same 
teacher,  often  studying  out  of  the  same  book.  Side  by  side,  the 
sons  and  daughters  of  the  native-born  and  the  foreign-born,  of 
the  white  and  the  black,  of  the  children  of  the  employer  and  the 
employe,  of  the  capitalist  and  the  laboring  man,  are  seated  in 
primary  school,  in  grammar  school  and  iiigh  school,  all  learning 
the  same  lessons  and  drinking  from  the  common  fountain.  There 
is  no  aristocracy  in  the  public  school  except  the  aristocracy  of 
ability,  labor,  truth-loving  and  endeavor.  It  is  for  all ;  it  be- 
longs to  all.  It  discovers,  it  helps,  it  stimulates,  it  disciplines,  it 
exalts  all  who  come  to  it  in  the  spirit  of  education.  It  is  the  insti- 
tution of  democracy,  the  institution  of  all  the  people. 

During  the  first  century  of  our  statehood  our  Ohio  public 
school  system  has,  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  educated  millions 
of  children.  During  the  century  the  system  has  been  projected, 
developed  and  strengthened.  Its  history  is  an  important  part  of 
the  history  of  Ohio.  Its  growth  has  been  in  many  directions. 
The  curriculum  has  broadened ;  the  discipline  of  the  children  has 
become  steadily  more  humane ;  the  teaching  is  infinitely  improved 
over  the  days  when  school  masters  set  "sums,"  made  goose-quill 
pens,  taught  the  "ab,  abs,"  and  meantime  flogged  unmercifully. 
The  text  books  are  vastly  improved  when  put  in  comparison  with 
the  old  ''blue-backed  speller,"  and  the  "grammar  of  grammars." 


Ohio  Ceiitoinial.  425 

The  heating  and  ventilation  and  the  architecture  of  the  school 
buildings  are  superior  to  any  former  day.  The  terms  of  school 
-are  longer,  the  attendance  is  steadier  and  piore  punctual ;  the 
school  is  a  more  effective  institution.  To-day  there  is  not  a  com- 
munity in  any  section  of  the  state  which  does  not  have  its  public 
sdiools.  In  the  dawn  of  the  century,  the  community  having  any- 
thing of  the  kind  was  almost  an  exception.  The  rule  was  the 
other  w^ay.  In  the  century  great  changes  have  come  in  the  ideals 
and  methods  and  purposes  of  the  school.  From  simplicity  to  com- 
plexity of  organization  has  been  the  line  of  growth.  From  teach- 
ing the  three  R's  we  have  progressed  to  kindergartens,  primary 
schools,  grammar  schools,  and  high  schools.  From  the  days  of 
the  log-cabin  school  house  with  the  wide  fire-place,  the  puncheon 
floors,  the  slab  seats,  and  greased  paper  window^s,  we  have  step 
by  step  journeyed  to  the  complex  organization,  the  skilled  in- 
struction, and  the  beautiful  architecture  of  the  present.  The 
elementary  schools  of  to-day  are  much  better  than  the  elementary 
schools  of  the  olden  day;  the  high  schools  are  a  marked  gain. 
Indeed,  the  high  schools  in  a  way  take  the  place  of  the  old-time 
colleges  and  academies,  for  they  are  the  people's  colleges. 

In  the  struggle  of  the  years  past  as  we  have  journeyed  from 
simplicity  to  complexity  of  organization  and  equipment,  the  con- 
servatives and  the  aggressives  have  had  their  battles,  and  the  vic- 
tory has  not  ahvays  been  with  the  men  of  progress.  Undoubtedly, 
much  remains  to  be  done.  The  school  system  is  not  perfect.  Its 
benign  influences  arejiot  everywhere  or  always  accepted.  At  the 
very  heart  and  core  the  system  is  truly  American.  It  is  for  all. 
It  is  adjustable.  Its  keynote  is  spontaneity.  The  people  in  the 
beginning  were  its  responsible  authors ;  they  are  now  responsible, 
they  ever  will  be.  As  a  great  social  power  the  public  schools  of 
Ohio  stand  unrivalled  and  unequalled ;  so,  am  I  persuaded,  w^ill 
they  ever  continue  to  stand  so  long  as  the  Ordinance  is  remem- 
bered and  the  plain  commands  of  the  Constitution  are  respected 
and  obeyed.  My  earnest  hope  is  that  in  the  years  to  come  the 
system  may,  in  a  larger  and  broader  way,  become  even  more  effi- 
cient and  purposeful,  the  teachers  become  more  skillful,  and  the 
children  be  better  tausrht. 


UNIVERSITffiS  OF  OHIO. 


W.    O.    THOMPSON. 


The  history  of  Ohio's  colleges  and  universities  is  a  record  of 
sacrifice,  of  devotion  and  of  achievement.  The  results  of  this 
work  are  known  only  in  part  but  to  a  much  less  degree  even  are 

we  acquainted  with  the  trials  and 
sacrifices  that  mark  the  early  history 
of  nearly  every  college  in  the  state. 
It  is  possible  that  mistakes  were  made 
in  those  pioneer  days;  the  judgment 
given  was  not  always  unerring  but 
we  must  recognize  now  that  there 
was  a  lofty  patriotism  in  those  early 
founders  and  that  their  motives  were 
as  pure  as  their  deeds  were  unselfish. 
These  colleges  reflect  the  spirit  of 
the  state  in  its  development.  They 
have  always  lacked  uniformity  and 
have  been  the  outgrowth  of  an  at- 
w.  o.  THOMPSON.  tempt  to  meet  local  needs.     Accord- 

ingly the  spirit  of  individualism  and  of  self-government  is  every- 
where manifest.  Ohio  has  furnished  a  sample  of  nearly  every 
variety  of  college  known  to  the  American  people.  As  her  citi- 
zenship has  been  of  the  greatest  variety  yet  withal  sturdy,  patri- 
otic and  genuinely  American,  so  her  colleges  have  kept  the  Ohio 
idea  in  a  state  of  vigorous  activity. 

The  space  alloted  will  permit  but  brief  mention  of  the  most 
characteristic  features  of  these  institutions.  In  order  that  we 
may  discover  their  foundation  and  mode  of  government  the  fol- 
lowing classification  is  made: — i.  Colleges  founded  on  Congres- 
sional reservations.  2.  Colleges  incorporated  by  private  individ- 
uals with  power  to  elect  their  own  successors  and  control  the 


426 


Ohio  Centennial.  42T 

property  and  funds.  3.  The  denominational  college.  4.  The 
City  University.  5.  The  State  University  founded  on  the  Morrill 
act  in  Congress  and  the  statutes  of  Ohio. 

I.  COLLEGES  FOUNDED  ON  CONGRESSIONAL  RESERVA- 
TIONS. OF  THESE  THERE  ARE  TWO:  THE  OHIO  UNI- 
VERSITY AT  ATHENS  AND  MIAMI  UNIVERSITY  AT  OX- 
FORD. 

I.       OHIO   UNIVERSITY,   ATHENS,   ATHENS    COUNTY,    FOUNDED 
IN    1804. 

To  Ohio  University  belongs  the  double  distinction  of  being 
the  oldest  college  in  the  state  and  of  being  the  first  institution 
west  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  supported  by  a  public  land  en- 
dowment. In  1787  Dr.  Manasseh  Cutler  with  the  approval  and 
authority  of  the  Ohio  Company  proceeded  to  New  York  where 
Congress  was  in  session  and  largely  through  his  influence  an 
ordinance  providing  for  the  purchase  of  public  lands  was  passed. 
He  succeeded  in  having  Congress  insert,  among  other  provisions, 
that  two  townships  should  be  reserved  for  the  support  of  a  liter- 
ary institution.  Although  this  idea  of  reserving  a  portion  of  the 
public  domain  for  the  support  of  higher  education  had  been  made 
public  prior  to  this  time,  it  is  due  to  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Cutler  that 
it  became  a  part  of  public  law  and  policy. 

In  1795  the  two  townships  of  Athens  and  Alexander  in 
Athens  County  were  selected  ajid  in  1799  the  territorial  legis- 
lature took  steps  toward  locating  the  proposed  institution..  This 
work  was  approved  by  the  legislature  in  1800.  The  first  charter 
proposed  to  create  a  corporation  to  be  known  as  ''The  Board 
of  Trustees  of  the  American  University."  In  1802  the  legisla- 
ture passed  an  act  chartering  "The  iVmerican  Western  Univer- 
sity" and  locating  it  in  Athens.  In  1804  after  the  admission  of 
Ohio  into  the  Union  the  legislature  passed  an  act  superseding 
the  above  and  gave  the  institution  the  name  it  now  has,  viz : 
Ohio  University. 

After  some  delay  the  erection  of  the  first  building  was  begun 
in  1808  and  in  June  of  the  following  year  the  University  was 
opened  with  one  professor — Rev.  Jacob  Lindley — and  three  stu- 
dents.    The  first  class  was  graduated  in  181 5  and  contained  as 


-428  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

bright  a  star  as  ever  graduated  from  an  Ohio  college,  viz., 
Thomas  Ewing — whose  public  career  forms  an  inspiring  chapter 
in  the  history  of  Ohio's  sons. 

From  1 815  the  life  and  work  of  the  University  was  on  the 
usual  plan  of  colleges  of  that  day.  The  classical  and  literary 
predominated  and  was  the  standard  of  excellence.  Occasionally 
something  was  said  or  done  concerning  a  scientific  course  or  a 
normal  course  but  these  were  regarded  as  inferior  and  were  so 
treated.  The  science  course  in  all  colleges  a  generation  ago  rep- 
resented less  discipline,  less  work,  less  culture  and  was  inferior 
in  contents.  Men  of  high  ideals  took  the  best  offered.  Ohio 
University  like  other  colleges  in  those  days  made  its  reputation 
upon  its  classical  and  literary  work.  The  progress  of  the  institu- 
tion was  limited  by  two  factors,  the  demand  for  higher  education 
and  the  lack  of  funds.  In  the  first  particular  it  grew  with  the 
country.  In  the  second  it  was  hindered  by  imfortunate  legis- 
lation. The  two  townships  held  in  trust  were  leased  at  a  rental 
of  six  per  centum  on  a  valuation  of  one  dollar  and  seventy-five 
cents  an  acre.  The  original  plan  provided  for  a  revaluation  of 
the  lands  at  periods  of  thirty-five,  sixty  and  ninety  years.  At  the 
first  opportunity  the  lessees  contested  the  revaluation  and  after 
troublesome  litigation  that  took  the  University  into  the  courts, 
the  legislature  repealed  the  provision  for  revaluation  and  thereby 
forever  limited  the  income  possible  from  the  lands.  It  is  not  the 
province  of  this  paper  to  discuss  the  motives  that  led  to  this  action 
but  attention  may  well  be  called  to  the  disastrous  results  flowing 
from  such  a  failure  to  foresee  the  future  in  dealing  with  trust 
funds. 

For  a  considerable  period  the  University  lived  under  this  limi- 
tation and  after  repeated  presentations  the  legislature  took  action 
to  relieve  the  embarrassment  by  providing  annual  appropriations 
to  meet  the  needs  and  later  placed  the  University  on  a  permanent 
basis  by  providing  an  annual  levy  for  its  support.  In  1902  the 
legislature  made  additional  provision  by  establishing  one  of  the 
.Normal  Schools  at  Athens  under  the  control  of  the  trustees  of  the 
University  and  levying  an  additional  tax  amounting  to  substan- 
tially thirty-five  thousand  dollars.  This  doubled  the  revenue 
from  state  sources  so  that  from  all  sources  the  University  has  a 


Ohio  Centennial.  429 

regular  income  of  approximately  seventy-five  thousand  dollars. 
State  support  of  the  University  was  begun  in  1881.  The  Faculty 
has  embraced  many  scholarly  and  distinguished  men  and  the 
alumni  roll  has  furnished  some  of  the  most  prominent  and  useful 
men  in  the  history  of  Ohio.  The  government  is  by  a  board  of 
nineteen  trustees  appointed  for  life  ])y  the  governor  and  confirmed 
by  the  Senate.  In  addition  the  governor  of  Ohio  and  the  presi- 
dent of  the  University  are  members  ex-ofUcio. 

2.       MIAMI    UNIVERSITY,    OXFORD,    BUTLER    COUNTY,    FOUNDED 

IN    1809. 

Ten  days  after  the  adoption  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787  Con- 
gress adopted  the  report  of  a  committee  \vhich  provided  that  the 
board  of  treasury  should  be  authorized  and  empowered  to  con- 
tract with  any  person  or  persons  for  a  grant  of  certain  land  lying' 
to  the  north  of  the  river  Ohio.  Pursuant  to  this  John  Cleves 
Symmes  made  a  petition  for  a  grant  of  land  between  the  twO' 
Miami  rivers.  The  grant  originally  for  one  million  acres  was 
modified  to  as  much  as  Symmes  and  his  associates  could  pay  for. 
In  this  grant  one  township  was  reserved  for  the  support  of  an 
institution  of  learning.  In  the  disposal  of  these  lands  it  happened 
that  the  terms  of  the  contract  could  not  be  literally  fulfilled  and 
it  was  agreed  to  by  Congress  in  a  report  submitted  by  Hon.  John 
Randolph  that  a  substitute  township  in  the  Cincinnati  district 
might  be  used  as  meeting  the  conditions  of  the  grant.  Lebanon, 
Warren  County,  was  first  selected  by  a  committee  and  the  report 
signed  by  Alexander  Campbell  and  James  Kilbourne.  The  fact 
that  the  third  member  had  not  met  with  the  committee  gave  rise 
to  a  debate  in  the  legislature  and  the  location  was  finally  fixed 
in  Oxford  Township,  Butler  County.  Wlien  the  title  had  been 
made  secure  the  legislature  in  1809  passed  an  act  creating  a  body 
politic  and  corporate  to  be  known  as,  "The  president  and  trustees 
of  ]\Iiami  University."  A  board  of  trustees  was  appointed  and 
subsequent  legislation  looking  toward  complete  organization  was 
passed.  The  legislature  in  1809  provided  for  leasing  the  lands 
with  a  revaluation  every  fifteen  years.  The  next  year  the  pro- 
vision for  revaluation  was  repealed  and  entailed  a  result  similar 


430  #  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

to  that  narrated  in  the  sketch  of  Ohio  University.  In  1818,  Rev. 
James  R.  Hughes  under  the  direction  of  the  trustees  opened  a 
grammar  school.  It  has  been  usually  stated  that  this  school  was 
operied  in  18 16  but  the  records  of  the  trustees  do  not  warrant  the 
statement.  In  1820  a  contract  was  made  for  the  central  portion 
of  the  present  main  building.  In  1824  the  University  was  opened 
and  the  first  class,  consisting  of  twelve  men,  was  graduated  in 
1826. 

The  first  president,  Rev.  Robert  H.  Bishop,  D.  D.,  was  a 
sturdy  Scotchman  whose  strong  personality  dominated  the  ideals 
of  the  new  college.  Associated  with  him  were  men  equally  at- 
tached to  the  classical  education.  The  early  curriculum  shows 
the  superiority  of  the  men  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  modern 
college  represents  a  classical  course  superior  to  that  offered  at 
Miami  seventy-five  years  ago.  The  college  became  noted  for  its 
public  spirit  and  the  record  of  its  men  brought  it  a  national  repu- 
tation. From  time  to  time  some  enlargement  was  proposed  but 
did  not  succeed.  A  law  school  at  one  time  and  a  medical  school 
at  another  were  proposed  but  failed.  A  normal  course  was  sus- 
tained for  some  time  but  gradually  fell  into  disuse.  The  school 
had  been  built  upon  the  classical  pattern  and  the  alumni  regarded 
lightly  any  other  conception.  For  seventy-five  years  it  was  a 
consistent  and  high  grade  small  college  of  the  classical  type. 

The  institution  had  suffered  from  lack  of  revenues  and  be- 
came so  involved  that  the  trustees  closed  the  doors  in  1873.  In 
1885  the  University  was  reopened.  During  this  time  the  buildings 
were  leased  for  a  private  school  and  the  funds  were  allowed  to 
increase.  In  1885  the  state  made  the  first  appropriation  to  repair 
the  buildings  and  continued  small  appropriations  from  year  to 
3^ear  until  1896  when  a  levy  was  provided  for  the  permanent 
support  of  the  University.  In  1902  the  legislature  established  a 
state  normal  school  at  Oxford  under  the  control  of  the  trustees 
of  Miami  University  and  made  provision  for  its  support  by  doub- 
ling the  levy  for  the  University.  The  annual  income  now  is  ap- 
proximately sixty-five  thousand  dollars.  The  institution  is  gov- 
erned by  a  board  of  twenty-seven  trustees  appointed  for  the  term 
of  nine  years  in  three  classes.  They  are  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  Senate.     The  in- 


Ohio  Centennial.  431 

-stitution  adopted  coeducation  in  1896  when  the  state  levy  was 
provided  for  its  support.  Prior  to  that  time  a  limited  number  of 
young  women  had  enrolled  but  the  policy  of  coeducation  was  not 
formally  adopted.  This  with  the  establishing-  of  the  normal 
school  marks  a  new  era  in  which  the  older  customs  and  traditions 
will  gradually  be  displaced  by  the  more  modern  ideas  of  edu- 
cation. 

II.     COLLEGES  FOUNDED  AS  CLOSE  CORPORATIONS  BY  PRI- 
VATE INDIVIDUALS. 

A  second  class  of  colleges  may  be  described  as  institutions 
under  private  or  personal  control.  Under  the  constitution  of  Ohio 
the  statutes  provide  for  the  incorporation  of  colleges  and  uni- 
versities. It  has  been  the  custom  so  far  to  relieve  property 
devoted  to  education  from  taxation  and  thus  encourage  such 
institutions  by  a  free  opporttmity  to  carry  on  the  work  of  educa- 
tion as  the  wisdom  of  a  select  body  of  men  may  desire.  These 
institutions  are  what  is  known  as  close  corporations  in  that  the 
trustees  elect  their  own  successors  and  thus  definitely  and  perma- 
nently fix  the  policy  and  character  of  the  college.  They  are  free 
from  any  ecclesiastical  control  although  usually  controlled  by 
trustees  unwilling  to  separate  the  interests  of  religion  from  those 
of  education.  In  the  popular  mind  these  colleges  were  at  first 
regarded  as  denominational  colleges  but  as  the  idea  of  denomina- 
tional control  and  support  was  developed  they  were  less  closely 
related  to  the  church  and  depended  upon  individuals  for  endow- 
ment. In  some  regards  these  colleges  are  superior  to  all  others 
especially  in  that  the  management  being  self-perpetuating  may  also 
perpetuate  the  policies  approved  by  the  boards  and  in  that  they  are 
less  liable  to  interference  by  any  outside  influences.  In  the  East 
this  type  of  college  is  common.  In  the  West  sentiment  has  turned 
to  the  denominational  and  state  institutions.  Some  of  the  insti- 
tutions of  this  class  have  prospered,  notably  Oberlin  and  Western 
Reserve,  while  others  have  languished.  Christian  people  have 
gradually  attached  themselves  to  the  denominational  colleges  and 
thus  withdrawn  both  support  and  patronage.  Those  favorably 
located  or  having  a  large  and  wealthy  alumni  have  usually  been 
able  to  command  the  funds  necessary  to  meet  the  demands  of 


432    ^       Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

modern  education.  Other  colleges  of  this  class  have  suffered  in: 
patronage  and  funds  owing  to  the  fact  that  their  na.tural  and 
original  constituency  has  been  steadily  drawn  to  colleges  of  an- 
other type.  Their  close  though  not  formal  relation  to  the  church 
has  made  them  highly  useful  to  the  denominations  but  their  future 
growth  is  nevertheless  threatened  except  in  cases  where  the  nat- 
ural alliance  is  with  denominations  whose  form  of  government 
does  not  in  any  formal  and  authoritive  way  assume  the  direction 
and  control  of  educational  agencies.  In  this  group  of  colleges 
under  private  control  there  are  eight. 

I.       FRANKLIN     COLLEGE,     NEW    ATHENS,     HARRISON     COUNTY^ 
FOUNDED  IN    1825. 

Prior  to  1825  there  had  been  for  some  time  a  school  knovrn 
as  Alma  Academy.  In  1825  the  name  was  changed  to  Alma  Col- 
lege and  in  1826  to  Franklin  College.  The  founders  of  this 
college  were  chiefly  of  the  Scotch-Irish  stock  that  settled  in  West- 
ern Pennsylvania  and  Eastern  Ohio.  Many  of  the  early  trustees- 
were  of  the  Calvinistic  faith  and  belonged  to  the  several  branches 
of  the  Presbyterian  communion.  The  college  became  involved  in 
the  slavery  agitation  and  finally  divided  so  that  New  Athens  had 
the-  distinction  of  tivo  colleges  —  one  proslavery  and  the  other 
antislavery.  Providence  College  which  was  proslavery  soon  lan- 
guished and  its  property  was  bought  by  the  other.  These  stirring 
days  with  their  slavery  debates  produced  some  vigorous  men. 
Able  and  learned  men  were  in  the  faculty.  We  are  not  surprised 
therefore  to  see  in  the  alumni  roll  such  names  as  George  W.  Mc- 
Cook,  John  A.  Bingham,  William  Kennon,  member  of  Congress, 
friend  and  adviser  of  Jackson,  John  Welch  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Ohio,  Joseph  Ray,  author  of  the  arithmetics  so  long  in  popular 
use  in  Ohio  and  adjoining  states,  and  many  others  of  equally 
worthy  character.  The  war,  as  in  many  other  colleges,  practically 
emptied  the  class  rooms  so  that  during  one  year  of  that  period  as 
few  as  twelve  students  were  enrolled.  In  recent  years  the  col- 
lege has  lacked  funds  to  expand  in  response  to  the  demands  upon 
higher  education.  This  has  resulted  in  a  limited  attendance  and 
the  relative  decline  of  the  college  as  compared  to  earlier  days. 


Ohio  Centennial.  433 

The  alumni  have  been  useful  citizens  and  many  of  them  have 
risen  to  distinction.  Its  location  is  not  liable  to  bring  to  it  in  the 
future  more  than  a  local  patronage. 

2.      WESTERN    RESERVE    UNIVERSITY,    CLEVELAND,    FOUNDED     1826. 

Western  Reserve  University  at  present  embraces  six  organi- 
zations, all  under  the  general  management  and  control  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees.  It  will  serve  our  purpose  best  to  give  sepa- 
rate accounts  of  these. 

Adelhert  College. 

This  college,  which  in  earlier  days  was  Western  Reserve 
College,  located  at  Hudson,  was  of  New  England  origin  and 
type.  As  early  as  1801  a  petition  by  certain  residents  of  the 
Reserve  was  presented  to  the  Territorial  Legislature  asking  for 
a  charter  for  a  college  to  be  located  in  that  region.  This  for 
reasons  known  only  to  the  dead,  was  not  granted.  In  1803,  after 
the  admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union,  the  petition  was  renewed, 
and  the  "Erie  Literary  Society,"  with  full  college  powers,  was 
organized.  Accordingly  a  building  was. erected  and  an  academy 
opened  in  1805  at  Burton.  During  the  early  years  of  this  acad- 
emy the  Presbyteries  of  Grand  River  and  Portage  had  organ- 
ized an  Educational  Society  for  the  purpose  of  educating  young 
men  for  the  ministry.  They  made  proposals  to  the  Erie  Literary 
Society  to  establish  a  theological  department.  After  a  brief 
trial  it  was  believed  that  Burton  was  not  a  suitable  location  in 
which  to  develop  plans  for  education,  and  a  request  for  a  change 
of  location  was  made. 

On  account  of  property  limitations  the  request  was  not 
granted.  The  managers  of  the  educational  fund  withdrew  in 
1824  and  began  their  efforts  for  a  new  location.  The  Presby- 
tery of  Huron  became  interested  in  the  movement.  The  out- 
come was  that  twelve  men  representing  the  three  Presbyteries 
named  above  became  a  board  of  trustees,  held  their  first  meet- 
ing February  15,  1825,  drew  up  a  charter,  and  were  incorpo- 
rated as  Western  Reserve  College,  February  7,  1826.  Hudson 
had  been  selected  as  the  location.    The  comer  stone  of  the  first 


434    %         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

building  was  laid  April  26,  1826,  and  the  building  occupied  in 
1827,  when  the  preparatory  department  was  opened.  The  organ- 
ization was  that  of  a  close  corporation.  The  trustees  had  full 
power  to  elect  their  own  successors,  and  no  restrictions  what- 
ever were  made  in  respect  to  manner  of  election,  qualifications 
of  members,  term  of  service,  religious  creed  or  residence.  The 
control  of  the  state  was  limited  to  amending  the  charter  with  the 
provision  that  no  fund  or  property  of  the  college  should  ever 
by  law  be  appropriated  to  any  other  purpose.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  original  trustees  were  either  ministers  or  members  of 
the  Presbyterian  and  Congregational  churches  then  co-operating 
under  what  was  known  as  the  "Plan  of  Union."  At  that  time 
there  was  no  such  thing  known  as  a  denominational  college  or' 
state  university  as  we  now  know  them.  These  men  followed 
the  New  England  model  of  organizing  a  college  under  Chris- 
tian auspices,  as  has  been  done  in  so  many  instances.  The  ob- 
jects of  the  founders  were  "to  educate  pious  young  men  as  pas- 
tors for  our  destitute  churches,"  "to  preserve  the  present  liter- 
ary and  religious  character  of  the  state  and  redeem  it  from  future 
decline,"  and  "to  prepare  competent  men  to  fill  the  cabinet,  the 
bench,  the  bar  and  the  pulpit."  The  charter  provided  that  the 
plan  should  include  instruction  in  the  liberal  arts  and  sciences, 
and  at  the  discretion  of  the  trustees  additional  departments 
should  be  organized  for  the  study  of  any  or  all  the  liberal  pro- 
fessions. The  early  founders  were  men  who  had  been' educated 
in  New  England  —  chiefly  at  Yale  —  and  were  guided  in  their 
work  by  their  own  education.  In  1828  Rev.  Charles  Backus 
Storrs  was  appointed  professor  of  Christian  Theology,  and  be- 
came president  in  1830.  The  Theological  department  was  con- 
tinued until  1852.  In  1876  discussion  became  earnest  with  ref- 
erence to  removal  to  Cleveland.  The  comparative  advantages 
and  disadvantages  of  the  two  locations  were  freely  discussed  In  all 
quarters.  President  Carroll  Cutler  became  strongly  in  favor  of  re- 
moval. In  1880  the  late  Amasa  Stone  offered  the  sum  of  five  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  in  case  of  removal,  and  the  change  of  name 
to  that  of  "Adelbert  College  of  Western  Reserve  University,"  the 
location  to  be  upon  a  suitable  campus  to  be  provided  by  the  citizens 
of  Cleveland.    The  trustees  decided  to  accept  the  proposition  of 


Ohio  Centennial.  435 

Mr.  Stone,  and  in  September,  1882,  Adelbert  College,  so  named 
in  memory  of  an  only  son  drowned  while  a  student  at  Yale,  was 
opened  in  Cleveland.  The  property  at  Hudson  is  now  used  as 
Western  Reserve  Academy.  Since  the  removal  the  gift  of  Mr. 
Stone  has  been  supplemented  by  many  others,  and  the  colleg*; 
has  entered  upon  a  new  and  vigorous  life. 

The  Medical  College. 

In  1843  the  Cleveland  Medical  College  was  organized,  and 
on  February  23,  1844,  the  charter  of  Western  Reserve  College 
was  so  amended  as  to  allow  the  establishment  of  the  medical 
department  in  Cleveland.  The  relation  was  nominal  for  a  long 
time,  but  in  1884  the  medical  school  became  an  organic  part  of 
the  university,  and  the  graduates  in  medicine  now  receive  their 
degrees  from  the  university.  This  college  has  graduated  more 
than  two  thousand  physicians,  and  in  recent  years  has  been 
greatly  strengthened  in  equipment  and  endowment.  Its  entrance 
requirements  and  course  of  instruction  give  it  rank  as  one  of  the 
highest  grade  in  the  country.    The  course  covers  four  years 

The  College  for  Women. 

Western  Reserve  College  without  formal  action  one  way 
or  the  other,  had  become  coeducational.  This  was  not  the  orig- 
inal intention  or  practice.  Coeducation  had  become  a  fact 
through  popular  demand  and  the  consent  of  the  president.  On 
December  7,  1887,  the  Honorable  Samuel  E.  Williamson  intro- 
duced a  resolution  which  the  trustees  adopted  providing  that 
thereafter  Adelbert  College  should  educate  men  only.  The  reso- 
lution also  suggested  the  propriety  of  provision  by  the  univer- 
sity for  the  founding  of  a  college  of  equal  grade  for  women.  On 
that  same  day  the  following  resolution  was  adopted : 

Whereas,  The  trustees  of  the  university  are  strongly  impressed 
with  the  necessity  of  providing  for  young  women  facilities  for  higher 
education  equal  to  those  now  furnished  to  young  "men,  and  the  aban- 
donment of  co-education  by  Adelbert  College  makes  this  especially  an 
opportune  time  for  establishing  here  a  college  for  women  which  shall 
offer  advantages  equal  to  those  afforded  by  similar  institutions  of  the 
first  grade  elsewhere;    and 


436    g        Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications, 

Whereas,  The  president  has  received  encouragement  that,  both  as 
to  instruction  and  funds,  for  the  preliminary  work,  interested  friends 
are  ready  to  come  to  the  front  and  generously  assume  responsibilities 
if  there  be  hope  of  success  in  so  laudable  an  undertaking; 

Resolved,  That  the  president  be  requested  to  take  such  steps  as 
shall  seem  to  him  expedient  to  establish  such  a  college  for  young  women, 
to  be  known  for  the  present  as  The  Cleveland  College  for  Young 
Women^  with  the  express  understanding,  however,  that  none  of  the 
funds  of  any  existing  department  of  the  university  shall  be  applied  to 
its  establishment  or  support. 

Out  of  these  resolutions  grew  the  movement  that  resulted 
in  the  organization  of  what  is  now  known  as  "The  College  for 
Women  of  the  Western  Reserve  University."  In  September, 
1888,  the  college  opened  in  rented  quarters,  and  for  the  first  three 
years  depended  almost  exclusively  on  the  services  of  the  faculty 
of  Adelbert  College  gratuitously  offered  as  a  contribution  to  the 
establishment  of  the  new  movement.  The  college  now  has  a 
separate  faculty ;  has  received  a  number  of  gifts ;  is  provided  with 
adequate  buildings  in  a  beautiful  location,  and  has  become  one 
of  the  important  factors  for  the  education  of  women  in  Ohio. 
The  degrees  are  granted  by  the  university  of  which  the  College 
for  Women  forms  an  integral  part. 

The  Franklin  T.  Backus  Laiv  School. 

The  department  of  law  here,  as  in  most  universities,  has  been 
a  growth  in  response  to  a  demand  for  better  legal  training.  In  1892 
a  school  was  opened  in  rented  quarters,  and  in  1893,  in  recogni- 
tion of  an  endowment  provided  by  Mrs,  Backus,  of  Cleveland, 
and  in  honor  of  her  husband,  the  name  was  changed  to  "The 
Franklin  T.  Backus  Law  School  of  Western  Reserve  University." 

Candidates  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws  are  required 
to  have  sufficient  education  to  enter  college.  This  rule  has  been 
in  force  since  1900.  As  in  other  colleges  of  the  University  the 
degrees  are  granted  by  the  University. 

The  Dental  College. 

This  department  was  organized  in  1892,  and  as  a  college  is 
an  integral  part  of  the  university,  under  full  and  direct  control 


Ohio  Centennial.  487 

of  the  trustees.  The  work  in  the  College  is  associated  with  the 
Medical  College  in  that  the  students  in  dentistry  are  given  instruc- 
tion in  several  branches  of  medicine.  The  course  covers  four 
years,  and  the  requirements  for  entrance  and  graduation  are  those 
established  by  the  National  Association  of  Dental  Faculties. 

The  Graduate  School. 

When  the  organization  of  the  University  had  been  substanti- 
ally completed  after  the  removal  to  Cleveland,  the  graduate  de- 
partment of  instruction  was  organized  in  1892  by  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  two  faculties  of  Adelbert  College  and  the  College 
for  Women.  This  is  open  to  both  sexes,  and  aims  to  furnish  to 
graduates  of  any  college  of  good  standing  opportunity  to  pursue 
graduate  work  looking  especially  to  the  Master's  degree  in  Arts 
and  the  Doctorate  in  Philosophy. 

3.   OBERLIN  COLLEGE,  OP.ERLIN,  LORAIN  COUNTY,  FOUNDED  1833. 

Oberlin  was  the  fruit  of  the  missionary  spirit.  It  was  not 
the  interest  of  the  Church  nor  yet  of  the  State,  but  the  broader 
conception  of  humanity  and  its  needs  that  led  Rev.  John  J. 
Shipherd,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  Elyria,  and  hia 
friend,  Philo  P.  Stewart,  a  returned  missionary  whose  health  had 
failed  while  working  among  the  Choctaws  in  Mississippi,  to  de- 
vote themselves  to  the  enterprise  of  establishing  Oberlin  Colony 
and  the  school.  These  men  had  talked  and  prayed  together  over 
the  needs  of  the  increasing  population  in  the  great  Mississippi 
Valley,  and  like  many  other  pioneers,  felt  the  pressure  of  duty 
to  do  something  to  meet  the  situation.  This  is  none  other  than 
the  genuine  Home  Missionary  enthusiasm  of  which  we  have  seen 
so  much  in  the  past  generation.  In  1832,  while  on  their  knees  in 
prayer,  there  came  to  the  mind  of  Mr.  Shipherd  the  outline  of 
a  plan  to  secure  a  large  tract  of  land  on  which  a  Christian  com- 
munity could  be  realized.  A  Christian  school  was  to  be  the  cen- 
ter, and  by  a  solemn  covenant  the  people  were  to  pledge  them- 
selves to  the  spread  of  the  kingdom  of  God.  This  covenant  en- 
forced plain  living  and  a  community  of  interest,  while  preserving 
the  rights  of  lorivate  property.    The  school  was  expected  to  train 


438  ^         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

teachers,  Christian  citizens  and  a  ministry  for  the  destitute  fields 
of  the  great  Mississippi  Valley. 

The  name  of  Oberlin  was  selected  in  view  of  the  devoted 
labors  of  a  German  pastor,  John  Frederick  Oberlin,  whose  life 
had  been  spent  in  redeeming  an  ignorant  and  degraded  population 
in  his  parish  in  Eastern  France.  This  was  in  1832.  A  journey 
to  the  east  was  undertaken  by  Mr.  Shipherd  in  the  interest  of  the 
enterprise.  A  gift  of  five  hundred  acres  for  a  manual  training 
school  was  secured  from  Messrs.  Street  and  Hughes,  of  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  and  an  arrangement  to  buy  five  thousand 
acres  at  one  dollar  and  a  half  an  acre,  which  was  to  be  sold  to  the 
colonists  at  an  advance  of  one  dollar  an  acre,  thus  providing  a 
fund  of  five  thousand  dollars  for  the  school.  The  Oberlin  cov- 
enant was  drawn  and  served  the  purpose  of  limiting  the  settlers 
to  a  desired  class  of  people.  Later  it  fell  into  disuse.  Mr.  Ship- 
herd  continued  his  efforts  by  soliciting  for  colonists  and  for  money 
and  for  students.  When  he  returned  to  Ohio  in  September,  1833, 
Mr.  Shipherd  had  secured  a  number  of  families,  students,  teach- 
ers and  a  fund  of  nearly  fifteen  thousand  dollars.  If  anyone 
doubts  the  enthusiasm  and  moral  earnestness  at  Oberlin  he  should 
read  the  detailed  account  of  John  J.  Shipherd.  Meantime  Philo 
P.  Stewart  had  been  giving  general  oversight  to  the  enterprise 
in  Ohio.  Peter  P.  Pease,  the  first  settler  and  a  member  of  the 
first  board  of  trust,  had  gone  to  the  present  site  and  cleared 
away  the  forest  and  made  preparation  for  the  coming  of  the  colo- 
nists and  the  erection  of  a  building  for  the  school.  This  was  in 
the  heart  of  the  forest.  However  great  the  undertaking  was, 
the  fact  stands  that  the  school  was  opened  December  3,  1833,  at 
which  time  there  were  eleven  families  in  the  center  of  the  woods, 
and  forty- four  students  —  twenty-nine  young  men  and  fifteen 
young  women  —  at  the  school.  No  other  such  foundation  has 
ever  been  laid  in  the  West.  It  was  inevitable  that  such  a  spirit 
should  bear  fruit. 

In  February,  1834,  the  legislature  chartered  the  Oberlin 
Collegiate  Institute,  and  in  1850  the  name  was  changed  to  Ober- 
lin. College.  The  first  circular  was  issued  in  March,  1834.  This 
circular  and  the  charter  set  forth  clearly  the  conceptions  of  the 
men  of  those  days  as  to  the  mission  of  the  "Institute,"  and  in  a 


Ohio  Centennial.  439' 

large  measure  the  spirit  of  Oberlin  has  remained  to  this  day.  She 
is  still  inspired  with  an  enthusiasm  for  humanity  and  places  her 
scholarship  on  the  altar  of  service.  We  read,  "The  grand  objects 
of  the  Oberlin  Institute  acre,  to  give  the  most  useful  education 
at  the  least  expense  of  health,  of  time,  and  money;  and  to  ex- 
tend the  benefit  of  such  education  to  both  sexes  and  to  all  classes 
of  the  community,  as  far  as  its  means  will  allow.  Its  system 
embraces  thorough  instruction  in  every  department  from  the  in- 
fant school  up  through  a  collegiate  and  theological  course.  While 
care  will  be  taken  not  to  lower  the  standard  of  intellectual  cul- 
ture, no  pains  will  be  spared  to  combine  with  it  the  best  physical 
and  moral  education.  Prominent  objects  of  this  seminary  are, 
the  thorough  qualification  of  Christian  teachers,  both  for  the  pul- 
pit and  for  schools;  and  the  elevation  of  female  character,  by 
bringing  within  the  reach  of  the  misjudged  and  neglected  sex  all 
the  instructive  privileges  which  have  hitherto  unreasonably  dis- 
tinguished the  leading  sex  from  theirs." 

This  declaration  of  principles  definitely  committed  Oberlin  to- 
co-education. In  this  she  was  the  pioneer.  The  question  was 
not  even  discussed.  The  work  began  and  common  sense  did  the 
rest.  The  history  of  Oberlin  in  this  respect  will  bear  the  most 
careful  investigation.  The  men  have  not  been  robbed  of  their 
glory  nor  the, young  women  of  their  charms.  Scandal  has  not 
invaded  the  campus,  and  the  hosts  of  alumni  and  alumnae  living 
for  scholarship  and  good  citizenship  afford  an  evidence  that  can- 
not be  set  aside  by  modern  objections. 

Oberlin  began  with  the  feature  of  manual  labor.  This  was- 
no  doubt  done  from  the  best  motives,  but  experience  has  always- 
proved  that  student  labor  is  expensive  in  two  directions:  First,, 
the  institution  pays  a  high  price  for  everything  produced  by  such 
labor;  and  second,  the  student  either  sacrifices  his  education  or 
the  time  of  his  employer.  The  result  is  the  same  in  either  case, 
and  Oberlin  soon  saw  that  she  could  not  afford  the  experiment.. 
For  this  same  reason  among  others,  all  technical  education  be- 
comes expensive  to  the  institution  and  demands  larger  incomes, 
in  order  to  maintain  it.  Oberlin  was  also  committed  to  the  Chris- 
tian conception  of  education.  To  this  she  has  steadily  adhered. 
The  graduates  have  supported  the  ideal,  and  the  faculty  has  been 


440  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

foremost  in  promoting  it.  The  work  of  President  Finney  will 
long  remain.  However,  it  is  only  true  to  say  that  his  ideals  have 
inspired  the  college,  and  at  this  date  there  is  no  college  in  Ohio 
where  the  religious  and  the  spiritual  are  more  cherished  or  where 
a  sane  and  rational  religious  life  is  better  exemplified. 

The  admission  of  colored  students  was  another  feature  that 
brought  Oberlin  into  discussion.  At  the  outset  Mr.  Shipherd 
stood  for  it  on  the  broad  ground  of  humanity  that  moved  him 
to  found  the  college;  on  the  ground  that  the  education  of  the 
negro  was  essential  to  his  progress  ;  and  on"  the  ground  that  Chris- 
tian people,  and  especially  a  Christian  school,  could  not  deny  the 
colored  man  an  opportunity.  There  was  some  feeling  in  his  day 
as  his  correspondence  will  show,  but  the  cause  triumphed.  In 
the  days  of  the  slavery  agitation  Oberlin  was  brought  promi- 
nently into  the  discussions.  It  brought  trouble,  made  some  ene- 
mies and  some  friends.  Oberlin  was  on  the  right  side,  and  the 
right  prevailed.  In  the  end  the  reward  came,  and  the  country 
now  honors  the  college  for  the  position.  The  colored  students 
have  not  been  a  large  factor,  and  in  the  future  will  probably  be 
fewer  in  number.  The  position  of  Oberlin  has  been  approved,  and 
the  colored  student  is  now  recognized  in  all  the  northern  schools. 
In  addition  to  this,  there  are  ample  provisions  for  his  higher  edu- 
cation in  nearly  every  state.  Oberlin  fought  his  battle  and  the 
country  approved  the  position. 

In  many  other  progressive  movements  and  reforms  Oberlin 
has  been  active  and  borne  her  full  share.  Truth  and  righteous- 
ness with  full  liberty  to  the  individual  have  always  been  held 
sacred.  The  college  has  been  widely  influential  in  the  mission 
field  abroad  and  at  home.  In  this  she  has  realized  the  hope  of  the 
founders.  Her  scholarship  has  been  alert  to  duty.  There  is, 
perhaps,  no  better  example  of  the  advantage  of  a  close  corpora- 
tion in  managing  a  great  educational  enterprise.  The  college  has 
been  free  from  any  interference  by  church,  state  or  factions  out- 
side. The  management  has  been  true  to  the  ideals  of  the  col- 
lege, and  the  friends  are  coming  to  her  support  with  increasing 
endowments.  In  this  work  the  school  of  theology  has  been  of 
great  importance.  The  Oberlin  men  have  stood  for  a  free  and 
progressive  scholarship,  always  strongly  attached  to  evangelical 


Ohio  Centennial.  441 

theology.  Her  preachers  have  been  useful  and  honorable  men, 
the  larger  number  being  in  the  Congregational  church. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  the  work  in  music.  The  Oberlin 
conservatory  has  long  enjoyed  an  enviable  reputation.  This 
■department  was  formally  organized  in  1865,  and  now  occupies 
a  building  costing  not  far  from  $200,000,  well  appointed  for  the 
uses  of  a  conservatory.  No  better  single  building  is  to  be  found 
in  the  country  for  such  purposes.  The  musical  library  contains 
about  14,000  volumes. 

Oberlin  stands  to-day  as  closely  approximating  the  ideal 
Christian  college.  In  community,  in  environment  for  the  student, 
in  equipment,  in  ideals,  in  historic  college  spirit,  in  wholesome 
ideas  as  to  scholarship  and  religion,  there  are  few  to  surpass. 
Her  constituency  is  in  every  land,  and  her  scholars  are  at  work 
in  every  field. 

4.       MARIETTA    COLLEGE,    MARIETTA,    W^ASHINGTON    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1835. 

Marietta  College  is  in  many  respects  a  typical  small  college 
■of  the  New  England  pattern.  Her  founders,  many  of  her  trus- 
tees, the  first  faculty,  and  a  number  who  have  served  in  that 
capacity  in  later  years  have  been  men  of  New  England  birth  and 
•education.  An  hour  in  Marietta  will  reveal  to  any  intelligent  per- 
son the  fact  that  New  England  has  put  its  mark  upon  the  town, 
the  citizenship,  the  churches  and  the  educational  ideals.  In  this 
respect  Marietta  has  many  points  in  common  with  Oberlin  and 
Western  Reserve,  while  lacking  the  precise  aim  prominent  in 
their  establishment.  Marietta  in  a  sense  was  not  created  or  organ- 
ized. The  college  grew  as  a  result  of  the  sentiment  in  the  vicinity. 
The  college  and  the  town  were  closely  linked  from  the  beginning. 
In  matters  of  finance  non-residents  have  been  generous  and  lib- 
eral, but  to  the  citizens  of  Marietta  must  be  given  first  place  for 
both  devotion  and  generosity. 

The  educational  history  in  Marietta  goes  back  to  the  earliest 
days.  On  April  29,  1797,  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  interested  in 
higher  education  was  held,  when  it  was  decided  to  erect  a  build- 
ing in  which  Muskingum  Academy  was  conducted  until  1832. 
The  house  was  used  for  worship  until  the  Congregational  church 


442  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

was  erected  in  1808,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  first  building  used 
for  higher  education  in  the  Northwest  Territory. 

In  1830  Rev.  Luther  G.  Bingham  established  the  "Institute 
of  Education,"  and  the  following  year  associated  with  him  as 
proprietor  Mr.  Mansfield  French.  In  1832  there  appeared  pub- 
lic notice  in  the  American  Friend  of  September  8,  that  "It  is  the 
intention  of  all  concerned  to  take*  early  measures  to  make  the 
Marietta  Collegiate  Institute  an  entirely  public  institution,  so  as 
to  perpetuate  its  advantages  on  a  permanent  basis."  The  enter- 
prise was  proprietary,  and  in  that  sense  private.  On  November 
22,  i%2,  a  public  meeting  was  held  in  the  interest  of  higher  educa- 
tion, and  steps  taken  to  incorporate  "The  Marietta  Collegiate 
Institute  and  Western  Teachers'  Seminary."  The  charter  was 
obtained  December  17.  On  January  i6th  following  the  organiza- 
tion was  completed  by  the  election  of  John  Cotton,  M.  D.,  as 
president,  and  Douglas  Putnam  as  secretary.  Negotiations  were 
then  begun  which  resulted  in  the  transfer  of  the  property  of 
Messrs.  Bingham  and  French  to  the  board  just  organized.  Steps 
were  then  taken  to  secure  additional  teachers,  and  in  September, 
1833,  Henry  Smith,  D.  Howe  Allen,  Milo  P.  Jewett  and  Samuel 
Maxwell  appeared  as  a  corps  of  teachers  for  the  new  enterprise. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  a  chartered  institution  in  the  interest 
of  public  education.  The  charter  conferred  no  powers  to  grant 
degrees,  and  was  subject  to  repeal  by  the  legislature.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1835,  amendments  were  secured  providing  against  repeal, 
granting  power  to  confer  degrees  and  changing  the  name  to  Ma- 
rietta College.  Thus  the  college  was  legally  and  formally  begun. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  men  interested  in  organizing  the 
college  were  also  interested  in  the  other  schools,  so  that  it  may  be 
truthfully  said  that  the  lineage  of  Marietta  goes  back  through 
them  to  1797. 

The  organization  was,  and  still  remains,  that  of  a  close  cor- 
poration, with  full  power  to  peri!)etuate  itself  and  carry  forward 
its  work  in  harmony  with  the  ideals  of  its  founders. 

The  purposes  and  aims  of  the  college  are  clearly  set  forth 
in  the  early  published  statements.  August,  1833,  they  say: 
"The  board  wish  it  to  be  distinctly  understood  that  the  essential 
doctrines  and  duties  of  the  Christian  religion  will  be  assiduously 


Ohio  Centennial.  448^ 

inculcated,  but  no  sectarian  peculiarities  of  belief  will  be  taught."" 
In  the  report  of  September,  1835,  they  say :  "The  honor  of  orig- 
inating Marietta  College  is  not  claimed  by  the  board  of  trust;, 
its  existence  can  not  properly  be  ascribed  to  them  or  to  any  com- 
bination of  individuals,  but  to  the  leadings  of  Divine  Providence."' 
It  is  evident  that  this  college  inherited  from  New  England  its 
most  important  principles,  viz. :  to  be  thoroughly  Christian  while 
non-sectarian;  to  be  a  close  corporation  and  to  perpetuate  its 
character  and  ideals  by  selecting  for  the  board  of  trustees  from 
several  denominations  representative  men  known  to  be  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  college;  to  maintain  strictly  the  college  or  non- 
professional idea  and  to  educate  men  only.  For  sixty-two  years, 
these  ideals  were  maintained,  when  a  single  departure  was  made,, 
and  the  college  became  coeducational.  This  year  marked  the 
close  of  the  history  of  the  college  for  men  and  marked  the  new 
era  of  education  alike  for  both  sexes. 

The  progress  of  Marietta  has  been  substantial  and  steady.. 
The  college  has  never  been  large  in  numbers,  but  has  always  been 
characterized  by  thoroughness  of  work  and  strict  adherence  to  the 
college  idea  —  chiefly  in  the  classical  form.  In  the  recent  years 
some  expansion  of  the  course  of  study  has  been  made  and  the 
elective  principle  adopted  in  moderation,  but  no  disposition  is 
revealed  to  depart  from  the  college  idea  and  college  methods  of 
instruction.  The  library  of  the  college  is  large  compared  with 
the  libraries  of  Ohio  colleges,  and  contains  more  than  sixty  thou- 
sand volumes.  The  library  has  received  a  number  of  gifts  of 
great  historical  value,  and  is  probably  the  best  library  in  Ohio- 
from  the  historical  point  of  view. 

The  financial  growth  has  been  steady.  The  college  was  a 
beneficiary  of  the  Fayerweather  estate,  and  in  1899  secured  funds 
amounting  to  nearly  $125,000.  While  Marietta,  like  every  good 
college,  is  in  need  of  money,  and  would  make  good  use  of  it,  she 
is  not  in  debt  or  distress,  and  prospects  are  as  bright  now  as  they 
ever  were. 


444  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

5.       LAKE    ERIE    COLLEGE  AND    SEMINARY,    PAINESVILLE,    LAKE 
COUNTY,   FOUNDED   1847. 

Lake  Erie  College  and  Seminary  is  the  successor  to  Lake 
Erie  Female  Seminary,  and  this  in  turn  is  successor  to  Willoughby 
Female  Seminary,  founded  at  Willoughby,  in  1847. 

For  nine  years  a  seminary  for  young  ladies,  was  conducted 
at  Willoughby  on  the  plan  of  Mt.  Holyoke  Seminary,  as  sug- 
gested by  Miss  Mary  Lyon,  who  had  founded  Mt.  Holyoke  in 
1837,  The  success  of  her  movement  drew  to  it  the  attention  of 
people  in  the  West  interested  in  the  education  of  young  women. 
These  seminaries  were  without  endowment,  and  by  introducing 
the  plan  of  self-help  in  the  form  of  domestic  service  were  able 
to  give  the  education  then  thought  desirable  for  young  women  at 
moderate  expense  and  under  satisfactory  government  and  dis- 
cipline. 

Willoughby  Seminary  was  under  the  direction  of  Mt.  Hol- 
yoke graduates  and  prospered  greatly  during  its  life.  Unfor- 
tunately its  buildings  were  destroyed  by  fire  in  1856.  At  this 
juncture  the  plans  for  enlargement,  previously  discussed,  were 
taken  up  anew,  and  the  question  of  location  became  involved. 
After  full  discussion,  the  trustees,  by  a  majority  of  one,  decided 
to  locate  at  Painesville  upon  a  slightly  different  basis.  Accord- 
ingly the  Lake  Erie  Seminary  was  incorporated  in  1856  and 
located  at  Painesville,  where  they  had  secured  fourteen  acres  of 
ground  one  half  mile  west  of  the  town.  A  building  one  hundred 
and  eighty  feet  by  sixty  feet,  four  stories  high,  was  erected,  and 
the  school  opened  on  the  residence  plan.  The  organization  is 
a  close  corporation  with  full  power  to  perpetuate  itself.  The 
main  features  of  the  seminary  were  taken  from  the  Mt.  Holyoke 
plan,  which  in  Miss  Lyon's  words  embrace  the  following  feat- 
ures: ''Buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  the  school  and 
boarders,  together  with  furniture  and  all  things  necessary  for  the 
outfit,  to  be  furnished  by  voluntary  contributions,  and  placed, 
free  from  encumbrance,  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  who  should  be 
men  of  enlarged  views  and  Christian  benevolence."  "Teachers 
to  be  secured  possessing  so  much  of  a  missionary  spirit  that  they 
would  labor  faithfully  and  cheerfully,  receiving  only  a  moderate 


Ohio  Centennial.  445 

salary  compared  with  what  they  would  command  in  other  situa- 
tions." "Style  of  living  neat,  but  plain  and  simple."  "Domestic 
work  of  the  family  to  be  performed  by  members  of  the  school." 
"Board  and  tuition  to  be  placed  at  cost,  or  as  low  as  may  be,  and 
still  cover  the  common  expenses  of  the  family,  instruction,  etc." 
"The  whole  plan  to  be  conducted  on  the  principles  of  our  mis- 
sionary operations ;  no  surplus  income  to  go  to  the  teachers,  to  the 
domestic  superintendents,  or  to  any  other  person,  but  all  to  be 
cast  into  the  treasury  for  the  still  further  reduction  of  expenses, 
the  ensuing  year." 

Upon  this  plan,  substantially,  the  seminary  was  operated, 
giving  the  usual  courses  of  instruction  in  those  days  in  which 
Bible  study  was  prominent.  Steadily  the  scheme  of  education  was 
enlarged,  and  in  1898  the  seminary  changed  its  name  to  corre- 
spond to  the  work  then  offered,  and  became  a  college  with  power 
to  grant  the  usual  collegiate  degrees.  The  change  in  name  indi- 
cates a  wide  departure  from  the  earlier  days  in  the  content  of  the 
curriculum,  but  does  not  indicate  any  essential  change  from  the 
principles  that  have  been  cherished  through  the  history  of  the 
movement.  The  aim  of  such  colleges  is  to  furnish  separate  edu- 
cation for  women  of  a  grade  equal  to  that  offered  in  standard 
colleges.  Nearly  four  thousand  students  have  enrolled  at  this 
college  in  its  life  at  Painesville.  Its  faculty  numbers  twenty-six,, 
including  the  six  teachers  in  the  Conservatory  of  Music. 

6.      ANTIOCH   COLLEGE^   YELLOW    SPRINGS^    GREENE   COUNTY, 
FOUNDED   1852. 

This  college  owes  its  origin  to  an  action  taken  by  the  Christian 
denomination  in  a  convention  at  Marion,  Wayne  County,  New 
York,  October  2,  1850.  The  name  —  Antioch  —  has  a  scriptural 
origin  since  there  the  disciples  were  first  called  Christians.  It  is 
evident  therefore  that  a  Christian  college  was  anticipated  and  the 
history  as  well  as  the  practice  proves  that  while  professedly  non- 
sectarian  it  was  substantially  another  Christian  college  to  be  ad- 
ministered on  a  liberal  policy.  The  first  expectation  was  that  the 
college  would  be  located  in  New  York  but  the  outcome  of  the 
canvass  for  funds  showed  the  Ohio  agents  to  be  far  in  the 
lead  and  accordingly  the  location   was  finally  made  at  Yellow 


446  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Springs.  The  chief  reason  in  determining  this  was  the  pledge 
from  Yellow  Springs  for  twenty  acres  of  land  and  thirty  thou- 
sand dollars  in  money.  Hon.  William  Mills  donated  the  land  and 
finally  paid  twenty  thousand  dollars  of  the  pledge.  The  college 
was  incorporated  May  14,  1852.  The  aim  of  the  founders  was  to 
•establish  a  college  of  high  rank  open  to  both  sexes.  The  author- 
ities proceeded  to  the  erection  of  the  main  building,  two  dormi- 
tories and  a  president's  residence.  Horace  Mann  was  invited 
to  be  the  first  president  and  entered  upon  his  work  with  enthusi- 
asm. 

Financial  embarrassment  soon  beset  the  young  college  and  the 
property  was  sold  for  debt  April  19,  1859.  Reorganization  then 
took  place  and  the  property  was  transferred  to  the  new  corpora- 
tion, ''Antioch  College,  of  Yellow  Springs,  Greene  County,  Ohio." 
A  plan  of  cooperation  was  then  devised  between  the  Christian 
denomination  and  the  Unitarian  denomination.  This  did  not  en- 
tirely relieve  the  situation.  Debates  and  strifes  ensued.  Through 
the  reorganization  the  college  was  made  free  of  debt  and  by 
charter  provision  must  remain  so.  The  college  is  possessed  of 
some  funds  and  maintains  a  creditable  curriculum  although  the 
number  of  students  does  not  equal  that  of  earlier  days.  The  his- 
tory of  the  college  shows  three  features  worthy  of  mention :  — 

1.  Freedom  from  sectarianism. 

2.  Coeducation. 

3.  The  lack  of  anything  of  the  nature  of  prizes,  honors  or 
anything  designed  to  arouse  rivalry  among  students. 

In  the  earlier  course  of  study  recognition  was  given  to  the 
elective  system,  stress  was  laid  upon  historical  and  scientific  stud- 
ies and  the  art  of  teaching  was  a  required  part  of  the  course. 
The  introduction  of  these  features  was  due  to  the  first  president, 
Horace  Mann. 

The  faculty  at  present  consists  of  fourteen  members. 

7.       THE  WESTERN  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN,  OXFORD,  BUTLER  COUNTY, 
FOUNDED   1853. 

This  institution  began  its  history  as  The  Western  Female 
Seminary  and  continued  under  the  original  plan  until  1894  when 


Ohio  Centennial.  447 

the  trustees  decided  to  change  the  name  as  work  of  a  college 
grade  was  then  offered.  Later  the  name  was  changed  again  to 
The  Western  College  for  Women  to  indicate  that  emphasis  should 
hereafter  be  given  to  the  college  course.  The  institution  owes  its 
origin  chiefly  to  a  body  of  what  was  then  New  School  Presby- 
terians. That  branch  of  the  divided  Presbyterian  church  did  not 
establish  formally  institutions  of  learning  but  its  members  pro- 
ceeded upon  the  non-sectarian  or  close  corporation  plan.  The 
Mt.  Holyoke  principles  were  the  governing  ones  and  in  later 
years  the  college  has  been  conducted  in  harmony  with  the  prac- 
tices prevailing  at  Mt.  Holyoke  and  Wellesley. 
The  object  as  set  forth  in  the  charter  was : 

1.  To  give  a  liberal  education. 

2.  To  give  this  education  at  moderate  cost. 

3.  To  give  it  under  distinctively  Christian  influences. 

The  patronage  has  been  chiefly  from  the  Presbyterian  church 
-until  in  recent  years  when  the  roll  has  included  a  considerable 
percentage  from  other  denominations.  The  college  has  a  campus 
of  sixty  acres,  two  buildings  and  a  third  one  in  process  of  con- 
struction. The  resources  approximate  a  quarter  of  a  million  of 
dollars.  The  institution  has  never  had  an  indebtedness  except 
when  erecting  buildings.  The  faculty  has  grown  to  twenty-five 
in  number.  The  graduates  number  657.  This  college  and  Lake 
Erie  College  represent  a  definite  idea  in  the  education  of  women 
and  more  closely  than  any  others  in  the  state  follow  the  methods 
of  the  colleges  for  women  in  the  East. 

8.       THE   NATIONAL   NORMAL    UNIVERSITY,   LEBANON,   WARREN 
COUNTY,  FOUNDED  1855. 

The  National  Normal  University  is  third  in  the  series  of  at- 
tempts to  establish  an  institution  at  Lebanon.  The  Lebanon  Acad- 
emy was  chartered  March  7,  1843.  After  some  years  of  history 
a  movement  among  public  school  men  was  started  in  favor  of  nor- 
mal schools.  In  the  summer  of  1855  a  summer  institute  was  held 
for  three  weeks  in  the  buildings  of  Miami  University  at  Oxford. 
During  this  session  of  the  institute  an  organization  was  effected 
under  the  name  of  the  "Southwestern  State  Normal  School  Asso- 


448  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

ciation."  The  object  was  to  maintain  a  school  until  state  aid  could 
be  secured.  The  first  trustees  were  A.  J.  Rickoff  of  Cincinnati^ 
Charles  Rogers  of  Dayton  and  E.  C.  Ellis  of  Georgetown.  They 
selected  Lebanon  as  the  location  and  the  trustees  of  Lebanon- 
Academy  turned  over  their  property  to  them  with  an  agreement 
to  furnish  eighty  pupils  for  five  years  to  assist  in  maintaining  the 
school.  Alfred  Holbrook  was  elected  principal.  The  school  un- 
der his  management  opened  November  24,  1855,  with  ninety-five 
pupils.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year  the  management  retired  and 
the  school  passed  into  the  control  of  Mr.  Holbrook.  The  second 
year  saw  an  enrollment  of  two  hundred  and  fifty-seven.  As  the 
school  grew  the  curriculum  was  enlarged  and  in  1870  the  students 
were  enrolled  from  so  wide  a  territory  that  the  name  was  changed 
to  the  National  Normal  School.  In  1883  the  National  Normal 
LTniversity  was  established.  During  the  life  and  vigor  of  Profes- 
sor Holbrook  the  school  was  continued  as  a  private  enterprise  sO' 
far  as  the  financial  features  were  involved.  It  was  on  a  propri- 
etary basis.  After  he  retired  from  the  school  the  management 
was  somewhat  disorganized  and  the  future  stability  of  the  school 
threatened.  In  May,  1893,  with  a  capital  stock  of  thirty  thousand 
dollars  divided  into  twelve  hundred  shares  of  twenty-five  dollars 
each,  the  National  Normal  University  Company  was  incorporated.. 
Under  this  company  the  National  Normal  is  operated  by  a  board 
of  six  managers  and  in  form  remains  a  proprietary  school.  The 
work  is  carried  on  chiefly  along  the  lines  projected  by  Professor 
Holbrook.  The  organization  comprises  colleges  of  Business,. 
Teachers,  Science,  Liberal  Arts,  Law,  Oratory,  Music,  English 
and  Classics. 

9.      CASE    SCHOOL    OF    APPLIED    SCIENCE,     CLEVELAND,     CUYAHOGA 
COUNTY,  FOUNDED  1880. 

In  a  deed  of  trust  executed  February  24,  1877,  Mr.  Leonard 
Case  gave  the  following  directions  to  the  trustees :  — "To  cause  to 
be  formed  and  to  be  regularly  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
Ohio  an  institution  of  learning  to  be  called  Case  School  of  Ap- 
plied Science  and  located  in  said  city  of  Cleveland,  in  which  shall 
be  taught,  by  competent  professors  and  teachers,  Mathematics, 
Physics,  Engineering — Mechanical  and  Civil,  Chemistry,  Eco- 


Ohio  Centennial.  449 

nomic  Geology,  Mining  and  Metallurgy,  Natural  History,  Draw- 
ing and  Modern  Languages,  '^'  *  '^  and  such  other  kindred 
branches  of  learning  as  the  trustees  of  said  institution  may  deem 
advisable.  *  "^^  '^  And,  without  intending  to  make  it  a  con- 
dition or  limitation  of  this  conveyance,  or  any  binding  restriction 
upon  the  power  of  such  trustees,  the  said  grantor  does  hereby 
recommend  to  them  to  hold  said  property  without  alienation,  and 
apply  the  rents,  issues  and  profits  thereof  to  the  uses  and  pur- 
poses above,  and  that  the  expenditures  for  such  institution  be  not 
permitted  to  exceed  the  annual  income  derived  from  said  prop- 
erty." 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  Case,  January  6,  1880,  steps  were 
taken  to  incorporate  and  articles  filed. 

Instruction  began  in  1881  in  the  Case  homestead  and  con- 
tinued until  1885  when  the  transfer  was  made  to  the  new  building 
ready  for  occupancy.  Since  that  date  several  new  laboratories 
have  been  erected.  A  large  faculty  is  employed.  The  students 
number  nearly  five  hundred.  The  school  is  one  of  the  best  of  its 
class  in  the  country.  They  confer  the  usual  scientific  and  tech- 
nical degrees. 

III.     DENOMINATIONAL  COLLEGES. 

I.       KENYON   COLLEGE,   GAMBIER,   KNOX   COUNTY,   FOUNDED    1825. 

Kenyon  was  not  only  among  the  first  colleges  in  Ohio,  but 
is  the  pioneer  among  what  we  term  denominational  colleges.  The 
founder  was  the  Right  Reverend  Philander  Chase,  first  Bishop  of 
Ohio  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  The  first  articles  of  in- 
corporation were  dated  December  29,  1824,  under  the  name  of 
"The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
in  Diocese  of  Ohio."  On  January  24,  1826,  the  charter  was 
amended  so  that  the  president  and  professors  should  constitute 
a  faculty  with  the  usual  collegiate  powers.  On  March  10,  1839, 
the  charter  was  amended  so  as  to  provide  for  the  establishment 
of  a  college,  a  preparatory  department  and  the  power  to  confer 
collegiate  degrees  was  given  to  the  college  faculty  and  the  de- 
grees in  theology  to  the  theological  faculty. 


29 


46(M  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

In  August,  1 89 1,  another  change  was  effected  by  which  the 
corporate  name  was  changed  to  "Kenyon  College."  The  three 
heretofore  independent  institutions  were  consolidated  into  one  of 
which  the  president  of  Kenyon  College  is  the  head.  Kenyon  Col- 
lege now  includes  three  departments,  viz :  A  Theological  School, 
Bexley  Hall;  A  Collegiate  School^  Kenyon  College;  and  a  Pre- 
paratory School,  Kenyon  Military  Academy.  In  1898  another 
amendment  was  made  providing  that  the  bishop  and  bishop  co- 
adjutator  of  any  diocese  outside  of  the  state  of  Ohio  may  become 
members  of  the  board  by  filing  with  the  secretary  a  written  ac- 
ceptance of  an  offer  by  the  board  of  such  membership.  And 
upon  such  acceptance  by  its  bishop,  one  additional  trustee  may 
be  appointed  for  the  term  of  three  years,  by  the  diocesan  con- 
vention of  such  diocese.  Under  these  provisions  the  govern- 
ment of  Kenyon  College  is  vested  in  a  group  of  bishops  together 
with  additional  trustees  elected  by  the  several  affiliated  dioceses. 
A  college  could  not  be  more  completely  or  cordially  united  to  its 
wflenomination. 

I.  in  the  development  of  his  plans  Bishop  Chase  went  to  Eng- 
land with  letters  of  introduction  from  Henry  Clay  to  Lord  Gam- 
bier,  whom  Mr.  Clay  had  met  as  commissioner  of  the  Treaty  of 
Ghent  in  181 5.  Among  the  distinguished  persons  met  on  this 
trip  were  Lords  Gambler,  Kenyon  and  Bexley,  Sir  Thomas  Ack- 
land.  the  Right  Honorable  Dowager  Countess  of  Rosse,  the  Rev. 
George  Gaskin,  D.  D.,  Henry  Hoare,  George  W.  Marriott  and 
Mrs.  Hannah  More.  Thirty  thousand  dollars  was  realized  from 
this  trip.  He  returned  to  Ohio  in  the  autumn  of  1824.  The  pre- 
paratory school  was  opened  on  the  bishop's  estate  at  Worthing- 
ton  a  few  miles  north  of  Columbus. 

The  choice  of  location  was  made  by  the  purchase  of  a  tract 
of  eight  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Knox  County  at  two  dollars 
and  twenty-five  cents  an  acre.  Here  with  much  hard  labor,  many 
trials,  some  disappointments  and  some  controversy,  the  new  col- 
lege was  started.  The  village  was  named  Gambler  and  the  chief 
building,  Kenyon  College  thus  recognizing  Bishop  Chase's  most 
ardent  friends.  The  corner  stone  of  Kenyon  College  was  laid 
with  appropriate  ceremonies  June  9,  1827.  The  college  now  has 
ien  buildings :    Old  Kenyon  built  in  1827  used  as  a  dormitory ; 


Ohio  Centennial.  451 

Ascension  Hall,  recitation  and  laboratory  purposes;  Rosse  Hall, 
gymnasium  and  assembly  room ;  Hubbard  Hall,  the  library ;  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  the  College  Chapel;  Bexley  Hall,  The 
Theological  Seminary ;  Milnor  and  Delano  Halls  for  the  prepara- 
tory school ;  "Kokosing,"  the  stone  mansion  of  Bishop  Bedell  and 
last  in  1 90 1  Hanna  Hall  now  in  process  of  erection  for  a  dormi- 
tory the  gift  of  the  Honorable  Marcus  A.  Hanna,  United  States 
Senator  from  Ohio. 

The  college  has  considerable  endowment,  a  number  of  schol- 
arships and  is  completely  organized  for  the  work  of  education 
along  the  lines  suggested  in  the  annual  catalogue.  The  attend- 
ance has  never  been  large  but  the  alumni  roll  is  one  of  unusual 
distinction.  The  institution  is  not  coeducational  but  Harcourt 
Seminary  of  Gambier  offers  facilities  for  the  education  of  young 
women.  The  college  department,  the  theological  department  and 
the  Military  Academy  are  organized  with  separate,  faculties  for 
education  but  all  are  under  the  management  of  one  board  of  trus- 
tees. 

2,      ST.    XAVIER's    college,    CINCINNATI,    HAMILTON    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED   183 1. 

This  college  grew  up  in  proximity  to  St.  Xavier's  church, 
Sycamore  street,  Cincinnati,  and  was  established  by  the  Right 
Reverend  Edward  D.  Fenwick,  D.  D.,  first  Bishop  of  Cincinnati, 
October  17,  1831.  The  school  was  conducted  under  the  name  of 
the  Athenaeum.  It  was  the  subject  of  varying  fortunes  for  sev- 
eral years  and  in  1840  was  transferred  to  the  Fathers  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus  by  Archbishop  Purcell.  In  1842  it  was  incorpo- 
rated by  the  legislature  of  Ohio  under  the  name  of  St.  Xavier's 
College.  In  1869  the  legislature  passed  an  act  under  the  general 
law  of  1852  which  provides  for  a  perpetual  charter  with  all  the 
usual  collegiate  and  university  powers. 

The  Faculty  serves  without  compensation  and  maintains  well 
organized  literary,  commercial  and  preparatory  courses.  *  The 
college  enrolls  about  four  hundred  students  and  is  for  boys  only. 
There  is  no  endowment  and  the  management  depends  upon  tui- 
tion for  ordinary  expenses. 


45^  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


3.      DENISON     UNIVERSITY,,    GRANVILLE^     LICKING    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1 83 1. 

The  Granville  Literary  and  Theological  Institution  was- 
opened  in  Granville,  December  13,  1831,  and  incorporated  in 
January,  1832,  the  official  signatures  being  affixed  February  3, 
1832.  In  1845  the  name  was  changed  to  ^'Granville  College" 
and  on  June  25,  1856,  the  name  was  changed  to  Denison  Uni- 
versity. This  was  in  recognition  of  the  generosity  of  William 
Denison  of  Adamsville,  Ohio.  In  1867  the  university  was  re- 
incorporated under  the  general  law  of  1852. 

The  agitation  for  an  institution  was  begun  in  the  Ohia 
Baptist  Education  Society  and  at  a  meeting  held  in  Lebanon 
in  May,  1830,  it  was  decided  to  proceed  to  the  establishment 
of  a  college.  The  original  thought  was  to  prepare  an  educated 
ministry  for  the  church  and  to  provide  a  college  of  literary 
character.  At  the  meeting  of  the  society  in  Lancaster,  May,. 
1 83 1,  a  report  was  submitted  naming  certain  trustees.  Ap- 
plications were  received  at  this  meeting  for  the  location  of  the 
college.  Granville  offered  a  farm  valued  at  $3,400  and  the 
offer  was  accepted.  Among  the  early  provisions  was  one  that 
required  each  student  to  work  at  agriculture  or  some  mechanic 
art  four  hours  a  day  for  five  days  in  the  week.  The  proceeds 
of  this  labor  were  to  go  to  the  maintenance  of  the  school,  the 
student's  board,  washing,  etc.  Here,  as  at  Oberlin,  the  manual 
labor  feature  failed  and  was  abandoned.  It  was  the  intention 
to  establish  a  theological  department  and  the  names  of  two  men 
appeared  in  the  early  catalogues  as  professors  of  theology. 
The  department  has  had  no  consideration  since  1870.  In  1852 
a  resolution  favoring  an  agricultural  department  was  passed, 
but  bore  no  fruit.  The  university  now  includes  five  depart^ 
ments : — 

.1.     Granville  College. 


Shepardson  College. 
Doane  Academy. 
The  Conservatory  of  Music. 
The  School  of  Art. 


Ohio  Centennial.  463 

Shepardson  College  for  women  had  been  in  operation  for  a 
number  of  years  and  was  presented  to  the  Baptists  of  Ohio  in 
1887  by  Dr.  Daniel  Shepardson.  In  June,  1900,  an  arrangement 
was  made  by  unanimous  consent  of  the  boards  by  which  the 
work  of  Denison  covers  the  work  of  both  colleges.  Shepard- 
son maintains  its  legal  existence,  but  the  membership  of  its 
board  is  identical  with  that  of  Denison  and  thus  a  complete 
co-operation  is  secured.  Co-education  came  to  this  institution  by 
a  new  route,  not  co-ordination,  not  affiliation,  but  by  co-opera- 
tion. The  unity  of  management  secured  by  this  means  to 
Denison  University  can  not  fail  to  make  the  cause  stronger  and 
the  work  more  efficient.  The  property  and  funds  now  exceed  a 
million  dollars  in  value.  Few  denominational  colleges  are  as  well 
equipped  for  the  work  they  undertake. 

The  government  is  by  a  board  of  thirty-six  trustees  in  three 
classes  for  terms  of  three  years.  Formerly  the  trustees  were 
chosen  by  the  education  society  but  the  self-perpetuating  plan 
is  now  in  operation.  Members  must  be  in  good  standing  in  some 
regular  Baptist  Church,  residents  of  Ohio,  and  at  least  five  must 
be  resident  freeholders  in  Licking  County. 

4.       MUSKINGUM    COLLEGE,    NEW    CONCORD,    MUSKINGUM    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED.  1837. 

The  origin  of  this  college  was  due  to  local  interests.  The 
community  about  the  village  of  New  Concord  was  settled  chiefly 
by  Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians.  .There  were  all  va- 
rieties, the  Associate,  Associate-Reformed,  afterwards  the  United 
Presbyterians,  the  Reformed  Presbyterians  and  the  Presbyterians 
of  the  Old  School.  These  people  believed  in  an  educated  min- 
istry and  in  education  alike  for  boys  and  girls.  They  began 
the  agitation  as  early  as  1836,  while  the  first  settlers  were  still 
active.  At  that  time  the  public  school  system  was  undeveloped 
and  college  privileges  were  unusual.  After  some  discussion  in 
1836  it  was  decided  to  proceed  with  measures  for  a  college  and 
on  March  18,  1837,  the  college  was  incorporated  with  a  board 
of  nine  trustees  and  power  to  increase  the  number  to  fifteen.  At 
the  beginning  the  school  was  on  rented  quarters  until  the  com- 
munity had  raised  the  money  and  erected  the  building. 


454  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

At  the  outset  the  management  was  purely  local,  as  was  also' 
the  patronage.  It  so  continued  until  1877,  when  the  Board 
proposed  to  affiliate  more  closely  with  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  by  putting  the  college  under  the  control  of  Muskingum 
Presbytery,  in  which  the  college  was  located,  and  the  adjacent 
presbytery  of  Mansfield.  When  this  was  agreed  to  a  change 
of  charter  was  secured  to  meet  the  new  conditions.  In  1883  the 
United  Presbyterian  Synod  of  Ohio  took  formal  control.  The 
board  of  trustees  consists  of  twenty-one  persons  elected  in  three 
classes  for  three  years.  Thus  the  college  became  in  the  most 
direct  way  a  denominational  college.  This  simply  widened  its 
constituency.  Its  patronage  has  always  been  chiefly  from  the 
United  Presbyterian  Church  and  the  money  has  come  from  the 
same  source.  At  the  outset  the  college  was  for  men,  but  in 
1854  the  Board  decided  in  favor  of  co-education  and  the  first 
woman  graduate  was  in  the  class  of  1855.  The  college  partici- 
pated in  the  benefits  of  the  quarto  centennial  fund  and  since 
the  transfer  of  its  government  has  entered  upon  an  era  of  new 
usefulness. 

5.      OHIO    WESLEYAN   UNIVERSITY,  DELAWARE,   DELAWARE   COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1844. 

In  1840  Dr.  Edward  Thomson,  principal  of  Norwalk  Sem- 
inary, in  a  report  to  the  North  Ohio  Conference  said,  'There 
is  no  Methodist  college  in  Ohio.  We  blush  to  think  that  it 
contains  no  institution  to  which  our  youth  can  resort  for  colle- 
giate instruction  without  imbibing  ideas  at  variance  with  the 
religion  of  their  fathers,  and  the  church  of  their  adoption.  There 
IS  no  state  in  the  country  in  which  the  Methodist  church  is  more 
/n  need  of  a  college  than  Ohio."  This  is  believed  to  be  the 
first  published  utterance  of  the  need  of  a  Methodist  college. 
From  this  point  the  discussion  widened  and  finally  took  tangi- 
ble form  at  Delaware.  An  attempt  had  been  made  to  establish 
a  watering  place  at  the  famous  White  Sulphur  Spring,  now  on 
the  university  campus.  This  project  had  not  been  as  suc- 
cessful as  was  hoped  and  the  owner  concluded  to  abandon. 
Rev.  Adam  Poe  offered  the  suggestion  of  purchase  and  the 
establishment  of  a  Methodist  college  at  the  place.     The  proposal 


Ohio  Centennial.  465 

was  received  with  favor  and  on  September  i,  1841,  a  joint  com^ 
mittee  of  the  North  Ohio  and  the  Ohio  Conferences  met  and 
accepted  the  proposed  location.  March  7,  1842,  the  legislature 
granted  a  charter.  A  preparatory  school  was  opened  in  1841 
and  in  1842  Dr.  Edward  Thomson  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency, but  was  not  expected  to  enter  actively  upon  his  duties 
for  some  time.  Meantime  plans  were  matured  for  opening  the 
college  and  efforts  made  to  procure  necessary  funds.  In  1844 
the  board  proceeded  to  organize  a  faculty  and  the  school  was 
opened  November  13,  1844,  with  a  president  and  four  members 
of  the  faculty.  The  early  days  of  the  college  were,  as  usual 
in  the  western  country,  surrounded  with  discouraging  features, 
but  inspired  by  the  devotion  and  loyalty  of  the  faculty  and  friends. 

Ohio  Wesleyan  began  on  the  old  lines  of  separate  educa- 
tion. At  the  beginning  twenty-nine  young  men  appeared  and 
the  college  continued  on  these  lines  until  the  union  with  the 
Ohio  Wesleyan  Female  College,  in  18^7.  In  those  years  co- 
education was  not  popular  and  the  thought  of  a  woman's  edu- 
cation being  on  the  same  plane  and  of  equal  dignity  with  that 
of  man,  had  not  taken  a  deep  hold  upon  the  public.  As  early 
as  1850  a  movement  for  the  education  of  young  women  was 
started  in  Delaware  by  Rev.  William  Grissell  and  wife.  This 
movement  was  abandoned  two  years  later  and  in  1853  ^^^^  prop- 
erty of  Mr.  Grissell  was  bought  and  'The  Ohio  Wesleyan  Fe- 
male College"  was  incorporated  by  twenty  men,  among  whom 
was  the  late  Prof.  William  G.  Williams,  so  long  identified  with 
the  university.  The  discussion  of  co-education  continued 
throughout  the  country  and  sentiment  steadily  changed  until  the 
Church  in  the  West  has  almost  unanimously  declared  for  the 
policy.  It  was  inevitable  that  the  union  should  come  and  in 
1877  the  Female  College  which  had  acquired  a  fine  property 
known  as  Monnett  Hall  with  a  body  of  more  than  four  hundred 
alumnae,  was  united  with  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  and 
then  began  the  most  vigorous  and  progressive  life  in  the  history 
of  the  two  movements. 

The  government  of  the  university  is  vested  in  a  board 
of  thirty-one  trustees,  the  president  of  the  university  being 
e.v-officio  a  member.     The  election  of  members   is  bv  five   an- 


456  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Pith  lie  at  ions. 

nual^onferences  and  the  Association  of  Alumni  and  the  term 
of  office  is  fixed  at  five  years.  This  keeps  the  management  of 
the  university  entirely  within  the  control  of  the  church. 

In  equipment  the  university  ranks  among  the  best  in  the 
Central  West.  The  buildings  are  modern  and  adequate;  the 
funds  have  increased  liberally ;  the  student  roll  steadily  increases 
and  the  faculty  is  able  and  progressive.  Few  denominational 
colleges  have  had  a  more  intimate  relation  to  the  church  and 
of  none  perhaps  could  it  be  said  that  the  helpful  influence  upon 
the  church  is  equal  to  that  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University. 
Her  alumni  are  found  in  all  lands  and  the  vigorous  Christian 
activity  maintained  has  commended  the  university  to  all  people 
interested  in  higher  Christian  education.  Her  service  to  the 
state  has  been  conspicuous  and  patriotic. 

6.       BALDWIN  UNIVERSITY  AND  GERMAN  WALLACE  COLLEGE,  BEREA, 
CUYAHOGA    COUNTY,    FOUNDED    1845. 

Baldwin  University  owes  its  existence  to  the  generosity  of 
Hon.  John  Baldwin,  who  gave  to  the  North  Ohio  Annual  Con- 
ference lands,  buildings  and  endowments.  Mr.  Baldwin  had 
come  to  Berea  a  young  man  without  property  and  located  upon 
lands  that  proved  to  be  exceedingly  valuable  owing  to  the  stone 
quarries,  among  which  were  stone  suitable  for  grindstones.  The 
proceeds  from  the  sale  of  grindstones  were  used  for  the  erection 
of  buildings. 

A  seminary  had  been  in  operation  at  Norwalk.  Mr.  Bald- 
win proposed  removal  and  offered  fifty  acres  of  land,  includ- 
ing most  of  the  grindstone  quarries,  and  promised  to  erect  a 
building  72x36,  to  be  finished  by  September,  1845.  I^  June, 
1845,  ^"'^  offered  fifty  lots  to  be  sold  at  a  fair  valuation  and  the 
proceeds  used  as  an  endowment.  This  offer  was  accepted.  Bald- 
win Institute  was  chartered  in  1845.  Ten  years  later,  acting 
upon  the  advice  of  the  Conference,  the  name  was  changed  to 
Baldwin  University.  The  quarries  have  made  it  possible  to 
erect  the  buildings  of  stone,  and  in  this  regard  the  university 
has  been  fortunate.  Its  buildings  are  superior.  The  institution 
was  begun  as  a  coeducational  institution  and  so  remains.     Its 


Ohio  Centennial.  457 

liistory  is  like  other  Ohio  Colleges  as  to  curriculum  and  general 
purposes.  In  1858  a  German  department  was  organized  with  a 
view  of  meeting  the  needs  of  the  German  Methodists.  In  1863 
it  was  organized  as  a  separate  institution  and  named  German 
Wallace  College,  in  honor  of  Hon.  James  Wallace,  who  gave 
the  first  building. 

By  a  cordial  co-operation  of  the  trustees  of  the  two  insti- 
tutions no  professorships  are  duplicated  and  the  professors  teach 
in  both  institutions.  Tuition  in  one  gives  full  rights  in  the 
other.  The  university  furnishes  instruction  in  Latin,  mathe- 
matics and  science,  while  the  college  furnishes  instruction  in 
German,  Greek  and  French. 

Efforts  have  been  made  at  different  times  to  widen  the 
scope  of  the  university  by  organizing  other  departments,  such 
as  pharmacy  and  latest  a  school  of  law.  These  efforts  have 
not  met  with  sufficient  success  to  make  them  form  an  im- 
portant part  of  the  history  of  the  institution.  The  fact  that 
Baldwin  is  one  of  the  several  Methodist  colleges  in  the  state 
makes  its  progress  and  growth  more  difficult  than  otherwise. 

7.       WITTENBERG    COLLEGE,    SPRINGFIELD,    CLARKE    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1845. 

The  charter  of  Wittenberg  College  was  granted  March 
II,  1845,  to  a  company  of  Lutheran  gentlemen  representing  that 
branch  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  known  as  the  Gen- 
■eral  Synod  of  the  United  States.  The  board  of  directors  re- 
ceived appointment  from  the  several  sustaining  synods.  It  is 
required  that  two  members  be  from  Clarke  County  and  pro- 
vision has  been  made  that  the  alumni  shall  have  two  members. 
Five  synods.  East  Ohio,  Miami,  Wittenberg,  Northern  Indiana 
and  Olive  Branch  Synod  elect  members.  There  are  forty-two 
members  reported  in  the  current  catalogue.  The  college  or- 
ganization includes  the  collegiate  department,  the  theological 
department,  the  Wittenberg  Academy,  the  School  of  Expres- 
sion and  the  Conservatory  of  Music.  The  college  has  a  beautiful 
campus  of  about  forty  acres  within  easy  reach  of  the  center 
of  Springfield  and  has  in  recent  years  made  substantial  growth 


458  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

% 
in  funds  and  equipment.  The  original  purpose  of  the  founders 
was  to  provide  education  for  the  sons,  and  daughters  of  the 
church  and  to  educate  the  ministry.  The  work  of  the  college 
has  been  broader  than  the  first  conception  without  losing  em- 
phasis upon  the  distinctive  principles  of  the  founders.  The 
students  come  chiefly  from  Indiana,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
where  Lutheran  churches  are  found.  The  faculty  numbers 
twelve  with  about  an  equal  number  of  instructors  not  ranking 
as  professors. 

8.      MT.  UNION  COLLEGE,  ALLIANCE,  STARK  COUNTY,  FOUNDED  1846. 

Mt.  Union'  College,  like  so  many  other  Ohio  colleges,  was  a 
growth.  Rev.  O.  N.  Hartshorn  started  in  humble  quarters  with 
a  school  of  six  in  1846.  The  members  increased  until  it  was 
believed  that  a  college  should  be  organized.  A  charter  was 
granted  March  11,  1853.  The  purpose  of  the  college,  as  set  forth 
in  the  charter  and  published  statements,  doubtless  expressed  the 
views  of  Dr.  Hartshorn  and  met  with  general  approval. 

Among  other  statements  are  these :  ''To  found  for  the  peo- 
ple a  cosmic  college,  where  any  person  may  economically  obtain 
a  thorough,  illustrative,  integral  instruction  in  any  needed  studies. 
To  enable  any  persons  of  either  sex  to  take  any  general  course, 
or  a  special  or  elective  course,  or  such  study  or  studies  in  any 
department  or  course  and  for  such  time  as  their  choice  and  life- 
character  may  need.  To  make  the  college  a  voluntary,  represen- 
tative, patriotic,  philanthropic,  Christian  and  progressive  institu- 
tion —  not  compulsorv,  sectarian,  antiquated,  arbitrary  or  par- 
tial." 

Among  the  leading  provisions  were  that  the  property  should 
be  held  in  trust ;  contributors  were  allowed  to  vote  for  trustees ; 
the  college  was  to  be  conducted  according  to  the  principles  of  the 
Christian  religion  as  revealed  in  the  Bible ;  the  college  was  not 
to  be  a  close  corporation,  but  trustees  were  to  be  elected  for  terms 
of  three  years,  and  the  college  was  to  rely  upon  voluntary  sup- 
port for  its  needs. 

Under  these  principles  the  school  began  its  history.  Thou- 
sands of  students  have  been  in  attendance,  the  majority,  how- 


Ohio  Cenienmal.  469^ 

ever,  not  continuing  until  graduation.  As  will  be  readily  seen,, 
the  college  aimed  to  be  a  public  institution  from  the  start,  but 
free  from  the  methods  of  the  close  corporation  and  the  strictly 
organized  denominational  college.  The  work  continued  until 
1864,  when  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  came  into  a  measure 
of  control  by  the  appointment  of  committees  of  supervision  and 
committees  of  visitation.  This  has  been  developed,  and  now 
the  Pittsburgh,  the  East  Ohio,  the  Erie,  the  West  Virginia  and 
North  Ohio  Conferences  unite  in  supervision  and  visitation. 
From  the  beginning  the  men  interested  in  organization  and  pro- 
motion have  been  predominatingly  Methodist.  The  names  of 
Lewis  Miller,  of  Akron ;  his  brother,  Jacob  Miller,  of  Canton ; 
William  McKinley,  Bishops  Gilbert  Haven,  Simpson,  Warren 
and  Vincent  sufficiently  indicate  the  quality  of  men  who  have 
had  supervision  in  recent  years. 

As  early  as  1850  the  college  organized  a  normal  department. 
The  organization  at  present  includes  the  collegiate  department, 
the  academic  department,  the  normal  department,  the  department 
of  oratory  and  physical  culture,  the  commercial  department,  the 
department  of  music,  and  the  department  of  fine  arts.  ,The  pat- 
ronage has  come  from  many  states,  but  chiefly  from  Western 
Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia  and  Ohio. 

9.      OTTERBEIN    UNIVERSITY,    WESTERVILLE,    FRANKLIN    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1847. 

This  institution,  located  at  Westerville,  Franklin  County, 
twelve  miles  north  of  Columbus,  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  con- 
viction that  the  denomination  should  educate  its  children.  The 
official  date  of  its  founding  is  April  26,  1847,  ^"<^'  ^s  proclaimed 
in  its  publications,  the  institution  is  owned  and  controlled  by 
the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ.  The  name  was 
taken  from  Phillip  William  Otterbein,  the  founder  of  the  church. 
In  1845  the  General  Conference  resolved,  (i)  that  proper  meas- 
ures be  adopted  to  establish  an  institution  of  learning;  and  (2) 
that  it  be  recommended  to  the  attention  of  the  annual  conferences. 
The  Miami  Conference  was  the  first  to  act,  March  3,  1846.  Sub- 
sequently other  annual  conferences  acted  favorably.     In  October 


460  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Pitblications 

i 

26,  1846,  the  Scioto  Conference  decided  upon  the  establishment 
of  an  institution,  purchased  the  Blendon  Young  Men's  Seminary, 
then  operated  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  invited  other 
conferences  to  co-operate,  and  on  April  26,  1847,  the  trustees 
appointed  by  the  Scioto  and  Sandusky  Conferences  met  and 
founded  the  "Otterbein  University  of  Ohio."  The  following 
September  the  school  was  opened  as  an  academy.  In  1849  the 
charter  was  granted  by  the  state  of  Ohio.  The  work  done  was 
that  of  an  academy  until  1854,  when  the  first  college  class  was 
formed.  In  1857  the  first  class,  consisting  of  two  ladies  —  Sarah 
Jane  Miller  and  Mary  Kate  Winter  —  was  graduated,  since  which 
time  no  year  has  passed  without  a  graduating  class. 

In  many  ways  Otterbein  is  a  typical  denominational  college. 
Its  origin  was  in  the  church ;  its  declared  purposes  was  to  further 
the  interests  of  the  church  through  the  education  of  her  children ; 
co-education  from  the  founding  was  heartily  approved,  and  the 
influence  of  the  college  upon  the  denomination  has  been  most 
beneficial.  Its  origin  was  at  a  time  when  the  denomination  was 
not  well  organized,  and  the  sentiment  in  the  church  was  in  many 
instances  hostile  to  the  cause  of  learning.  Nevertheless  the  early 
founders  saw  that  "regular  communicants  when  they  left  their 
homes  for  the  theatre  of  literary  training  were  in  a  large  major- 
ity of  instances  carried  away  by  the  force  of  surrounding  influ- 
ences, and  either  fell  into  the  ranks  of  other  denominations,  or 
else  made  shipwreck  of  their  faith,  and  were  thus  lost  to  the 
church."  It  is  significant,  also,  that  the  founding  of  the  college 
was  followed  by  the  more  complete  organization  of  the  church 
in  its  enterprises  for  missions.  Sabbath  Schools,  theological  edu- 
cation, church  extension  and  other  agencies  for  the  promotion 
of  the  interests  of  the  denominations.  The  direct  and  indirect 
benefits  of  the  college  to  the  denomination  have  been  many  times 
the  value  of  its  property  and  endowment,  a  fact  not  clearly  appre- 
ciated either  by  the  church  or  the  public.  Like  all  other  schools 
its  influence  has  not  been  confined  to  the  church.  A  creditable 
proportion  of  the  alumni  have  entered  the  ministry,  but  with  the 
growth  of  the  college  increasing  numbers  have  gone  into  the 
various  callings  of  life  and  have  influenced  their  surroundings 
for  better  thinsfs. 


Ohio  Centennial.  461 

The  university  has  survived  the  early  struggles  against 
poverty  and  indifference;  has  suffered  from  loss  by  fire  in  1870; 
has  defeated  the  project  of  removal  from  the  present  location, 
and  meantime  has  kept  its  roll  of  students  quite  in  advance  of 
the  growth  of  the  denomination.  Its  buildings  are  in  good  con- 
dition ;  its  faculty  and  trustees  are  active,  and  prospects  for  future 
growth  as  bright  as  ever  in  its  history.  Like  all  other  colleges 
in  Ohio  its  needs  are  always  in  advance  of  its  supply,  but  a  wise 
use  of  limited  funds  has  produced  such  results  as  to  commend 
it  most  heartily  to  the  church  and  to  benevolently  disposed  cit- 
izens. 

10.       HIRAM    COLLEGE,    HIRAM,    PORTAGE    COUNTY,    FOUNDED    185O. 

In  1840  Alexander  Campbell,  of  wide  repute  among  the 
people  known  as  the  Disciples,  had  founded  Bethany  College, 
Bethany,  West  Virginia.  At  that  time  this  was  the  only  col- 
lege of  that  denomination  in  the  country.  In  the  Western  Re- 
serve a  considerable  proportion  of  the  population  were  of  the 
Disciple  faith.  In  1849  ^^  a  yearly  meeting  held  at  Russell, 
Geauga  County,  Mr.  A.  L.  Soule,  a  leading  member  of  the 
church,  invited  those  interested  to  meet  at  his  home  on  June  12th. 
A  number  of  gentlemen  met,  and  after  discussion,  agreed  to  take 
steps  toward  founding  a  school. 

Mr.  A.  S.  Hayden,  the  secretary,  was  instructed  to  prepare 
an  address  to  the  churches  and  invite  them  to  send  delegates  to  a 
later  meeting.  This  was  done,  and  a  meeting  held  at  North 
Bloomfield,  August,  1849.  The  enthusiasm  increased,  and  at  a 
third  meeting  at  Ravenna,  October  3d,  the  question  was  regarded 
as  practically  settled,  save  the  two  items  of  location  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  school.  It  was  decided  in  favor  of  an  institute  as 
against  a  college,  although  a  strong  feeling  existed  for  a  college. 
Rival  locations  competed  for  the  school.  While  the  delegation 
was  visiting  Hiram,  and  attention  was  being  called  to  the  springs, 
the  healthfulness  and  other  attractions,  the  township  physician, 
lean  and  lank,  rode  by.  It  happened  that  his  horse  was  leaner 
and  lanker.  Someone  said,  "A  township  that  can't  afford  sickness 
enough  to  keep  a  doctor  better  than  that  is  just  the  place  for  the 
school."     Tradition  does  not  say  that  this  decided  the  issue,  but 


462  %         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

the  fact  is  that  on  the  thirteenth  ballot  Hiram  won  the  decision, 
and  the  institute  was  located.  At  the  last  meeting  of  the  dele- 
gates, December  20,  1849,  ^he  name  of  "Western  Reserve  Eclec- 
tic Institute"  was  chosen,  and  the  articles  of  incorporation  drawn. 
The  charter  was  approved  by  the  legislature  March  i,  1850.  The 
first  meeting  of  the  board  under  the  charter  was  held  May  7, 
1850.  The  first  building  was  erected  during  1850,  and  the  first 
session  of  the  school  began  November  27,  1850.  From  the  char- 
ter we  learn  the  object  to  be  "instruction  of  youth  of  both  sexes 
in  the  various  branches  of  literature  and  science,  especially  of 
moral  science  as  based  on  the  facts  and  precepts  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures."  The  late  Dr.  B.  A.  Hinsdale  has  stated  the  objects 
of  the  college  more  specifically  as  — 

1.  To  provide  a  sound  scientific  and  literary  education. 

2.  To  temper  and  sweeten  such  education  with  moral  and 
Scriptural  knowledge. 

3.  To  educate  young  men  for  the  ministry. 

One  peculiar  belief  of  the  Disciples  was  that  the  Bible  had 
been  obscured  through  theological  speculations  and  debates  and 
their  movement  was  a  revolt  from  the  formalism  of  the  creeds 
to  a  simpler  life  based  on  the  Scriptures.  This  added  to  their 
desire  to  emphasize  its  importance  in  education. 

The  institute  opened  with  eighty-four  students,  and  grew 
in  favor  until  in  a  short  time  there  were  as  many  as  three  hun- 
dred in  attendance  in  a  single  term.  On  February  20,  1867,  the 
name  was  changed  to  Hiram  College,  and  the  work  of  the  college 
dates  from  August  31,  1867.  In  1872  the  charter  was  amended 
so  as  to  increase  the  number  of  trustees  to  twenty-four.  By  pro- 
vision of  the  charter  the  trustees  are  elected  by  stockholders  for 
a  term  of  three  years.  In  this  respect  Hiram  is  not  exactly  par- 
alleled by  any  other  Ohio  college.  The  system  has  worked  well. 
The  college  maintains  a  collegiate  department,  a  preparatory  de- 
partment and  a  conservatory  of  music.  In  recent  years  substantial 
development  has  been  made  in  buildings,  equipment  and  funds. 
The  college  is  on  a  firm  footing.  A  most  satisfactory  history  is 
found  in  the  semi-centennial  volume  —  Hiram  College  —  pre- 
pared by  F.  M.  Green,  of  Kent,  and  published  in  1901. 


Ohio  Centennial.  463 


11.  URBANA     UNIVERSITY,     URBANA,     CHAMPAIGN     COUNTY, 

FOUNDED    1850. 

This  institution  was  founded  by  the  members  and  friends  of 
the  New  Church,  commonly  known  as  the  Swedenborgian.  The 
charter  by  the  legislature  bears  the  date  of  March  7,  1850.  It  was 
"designated  to  encourage  and  promote  the  diffusion  of  knowledge 
in  the  branches  of  academic,  scientific  and  exegetic  instruction, 
and  to  combine  therewith  instruction  in  the  productive  arts  and 
the  practice  of  rural  economy;  which  shall  be  under  the  man- 
agement and  direction  of  persons  known  and  recognized  as  be- 
longing to  the  New  Church  and  attached  to  the  principles  there- 
of." The  purpose  is  further  declared  to  be  that  "the  university 
"shall  be  forever  under  the  management  and  direction  of  the 
New  Church,  with  the  purpose  that  it  may  not  only  cultivate  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences,  but  that  it  may  also  perform  a  use  to  the 
New  Church  in  cultivating  and  developing  the  philosophy  and 
theology  of  the  New  Jerusalem."  This  object,  it  is  affirmed,  has 
been  kept  steadily  in  view  during  the  existence  of  the  university. 
Students  are  thoroughly  instructed  in  the  doctrines  of  the  New 
Church.  The  university  maintains  a  collegiate  department,  a 
preparatory  department  and  a  primary  and  grammar  department. 

The  university  has  some  scholarship  funds  for  needy  stu- 
dents and  some  valuable  property.  The  constituency  is  not  large 
in  Ohio,  and  the  attendance  has  been  correspondingly  small. 
-Eight  persons  are  engaged  in  the  faculty. 

12.  HEIDELBERG     UNIVERSI-TY,      TIFFIN,     SENECA     COUNTY, 

FOUNDED    1850. 

Heidelberg  University  owes  its  name  and  origin  to  the  Ohio 
Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States.  Its  gov- 
•ernment  is  by  a  board  of  twenty-four  regents  elected  in  four 
'Classes  for  the  term  of  four  years  by  the  Ohio  Synod.  The  school 
was  opened  in  rented  rooms  November,  1850,  and  the  charter 
granted  to  Heidelberg  College  February  13,  185 1.  The  first 
building  was  begun  in  1850  and  completed  in  1853.  In  March, 
1890,  the  articles  of  incorporation  were  amended  changing  the 


464  A  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Public  at  ions.  ■ 

name  to  Heidelberg  University,  and  the  title  of  the  trustees  to 
that  of  "Board  of  Regents."  The  amended  articles  were  filed 
with  the  secretary  of  state  March  28,  1890. 

Many  Ohio  colleges  have  grown  out  of  local  needs.  Heidel- 
berg grew  out  of  a  conviction  that  the  denomination  should  have 
an  educational  center  where  the  churches  might  send  their  young 
people,  and  where  under  church  direction  the  needed  education 
could  be  furnished.  In  developing  the  plan  a  theological  sem- 
inary was  also  established  as  early  as  1850.  The  charter  was 
granted  in  1836,  and  the  seminary  was  moved  from  place  to 
place  until  in  1850  it  was  permanently  located  at  Tiffin.  The  in- 
terests of  the  college  and  the  seminary  are  one ;  the  constituency 
is  largely  the  same.  It  is  but  natural  that  the  relations  should 
be  close,  cordial  and  mutually  helpful. 

The  present  organization  of  the  university  provides  for  the 
college  of  liberal  arts,  the  academy,  the  conservatory  of  music, 
the  art  department,  the  commercial  department,  the  department 
of  pedagogy  and  the  department  of  oratory  and  art  of  expression. 

The  university  at  the  beginning  had  a  comprehensive  plan, 
looking  toward  classical,  scientific,  teachers'  and  farmers'  courses, 
but  gradually  changed  to  meet  the  conditions  as  they  arose.  The 
idea  of  manual  training  and  education  for  farmers  did  not  long 
continue  in  any  of  the  colleges  where  they  were  undertaken, 
chiefly  because  they  were  expensive  and  not  in  popular  demand. 
The  university  has  rendered  valuable  service  to  the  church  and. 
stands  as  the  exponent  of  the  best  ideals  in  the  Reformed  Church 
in  Ohio. 

13.      CAPITAL   UNIVERSITY,    COLUMBUS,    FRANKLIN   COUNTY^ 
FOUNDED     1850. 

This  university  is  the  lineal  descendant  of  the  German  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Seminary  founded  in  1830  by  the  Evangelical. 
Lutheran  Synod  of  Ohio,  and  incorporated  January  30,  1834. 
Prior  to  this  time  but  two  other  seminaries  had  been  organized, 
the  Hartwick  Seminary,  in  Otsego  County,  New  York,  and  the 
Gettysburg  Seminary,  in  Pennsylvania.  The  rapid  flow  of  settle- 
ment to  the  West  led  to  the  conviction  that  a  start  should  be  made 
toward  the  education  of  a  ministry  for  the  German  people.     In 


Ohio  Centennial.  465 

1828  Rev.  William  Schmidt,  a  graduate  of  Halle,  Germany,  be- 
gan in  his  own  house  in  Canton,  Ohio,  the  instruction  of  six  stu- 
dents. In  the  following  year  a  board  of  management  was  elected. 
In  1 83 1  in  accordance  with  a  resolution  adopted  by  the  synod, 
the  seminary  was  removed  to  Columbus,  where  fourteen  acres 
in  the  south  end  of  the  city  had  been  secured.  In  January,  1833, 
the  building  was  so  far  completed  as  to  be  occupied.  Here  the 
seminary  lived  until  in  1850,  when  a  new  location  on  the  north 
side  of  the  city  near  Goodale  Park  was  secured  for  Capital  Uni- 
versity. Capital  University  was  incorporated  March  2,  1850. 
This  act  also  provided  that  the  Seminary  should  become  a  part 
of  the  university,  with  the  provisions  that  the  funds  should  not 
be  diverted  from  theological  education,  and  that  the  act  of  1834 
incorporating  the  seminary,  was  not  by  this  act  repealed.  Cap- 
ital University  thus  began  in  1850  as  a  literary  and  theological 
institution,  and  was  under  the  patronage  of  the  same  church  as 
the  seminary  had  been. 

On  March  30,  1857,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature 
which  changed  the  quorum  of  the  board  from  twelve  to  seven 
members  and  repealed  section  4.  This  section  related  to  the  con- 
stitution of  the  board  of  trustees  and  the  act  of  1857  provided — 
''that  the  trustees  of  said  seminary,  mentioned  in  the  preamble 
of  the  said  act,  together  with  three  citizens  of  Columbus,  to  be 
statedly  chosen  by  said  trustees,  shall  from  and  after  the  pas- 
sage of  this  act  constitute  the  board  of  trustees  of  said  Capital 
University ;  provided  that  until  the  further  action  of  the  trustees 
of  said  seminary  the  said  three  citizens  of  Columbus  in  said  board 
shall  be  Lincoln  Goodale,  Robert  Neil  and  William  Dennison,  Jr. 
This  gave  the  university  a  board  of  fifteen  trustees,  three  of 
whom  were  to  be  residents  of  Columbus.  These  are  now  chosen 
from  among  the  Lutherans  of  the  city,  so  that  the  control  is  com- 
pletely in  the  hands  of  the  synod  through  its  chosen  representa- 
tives. 

In  1853  the  new  building  near  Goodale  Park  was  dedicated. 
Here  the  university  continued  until  in  1876  when  it  was  re- 
moved to  the  present  location  about  three  miles  east  of  the  state 
capitol,  just  south  of  Main   Street.     The  universitv  now  main- 

30  —  o.  c. 


466  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

tains  preparatory,  classical,  scientific  and  theological  courses.  In 
the  announcement  we  read — "While  the  chief  purpose  has  been 
and  still  is  to  serve  as  a  feeder  to  the  theological  seminary,  the 
institution  seeks  also  to  prepare  men  for  other  professions  by 
offering  them  a  truly  liberal  education  on  the  basis  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  God's  Word.  Instruction  in  this  Word  accordingly 
constitutes  a  regular  part  of  the  curriculum,  but  it  is  not  obliga- 
tory for  those  whose  parents  or  guardians  desire  to  have  them  ex- 
'X:used.  For  practical  reasons  special  attention  is  paid  to  German, 
the  majority  of  the  congregations  of  the  synod  for  whom  the 
institution  aims  to  prepare  pastors  being  entirely  or  partly  -Ger- 
man." 

14.       WILBERFORCE    UNIVERSITY,     WILBERFORCE,     GREEXE     COUNTY, 
FOUNDED   1856. 

The  earliest  effort  toward  higher  education  for  the  negro  in 
'Dhio  was  at  Union  Seminary,  twelve  miles  west  of  Columbus  in 
Franklin  County.  This  movement  began  with  the  appointment 
of  a  committee  September  21,  1844, -by  the  Ohio  Conference  of  the 
-African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  One  hundred  and  seventy- 
two  acres  of  land  were  purchased  and  the  seminary  opened. 
On  September  28,  1853,  the  Cincinnati  Conference  of  the  M.  E. 
Church  appointed  a  committee  on  the  education  of  the  negro 
and  this  committee  reported  in  favor  of  the  "establishment  of  a 
iiterary  institution  of  high  order  for  the  education  of  the  colored 
people  generally."  In  May,  1856,  "Tawawa  Springs,"  a  summer 
resort  wdiich  had  been  improved  at  a  cost  of  $40,000,  was  bought 
and  a  location  was  fixed  for  Wilberforce  University.  By  an  agree- 
ment the  M.  E.  and  A.  M.  E.  Conferences  of  Ohio  entered  into  a 
cooperative  management  of  the  institution.  It  was  incorporated 
August  30,  1856,  and  a  board  of  trustees  selected.  In  October, 
1856,  the  school  was  opened.  It  continued  with  commendable 
progress  under  this  management  until  March  10,  18.63,  when 
Bishop  D.  A.  Payne  purchased  the  property  for  $10,000  and  as- 
sociated with  him  Rev.  James  A.  Shorter  and  Professor  John  G. 
Mitchell,  Bishop  Payne  becoming  president.  It  was  specifically 
stated  in  the  transfer  that  these  men  were  acting  for  the  A.  M.  E. 
Church.     The  property  of  Union  Seminary  in  Franklin  County 


Ohio  Centennial.  467 

was  sold  and  efforts  concentrated  at  Wilberforce.  The  uni- 
versity was  then  incorporated  and  a  charter  secured.  This  pro- 
vided that  two-thirds  of  the  Board  should  always  be  members  of 
the  A.  M.  E.  Church.  The  charter  was  granted  in  the  name  of 
the  A.  M.  E.  Church.  July  3,  1863,  the  school  was  reopened  under 
the  new  management.  In  1865  through  the  work  of  incendiaries 
the  building  was  utterly  destroyed  by  fire.  This  was  a  calamity 
that  brought  distress  to  the  friends  and  rejoicing  to  the  enemies. 
The  date  will  not  soon  be  forgotten  as  it  was  the  day  of  the  assas- 
sination of  President  Lincoln.  Efforts  were  renewed  and  the 
school  sustained.  In  1870  Congress  appropriated  $25,000;  Chief 
Justice  Salmon  P.  Chase  bequeathed  $10,000;  the  Charles  Avery 
estate  added  $10,000;  The  American  Unitarian  Association  gave 
$6,000,  for  lectures.  The  school  steadily  grew  in  numbers  and 
property. 

In  1866  the  theological  department  was  opened  and  on  June 
18,  1891,  the  reorganization  took  place  which  resulted  in  the 
Payne  Theological  Seminary  of  Wilberforce.  The  scientific  de- 
partment was  opened  in  1867  and  the  normal  in  1872. 

In  1887  the  legislature  of  Ohio  established  a  combined  nor- 
mal and  industrial  department  and  made  appropriations  for  its 
support.  This  department  is  governed  by  a  board  of  nine  trus- 
tees, five  of  whom  are  appointed  by  the  governor  and  four  by  the 
university  board.  In  1896  the  legislature  made  the  provision 
more  permanent  by  placing  the  university  on  the  state  levy. 
Some  new  buildings  have  been  erected  and  additional  land  bought 
for  the  purpose  of  providing  instruction  in  scientific  agriculture. 
The  buildings  and  property  are  valued  at  $200,000.  There  is  an 
endowment  of  $28,000.  In  1900  there  had  been  6,756  negroes  in 
attendance.  Three  hundred  and  fifty-eight  had  graduated  from 
the  literary  course  and  259  from  the  industrial  department. 

15.       SCIO    COLLEGE,    SCIO,    HARRISON    COUNTY,    FOUNDED    1 857. 

This  college  began  as  Rural  Seminary  in  1857  at  Harlem 
Springs  but  was  soon  removed  to  New  Market,  now  Scio,  and  in- 
corporated as  New  Market  College.  After  continuing  on  the  old 
lines  the  school  in  1875  changed  its  methods  and  name  to  corre- 
spond and  was  known  as  "The  One   Study  University."    This 


468  ^  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

novel  plan  attracted  attention  and  had  some  advantages  not  as 
readily  recognized  in  the  days  before  electives  as  would  be  at  the 
present  day.  On  the  whole,  however,  the  plan  did  not  satisfy.  The 
college  spirit  as  well  as  college  traditions  could  not  thrive  and 
many  disappointments  were  met.  In  1877  the  college  was  reor- 
ganized as  Scio  College  and  returned  to  former  methods.  At  this, 
reorganization  the  college  passed  under  the  control  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church.  The  organization  includes  the  collegiate 
department,  the  department  of  pharmacy,  the  department  of 
music,  the  commercial  department,  the  department  of  oratory, 
the  art  department,  and  the  normal  department.  The  aim  of 
the  college  as  set  forth  in  its  published  statements  and  illustrated 
in  its  work  is  "to  give  such  a  thorough  Christian  training  as  will 
amply  fit  students  to  discharge  creditably  their  duties  in  life, 
whether  they  intend  to  enter  business  or  follow  a  profession. 
More  than  two  hundred  of  the  alumni  have  entered  the  ministrv 
chiefly  in  the  Methodist  Church. 

16.       THE    UNIVERSITY     OF     WOOSTER,     WOOSTER,     WAYNE     COUNTY, 
FOUNDED   1866. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  was  the  last  among  the  larger  de- 
nominations in  Ohio  to  organize  for  higher  Christian  education. 
This  was  not  in  keeping  with  the  historic  position  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  with  respect  to  education.  The  reasons  for  the 
delay  in  Ohio  are  not  easily  discovered.  It  must  be  recognized 
that  the  division  into  Old  and  New  School  parties  in  1837  did  not 
help  the  cause.  This  division  remained  until  1870.  Prior  to  this 
time  the  need  of  a  denominational  college  was  felt  throughout 
the  church.  The  war  and  the  discussion  looking  to  reunion  were 
uppermost  in  the  thought  of  the  church.  During  these  earlier 
years  Presbyterians  had  affiliated  and  supported  Western  Reserve 
College  in  the  North,  Marietta  and  Miami  in  the  South,  and  in 
other  instances  had  local  attachments.  To  this  day  these  attach- 
ments are  not  entirely  broken.  However  the  discussion  con- 
tinued and  immediately  after  the  close  of  the  war  men  became 
active  in  the  cause.  It  is  a  happy  coincidence  that  the  year  of  the 
union  of  Old  and  New  Schools  should  be  the  opening  year  of  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  469 

university  that  was  in  the  future  to  be  the  strongest  bond  among 
all  the  churches. 

In  1866  the  synods  of  Ohio,  Cincinnati  and  Sandusky  united 
in  an  action  founding  the  University  of  VVooster.  The  charter 
was  dated  December  18,  1866.  When  the  reunion  came  in  1870 
the  then  existing  synods  of  both  the  Old  and  New  Schools  were 
consolidated  into  the  four  synods  .of  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Cleve- 
land and  Toledo.  These  became  the  legal  successors  to  their 
predecessors  and  the  formal  relation  to  Wooster  was  established. 
However  the  former  attachments  so  far  as  individuals  w^ere  con- 
cerned were  continued.  The  reunion  had  the  effect  of  uniting 
the  Presbyterians  of  the  state  but  the  four  synods  left  Wooster 
more  to  the  care  of  the  synod  of  Columbus  in  whose  bounds  the 
university  was  located.  In  1882  the  four  synods  were  consoli- 
dated into  the  Synod  of  Ohio  and  at  the  first  meeting  held  that 
year  in  Columbus  the  report  of  the  trustees  was  received  and  the 
university  unanimously  endorsed.  After  the  university  had  been 
chartered,  work  was  begun  to  raise  the  funds  necessary  for  the 
beginning.  The  corner-stone  of  the  first  building  was  laid  in 
1868  and  by  1869  sufficient  endowment  had  been  secured  to  war- 
rant the  opening  of  the  school.  In  September,  1870,  the  doors 
were  opened  and  six  persons  graduated  in  the  first  class  in  1871. 

The  organization  at  the  outset  was  by  a  board  of  self-per- 
petuating trustees,  but  in  1901  a  new^  charter  w^as  adopted  which 
provides  that  the  election  of  trustees  shall  be  by  the  Synod  of 
Ohio.  The  alumni  are  given  the  privilege  each  year  of  nomin- 
ating two  of  their  number  to  the  synod.  The  board  consists  of 
thirty  trustees  in  three  classes  elected  for  the  term  of  three  years. 
The  president  of  the  university  is  ex-oificio  a  member  of  the 
board.  The  title  to  the  property  now  vests  in  the  synod,  thus 
making  the  ownership  and  control  completely  in  the  ecclesiastical 
body  having  jurisdiction  over  the  entire  state. 

The  object  of  the  university  as  set  forth  in  the  charter  is: 
"the  promotion  of  sound  learning  and  education  under  religious 
influences."  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  board  of  trustees  the 
following  resolutions  showing  their  spirit  were  adopted :  — 

Resolved,  That  we  enter  upon  the  work  of  establishing  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wooster  with  the  single  purpose  of  glorifying  God  and  pro- 


470   #         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

moting  sanctified  education,  and  thus  furthering  the  interests  of  the  church 
and   its  extension   over   the   whole   earth. 

Resolved,  That  we  will  in  every  way  possible  strive  to  imbue  all 
our  operations  with  the  spirit  of  Christianity  and  bring  religious  influence 
and  instruction  to  bear  earnestly  upon  all  who  may  be  connected  with 
the  institution. 

In  October,  1870,  a  medical  department  was  opened  in  Cleve- 
land and  continued  until  1896.  The  preparatory  department  was 
opened  in  1872.  The  graduate  school  was  organized  September 
1 88 1  but  arrangements  are  now  made  to  close  it  when  present 
matriculates  have  completed  their  work.  The  musical  depart- 
ment was  organized  in  1882  and  the  school  of  art  in  1895. 

The  great  trial  came  December  11,  1901,  when  the  original 
main  building  was  burned.  This  was  regarded  a  great  calamity 
but  proved  to  be  an  unmeasured  blessing  as  it  made  friends  and 
affection  not  known  before.  In  twelve  months  to  a  day  the  uni- 
versity had  raised  over  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  and  com- 
pleted five  buildings  making  one  of  the  most  modern  and  com- 
plete college  plants,  with  the  chapel  and  library  that  remained 
from  the  fire,  to  be  found  in  the  Central  West.  The  university 
is  now  well  organized  in  buildings,  faculty  and  equipment  to  do 
the  work  asigned  to  it.  But  one  thing  remains — to  furnish  added 
endowment  and  grow  up  with  the  demands  of  the  future  as  they 
come. 

17.       OHIO    NORTHERN    UNIVERSITY,    ADA,    HARDIN    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED   1 87 1. 

The  founder  of  this  institution  was  its  first  president,  H.  S. 
Lehr.  In  1866  he  came  to  Ada  to  teach  in  the  village  schools 
and  made  a  provision  by  which  he  might  have  the  use  of  the 
school  buildings  during  the  vacation  period.  If  his  venture  in 
securing  a  constituency  proved  successful  the  vicinity  was  to 
aid  in  the  erection  of  buildings  suitable  for  normal  school  pur- 
poses. After  four  years  he  had  120  non-resident  students.  A 
movement  was  begun  for  a  new  building  which  was  formally 
opened  August  11,  1871,  with  an  enrollment  of  147  pupils.  In 
1875  the  Northwestern  Normal  School  then  located  at  Fostoria 
was  consolidated  with  the  school  at  Ada  under  the  name  of  the 
latter — the  Northwestern  Ohio  Normal  School.     The  institution 


Ohio  Centennial.  471 

being  owned  by  the  faculty  continued  as  a  proprietary  school  until 
1885.  On  May  21st  of  that  year  it  was  incorporated  under  the 
laws  of  Ohio  as  an  institution  not  for  profit  as  the  "Ohio  Normal 
University."  In  1898  at  Sidney,  Ohio,  tne  board  of  trustees  sold 
the  real  estate  and  personal  property  belonging  to  the  university 
to  the  Central  Ohio  Conference,  from  which  time  it  is  to  be  classed 
among  the  denominational  colleges,  Presiden«t  H.  S.  Lehr  retired 
from  the  active  management  at  the  close  of  the  year  1901-02 
after  forty  years  of  service  as  a  teacher  and  leader  in  education. 
The  institution  has  grown  up  around  the  idea  of  President 
Lehr  that  a  person  should  have  an  opportunity  to  begin  improve- 
ment wdienever  he  is  ready.  He  sought  to  make  the  school  an 
open  V  opportunity  to  all  classes  at  all  times.  He  did  not  favor 
the  rigidity  of  the  public  schools  and  colleges  for  all  schools. 
He  believed  that  some  place  every  student  should  find  a  chance  to- 
go  to  work.  The  result  was  that  many  hundreds  found  the  Ohio- 
Normal  University  an  open  door  when  other  schools  were  closed 
to  them.  The  enrollment  has  gone  beyond  three  thousand  dif- 
ferent students  in  a  single  year.  The  faculty  has  always  worked 
in  harmony  with  the  prevailing  ideas  of  the  president  and  stu- 
dents have  been  enthusiastic  in  support.  The  school  has  always 
lived  without  endowment.  Numerous  departments  are  organized, 
the  most  important,  however,  being  the  normal.  In  addition  to 
these  may  be  mentioned  the  literary,  the  commercial,  pharmacy, 
engineering  and  law.  In  July,  1903,  the  name  was  changed  to 
Ohio  Northern  University. 

18.       BUCHTEL    COLLEGE,    AKRON,    SUMMIT    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1870. 

The  Ohio  State  Convention  of  Universalists  in  1867  adopted 
a  report  looking  to  the  founding  of  a  seminary.  In  1868  a 
report  was  unanimously  adopted  to  establish  an  academy.  In 
1869  the  action  was  reconsidered  and  a  movement  to  organize 
a  college  authorized.  The  board  of  the  convention  and  the 
committee  on  education  in  joint  session  in  Columbus,  February 
16,  1870,  fixed  the  location  at  Akron,  provided  the  sum  of 
$60,000  was  legally  secured  to  the  convention.     May  31,   1870, 


472  A  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

the  report  was  made  that  the  money  had  been  secured.  After 
the  necessary  preHminary  steps  had  been  taken,  Buchtel  Col- 
lege, named  in  honor  of  Hon.  John  R.  Buchtel,  whose  gen- 
erous gifts  had  made  the  college  possible,  was  incorporated. 
The  organization  provided  that  the  original  incorporators  should 
elect  a  board  of  eighteen  trustees,  five  of  whom  should  always 
be  residents  of  Summit  County,  and  that  after  the  first  elec- 
tion of  trustees  the  Ohio  State  Convention  of  Universalists 
should  annually  nominate  at  least  fifteen  persons,  from  whom 
the  acting  trustees  should  fill  vacancies.  The  board  at  present 
consists  of  eighteen  members  in  three  classes,  elected  for  the 
term  of  three  years. 

Upon  completing  the  organization  steps  were  taken  for 
the  erection  of  a  suitable  building  and  the  cornerstone  was 
laid  July  4,  1871,  the  principal  address  being  delivered  by  Horace 
Greeley.  On  September  22,  1872,  Rev.  S.  H.  McCallister  was 
inaugurated  the  first  president  and  the  college  opened  with  an 
enrollment  in  all  departments  for  the  year  of  217.  From  the 
beginning  lUichtel  has  been  a  co-educational  institution  and 
experience  has  produced  no  substantial  argument  for  abandon- 
ing the  practice.  The  college  maintains  collegiate  and  academic 
departments  with  a  school  of  music  and  a  school  of  art. 

Hon.  John  R.  Buchtel  repeatedly  expressed  his  faith  in  the 
college  by  large  gifts  of  money  and  real  estate.  Other  friends 
have  followed  in  his  course  generously.  The  college  announces 
six  endowed  professorships,  fifty-two  perpetual  scholarships  and 
other  memorial  funds.  In  1889  the  college  suffered  severe  loss 
by  fire,  but  new  and  more  modern  buildings  soon  replaced  the 
old  ones.  Tlie  college  now  has  six  buildings  and  is  well  equipped 
for  collegiate  instruction. 

19.       Wn.M  1X(.T()N    COLLEGi:,    WILMINGTON,    CIJNTOX    COUNTY. 
FOUNDEO    1870. 

Wilmington  College  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  movement  to 
establish  a  college  at  Tuppers  Plains,  Meigs  County,  to  be 
known  as  Franklin  College,  which  was  afterward  removed  to 
Wilmington.  The  meeting  to  establish  Franklin  College  in 
Meigs  County  was  in  January.   1863,  where  a  constitution  was 


Ohio  Centennial.  473 

drafted.  In  1863  Franklin  College  was  incorporated  under  the 
auspices  of  gentlemen  representing  the  Christian  denomination. 
In  1865  a  proposal  to  remove  the  college  to  Wilmington  was 
received  from  certain  citizens  of  that  place  in  which  a  suitable 
iDuilding  was  promised.  The  offer  was  accepted.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1866,  the  present  site  of  Wilmington  College  was  pur- 
chased for  the  sum  of  $3,881.25.  By  the  following  December 
the  building  was  so  near  completion  that  plans  were  made  for 
•opening  the  school.  The  Garvin  brothers  took  charge,  looking 
to  receipts  from  tuition  alone  for  compensation.  The  school 
■continued  with  reasonable  success  until  1868.  when  the  man- 
agers, unable  to  complete  the  building,  were  obliged  to  let  it  go 
to  sale  to  meet  the  indebtedness. 

At  this  point  some  friends  of  the  Center  Quarterly  Meet- 
ing having  been  interested  in  the  movement,  proposed  to  pur- 
chase the  property  and  establish  a  college  under  the  manage- 
ment of  the  three  quarterly  meetings,  constituting  the  Wilming- 
ton Yearly  Meeting.  This  resulted  in  the  purchase  of  the 
property,  the  repair  of  the  buildings  and  tlie  appointment  of 
three  trustees  by  each  of  the  three  quarterly  meetings,  viz. : 
Fairfield,  Center  and  Miami,  and  a  board  of  managers  of  six 
from  each  of  the  above  quarterly  meetings.  The  board  of 
managers  were  to  have  charge  under  the  direction  of  the  quar- 
terly meetings,  and  have  power  to  employ  teachers  and  have 
general  oversight  of  the  school.  At  the  same  time  the  name 
was  changed  to  Wilmington  College.  Under  this  management 
the  building  was  completed  and  the  school  opened  April  nth, 
1 87 1,  under  the  leadership  of  Lewis  A.  Estes.  The  first  year 
148   students   were   enrolled.     The   college   was   incorporated   in 

1875- 

At  present  the  college  is  under  the  government  of  the 
board  of  managers  and  the  .board  of  trustees  as  a  joint  board 
of  control.  Although  Wilmington  Yearly  Meeting  has  no  legal 
relation,  nevertheless  the  reports  of  the  college  are  read  and 
the  interests  considered  at  the  annual  meeting,  which  gives  its 
cordial  support  to  the  enterprise.  The  college  is  free  from 
debt  and  has  accumulated  some  endowment. 


474  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

20.      RIO    GRANDE    COLLEGE,    RIO    GRANDE,    GALLIA    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1876. 

This  institution  owes  its  existence  to  the  benevolence  of 
Mr.  Nehemiah  Atwood  and  his  wife,  ParmeHa  Atwood.  These 
people  married  in  18 19,  spent  their  entire  lives  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  college  which  they  established.  After  becoming-  iden- 
tified with  the  Free  Will  Baptist  Church  and  interested  in  the 
church  enterprises  the  thought  of  giving  their  fortune  to  found 
a  college  for  the  church  became  increasingly  attractive.  Being 
without  children,  both  felt  that  an  opportunity  was  before  them 
to  perpetuate  the  usefulness  of  what  they  had  accumulated. 
Mr.  Atwood's  death  occurred  in  December,  1869,  before  the 
plans  had  been  matured.  Mrs.  Atwood,  however,  did  not  desert 
the  plan,  but  developed  it.  A  campus  was  selected  and  the 
first  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $17,000.00. 

On  November  i,  1875,  a  meeting  w^as  held  at  Gallipolis 
for  the  purpose  of  legal  organization.  In  the  articles  adopted 
they  declare  their  belief  "that  a  sound  education,  based  upon 
Christian  principles  and  ethics,  is  necessary  to  the  development 
and  support  of  our  religious  institutions  and  the  present  and 
future  Vx-elfare  of  our  race,"  and  resolve-  "to  establish  an  in- 
stitution of  learning  at  Rio  Grande,  in  Gallia  County  and  State 
of  Ohio,  and  having  received  pledges  from  Mrs.  Parmelia 
Wood  to  the  amount  of  over  $50,000  and  the  positive  payment 
of  over  $20,000  from  the  same  party,  do  hereby  adopt  the  fol- 
lowing articles  of  association."  Another  article  declared  the 
college  was  founded  "to  promote  Christian  education"  and  to 
jL^ive  imder  Christian  influence  a  scientific,  literary  and  clas- 
sical education.  The  charter  requires  that  two-thirds  of  the 
members  of  the  board  of  trustees  shall  be  members  of  the 
Free  Will  Baptist  Church  and  forbids  any  change  in  the  consti- 
tution that  would  alter  its  denominational  control.  The  college 
has  full  denominational  recognition  and  standing,  having  l^een  en- 
dorsed by  the  Ohio  River  Yearly  Meeting  and  by  the  Free 
Communion  Baptist  Association  of  Ohio.  After  the  adoption 
of  the  articles  referred  to  above  the  college  was  incorporated. 


Ohio  Centennial.  475 

Finding  that  a  dormitory  was  needed,  Mrs.  Wood  (the 
widow  had  married  Mr.  Harrison  Wood)  provided  a  dormitory 
at  an  expense  of  $13,000,  and  during  her  hfe  pledged  herself 
to  pay  the  salaries  of  instructors  as  they  were  needed.  In  her 
will,  dated  August  15,  1876,  she  gave  her  entire  estate  to  the 
college  as  an  endowment  fund.  Her  death  occurred  March 
9,  1885,  when  the  institution  came  into  possession  of  the  estate. 

The  college  was  opened  September  13,  1876.  The  attend- 
ance has  never  been  large,  averaging  something  more  than 
one  hundred.  The  constituency  in  the  denomination  not  being 
large,  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  attendance  will  greatly  in- 
crease. Here  as  elsewhere,  however,  the  college  has  had  a 
large  and  beneficent  influence  upon  the  vicinity.  Students  wha 
have  served  in  important  places  have  been  discovered  through 
the  work  of  the  college,  that  otherwise  might  have  lived  with- 
out the  help  or  stimulus  of  education. 

21.       ASHLAND  UNIVERSITY,   ASHLAND  COU>ItY,  FOUNDED    1878. 

The  legal  title  of  this  institution  is  Ashland  University,, 
although  for  some  years  the  catalogue  has  been  issued  as  of 
Ashland  College,  doubtless  for  the  purpose  of  more  accurately 
setting  forth  the  work  in  which  the  institution  is  engaged.  The 
college  was  founded  by  a  denomination  known  as  the  German 
Baptist  or  Dunkard  Church.  There  was  not  general  agreement 
in  the  church  as  to  the  need  of  higher  education  and  in  1881 
there  was  a  division  in  the  denomination  as  the  outgrowth  of 
a  dispute  in  the  annual  conference  of  1881.  Ashland  College 
had  been  chartered  in  February,  1878.  After  the  division  one 
branch  of  the  church  came  to  the  relief  of  the  school  and  char- 
tered Ashland  University  in  July,  1888.  The  government  is  by 
a  board  of  twelve  trustees,  provision  being  made  that  Ash- 
land County  shall  have  three  members  and  any  supporting  con- 
ference in  a  state  entitles  the  state  to  a  representation  on  the 
board  much  after  the  plan  of  Wittenberg  College. 

Collegiate,  preparatory,  normal,  commercial  and  musical  de- 
partments are  provided.  The  college  was  hindered  in  the  be- 
ginning by  adverse  sentiment,  but  is  now  overcoming  that  and 


476  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

% 
gives  prospect  of  leading  the  church  into  increased  activity.    The 
attendance  has  reached  about  two  hundred  students.     The  fac- 
ulty in  all  departments  numbers  fourteen. 

22.    .  FINDLAY    COLLEGE,    FINDLAY,    HANCOCK    COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1882. 

Findlay  College  was  organized  by  the  Church  of  God  and 
incorporated  January  28,  1882.  Its  aim  was  to  furnish  educa- 
tion that  should  not  be  sectarian,  but  under  the  influences  of 
the  church  to  all  irrespective  of  sex,  race  or  color.  In  the 
earlier  years  the  financial  struggle  was  trying,  but  since  1897 
the  college  has  lived  within  its  income  and  added  to  its  en- 
dowment until  it  has  reached  $100,000,  while  the  debt  is  merely 
npminal.  The  college  has  a  faculty  of  sixteen  members  and 
maintains  collegiate,  preparatory,  normal,  musical,  commercial, 
oratorical,  art  and  theological  departments.  The  ownership  and 
control  is  in  the  church  and  exercised  through  a  board  of  fifteen 
trustees.  The  location  of  the  college  is  fortunate  and  it  gives 
promise  of  large  usefulness. 

23.      DEFIANCE    COLLEGE,    DEFIANCE    COUNTY,    FOUNDED    1884. 

The  legislature  of  Ohio  chartered  Defiance  Female  Sem- 
inary March  23,  1850.  Articles  of  incorporation  of  Defiance 
College  are  filed  in  the  ofiice  of  the  secretary  of  state  under 
date  of  July  10,  1903.  The  catalogue  of  the  College  for  1901-02 
is  called  the  "Fourteenth  Annual  Announcement  and  Catalogue 
of  Defiance  College."  It  further  states  that  it  was  chartered 
by  the  legislature  of  Ohio,  March  23,  1850;  that  the  buildings 
were  erected  in  1884;  that  reorganization  took  place  in  1896. 
There  is  a  board  of  five  trustees.  Fourteen  persons  constitute 
the  faculty.  The  catalogue  announces  that  the  charter  provides 
against  anything  of  a  sectarian  character,  but  no  announcement 
is  made  concerning  the  relation  of  the  church  to  the  college. 
It  has  been  understood  to  be  under  the  foster  care  of  the  de- 
nomination known  as  Christians.  The  organization  includes 
■classical,   scientific,   philosophical   courses   and   schools   of  peda- 


Ohio  Centennial.  47T 

gogy,   commerce,   shorthand,   music,   oratory,   art,   and  theology. 
The  college  announces  twenty-five  scholarships. 

24.       ST.    IGNATIUS    COLLEGE,    CLEVELAND,    CUYAHOGA   COUNTY, 
FOUNDED    1886. 

St.  Ignatius  College,  like  St.  Xavier's.  is  conducted  by  the 
Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  It  was  opened  for  scholars  on 
September  6,  1886.  The  mcorporation  was  December  29,  1890. 
The  institution  at  this  time  offers  only  a  classical  course  and 
some  preparatory  studies  looking  to  the  classical  course.  It  is  the 
belief  of  the  management  as  expressed  in  the  catalogue  of  190 1 - 
1902,  that  "It  has  been  found  by  long  experience  that  this  is  the 
only  course  which  harmoniously  and  fully  develops  all  the  fac- 
ulties of  the  mind,  exercises  the  memory,  cultivates  a  habit  of 
reflecting,  forms  a  correct  taste  and  teaches  the  student  the  best 
use  of  his  powers."  The  course  as  provided,  comprises  Chris- 
tian doctrine,  the  Latin,  (ireek  and  English  languages;  rhetoric, 
poetry,  elocution  and  English  literature ;  mathematics,  physics 
and  chemistry ;  history  and  geography ;  bookkeeping  and  penman- 
ship. 

25.       LIMA   COLLEGE,   LIMA,   ALLEN    COUNTY,    FOUNDED    1 893. 

Lima  College  is  an  institution  for  the  Christian  education 
of  young  men  and  women.  It  was  founded  in  1893,  when  the 
cornerstone  of  the  beautiful  college  building  was  laid,  and  has 
since  been  in  successful  operation.  Its  curriculum,  besides  the 
preparatory  course  of  three  years,  offers  a  choice  of  four  regular 
courses  of  study  —  the  classical,  the  scientific,  literary,  and  normal 
together  with  special  courses  in  music,  elocution  and  business. 
The  college  is  under  the  control  of  "The  Lima  Lutheran  Edu- 
cational Association,"  formed  and  incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  Ohio  in  1889.  The  membership  of  the  association  consists 
of  pastors  and  laymen  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Western  Pennsylva- 
nia.    The  facultv  consists  of  eleven  members. 


478   '  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

26.   CEDARVILLE  COLLEGE,  CEDARVILLE,  GREENE  COUNTY, 
FOUNDED  1894. 

The  late  William  Gibson,  of  Cincinnati,  provided  in  his 
will  that  the  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  should  he  given 
for  the  endowment  of  a  college  at  Cedarville,  Greene  County, 
Ohio.  In  May,  1885,  during  the  sessions  of  the  Synod  of  the 
Reformed  Presbyterian  Church,  Rev.  David  Steele,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
•offered  a  resolution  to  found  a  literary  institution  of  learning  at 
Cedarville.  This  resolution  was  adopted.  In  January,  1887,  the 
college  was  chartered  by  the  state  of  Ohio.  An  effort  to  raise 
funds  was  made,  and  about  ten  thousand  dollars  subscribed. 
Little  more  was  done  until  May,  1894,  when  the  General  Synod 
^-elected  Rev.  David  McKinney,  D.  D.,  of  Cincinnati,  the  "first 
president.  In  the  following  September  the  college  was  opened 
with  its  classes  in  the  building  formerly  used  by  Rev.  Hugh  Mac- 
millan,  D.  D.,  as  an  academy.  It  began  with  thirty-seven  students. 
During  1895  ^  commodious  building  was  erected  and  dedicated 
by  the  General  Synod  in  May,  1896.  The  students  now  number 
over  one  hundred.  The  graduates  have  already  found  place  in 
pursuing  advanced  work  in  universities  and  in  useful  citizenship. 
Cedarville  has  started  out  as  a  denominational  college  with  the 
avowed  purpose  of  confining  itself  to  the  work  of  a  small  col- 
lege, and  with  the  purpose  of  emphasizing  the  importance  of 
Christianity  in  education.  The  denomination  in  the  country  is 
small  but  active,  and  the  constituency  of  the  college  is  largely 
from  the  church  and  the  immediate  vicinity.  This  is  the  only 
■college  of  the  denomination  in  America. 

IV.    THE  CITY  UNIVERSITY. 

I.       THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CINCINNATI,  CINCINNATI,  HAMILTON 
COUNTY,  FOUNDED   187O. 

The  University  of  Cincinnati  is  unique  among  educational 
institutions  in  that  it  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  only 
city  university  in  the  state.  Although  established  by  law  as 
late  as  1870,  at  least  one  of  the  colleges  now  incorporated  by 
law  with  the  university  was  organized  as  early  as  1819.     A  char- 


Ohio  Centennial.  479 

ter  for  a  university  in  Cincinnati  was  granted  in  1818.  Later, 
organizations  were  effected,  and  now  these  local  movements  have, 
in  the  main,  been  in  some  form  consolidated  with  the  University 
of  Cincinnati.  The  university  thus  gathers  up  tradition  and 
history  united  with  present  comprehensive  plans,  and  looks  to 
the  future  for  the  realization  of  long  cherished  desires.  In  car- 
rying these  forward  generously  disposed  citizens  have  contrib- 
uted toward  buildings  and  equipment,  and  the  city,  as  authorized 
by  law,  levies  an  annual  tax  for  the  support  of  the  university 
in  the  same  way  it  provides  for  the  expenses  of  the  public  schools. 
The  history  of  the  organization  is  substantially  as  follows : 
The  general  assembly  of  Ohio  passed  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to 
enable  cities  of  the  first  class  to  aid  and  promote  education." 
This  became  a  law  April  16,  1870.  On  March  14,  1871,  the  com- 
mon council  of  Cincinnati  passed  an  ordinance  to  provide  for  the 
university.  The  first  section,  which  refers  to  the  transfer  of 
control  and  management,  is  as  follows : 

Sec.  1.  Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  the  board  of  directors  established 
by  the  ordinance  passed  December  12,  A.  D.,  1859,  entided  "An  ordinance 
to  provide  for  the  devise  of  Charles  McMicken  to  the  city  of  Cincinnati," 
are  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  transfer  and  deliver  over  all  the 
estate,  property,  funds  and  claims  held  or  controlled  by  them,  and  all 
books  and  papers,  relating  to  the  same,  to  the  board  of  directors  estab- 
lished by  said  act,  passed  April  16,  1870,  and  elected. by  said  common 
council,  December,  1870,  and  the  custody,  management  and  entire  ad- 
ministration and  control  thereof  shall  henceforth  be  entrusted  to  said 
last-mentioned  board,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  the  last  will  of  the  said 
Charles  AIcMicken  and  of  the  act  aforesaid. 

Owing  to  some  losses  and  shrinkage  it  became  evident  that 
the  McMicken  estate  would  not  fully  meet  the  conditions  con- 
templated in  the  will.  After  a  period  of  accumulation  the  city 
council  appointed  a  committee  to  report  as  to  the  practicability 
of  the  union  of  the  various  educational  trusts  in  Cincinnati  — 
notably  the  Cincinnati  College,  the  Mechanics'  Institute  and  the 
McMicken  University.  This  movement  met  with  approval,  and 
resulted  in  the  passage  of  the  act  of  April  16.  1870.  Under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  instruction  was  begun  by  the  teachers  of 
Woodward  High  School  in   September,   1873,  and  in   1874  the 


480  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

% 
academic  department  was  opened.  In  1872  the  Cincinnati  As- 
tronomical Society,  founded  in  1842,  surrendered  its  property  to 
the  city  for  the  university.  In  June,  1895,  steps  were  taken 
looking  to  a  medical  department,  which  resulted  in  bringing  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  founded  in  1819,  into  organic  relation 
to  the  university,  and  an  act  authorizing  such  relation  was  passed 
by  the  legislature  of  Ohio  May  i,  1896.  Next  came  the  organi- 
zation of  the  department  of  law,  and  on  June  14,  1897,  the  final 
terms  of  the  contract  were  agreed  to  by  which  the  Cincinnati 
Law  School  became  a  part  of  the  university.  Two  other  schools 
are  affiliated  with  the  university  —  the  Clinical  and  Pathological 
School  of  the  Cincinnati  Hospital  in  1887,  and  the  Ohio  College 
of  Dental  Surgery  in  1888. 

The  appointment  of  trustees  by  the  act  of  1870  was  vested 
in  the  city  council  with  the  provision  that  six  should  be  appointed 
from  persons  nominated  1)y  the  "board  of  education.  Some 
changes  in  the  mode  of  appointment  were  made  until  in  Febru- 
ary 18,  1892.  an  act  was  passed  that  provided  for  the  appoint- 
ment "by  the  judge  or  judges  of  the  Superior  Court  of  such 
cities  where  the  same  have  such  a  court;  otherwise,  by  the  judge 
or  judges  of  the  Common  Pleas  Court  of  the  county  in  which 
such  cities  are  located." 

After  twenty  years  of  occupancy  of  the  building  on  Mc- 
Micken  avenue,  it  was  found  unsuitable  for  university  purposes. 
It  became  necessary  to  remove  if  the  purpose  of  the  McMicken 
will  was  to  be  fulfilled.  A  petition  was  presented  to  the  council,, 
and  authority  given  to  remove  to  Burnet  woods.  The  authority 
for  such  removal  was  a  matter  of  doubt,  and  a  friendly  suit  was- 
instituted  to  determine  the  question.  This  resulted  in  a  decision 
of  the  Circuit  Court  affirming  the  right  of  removal.  This  was 
affirmed  by  the  Supreme  Court  in  March,  1893.  Thus  the  most 
important  question  was  forever  settled.  On  September  22,  1894, 
the  cornerstone  of  McMicken  Hall  was  laid,  and  the  building  was 
ready  for  use  September.  1895.  1^"  ^^95  Henry  Hanna  gave 
$50,000  for  the  erection  of  Hanna  Hall  for  chemistry  and  civil 
engineering.  In  1889  Mr.  Rriggs  S.  Cunningham  erected  Cun- 
ningham Hall  for  physics  and  biology  at  a  cost  of  $6o,ocx).  In 
1898  Asa  Van  Wormer  gave  $50,000  for  the  Van  Wormer  Li- 


Ohio  Centennial.  481 

brary.  In  1901,  through  Hon.  M.  E.  Ingalls,  an  anonymous  ben- 
efactor gave  $22,500  for  the  construction  of  a  shop  for  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering.  Other  benefactors  have  come  forward  with 
provision  for  needs.  The  endowment  fund  of  $100,000  given  by 
David  Sinton  is  an  encouraging  fund.  The  property  and  endow- 
ment now  represent  substantially  a  million  dollars,  exclusive  of 
the  annual  income.  The  government  is  by  a  board  of  eighteen 
directors  appointed  by  the  Superior  Court,  in  six  classes,  for  the 
term  of  six  years.  The  mayor  of  the  city  is  ex-officio  a  member 
of  the  board. 

V.    THE    FOUNDATION    PROVIDED    BY    THE    MORRILL    ACT 
AND    THE    STATUTES    OF    OHIO. 

I.      THE  OHIO  STATE   UNIVERSITY,    COLLMBUS,    FRANKLIN    COUNTY^ 
FOUNDED    1870. 

This  institution  differs  from  all  other  educational  institu- 
tions of  the  state  in  a  number  of  particulars.  In  the  first  place, 
unlike  all  others,  it  is  not  a  corporation.  Its  trustees,  seven  in 
number,  are  appointed  by  the  governor,  for  the  term  of  seven 
years,  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  Their  powers  and  duties  are 
all  prescribed  by  law.  Among  other  limitations  they  may  not  in- 
cur an  indebtedness  except  by  the  consent  of  the  legislature  and 
as  provided  for  by  law.  The  ownership  of  the  property  is  vested 
in  the  state  of  Ohio.  There  are  advantages  and  disadvantages 
in  this  method.  It  insures  a  conservative  management  and  ex- 
penditure of  funds.  This  is  important  to  state  institutions  of 
all  kinds.  Inasmuch  as  all  appropriations  must  be  provided  by 
the  Legislature  the  university  is  held  to  a  careful  regard  for  the 
intelligent  public  opinion  of  the  state.  There  being  no  corporate 
rights  to  be  forfeited  the  Legislature  .might,  at  any  time,  change 
the  character,  alter  the  methods  or  entirely  abolish  the  institu- 
tion. On  the  other  hand,  the  limitations  of  the  State  University 
are  such  as  to  hinder  it  from  meeting  emergencies  as  they  arise, 
or  devising  plans  looking  far  into  the  future.  There  is  a  limit  to 
the  resources  available  from  the  state,  and  this  limits  as  well 
what  may  be  undertaken. 

In  origin  the  institution  is  unlike  all  others  in  the  state,  as 
will  appear  from  the  following  sketch : 

3i     o.  c. 


482  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

What  is  now  commonly  known  as  the  Morrill  Act  was  a 
land  grant  made  by  the  United  States  under  an  act  approved  by 
-President  Lincoln,  July  2,  1862,  which  provided  that  there  should 
be  granted  to  each  state  an  amount  of  public  land  equal  to  thirty 
thousand  acres  for  each  senator  and  representative  to  which  the 
state  was  entitled  by  the  apportionment  of  the  census  of  i860. 
The  proceeds  under  this  act  were  to  constitute  a  perpetual  fund, 
the  capital  of  which  was  to  remain  forever  undiminished,  and  the 
interest  of  the  same  was  to  be  inviolably  applied  by  each  state 
which  should  take  and  claim  the  benefits  of  the  act  to  the  endow- 
ment, support  and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  "college  where 
the  leading  objects  shall  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific 
and  classical  studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  teach  such 
branches  of  learning  aS  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the  me- 
chanic arts,  in  such  a  manner  as  the  legislature  of  the  states 
niay  respectively  prescribe,  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and 
practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes  in  the  several  pur- 
;suits  and  professions  of  life." 
\  Under  this  law  Ohio  received  in   1864  certificates  of  scrip 

for  630,000  acres  after  the  legislature  had  formally  accepted  the 
conditions  of  the  trust.  The  auditor  of  state,  the  treasurer  of 
state  and  the  secretary  of  state  were  made  a  commission  to  adver- 
tise for  and  receive  proposals  for  the  purchase  of  the  scrip.  The 
greater  portion  of  the  scrip  sold  at  fifty-three  cents  an  acre.  The 
receipts  amounted  in  all  to  $340,906.80.  By  law  this  became  a 
part  of  the  irreducible  debt  of  the  state,  on  which  six  per  cent, 
interest  is  paid.  As  the  school  was  not  opened  until  1873,  the  in- 
vterest  was  from  time  to  time  added  to  the  principal.  In  1871 
'Congress  gave  to  the  state  of  Ohio  all  unpatented  surveys  within 
the,  Virginia  Military  District,  and  in  1872  the  state  gave  these 
lands  to  the  university.  These  lands  have  been  sold  from  time 
to  time,  and  the  proceeds  turned  into  the  state  treasury  as  part 
of  the  irreducible  debt  of  the  state,  constituting  an  endowment 
fund  for  the  university.  This  fund  now  amounts  to  something 
more  than  $550,000. 

Governor  Tod,  in  November,  1862,  brought  the  subject  of 
accepting  the  Morrill  grant  before  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture, 
and  later,  to  the  attention  of  the  legislature.     In  January,  1864, 


Ohio  Centennial.  483 

'  Hon.  Columbus  Delano  introduced  a  bill  accepting  it.  This  be- 
came a  law  February  9th,  1864,  and  pledged  the  faith  of  the 
state  to  the  performance  of  all  the  conditions  and  provisions 
contained  therein.  In  1866  an  act,  introduced  by  Hon.  J.  T. 
Brooks,  was  passed,  which  provided  for  the  establishment  of  the 
Ohio  x'\g-ricu-ltural  and  Mechanical  College,  but  the  provisions 
were  not  carried  into  effect,  and  a  second  act,  introduced  by  Hon. 
R.  P.  Cameron,  was  passed  in  1870,  entitled  "An  act  to  establish 
and  maintain  an  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  in  Ohio." 
Under  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  institution  was  located  in 
Columbus,  and  the  board  proceeded  to  the  organization  of  the 
college  and  the  election  of  a  faculty  of  instruction,  and  the  insti- 
tution was  opened  for  the  reception  of  students  on  the  seven- 
teenth day  of  September,  1873. 

In  1878  the  legislature  passed  "An  act  to  reorganize  and 
change  the  name  of  the  Ohio  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege and  to  repeal  certain  acts  therein  mentioned."  The  act  pro- 
vided that  the  institution  should  be  thereafter  designated  as  "The 
Ohip  State  University."  Up  to  this  time  but  one  appropriation 
had  been  made  by  the  state  for  the  support  of  the  institution. 
With  the  reorganization  came  the  larger  and  broader  view  of  the 
state's  relation  to  public  education,  and  since  that  time  the  Ohio 
State  University  has  shared  with  other  public  educational  insti- 
tutions a  more  generous  support  by  the  state. 

The  Ohio  State  University  comprises  six  colleges,  as  fol- 
lows : 

The  College  of  x\griculture  and  Domestic  Science  consists 
of  those  departments  represented  in  the  course  leading  to  the  de- 
grees of  Bachelor  of  Science  in  Agriculture,  Bachelor  of  Science 
in  Horticulture  and  Forestry,  and  Bachelor  of  Science  in  Domestic 
Economy,  and  in  the  course  in  Dairying,  the  short  course  in 
Agriculture,  and  the  short  course  in  Domestic  Science. 

The  College  of  Arts,  Philosophy  and  Science  consists  of 
those  departments  represented  in  the  courses  leading  to  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  Bachelor  of  Philosophy  and  Bachelor 
of  Science.  After  June.  1903,  all  courses  in  this  college  will 
lead  to  the  des:ree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts. 


484  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  College  of  Engineering  consists  of  those  departments 
represented  in  the  courses  leading  to  the  degrees  of  Civil  En- 
gineer, Civil  Engineer  in  Architecture,  Engineer  of  Mines,  En- 
gineer of  Mines  in  Ceramics,  Mechanical  Engineer,  Mechanical 
Engineer  in  Electrical  Engineering,  and  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Industrial  Arts  and  Manual  Training,  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Chemistry  or  in  Aletallurgy ;  in  the  Short  Course  in  Clay- 
working  and  Ceramics,  and  in  the  Short  Course  in  Mining. 

The  College  of  Law  consists  of  those  departments  repre- 
sented in  the  course  leading  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws. 

The  College  of  Pharmacy  consists  of  those  departments  rep- 
resented in  the  courses  leading  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Pharmacy,  and  in  the  Short  Course  in 'Pharmacy. 

The  College  of  Veterinary  Medicine  consists  of  those  de- 
partments represented  in  the  course  leading  to  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Veterinary  Medicine,  and  to  a  certificate  of  Veterinary 
Surgeon. 

The  Craduate  School  has  been  organized  with  a  board  of 
management  and  is  making  steady  progress. 

Each  college  is  under  the  direction  of  its  own  faculty, 
which  has  power  to  act  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  work 
of  students  in  that  college. 

The  Grozi'th  of  the  Unii'ersity. 

In  1873  the  school  was  opened  with  17  students;  in  1883 
the  roll  was  355;  in  1893  the  roll  was  642;  in  1903  the  roll 
was  1 71 7.    The  preparatory  department  was  abolished  in  1895. 

The  original  building  has  been  enlarged  and  the  university 
now  uses  for  instruction  sixteen  buildings.  In  1873  the  fac- 
ulty comprised  a  president  and  seven  professors.  In  1903  more 
than  one  hundred  and  thirty  persons  are  engaged  in  the  work 
of  instruction.  There  are  thirty-eight  distinct  departments  of 
instruction  and  the  laboratories  for  instruction  in  the  several 
sciences  are  not  surpassed  in  the  Central  West. 

The  finances  of  the  institution  have  not  grown  as  rapidly 
as  demands  require.  The  sources  of  income  are,  first,  the  in- 
terest   on    the    endowment ;    second,    the    annual    grants    from 


Ohio  Centennial.  485 

L'nited  States  Congress  under  the  provision  of  the  second  Mor- 
rill act ;  third,  receipts  from  the  fees  of  students ;  fourth,  mis- 
cellaneous receipts  from  rentals  and  incidental  accounts ;  fifth, 
the  proceeds  from  the  state  levy.  This  last  item  is  one-tenth 
of  a  mill  on  the  grand  duplicate,  amounting  to  about  $200,000 
annually.  For  four  years  past  the  legislature  has  provided 
five  one-hundredths  of  a  mill  additional,  which  has  been  used 
for   the   erection   and   equipment   of   needed   buildings. 

General  Statement. 

Passing  now  the  question  of  origin,  organization  and  classifi- 
cation, there  are  certain  prominent  features  of  the  Ohio  col- 
leges that  are  worthy  of  attention.  And  first  let  it  be  remarked 
that  the  problem  of  co-education  has  had  its  solution  in  Ohio. 
The  first  attempt  to  face  the  opposition  to  equal  education  for 
woman  was  made  at  Oberlin  and  has  never  been  abandoned. 
Oberlin  wears  the  crown  among  American  colleges  for  this  inno- 
vation that  could  not  now  be  put  aside.  As  the  denominational 
colleges  were  organized  they  met  the  problem.  For  awhile  some 
of  them  avoided  the  issue,  but  Oberlin's  experience  proved  that 
"woman  was  not  a  foe  to  be  feared  and  gradually  all  these 
institutions  caught  the  pace  of- progress  and  now  gladly  welcome 
woman  to  her  rightful  opportunities.  On  the  other  hand  some 
of  the  privately  endowed  institutions  stood  long  and  steadfastly 
to  traditions.  Co-education  was  not  welcome  to  some ;  it  was 
believed  to  be  wrong  in  theory  and  unsatisfactory  in  practice. 
AVe  find  co-ordinate  education  at  Western  Reserve  where  the 
university  faculty  gives  instruction  to  the  college  for  women ; 
we  find  separate  education  by  faculties  of  women,  as  at  The 
Western  College  for  Women  at  Lake  Erie  College.  At  Ken- 
yon  we  find  separate  education  for  men.  The  state  institutions 
are  lil^erally  co-educational.  While  co-education  has  won  its  vic- 
tories and  established  itself  beyond  any  question,  the  Ohio  Col- 
leges in  this  regard  represent  every  type  of  education  and  stand 
as  a  protest  against  intolerance  of  every  kind. 

Second :  Tt  is  proper  to  speak  of  the  spirit  that  has  lived 
in  the  Ohio  colleges.    The  prosperity  and  progress  of  Ohio  is  as 


486   ^         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

truly  due  to  the  aspirations  of  the  people  as  to  their  labor.  We 
have  been  laughed  at  for  our  many  colleges,  but  it  is  well  to 
remember  that  they  represent  the  faith  of  the  people.  Over 
Ohio's  hills  and  valleys  our  people  have  believed  in  their  chil- 
dren ;  they  have  worked  for  them ;  they  have  built  colleges 
at  great  sacrifice  as  a  testimony  to  their  own  faith.  We  have 
not  proceeded  upon  the  theory  that  only  ideal  conditions 
should  obtain,  but  upon  the  better  theory  of  doing  the  best 
possible  under  the  circumstances.  The  spirit  made  the  Ohio 
alumnus  a  man  of  power  and  adaptability  as  well  as  a  high- 
minded  citizen.  They  have  filled  every  important  office  from 
that  of  chief  executive  of  the  Nation  down ;  they  have  been 
marked  by  high  attainments  in  the  pulpit,  in  the  practice  of 
law,  in  medicine,  in  business  and  in  all  the  usual  callings  of 
life.  They  have  been  neither  paupers  nor  beggars,  neither 
failures  nor  visionaries,  but  clear-headed,  warm-hearted,  patriotic 
citizens  conserving  the  best  interests  of  the  State  and  Church. 
When  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  the  call  was  heard  in  every 
college,  oftentimes  taking  both  professor  and  student  to  the 
front.  The  war  emptied  the  class  rooms.  The  history  of  that 
period  shows  every  college  to  have  suffered  in  attendance  as  in 
support.  They  made  this  sacrifice  willingly,  as  it  was  the  prac- 
tical demonstration  of  the  spirit  nurtured  in  the  colleges. 

Third :  Again  there  has  been  a  service  to  the  locality  not 
to  be  forgotten.  Some  of  the  Ohio  colleges  were  founded  be- 
fore the  day  of  railroads  and  many  of  them  before  railroads 
were  at  all  common.  This  takes  us  back  to  the  days  when 
transportation  was  slow  and  burdensome  and  often  expensive. 
The  local  college  then  set  the  standard  for  its  community  and 
drew  from  its  immediate  vicinity  nearly  all  its  students.  The 
prosperity  of  the  college  meant  a  certain  uplift  to  the  com- 
munity. Where  some  of  these  institutions  have  declined  chiefly 
owing  to  the  changed  conditions  of  our  day,  there  has  often 
occurred  a  similar  decline  in  the  quality  and  character  of  the 
community.  The  public  school  has  not  yet  served  the  same 
purpose  as  the  small  college  of  early  days.  This  service  to 
the  community  not  only  increased  its  own  self-respect,  but  de- 
veloped men  and  women  who  were  destined  to  leave  the  locality 


Ohio  Centennial.  48T 

to  serve  in  larger  and  wider  spheres.  These  colleges  cost  some 
money  and  some  of  them  have  ceased  to  exist,  but  they  paid 
for  themselves  again  and  again  in  character  and  manhood. 

Fourth:  Another  feature  of  the  Ohio  colleges  is  their  in- 
fluence upon  education  and  educational  theory.  Ohio  has  been 
singularly  free  from  tradition  and  has  shown  great  tolerance. 
Freedom  of  thought  in  education  has  been  encouraged.  Ac- 
cordingly many  experiments  have  been  tried.  As  has  been 
said  by  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris,  "It  seems  that  wherever  a  body  of 
educational  reforms  with  similar  ideals  become  moxed  with  a 
strong  impulse  to  put  their  principles  into  practice,  they  chose 
Ohio  as  the  scene  for  their  experiment."  The  colleges  have 
been  the  battleground  for  many  reforms,  but  on  the  whole  they 
have  represented  a  conservative  progress  and  their  alumni  have 
given  stability  to  education  in  the  state.  The  Ohio  colleges  have 
educated  a  large  number  of  men  and  women  who  have  given 
themselves  to  teaching  as  a  profession  and  a  vastly  larger  num- 
ber w^ho  have  temporarily  engaged  in  the  work  of  education,, 
and  in  this  way  have  exercised  an  unconscious  but  effective 
leadership. 

Fifth :  Another  characteristic  feature  of  Ohio  colleges  has 
been  their  close  co-operation  with  religion.  In  all  the  early 
colleges  religion  was  given  a  distinct  and  permanent  place,  either 
in  the  charter  or  in  the  declaration  of  principles  setting  forth 
the  reason  for  the  organization.  In  some  instances  it  is  dis- 
tinctly stated  that  the  church  has  organized  these  colleges  in 
order  to  train  her  children  under  religious  influence  and  thus 
conserve  them  to  the  church.  In  other  cases  a  general  state- 
ment is  made  of  the  supreme  importance  of  religion  and  of  its 
necessity  to  a  well-developed  system  of  education.  In  harmony 
with  this  conception  the  church  has  undertaken  to  make  a  large 
and  generous  provision  for  education.  -  The  struggle  to  do  this 
thing  has  been  marked  by  great  sacrifice  and  personal  devotion. 
The  leaders  in  education  have  not  always  been  able  in  a  young 
and  growing  commonwealth,  where  people  were  struggling  for 
maintenance,  to  secure  for  the  colleges  a  requisite  amount  of 
money.  It  is  worth  while,  however,  to  observe  that  in  the  ad- 
ministration  of   funds   at   hand   there   has  been   singular   ability 


488  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

and  wise  economy  in  securing  great  returns  upon  the  invest- 
ment. It  is  to  the  lasting  credit  of  the  management  of  higher 
education  in  Ohio  that  it  has  been  so  free  from  scandal,  corrup- 
tion and  fraud  in  the  use  of  trust  funds.  It  is  probably  true 
that  in  some  instances  men  were  not  always  wise  enough  to 
do  what  they  really  aimed  to  do,  but  it  must  be  said  that  amid 
the  perplexities  of  poverty  surrounding  these  institutions  in  the 
early  days,  it  is  a  matter  of  surprise  and  congratulation  that 
so  much  has  been  accomplished.  The  high  character  of  the 
men  who  have  served  the  institutions  and  the  persistent  deter- 
mination that  they  should  be  under  the  inspiration  of  religion, 
has  doubtless  done  much  to  determine  both  the  quality  of  the 
education  and  the  character  of  the  graduates.  This  whole- 
some encouragement  of  religion  has  sent  the  alumni  back  to  the 
church  with  renewed  enthusiasm  for  both  religion  and  educa- 
tion. The  contribution  that  the  colleges  have  made  to  the  per- 
manent strength  and  prosperity  of  the  church  is  worth  far  more 
than  the  colleges  have  cost.  Th^se  beneficent  results  are  often- 
times overlooked  in  our  eagerness  to  promote  the  cause  of 
education. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  attitude  of  the  state  has  1)een  most 
kindly  to  such  enterprises.  The  deepest  sentiment  of  the  state 
has  been  favorable  to  religion  and  entire  freedom  in  education. 
Even  the  state  institutions  have  been  much  influenced  by  the 
presence  of  religion.  There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that 
the  denominational  and  private  colleges,  by  reason  of  their  em- 
phasis upon  the  importance  of  religion,  have  greatly  influenced 
the  atmosphere  about  state  institutions.  We  find  in  Ohio  a 
very  happy  condition  in  this  regard.  No  college  will  make  a 
declaration  of  sectarianism  nor  will  a  state  institution  stand  for 
irreligion  or  immorality.  Doubtless  the  great  variety  of  insti- 
tutions in  Ohio  has  emphasized  the  importance  of  a  charitable 
view  toward  others  and  has  cultivated  a  very  lil:)eral  spirit 
along  with  an  intense  loyalty  to  conviction.  The  sum  total  of 
influence  therefore  of  both  state  and  non-state  institutions  upon 
the  population  of  our  commonwealth  has  been  decidedly  helpful 
and  stimulating.  Our  indebtedness  to  the  colleges  in  this  re- 
gard is  greater  than  is  commonly  appreciated. 


Ohio  Centennial.  48^ 

Concluding  Remarks. 

There  has  been  some  difficulty  in  determining  what  institu- 
tions should  be  listed  in  this  article.  There  are  some  institu- 
tions known  as  colleges  in  Ohio  not  included  in  this  list.  In 
some  cases  they  are  not  doing  the  work  of  a  college  grade ; 
in  others  they  are  private  institutions  not  incorporated  in  the 
state  of  Ohio,  but  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  other  states  in 
order  to  avoid  the  double  hability  for  stockholders. 

Prior  to  185 1  there  were  270  different  educational  institu- 
tions incorporated  in  the  state  of  Ohio.  Quite  a  number  of. 
the  colleges  mentioned  above  have  been  incorporated  since  1851. 
It  is  a  simple  statement  of  fact  that  probably  300  institutions, 
more  or  less  permanent  in  character,  have  organized  for  educa- 
tional purposes  in  Ohio.  Many  of  these  have  ceased  to  exist; 
others  have  continued  as  academies ;  others  have  merged  into 
public  schools  and  colleges,  and  still  others  have  no  history  that 
is  of  public  importance.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  growth  of 
the  public  school  system  has  rendered  unnecessary  many  of 
these  efforts  between  the  years  1803  and  1851.  In  their  day 
they  served  a  purpose  and  did  a  commendable  work.  Many 
existing  institutions  are  struggling  with  the  problem  of  ex- 
istence and  others  with  the  problem  of  a  better  existence  as 
records  above  in  this  article  will '  show.  Quite  a  number  of 
colleges  have  a  permanent  fund  which  is  so  small  that  they 
never  can  hope  to  do  much  beyond  their  present  work  and  that 
in  order  to  maintain  themselves  must  depend  largely  upon  the 
tuition  of  students  who  are  doing  work  ordinarily  done  in  the 
public  high  schools.  The  large  freedonii  provided  under  the 
statutes  of  Ohio  and  the  lack  of  any  system  of  state  super- 
vision makes  this  condition  possible  and  probably  permanent. 
Meantime  the  better  endowed  institutions  must  continue  to  carry 
the  greater  portion  of  the  work  of  higher  education. 


THE  ACHIEVEMENTS  OF  OHIO 

IN  THE 

CARE  OF  HER  UNFORTUNATE  CLASSES. 


R.    BRINKERHOFF. 


THE    CARE    OF    THE    POOR. 

The  law  existing  at  the  opening  of  the  century,  and  whicb 
continued,  with  minor  modifications  until  1816,  was  enacted  by 
the  governor  and  judges  of  the  Northwest  Territory  June   19, 

1795,  and  went  into  operation  Oc- 
tober I,  1795.  It  provided  for  the  ap- 
pointment by  the  Court  of  General 
Sessions,  of  two  substantial  inhabit- 
ants of  each  township  to  act  as  over- 
seers  of   the   poor. 

The  law  authorized  the  overseers 
to  use  their  discretion  in  contracting 
in  the  maintenance  of  the  poor,  and 
to  levy  a  tax  on  the  estimated  value 
of  real  and  personal  property  in  the 
township,  of  not  more  than  two  cents 
on  a  dollar,  and  a  per  capita  tax  of 
seventy-five  cents. 

In  December,  1799,  however,  the 
law  was  amended  so  as  to  make  it  the  ''duty  of  the  overseers 
of  the  poor,  in  each  and  every  township,  yearly,  and  every  year, 
to  cause  all  persons,  who  have  or  shall  become  a  public  charge, 
to  be  farmed  out  at.  public  vendue,  or  out  cry,  to-wit:  On  the 
first  Monday  of  May,  yearly  and  every  year,  at  some  public  place 
in  each  township  in  the  several  counties  of  this  territory,  respect- 
ively, to  the  person  or  persons  who  shall  appear  to  be  the 
lowest  bidder  or  bidders,  having  given  ten  days'  previous  notice 
of  such  sale,  in  at  least  three  of  the  most  public  places  in  their 

490 


R.    BRINKERHOFF. 


Ohio  Centennial.  491 

respective  townships ;  which  notices  shall  set  forth  the  name 
and  age,  as  near  as  may  be,  of  each  person  to  l^e  farmed  out^ 
as  aforesaid." 

This  method  of  dealing  with  the  poor  continued  without 
material  change  until  February  26,  1816,  when  our  present  sys- 
tem had  its  initiation. 

By  a  statute  of  that  date  it  was  provided,  "That  the  com- 
missioners of  each  county  in  the  state  be,  and  they  arie  hereby 
authorized,  to  erect  and  establish  poor  houses,  whenever  in  their 
opinion,  such  a  measure  shall  be  proper  and  advantageous." 

To  govern  these  poor  houses  the  commissioners  were 
directed  to  appoint  seven  judicious  persons,  inhabitants  of  their 
county,  who  shall  form  a  board  of  directors  to  take  charge  of 
and  manage  the  affairs  of  the  said  poor  houses." 

By  act  of  March  8,  1831,  the  number  of  directors  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  county  commissioners  was  reduced  to  three,  to 
continue  in  office  for  one  year. 

By  act  of  March  5,  1842,  it  was  enacted  "that  the  qualified 
electors  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  in  any  county 
within  this  state,  in  which  a  poor  house  is  completed,  or  may 
hereafter  be  completed,  for  the  reception  of  the  poor,  shall  elect 
at  their  annual  election,  three  judicious  persons,  residents  of  such 
county,  who  shall  form  a  board  of  directors  for  the  poor;  one  of 
whom  shall  hold  office  for  one  year,  one  for  two  years,  and  one 
for  three  years,  so  that  one  of  said  directors  shall  be  elected 
each  year." 

By  act  of  March  23,  1850,  it  was  provided  that  the  name  of 
all  institutions  known  and  designated  by  the  title  of  county  poor 
houses  erected  by  the  several  counties  of  the  state  under  the 
provisions  of  the  act  passed  March  8,  1816,  should  hereafter 
be  known  as  county  infirmaries. 

So  at  last,  by  legislative  evolution  and  the  survival  of  the 
fittest,  we  arrived  at  the  condition  of  development,  with  some 
changes  and  additions,  which  we  now  have. 

The  most  important  change  in  recent  years  was  the  codifi- 
cation of  the  poor  laws  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1898,  which 
included  the  administration  of  out  door  relief  by  townships 
instead  of  counties. 


492  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications; 

DEPENDENT    CHILDREN. 

In  the  care  of  its  dependent  children  Ohio  has  been  especially 
noteworthy,  and  was  among  the  first,  and  I  am  not  sure  but  it 
was  the  very  first  state  in  the  Union,  to  provide  homes  at  public 
expense  for  all  of  these  unfortunates.  Of  these  institutions  we 
now  have  fifty-five,  known  as  county  homes,  in  which  over  3,000 
children  are  received  and  cared  for  annually. 

In  addition  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Orphans'  Home  estab- 
lished and  supported  by  the  state  at  Xenia  has  a  daily  average 
of  900  inmates,  and  in  efficiency  of  management,  and  beneficent 
results,  has  no  equal  anywhere. 

The  Ohio  institution  for  the  education  of  the  blind,  located 
at  Columbus,  was  the  fourth  in  the  order  of  its  establishment 
in  the  United  States,  and  was  founded  in  1837,  ^^^  i^s  daily 
average  of  pupils  now  numbers  over  300. 

The  Ohio  institution  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  and  was  founded  at  Co- 
lumbus in  1827,  and  now  has  an  average  attendance  of  over 
500  pupils. 

FEEBLE- MINDED   YOUTH. 

The  Ohio  institution  for  feeble-minded  children  was  founded 
in  1857,  and  is  located  at  Columbus.  I  am  very  sure  it  is  no 
exaggeration  to  say  that  among  institutions  of  its  kind,  "it  has 
no  equal  upon  this  planet,"  at  any  rate,  that  was  the  declaration 
of  the  late  Dr.  I.  N.  Kerlin.  for  many  years  the  superintendent 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  Feeble  Minded  Children  at 
Elwyn. 

Dr.  G.  A.  Dorcn  has  been  the  superintendent  of  our  Ohio 
institution  since  1859,  and  to  him  is  due,  very  largely,  its  com- 
manding position.  During  the  past  year  the  daily  average  of 
pupils  has  been  over  one  thousand. 

In  connection  with  our  Ohio  institution,  and  under  the 
same  management  a  colony  for  adult  idiots  has  been  established 
on  a  farm  of  i,574j  acres,  ten  miles  from  Columbus,  and  ac- 
commodations have  already  been  nearly  completed  for  three 
hundred  inmates  with  a  promise  for  five  hundred  more  durmg 


Ohio  Centennial.  493 

the  present  year.  It  is  expected  that  in  the  near  future  a  thou- 
sand patients  will  be  cared  for  in  this  institution,  and  Dr.  Doren 
is  confident  that  they  can  be  made  self-supporting.  In  addition, 
buildings  for  three  hundred  females  of  this  class  are  nearly 
completed  at  the  home  place  in  Columbus. 

THE    CARE   OF   THE   INSANE. 

In  the  care  of  the  insane  greater  progress  has  been  made 
throughout  the  civilized  world  during  the  past  fifty  years  than 
in  all  previous  history,  and  in  this  forward  movement  no  state 
or  country  has  been  more  conspicuous  than  Ohio. 

In  fact,  Ohio  was  the  first  state  or  country  in  the  world 
that  deliberately  took  the  position  that  any  citizen  bereft  of  rea- 
son, ipso  fa€to,  becomes  the  child  of  the  state,  and  was  entitled 
to  the  best  possible  care,  absolutely  free  of  cost  to  the  recipient. 
This  was  done  by  the  adoption  of  Sec.  i,  in  z\rticle  VII  of  the 
State  Constitution  of  1851,  which  provides  that  "Institutions 
for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  and  deaf  and  dumb,  shall 
always  be  fostered  and  supported  by  the  state,  and  be  subject  to 
such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  General  Assembly." 

Under  this  provision  of  the  constitution,  all  insane  in  public 
care  are  provided  for  in  seven  hospitals  for  the  insane,  in  which 
the  average  daily  attendance  for  1902  was  as  follows : 

Longvicw.    established    in     1821    1,140 

Columbus,  "  1838  .1.381 

Cleveland,  "  1855   1.163 

Dayton,  "  1855  906 

Athens,  "  1864  1,043 

Toledo,  "  1889  1,601 

Massillon,  "  1899 855 

Gallipolis,  "  1890  844 

8,933 

In  the  vast  forward  movement  in  the  care  of  the  insane 
during  the  past  century,  by  far  the  most  important  event  was 
the  abolition  of  mechanical  restraints  in  the  care  of  patients. 

Thirty  years  ago  such  restraints  were  everywhere  considered 
a  necessity,  and  for  excited  patients  strong  rooms,  straight  jack- 


494  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

-ets,  cribs,  muffs,  camisoles,  airing  courts  and  other  mechanical 
appliances  were  everywhere  in  evidence.  Only  twenty-five  years 
ago,  when  I  came  upon  the  Board  of  State  Charities,  and  began 
to  visit  asylums,  there  were  only  four  or  five  institutions  in  the 
United  States  where  these  appliances  were  abolished  to  any 
large  extent,  and  of  these,  two  were  in  Ohio,  brought  so  through 
the  initiation  of  that  prince  of  alienists,  Dr.  Richard  Gundry, 
first  at  Athens  (1872-76),  and  then  at  Columbus.  Even  then 
and  for  several  years  later,  patients  were  only  allowed  outdoor 
liberty  and  exercise  in  airing 'courts,  surrounded  by  high  walls 
•or  wooden  stockades. 

In  this  great  forward  movement,  Ohio  was  in  the  front  rank, 
and  I  am  not  sure  but  she  was  the  very  first  to  inaugurate  the 
new  era  in  all  of  her  state  institutions. 

Another  pioneer  movement  in  Ohio  in  the  care  of  the  insane 
was  the  creation  of  the  Toledo  State  Hospital  upon  what  is 
known  as  the  cottage  system,  and  which  has  since  been  the 
model  for  all  new  asylums  throughout  the  United  States. 

THE    CARE    OF    EPILEPTICS. 

In  the  care  of  epileptics,  Ohio  has  the  unchallenged  ci^dit 
•of  being  the  first  state  or  country  in  the  world  to  4)rovide  for  this 
tmfortunate  class  at  public  expense.  The  State  Hospital  for 
Epileptics  at  Gallipolis  was  authorized  by  the  General  Assembly 
in  1890,  and  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  Novem- 
ber 30,  1893,  and  now  cares  for  an  average  of  over  one  thou- 
sand patients.  This  example  of  Ohio  has  been  followed  by  sev- 
-eral  other  states  (notably  New  York)  and  similar  action  is  under 
•consideration  in  several  other  states. 

OHIO   METHODS    IN    DEALING   WITH    THE  CRIMINAL   CLASSES.       PRO- 
GRESSIVE   STEPS    IN    LEGISLATION    AND    ADMINISTRATION. 

That  reformation,  rather  than  punishment,  should  be  the 
main  object  in  dealing  with  the  criminal  classes  was  a  conviction 
that  found  expression  at  the  very  threshold  of  Ohio  history,  and 
was  embodied  in  the  organic  law  of  the  state  more  than  a  hundred 


Ohio  Centennial.  •  495 

•years  ago,  and  some  knowledge  of  its  evolution,  as  shown  in 
legislation  and  administration  is  absolutely  essential  to  a  proper 
understanding  of  existing  conditions,  for  prison  reform,  external 
and  internal,  in  Ohio  is  an  evolution  from  within  rather  than  an 
importation  from  without. 

For  high  intelligence,  broad  statesmanship,  and  moral 
worth,  the  pioneers  of  Ohio  have  had  no  superiors  among  the 
founders  of  states. 

LEGISLATIVE    BEGINNINGS. 

The  first  English-speaking  settlement  within  the  present 
boundaries  of  the  state  of  Ohio  was  established  at  Marietta 
July  13,  1787,  under  the  ordinance  creating  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory. 

The  first  legislation  in  regard  to  crime  and  criminals  was 
formulated  by  the  governor  and  judges,  authorized  by  Con- 
gress, and  was  promulgated  at  Marietta  September  6,  1788, 
This  criminal  code  specified  twenty  offenses  to  which  penalties 
were  provided.  The  only  offense  punishable  by  death  was  mur- 
der. This  is  probably  the  first  criminal  code  in  the  world  in 
which  the  death  penalty  was  limited  to  one  offense.  Six  years 
later  (1794)  Pennsylvania  followed  this  example,  and  since  then 
nearly  all  of  the  states  have  adopted  the  same  rule. 

Manslaughter  was  punishable  in  accordance  with  the  require- 
ments of  the  common  law  of  England ;  arson,  by  whipping  not 
exceeding  39  stripes,  the  pillory  not  exceeding  two  hours,  im- 
pmsonment  in  jail  not  exceeding  three  years,  and  full  damages 
in  money  if  the  offender's  estate  would  suffice ;  burglary  and 
robbery,  similar  to  arson ;  riots,  fine  not  exceeding  $16  and 
surety  for  good  behavior;  for  obstructing  authority,  whipping 
not  exceeding  39  stripes  and  security  for  good  behavior;  per- 
jury, fine,  whipping,  or  pillory,  and  disfranchisement ;  larceny, 
restitution,  whipping,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  seven 
years ;  forgery,  fine  and  pillory ;  usurpation,  assault  and  bat- 
tery, or  fraudulent  deeds,  fines ;  disobedience  of  children  and  ser- 
vants, jail  and  house  of  correction  until  subdued ;  drunkenness, 
fine  5  dimes  for  first  offense,  and  $1  for  any  succeeding  offense. 
.  The  code  closed  with  the  following  sections : 


496  CXIiio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Section  21.  Whereas  idle,  vain,  and  obscene  conversation,  profane 
cursing  and  swearing,  and  more  especially  the  irreverently  mentioning, 
calling  upon,  or  invoking  the  sacred  and  Supreme  Being,  by  any  of  the 
Divine  characters  in  which  He  hath  graciously  condescended  to  reveal 
His  infinitely  beneficent  purposes  to  mankind,  are  repugnant  to  every 
moral  sentiment,  subversive  of  every  civil  obligation,  inconsistent  with 
the  ornaments  of  polished  life  and  abhorrent  to  the  principles  of  the 
most  benevolent  religion,  it  is  expected,  therefore,  if  crimes  of  this  kind 
should  exist,  they  will  not  find  encouragement,  countenance,  or  appro- 
bation in  this  Territory.  It  is  strictly  enjoined  upon  all  officers  and 
ministers  of  justice,  upon  parents  and  others,  heads  of  families,  and 
upon  others  of  every  description,  that  they  abstain  from  practices  so 
vile  and  irrational ;  and  that  by  example  and  precept,  to  the  utmost  of 
their  power,  they  prevent  the  necessity  of  adopting  and  publishing  laws, 
with  penalties,  upon  this  head.  And  it  is  hereby  declared  that  govern- 
ment will  consider  as  unworthy  its  confidence  all  those  who  may  ob- 
stinately violate  these   injunctions. 

Section  22.  Whereas  mankind  in  every  stage  of  informed  society 
have  consecrated  certain  portions  of  time  to  the  particular  cultivation 
of  the  social  virtues  and  the  public  adoration  and  worship  of  the  com- 
mon parent  of  the  universe,  and  whereas  a  practice  so  rational  in  itself, 
and -comformable  to  the  divine  precepts,  is  greatly  conducive  to  civiliza- 
tion as  well  as  morality  and  piety ;  and  whereas  for  the  advancement 
of  such  important  and  interesting  purposes  most  of  the  Christian  world 
have  set  apart  the  first  day  of  the  week  as  a  day  of  rest  from  common 
labors  and  pursuits,  it  is  therefore  enjoined  that  all  servile  labor,  works 
of  necessity  and  charity  only  excepted,  be  wholly  abstained  from  on  said 
day. 

Of  cotirse,  this  code  was  mainly  prospective,  for  as  yet  there 
were  no  jails  or  pillories  in  the  Territory,  and  it  was  not  until 
August  I,  1792,  that  a  law  was  enacted  requirinof  each  county 
to  erect  jails  and  ''also  a  pillory,  whippino^  post,  and  as  many 
stocks  as  may  he  convenient  for  the  ])unishment  of  offenders," 
and  each  jail  was  to  have  two  apartments  —  one  for  debtors  and 
one  for  criminals. 

This  criminal  code  remained  in  force  without  any  material 
changes  or  additions  until  after  the  admission  of  Ohio  Js  a 
state  in  1802,  and  the  organization  of  its  first  General  Assem- 
bly in  1803. 

RKFOKM.\TION    TO    THE    FRONT. 

The  first  constitution  of  Ohio,  adopted  in  1802,  is  a  monu- 
mental  document   in   many   ways,   hut   especially   in   its   attitude 


Ohio  Centennial.  497 

toward  crime  and  criminals,  for  it  anticipated  by  many  years 
the  central  idea  of  modern  penology  that  reformation  rather 
than  punishment  should  be  the  objective  point  in  dealing  with 
criminals,  and  that  indiscriminate  severity,  instead  of  preventing^ 
created  crime.  These  declarations  are  contained  in  Article  VTII, 
Section  XIV,  of  this  remarkable  document,  as  follows : 

All  penalties  shall  be  proportioned  to  the  nature  of  the  offence.  N6 
wise  legislation  will  affix  the  same  punishment  to  the  crime  of  theft>, 
forgery,  and  the  like,  which  they  do  to  those  of  murder  and  treason-. 
When  the  same  undistinguished  severity  is  exerted  against  all  offenses, 
the  people  are  led  to  forget  the  real  distinction  in  crimes  themselves,  and 
to  commit  the  most  flagrant  with  as  little  compunction  as  they  do  the 
slightest  offenses.  For  the  same  reasons  a  multitude  of  sanguinary  laws 
are  both  impolitic,  and  unjust,  the  true  design  of  all  punishments  being 
to  reform,   not  to  exterminate,   mankind. 

OHIO    PENITENTI.VRV. 

The  first  penitentiary  in  Ohio  was  built  in  1813,  in  the  city 
of  Columbus.  It  was  a  brick  building  60x30  feet  in  size  and 
three  stories  high,  which  included  the  basement,  partly  below 
ground.  The  basement  contained  the  living  rooms  of  the  pris^ 
oners,  and  could  only  be  entered  from  the  prison  yard.  The 
second  story  was  the  keeper's  residence.  The  third,  or  upper 
story  contained  the  prisoners'  cells,  thirteen  in  number,  nine 
of  which  were  light  and  four  dark  cells.  The  prison  yard,  about 
100  feet  square,  was  enclosed  by  a  stone  wall  from  fifteen  to 
eighteen  feet  high. 

In  18 1 8  a  new  brick  building  was  erected  and  the  prison 
yard  enlarged  to  about  400x160  feet,  enclosed  by  stone  walls 
twenty  feet  high. 

In  1832  a  new  penitentiary  was  authorized  and  the  present 
location  on  the  banks  of  the  Scioto  was  secured,  and  in  1834 
the  new  building  was  occupied,  and  there  it  has  since  remained. 
From  time  to  time  it  has  been  enlarged,  until  at  present  it  has 
a  prison  population   of  over  2,000. 

It  has  always  been  operated  upon  the  Auburn  system,  with 
associated  labor  by  day  and  cellular  separation  at  night. 

32    o.  c. 


498  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications 

• 

Prior  to  1834  the  labor  of  the  prisoners  was  employed  upon 
state  account  in  blacksmithing,  cabinetmaking,  coopering,  weav- 
ing and  tailoring,  the  manufactured  articles  being  sold  or  ex- 
changed for  provisions  or  raw  material.  Prison  labor  was  also 
largely  employed  in  erecting  the  state  house  and  new  peniten- 
tiary. After  1834  and  until  1885  the  labor  of  prisoners  in  the 
main  was  employed  under  the  contract  system,  and  the  Ohio 
Penitentiary  in  its  discipHne  and  industries  did  not  differ  ma- 
terially from  other  prisons  in  other  states,  and  on  the  average 
compared  fairly  well  with  such  prisons. 

REFORM    SCHOOL    FOR    BOYS. 

The  first  long  step  forward  in  dealing  with  the  delinquent 
classes  was  in  1857,  under  the  administration  of  Governor  Sal- 
man P.  Chase,  and  largely  owing  to  his  initiation. 

By  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  passed  April  16,  1857  (O- 
L.,  vol.  54,  p.  175),  section  7  provides: 

^  The'ire  shall   be  established  a   reform   school,  to  be  called  the  Ohio 

State  Reform   Farm,  for  the   reception  of  such  youth  therein  as  may  be 
sent  thither  under  section  9  of  this  act  and  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Section  2  of  the  act  provided  for  a  board  of  commissioners 
of  three  members,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  of  the  law. 

Section  8  provided: 

That  said  State  Reform  Farm  shall  be  established  by  the  board 
of  commissioners,  and  under  their  control  and  supervision,  upon  a  body 
of  land  containing,  as  near  as  may  be,  1,000  acres  of  land. 

Section  9  provided,  that  upon  obtaining  possession  of  such 
farm,  accommodations  for  forty  male  youths  should  be  provided, 
and  that  the  commissioners  should  select  from  the  House  of 
Refuge  at  Cincinnati,  the  Ohio  State  Penitentiary,  and  the  county 
Jails  of  the  state  such  boys  as  they  should  deem  suitable  for 
being  received  upon  said  State  Reform  Farm,  "and  said  forty 
boys"^  shall  constitute  the  first  family  of  said  reform  farm." 

After  that,  in  section  10,  the  law  provided  that  — 


Ohio  Centennial.  499 

Whenever  any  minor  male  under  the  age  of  18  shall  be  found 
guilty  of  an  offense  or  crime  against  the  laws  of  the  state,  the  court 
shall  have  power  to  sentence  the  defendant  to  be  committed  to  the 
reform   school. 

Section  ii  provided  that  — 

In  all  cases  when  received,  said  minors  shall  be  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  authorities  of  the  reform  school  until  legal  age,  and  said 
authorities  shall  at  all  times  have  power  to  apprentice  them  and  said 
minors  shall  be  discharged  from  any  reform  school  only  upon  order  of 
the  authorities  aforesaid  or  in  due  process  of  law.  ^ 

This  law  was  introduced  and  championed  in  the  house  by 
Plon.  James  Monroe,  afterwards  a  member  of  Congress  for  three 
terms,  and  for  many  years  a  professor  in  Oberlin  College. 

THE    AMERICAN    METTRAY. 

The  first  three  commissioners  of  this  institution,  and  its 
famous  superintendent,  Mr.  Cieorge  E.  Howe,  who  for  twenty 
years  shaped  its  destinies,  were  remarkable  men  and  are  worthy 
of  a  memorial  volume,  but  suffice  it  to  say  here  that  the  special 
form  impressed  upon  this  institution,  which  has  since  been  known 
as  *'the  family  system,"  was  due  largely  to  Commissioner  Reeme- 
lin  of  Cincinnati.  His  associate  commissioners  were  John  A. 
Foote,  of  Cleveland,  and  James  D.  Ladd,  of  Jefferson  County, 
both  able  and  eminent  citizens  and  admirably  qualified  for  their 
work. 

Mr.  Reemelin  was  a  German  by  birth  and  of  high  culture  in 
German  universities,  who  had  come  to  America  early  in  his  career 
and  obtained  fame  and  fortune  in  the  land  of  his  adoption.  He 
proposed  to  his  associate  commissioners,  after  they  had  visited 
various  reformatories  in  America,  that  he  should  go  to  Europe 
at  his  own  expense  and  see  what  he  could  find  there.  This  was 
assented  to,  and  after  months  of  travel  and  observation  in  foreign 
lands  he  returned  and  reported  a  plan  for  the  Ohio  State  Farm, 
based  upon  the  methods  of  the  juvenile  reformatory  at  Mettray, 
France.  His  report  was  adopted  in  the  main  by  his  associates, 
and  our  American  Mettray  was  established  on  a  farm  of  1.210 


500  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

% 

acres  in  Fairfield  County,  six  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Lan- 
caster, and  the  original  cottage  for  "40  male  youths"  has  since 
been  transformed  into  a  village  now  numbering  a  population  of 
about  800. 

The  first  family  buildings  were  four  in  number  and  built  of 
hewn  logs  two  stories  high,  and  the  old  farmhouse  was  used 
as  an  administration  building. 

From  the  beginning  prison  walls  and  grated  doors  were 
abolished,  and  each  cottage  under  the  charge  of  an  **elder 
brother"  and  his  wife  was  a  family  by  itself,  and  now,  as  then, 
in  every  cottage  its  niem1)ers  attend  school,  work  in  shops  or 
upon  the  farm,  go  to  church,  and  play  upon  the  open  grounds 
the  same  as  the  boys  of  any  other  well-regulated  village. 

This  institution  became  a  model  for  juvenile  reformatories  all 
over  the  United  States,  and  is  now  known  as  the  Boys'  Industrial 
School,  and  a  large  majority  of  its  graduates  have  become  hon- 
orable and  self-supporting  citizens. 

Since  the  opening  of  this  institution  there  have  been  various 
minor  changes  of  legislation  in  regard  to  it,  and  for  many  years 
it  has  had  a  board  of  managers  of  five  members  instead  of 
three,  but  in  the  main  it  has  been  conducted  upon  the  lines  laid 
down  by  its  founders  and  its  accommodations  have  kept  pace  with 
the  increasing  population  of  the  state. 

REFORM    SCHOOL    FOR    GIRLS. 

A  reform  and  industrial  school  for  girls,  now  known  as  the 
Girls'  Industrial  Home,  was  authorized  by  the  act  of  the  General 
Assembly  passed  May  5,  1869  (O.  L.  Vol.  66,  p.  no)  and  was  es- 
tablished in  Delaware  County,  and  is  similar  in  character  and 
administration  to  the  Boys'  Industrial  School,  and  has  an  average 
population  of  over  400. 

NEW    ERA    TN    PENITENTIARY    LEGISLATION. 

The  legislation  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1884-85  marks  a 
new  era  in  Ohio  methods  in  dealing  with  high-grade  criminals, 
or  felons,  as  they  are  known  to  the  law,  and  was  due,  largely, 
to  the  initiation  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Corrections, 


Ohio  Centennial.  501 

and  the  hearty  co-operatioii  of  Governor  George  Hoadly,  and 
Hon.  Allen  O.  Myers,  chairman  of  Committee  on  Prisons  and 
Prison  Reforms  in  the  house. 

As  early  as  1868,  in  its  first  annual  report,  the  Board  of 
State  Charities  had  earnestly  advocated  the  establishment  of  one 
new  prison  to  be  known  as  the  intermediate  penitentiary,  exclu- 
sively for  young  men,  and  argued  that  "such  a  system  would 
give  us  the  foundation  of  a  grand  system  of  graded  prisons ;  with 
the  reform  farm  on  one  side  of  the  new  prison,  for  juvenile  of- 
fenders, and  the  penitentiary  on  the  other,  for  all  the  more 
hardened  and  incorrigible  class ;  the  discipline  of  each  to  be  so 
adjusted  as  best  to  secure  the  results  aimed  at  in  each,  and  so 
connected  and  related  that  transfers  could  be  made  from  one  to 
the  other,  upon  certain  conditions,  based  upon  the  criminal's 
general  character  and  conduct,  to  be  determined  by  a  careful 
system  of  marks,  to  be  fully  treated  of  hereafter." 

These  recommendations  with  various  others  in  regard  to 
prison  administration  were  fully  amplified,  and  from  year  to 
year  were  repeated,  and  pressed  upon  the  attention  of  the  Leg- 
islature, and  the  general  public,  until  at  last  the  seeds  thus  sown 
culminated  into  law  in  a  series  of  legislative  acts  by  the  Sixty- 
sixth  General  Assembly  of  1884  and  1885,  in  which  all  the  lead- 
ing ideas  of  the  Elmira  Reformatory  system  were  embodied,  to- 
gether with  some  additions  and  improvements. 

Ijy  these  acts  the  contract  system  of  employing  convicts  was 
abolished,  the  indeterminate  sentence  was  authorized,  the  classi- 
fication of  prisoners  provided  for.  the  parole  system  established, 
and  cumulative  sentences  for  habitual  criminals  required.  (O. 
L.,  vol.  82,  pp.  60  and  236.) 

In  addition  to  these  requirements,  which  only  applied  to  the 
existing  Ohio  State  Penitentiary,  an  act  was  passed  "to  establish 
an  intermediate  penitentiary  and  to  provide  for  the  appointment 
of  a  board  of  managers"  to  locate,  construct,  and  to  manage  the 
same. 

PRISON    LABOR.  ^ 

In  abolishing  contract  labor  in  the  penitentiary,  it  was 
evidently  the  intention  of  the  General  Assembly  to  employ  the 


50^  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

prisoners  upon  state  account  (O.  L.,  vol.  8i,  p.  74,  sec.  4),  but  in 
the  absence  of  an  appropriation  for  machinery  and  capital,  it 
was  provided  in  a  separate  act  (O.  L.,  vol.  82,  p.  60)  that  it 
should  be  competent  for  the  managers  to  employ  prisoners  upon 
what  is  known  as  "the  piece-price  plan."  By  this  plan,  which 
still  continues,  with  a  majority  of  prisoners,  employers  furnish 
machinery  and  materials,  and  the  state  furnishes  and  supervises 
the  men,  and  secures  pay  by  the  piece  for  the  product.  The 
advantage  of  this  system  over  the  contract  system  is  that  the 
prisoner  is  not  the  slave  of  the  contractor,  but  the  employee  of 
the  state,  and  the  state  can  lighten  his  labor,,  change  his  oc- 
cupation, or  shorten  his  hours,  as  his  capacity  or  improvement 
may  require. 

Intelligently  administered,  this  system  is  a  vast  improve- 
ment upon  the  contract  system  for  its  opportunities  for  educa- 
tion and  reformation  are  far  superior,  and  these  ought  to  be 
the  main  purpose  in  any  well-regulated  prison,  whatever  may 
be  the  immediate  return  in  dollars  and  cents. 

THE    INDETERMINATE    SENTENCE. 

By  section  5  of  the  act  above  named  (O.  L.,  pages  74  and 
168)  it  was  declared  that  "every  sentence  to  the  penitentiary 
of  a  person  hereafter  committed  for  felony,  except  for  murder 
in  the  second  degree,  who  has  not  previously  been  convicted 
of  a  felony  and  served  a  term  in  a  penal  institution,  may  be,, 
if  the  court  having  said  case  thinks  it  right  and  proper,  a  gen- 
eral sentence  in  the  penitentiary.  The  term  of  such  imprison- 
ment of  any  person  so  convicted  and  sentenced  may  be  ter- 
minated by  the  board  of  managers,  as  authorizel  by  this  act,  but 
such  imprisonment  shall  not  exceed  the  maximum  term  provided 
by  law  for  the  crime  for  which  the  prisoner  was  convicted  and 
sentenced ;  and  no  such  prisoner  shall  be  released  until  he  shall 
have  served  at  least  the  minimum  term  provided  by  law  for  the 
crime  for  which  he  was  convicted." 

CLASSIFICATION    AND   PAROLE. 

By  sections  6,  7  and  8  of  this  act,  detailed  requirements  were 
made  for  the  commitment,  classification  and  parole  of  prisoners 


Ohio  Centennial.  503 

under  the  indeterminate  sentence,  similar  to  those  in  force,  then 
and  now,  at  the  Elmira  State  Reformatory  in  New  York. 

At  the  next  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  May  4,  1885, 
these  provisions  were  so  amended  as  to  apply  to  all  prisoners, 
whether  committed  under  the  indeterminate  sentence  or  other- 
wise, except  those  "sentenced  to  murder  in  the  first  or  second 
degree."     (O.  L.,  Vol.  82,  page  236.) 

So  far  as  ascertained  this  was  the  first  application  of  the 
indeterminate  sentence,  or  parole  system,  in  any  penitentiary,  or 
state  prison  in  America. 

Since  their  adoption  there  has  been  no  material  change  in 
these  laws.  The  indeterminate  sentence  has  not  been  utilized 
by  the  courts  as  largely  as  it  should,  but  under  the  rules  of  pro- 
gressive classification  over  twelve  hundred  prisoners  have  been 
paroled,  and  less  than  10  per  cent,  have  been  returned,  and  it 
is  known  that  a  large  majority  thus  paroled  have  been  restored 
to  honest  and  self-supporting  citizenship. 

The  system  has  not  always  been  administered  as  wisely  as 
it  should  have  been,  but  with  all  shortcomings  it  has  been  a 
vast  improvement  in  our  prison  management,  and  has  steadily 
gained  in  favor  with  the  public. 

CUMULATIVE    SENTENCES. 

Still  another  notable  enactment  of  the  Sixty-sixth  General 
Assembly  was  the  second  section  of  the  act  passed  May  4,  1885, 
since  known  as  the  habitual-criminal  act  (O.  L.,  Vol.82,  p.  237), 
by  which  it  was  decreed  that  "every  person  who,  after  having 
been  twice  convicted,  sentenced,  and  imprisoned  in  some  penal 
institution  for  felony,  whether  committed  heretofore  or  here- 
after, and  whether  committed  in  this  state  or  elsewhere  within 
the  limits  of  the  United  States  of  America,  shall  be  convicted, 
sentenced  and  imprisoned  in  the  Ohio  Penitentiary  for  felony 
hereafter  committed  shall  be  taken  to  be  an  habitual  criminal, 
and  on  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  he  shall  be  sentenced, 
he  shall  not  be  discharged  from  imprisonment  in  the  peniten- 
tiary, but  shall  be  detained  therein  for  and  during  his  natural 
life,  unless  pardoned  by  the  governor,  and  the  liability  to  be  so 
detained  shall  be  and  constitute  a  part  of  every  sentence  to  im- 


604  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

prisonment  in  the  penitentiary;  provided,  however,  that  after 
the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  he  was  so  sentenced  he 
may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  board  of  managers,  be  allowed  to 
go  upon  parole  outside  of  the  buildings  and  enclosures,  but  to 
be  while  on  parole  in  the  legal  custody  and  under  the  control  of 
said  board,  and  subject  at  any  time  to  be  taken  back  w^ithin  the 
enclosure  of  said  institution." 

There  was  some  question  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  an 
enactment  of  this  kind  and  therefore  it  was  very  carefully  drawn 
by  Governor  .Hoadly  himself,  than  wdiom  there  was  no  better 
lawyer  in  the  state,  and  it  has  since  been  passed  upon  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  state,  with  the  single  re- 
quirement that  the  fact  of  a  second  conviction  for  felony  should 
be  stated  in  the  indictment  and  proven  upon  the  trial. 

The  wisdom  of  this  act  has' been  fully  established,  but  its 
enforcement  has  not  been  as  frequent  as  it  should  have  been,  on 
account  of  the  failure  of  prosecuting  attorneys  to  conform  their 
indictments  to  the  requirements  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

[prisoners'  earnings. 

In  the  series  of  enactments  now  under  consideration  there 
is  still  another  provision  worthy  of  consideration,  viz..  that  con- 
tained in  section  9  of  the  act  passed  March  24,  1884  (O.  L.,  Vol. 
3i>  P-  75)  ^s  follows: 

The  warden  is  hereby  authorized  to  have  placed  to  the  credit  of" 
each  prisoner  (except  those  serving  a  life  sentence)  such  amount  of  their 
earnings  as  the  managers  may  deem  equitable  and  just,  taking  into  account 
the  character  of  the  prisoner,  the  nature  of  the  crime  for  which  he  is 
imprisoned,  and  his  general  deportment ;  provided,  that  such  credit  in 
no  case  exceeds  20  per  cent  of  his  earnings,  and  the  funds  thus  accruing 
to  the  credit  of  any  prisoner  shall  be  paid  to  him  or  his  family  at  such 
time  and  in  such  manner  as  the  l)oard  of  managers  may  deem  best;  pro- 
vided, that  at  least  25  per  cent,  of  such  earnings  shall  be  kept  for 
and  paid  to  such  prisoner  at  the  time  of  his  restoration  to  citizenship. 

GOOD-TIME    LAW. 

As  a  part  of  the  legislation  under  consideration,  another 
important  enactment  was  what  is  known  as  the  good-time  law 


Ohio  Centennial.  505 

\\o\.  8i,  p.  187,  sec.  7)  1)y  which  prisoners  by  good  conduct 
could  reduce  their  term  of  imprisonment  for  the  first  year  five 
days ;  for  the  second  year,  seven  days  for  each  month ;  for  the 
third  year,  nine  days  each  month,  and  for  succeeding  years,  ten 
days  each  month. 

This  law  has  since  been  modified  (May  4.  1891J  so  as  to 
allow  a  prisoner  sentenced  for  one  year  five  days  each  month ; 
for  two  years  six  days  each  month  for  the  entire  two  years;  for 
three  years,  eight  days  for  each  month  ;  for  four  years,  nine  days 
for  each  month;  for  five  years,  ten  days  for  each  of  the  six 
months  of  his  sentence ;  for  six  years  or  more,  eleven  days  for 
each  month  of  good  conduct. 

The  principle  of  the  original  act,  however,  had  not  been 
changed,  and  has  fully  demonstrated  it?s  usefulness  in  maintain- 
ing better  prison  discipline. 

INTERMEDIATE    PENITENTIARY. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  the  series  of  acts  now  under 
consideration  was  that  entitled  ''an  act  to  establish  an  inter- 
mediate penitentiary,"  passed  April  14.  1884  (O.  L.,  Vol.  81,  p. 
.206). 

Section  i  provides : 

That  there  be  established  an  intermediate  penitentiary  for  the 
incarceration  of  such  persons  convicted  and  sentenced  under  the  laws  of 
Ohio  as  have  not  previously  been  sentenced  to  a  state  penitentiary  in 
this  or  any  other  state  or  country. 

Sec.  '1.  That  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act,  there  shall  be,  and  is  hereby,  appropriated  for  the 
year  1884  and  1885  ten  per  centum  of  all  the  moneys  received  under  an 
act  passed  April  17,  1883,  entitled  "An  act  further  providing  against  the 
evils   resulting   from  the   traffic  in  intoxicating   liquors." 

The  act  of  1883,  known  as  the  Scott  law,  produced  a  large 
revenue  and  10  per  centtim  of  it  would  have  been  ample  to  com- 
plete promptly  and  carry  on  this  institution,  but  unfortunately 
within  a  year  it  was  declared  unconstitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  the  result  was  that  the  revenue  of  the  state  fell  oflF 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  appropriations  available  from  other 
sources  were  so  limited  that   the   completion   of   the   institution 


606  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications'. 

i 

has  lingered  until  the  present  time.  However,  a  location  was-, 
secured  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  comprising  182  acres  of  land,  and  in 
November,  1886,  the  corner-stone  of  the  new  structure  was  laid, 
and  the  work  went  on  from  year  to  year  until  in  September, 
1896,  it  was  sufficiently  advanced  to  receive  prisoners,  and  150 
short  term  men  were  selected  from  the  Ohio  State  Penitentiary 
for  a  beginning,  and  since  then  these  have  been  added  to  by 
sentences  from  the  courts,  so  that  the  institution  now  accommo- 
dates about  400  men. 

In  the  meantime  the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed' 
to  that  of  "The  Ohio  State  Reformatory,"  and  the  laws  govern- 
ing it  have  been  made  to  conform  to  those  governing  the  New 
York  State  Reformatory,  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  the  main  features  of 
which  are  the  intermediate  sentence,  progressive  classification,  and 
parole.     (O.  L.,  Vol.  88,  p.  382.) 

With  the  appropriations  already  made  it  is  expected  that 
the  institution  will  be  completed  within  a  year  or  two  with  a 
capacity  for  800  prisoners,  when  all  modern  reformatory  methods 
can  be  fully  inaugurated ;  certainly  its  equipment  will  not  be 
inferior  to  any  other  reformatory  of  its  kind  in  America. 

MISDEMEANORS. 

In  Ohio  all  criminal  oflFenses  punishable  by  imprisonment 
for  less  than  one  year,  are  known  as  misdemeanors,  and  are  pun- 
ishable  by   confinement   in   a   county   jail   or   city   workhouse, 

WORKHOUSES. 

In  Ohio  there  are  now  eight  city  workhouses,  viz.,  at  Can- 
ton, Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Columbus,  Dayton,  Toledo,  Xenia, 
and  Zanesville.  These  receive  prisoners,  not  only  from  their 
own  locality,  but  from  any  other  city  or  county  with  which 
satisfactory  contracts  for  support  have  been  made.  The  average 
term  of  sentence  to  these  workhouses  is  about  thirty  days. 

These  workhouses  in  their  character  and  conduct  are  similar 
to  those  in  other  states,  and  are  as  equally  well  administered, 
but  in  reformatory  results  they  have  never  been  satisfactory.  A 
large   majority   of  workhouse   prisoners   are   chronic   drunkards. 


Ohio  Centennial.  50T 

for  whom  a  commitment  of  ten,  to  twenty,  or  thirty  days  has 
no  terrors,  but  rather  the  reverse,  for  every  commitment  for 
another  debauch  is  an  opportunity  for  restoration  to  natural  con- 
ditions, by  medical  care  and  hygienic  treatment  at  public  ex- 
pense, and  this  accomplished  he  goes  out  to  repeat  his  previous 
offense. 

To  reform  prisoners  of  this  kind  time  is  an  essential  element, 
and  hence  in  Ohio,  by  recent  legislation,  a  new  feature  in  work- 
house sentences  has  been  authorized,  which  is  unknown  elsewhere^ 
and  which  promises  to  be  of  special  value.  This  act,  passed 
April  27,  1896  (O.  L.,  Vol.  92,  p.  359)  provides: 

That  every  person  who,  after  having  been  convicted,  sentenced,  and 
imprisoned  in  any  workhouse  for  an  offense  committed  heretofore  or 
hereafter  in  this  state  in  violation  of  an  ordinance  of  a  municipality  or 
a  law  of  this  state,  shall  be  convicted  of  a  second  misdemeanor,  whether 
committed  in  violation  of  an  ordinance  of  a  municipality  or  a  law  of 
this  state,  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  any  workhouse  within  this 
state,  shall  for  such  second  offense  be  punished  by  imprisonment  for  not 
less  than  double  the  penalty  imposed  upon  the  first  offense ;  and  in  case 
of  two  previous  convictions  for  such  misdemeanors,  the  penalty  for  a 
third  misdemeanor  shall  not  be  less  than  double  the  penalty  imposed  for 
the  last  of  such  previous  misdemeanors. 

But  no  greater  punishment  shall  be  inflicted  for  the  second  or  third 
misdemeanor  than  the  maximum  penalty  provided  for  by  law  or  ordinance 
for  that  particular  offense  committed.  Every  person  who,  after  being" 
three  times  convicted,  sentenced,  and  imprisoned  in  any  workhouse  or 
workhouses  for  offenses  committed  heretofore  or  hereafter  in  this  state, 
whether  in  violation  of  law  or  ordinance,  shall  be  convicted  of  a  fourth 
misdemeanor,  whether  committed  in  violation  of  an  ordinance  of  a, 
municipality  or  a  law  of  this  state,  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  any 
workhouse  in  this  state,  shall  upon  conviction  for  such  offense  be 
held  and  deemed  an  habitual  offender,  and  shall  be  imprisoned  in  a, 
workhouse  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  one  year  nor  more  than  three 
years. 

This  law  has  not  been  in  force  long  enough  to  furnish 
statistical  results,  but  so  far  as  tested  it  has  fulfilled  expecta- 
tions, and  is  certainly  a  vast  improvement  on  previous  conditions. 

COUNTY   JAILS. 

In  each  of  the  eighty-eight  counties  in  Ohio  there  is  a 
county  jail  which  is  near  to  or  adjoining  the  county  court-house^ 


508  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

• 

in  which  prisoners  awaiting  trial  are  confined.  After  sentence 
prisoners  committed  for  felony  are  transferred  to  the  state  pen- 
itentiary or  to  the  state  reformatory,  and  misdemeanants  to  a 
workhouse,  although  to  a  limited  extent  in  counties  where  there 
are  no  workhouses  misdemeanants  for  less  than  thirty  days'  sen- 
tence are  detained. 

Ohio  jails,  like  all  other  American  jails,  are  a  survival  of 
the  English  jail  system  of  a  century  ago,  but  unfortunately  they 
have  not  kept  pace  with  the  improvements  in  English  jails,  and 
the  old  vicious  system  which  allows  the  promiscuous  associa- 
tion of  prisoners  still  remains  in  many  counties,  and  contamina- 
tion, rather  than  reformation,  is  the  result. 

This  evil  was  early  recognized,  and  the  Board  of  State 
Charities  in  1867,  in  its  first  report  to  the  General  Assembly,  pre- 
sented it  very  fully  and  recommended  radical  changes  based  upon 
the  separation  and  classification  of  prisoners. 

In  its  next  report  (1868)  the  board  presented  a  carefully 
prepared  plan  of  the  jail  construction  by  which  classification 
could  be  secured,  and  also  cellular  separation  in  each  floor  could 
be  maintained. 

This  plan  has  since  been  known  as  the  "Ohio  Plan"  or 
^'Central  Corridor"  jail,  and  has  been  adopted  to  some  extent 
in  other  states. 

In  Ohio  nearly  all  new  jails  have  been  constructed  upon 
this  plan,  and  fully  one-third  of  our  counties  have  it;  and 
wherever  its  requirements  have  been  carried  out  it  has  been 
found  very  beneficial,  not  only  in  reformatory  results,  but  also 
in  its  efficiency  in  preventing  escapes. 

A  law  has  been  passed  (Vol.  88,  O.  L.,  p.  150)  declaring  that 
wherever  the  construction  of  a  county  jail  will  admit  of  the 
separation  of  prisoners,  that  such  separation  shall  be  maintained; 
but  for  one  reason  or  another  the  local  authorities,  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  evade  the  requirements  of  the  law,  and  the 
old  evil  goes  on.  However,  there  is  a  growing  public  sentiment 
in  favor  of  the  enforcement  of  the  law,  and  it  is  -likely  that 
in  the  near  future  the  administration  of  county  jails  will  be 
taken  away  from  the  local  authorities  and  centralized  in  the 
-State,  as  thev  were  in  Great  Britain  in  1877. 


Ohio  Centennial. 


609 


Aside  from  the  evils  of  associating  prisoners  together  in 
common  halls,  Ohio  jails,  as  a  rule,  are  humanely  administered, 
and  their  sanitary  condition  is  good. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  conclusion,  it  can  be  justly  claimed  that  reformatory  leg- 
islation in  Ohio  has  kept  abreast  and  possibly  in  advance  of  any 
other  American  state,  and  in  the  main  is  in  accord  with  the 
best  in  other  civilized  countries.  Our  shortcomings  are  largely 
due  to  a  faulty  administration,  to  which  any  system,  however 
perfect,  is  liable;  but  this  can  be,  and  we  have  the  faith  to  be- 
lieve will  be,  corrected  by  an  advancing  public  sentiment. 


I^AND  OFFICE   OF   THE   OHIO  COMPANY,  MARIETTA,  OHIO. 


THE  OHIO  PRESIDENTS. 

THOMAS    EWING,    JR. 


Five  Presidents  of  the  United  States  out  of  the  twenty-five 
were  born  in  Ohio.  If  President  Garfield  and  President  Mc- 
Kinley   had   been   permitted   to   Hve   out   the   terms    for   which 

they  were  elected,  we  should  have  had 
a  period  beginning  with  1869,  and  em- 
bracing thirty-six  years,  within  which 
but  one  man  not  an  Ohioan  by  birth 
occupied  the  White  House. 

The  history  of  the  country  fur- 
nishes only  one  parallel  for  this  emi- 
nence among  the  states.  Within  the 
borders  of  Virginia  seven  of  the  Pres- 
idents were  born.  The  parallel  is  sin- 
gularly close.  From  1789  until  1825, 
a  period  likewise  of  exactly  thirty- 
six  years,  there  was  but  one  Presi- 
dent not  a  native  of  Virginia  —  John 
Adams,  of  Massachusetts.  The  count 
by  birth  gives  Virginia  the  advantage  by  two;  but,  one  of  the 
A^irginians,  John  Tyler,  elected  as  Vice  President,  may  fairly  be 
excluded ;  and  President  William  Henry  Harrison,  who  was  born 
in  Virginia  and  was  a  citizen  of  Ohio  by  adoption,  is  claimed 
by  both  states. 

Moreover,  another  splendid  Ohioan,  William  Tecumseh  Sher- 
man, would  have  received  the  Republican  nomination  in  1884 
and  all  but  certainly  have  been  elected,  had  he  not  announced 
that  he  would  not  permit  his  name  to  be  brought  before  *he 
convention,  would  not  accept  the  nomination  if  tendered  to  him, 
and  would  not  serve  as  President  if  elected.  There  have  been 
notable  instances  of  men  who  have  felt  constrained  by  considera- 


THOMAS  EWING,  JR. 


510 


Ohio  Centennial.  511 

lions  of  honor  to  decline  a  nomination.  Major  McKinley  twice 
furnished  such  an  example ;  Samuel  L.  Southard  is  said  to  have 
declined  the  vice-presidential  nomination  in  1840  (which,  as  the 
event  proved,  carried  with  it  the  presidency),  because  his  failure 
to  secure  a  solid  delegation  from  New  Jersey  for  Mr.  Clay  had 
been  criticised.  But  General  Sherman  is  the  only  man  in  our 
history  to  refuse  what  he  believed  to  be  an  offer  of  the  presidency, 
when  free  to  accept. 

There  is  an  incident  now  quite  forgotten,  except  as  a  family 
tradition,  which  I  trust  that  I  may  be  pardoned  for  mentioning. 
In  the  Whig  Convention  of  1848,  after  General  Taylor  had  been 
nominated  to  the  presidency,  a  member  from  Pennsylvania, 
seconded  by  a  member  from  Tennessee,  put  in  nomination  to 
the  vice-presidency  Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio.  The  nomination 
would  have  passed  almost  without  opposition,  had  not  an  Ohio 
delegate,  in  the  name  of  the  Ohio  delegation,  withdrawn  it,  pro- 
fessing falsely  that  he  did  so  with  authorization  from  Mr.  Ewing 
himself.  But  for  this  bit  of  trickery,  Millard  Filmore's  place 
as  thirteenth  President  would  have  been  taken  by  an  Ohio  man. 

The  explanation  of  the  supremacy  of  this  State  has  been 
found  in  the  fact  thart  through  it  passed  by  far  the  larger  part 
of  that  migration  from  the  East  which  has  shifted  the  center 
of  population  and  the  weight  of  political  influence  into  the  Ohio 
basin.  It  was  not  a  mad  rush  like  that  of  the  argonauts  across 
the  plains  in  1849.  ^^  was  like  the  spreading  of  a"  forest,  which 
takes  root  as  it  advances;  it  was  like  the  maneuver  of  the  Roman 
legion,  when  the  younger  and  more  lightly  armed  troopers  passed 
through  the  line  of  veterans  to  engage  in  the  battle. 

In  a  speech  delivered  before  the  Ohio  Society  cff  N«ew 
York  (May.  1886),  Benjamin  Harrison  said:     ' 

"After  the  feeble  thirteen  Colonies  had  struggled  through  years  of 
bitter  war,  and  had  overcome  the  greatest  empire  in  the  world,  that  grand 
band  of  patriots  who  had  made  known  in  bleeding  marks  of  footprints 
on  the  snow  at  Valley  Forge  their  devotion  to  liberty  and  constitutional 
government  —  these  men  —  poor  in  everything  save  honor,  turned  out  of 
their  old-time  place  by  the  vicissitudes  of  the  long  and  wearying  war 
—  these  men  looked  to  some  new  field  where  they  could  repair  the 
fortunes  they  had  lost.     And  that  high  tide  of  intelligence  and  patriotism 


612  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publicafions. 

was  lifted  above  the  crest  of  the  Alleghenies  and  it  poured  into  the 
valley  of  the  Ohio.  It  was  the  first  basin  to  receive  the  fresh  crystal  waters 
of  the  spring  in  their  pristine  purity,  when  they  broke  forth  from  the 
mountain-side  where  devotion,  patriotism  and  courage  had  seen  them 
born.  Ohio  stood  at  the  gateway  of  the  West,  through  which  passed  the 
tide  that  was  to  people  and  develop  the  mighty  Northwest." 

In  1796  there  were  15,000  whites  in  the  Northwest  Territory. 
When  General  Harrison  welcomed  LaFayette  to  Cincinnati  in 
1825,  the  population  of  Ohio  alone  was  seven  hundred  thous- 
and ;  by  1840,  with  a  million  and  a  half,  she  had  become  the 
third  state  in  the  Union.  This  place  she  held  until  passed  by 
Illinois  in  the  decade  ending  with  the  year  1890, 

Kentucky  and  Tennessee  had  been  settled  largely  by  Vir- 
ginia and  North  Carolina,  which  had  owned  their  territory;  but 
the  population  of  Ohio  was  formed  by  the  mingling  of  the  blood 
of  all  of  the  Colonial  states.  Immigrants  came  from  the  entire 
region  which  includes  Maine  on  the  north  and  the  Carolinas  on 
the  south.  Virginia  had  her  military  bounty  lands ;  Con- 
necticut her  western  reserve ;  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
founded  Cincinnati ;  New  England,  Marietta.  Ohio  was  thus  the 
first-born  child,  when  the  young  republic  grappled  with  the  great 
problem  of  continental  dominion.  Her  settlers,  as  their  de- 
scendants, were  native-born  Americans,  living  under  free  and 
equal  laws,  owning  their  own  homes,  knowing  neither  wealth 
nor  poverty,  and  inheriting  in  purest  form  the  great  ideals  and 
traditions  of  the  Revolution.  Such  a  people  sprang  to  the  front 
instantly  and  inevitably  when  our  national  existence  was  in 
jeopardy ;  and  after  the  terrible  and  tragic  struggle  of  the  Civil 
War  was  over,  Ohio's  sons,  by  natural  selection,  became  party- 
leaders*  and  heads  of  the  nation. 

My  subject  calls  for  a  discussion  of  all  six  of  our  Presi- 
dents. It  is  manifestly  impossible  within  the  limits  set  to  make 
more  than  a  passing  reference  to  so  many  and  such  great  men. 
But  I  must,  at  least,  call  the  honored  roll. 

Of  William  McKinley,  whose  splendid  service  and  lovable 
character  are  known  intimately  to  all,  it  is  too  soon  to  speak 
fully.     His  administration  was  generally  so  successful  that  it  is 


Ohio  Centennial.  513^ 

difficult  to  choose  where  to  bestow  special  praise.  If  1  may  be 
permitted  to  hazard  an  opinion,  the  Chinese  incident  called  out  the 
finest  exhibition  of  his  statesmanship  and  diplomacy.  But  of 
one  thing  we  may  be  sure:  that  he  w^ill  be  remembered  as  the 
President  to  whom,  above  all  of  the  others,  fell  the  great  privi- 
lege, nobly  exercised,  of  drawnng  together  the  sympathies  and 
aspirations  of  north  and  south  for  effecting  the  policies  of  our 
re-united  country.  Deep  down  under  the  passions  and  bitter- 
ness which  slavery  and  the  Civil  War  aroused  was  a  noble  feel- 
ing of  brotherhood,  cherished  most  strongly  by  those  who  were 
actually  engaged  in  the  conflict.  It  found  expression  in  Cleneral 
Grant's  historic  saying,  "Let  us  have  peace."  It  was  dear  to 
(jeneral  Hayes  and  General  Garfield.  It  was  evidenced  by  the 
great  number  of  northern  soldiers  who,  from  sympathy  for  the 
south,  after  the  warfare  was  over  changed  their  party  affiliation. 
It  found  perhaps  most  lasting  expression  in  the  policy  of  recon- 
ciliation which  was  so  notable  a  feature  of  Major  McKinley's 
administration. 

Benjamin  Harrison,  though  a  native  of  Ohio  and  a  graduate 
of  our  Miami  University,  politically  was  a  son  of  Indiana.  Par- 
tisan ridicule  represented  him  as  hidden  beneath  his  grand- 
father's hat.  He  far  exceeded  his  grandfather  in  intellect  and 
training;  and  in  the  years  (all  too  few)  to  which  his  life  was 
extended  after  his  term  as  President,  his  splendid  abilities  and 
great  labors  in  his  profession  won  for  him  a  career  which  has 
been  equalled  by  no  ex- Presidents  of  the  United  States  other 
than   Thomas   Jefferson   and  John   Quincy  Adams. 

James  Abram  Garfield,  intellectually  supreme  perhaps 
among  them  all,  appealed  w'ith  unrivalled  force  to  the  young  men 
cf  the  country.  While  a  member  of  the  House,  where,  had  he  re- 
mained, he  would  have  been  chosen  Speaker,  he  was  elected  to  the 
Senate  and  to  the  Presidency.  His  service  as  a  Representative 
has  seldom  been  exceded  in  length,  and  never  in  distinction.  But 
he  lived  for  so  short  a  time  after  induction  into  the  office  of 
President,  that,  as  Mr.  Blaine  in  his  eulogv^  said.  ''His  reputation 
in  history  will  rest  largely  upon  his  service  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives." 
83    o.  c. 


614  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  simple  christian  gentleman  and  pat- 
riot that  he  was,  suffered  from  the  fiercest  political  antagonism 
since  the  impeachment-trial  of  Andrew  Johnson.  For  this,  how- 
ever, he  was  not  responsible.  The  democratic  party  controlled  the 
House  of  Representatives,  which  joined  in  the  agreement  to  sub- 
mit the  count  to  the  Electoral  Commission.  President  Hayes' 
administration  was  distinguished  by  its  purity,  and  by  the  achieve- 
ment of  the  resumption  of  specie  payments  which  has  become  a 
part  of  the  settled  financial  policy  of  the  government.  And,  how- 
ever we  may  differ  as  to  the  wisdom  of  this  and  other  matters  of 
policy,  he  will  always  be  held  by  the  entire  country  in  grateful 
remembrance  as  the  President  under  whom  local  self-government 
was  restored  in  the  southern  states. 

Back  of  these  comes  Ulysses  S.  Grant.  He  stands  first 
among  them  all  by  reason  of  his  transcendent  military  services. 
Great  as  a  soldier  and  patriot,  rather  than  as  a  statesman,  his  ca- 
reer, in  its  truly  significant  aspects,  belongs  to  the  history  of 
Ohio's  sons  in  the  Civil  War. 

It  is  the  first  of  the  Ohio  Presidents,  General  William  Henry 
Harrison,  "Old  Tip,"  as  his  followers  lovingly  called  him,  to 
whose  election  and  administration  I  chiefly  invite  your  attention. 
My  father's  father  was  his  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  My  mother's 
grandfather.  General  Reasin  Beall,  of  Wooster,  Ohio,  was  one  of 
his  companions-in-arms  in  an  early  campaign;  he  was  also  an 
elector-at-large,  called  a  senatorial  elector,  in  1840,  and  was  of- 
fered, but  declined,  the  secretaryship  of  war.  Harrison's  char- 
acter and  career  have,  therefore,  strongly  appealed  to  me.  But 
aside  from  personal  interest,  it  has  seemed  to  me  that  at  this 
centennial  celebration  we  should  recall  the  things  that  have 
passed  from  popular  memory,  rather  than  discuss  and  enlarge 
upon  what  is  known  of  all  men. 

William  Henry  Harrison  was  born  in  Virginia  in  the  year 
1774,  a  son  of  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. 

Receiving  a  military  commission  from  President  Washington 
in  1791,  Harrison  served  under  General  Wayne  in  the  campaign 
and  battle  of  Miami  Rapids,  and  attained  the  rank  of  captain. 


Ohio  Centennial.  515 

In  1797  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Northwest  Territory, 
which  embraced  Ohio.  In  1799  and  1800  he  was  a  delegate  to 
Congress.  Here  he  procured  the  passage  of  an  act  requiring 
that  the  pubHc  lands  be  surveyed  and  sold  in  small  tracts.  There- 
tofore, no  lands  were  sold  in  sections  of  less  than  three  or  four 
thousand  acres,  and  it  was  impossible  for  the  emigrants  generally 
to  acquire  their  own  farms.  When,  years  afterward,  he  was 
nominated  for  President,  one  of  the  reasons  most  strongly  urged 
for  his  election  \vas  : 

"He  is  the  father  of  the  present  admirable  system  of  disposing  of 
the  public  lands,  which  has  been  so  perfected  that  a  poor  man  who  can 
make  up  $]<>^>  may  become  an  independent  freeholder.'** 

A  note  by  Judge  Jiurnet  to  the  fifth  of  his  famous  letters 
contains  a  reference  to  General  Harrison's  political  views  at  this 
time.  It  is  interesting,  also,  for  its  reference  to  J\Tr.  Jefferson, 
and  I  quote  it  in  full,  as  follows: 

"I  can  now  recollect  only  four  individuals  in  this  place  and  neigh- 
borhood [Cincinnati]  who  then  [1800]  advocated  the  election  of  Mr.  Jef- 
ferson against  Mr.  Adams.  These  were  Major  Zeigler,  General  Harrison, 
William  McMillan  and  John  Smith.  There  might  have  been  one  or  two 
others  not  remembered.  .  ,  .  [One  man  said,]  'When  I  am  convinced 
that  skill  in  describing  the  qualities  and  beauties  of  a  flower  or  in  dis- 
cussing the  wing  of  a  butterfly  qualifies  a  man  for  the  duties  of  the  presi- 
dential chair,  I  will  vote  for  Mr.  Jefferson.'  " 

Evidently,  knowledge  beyond  the  common  in  any  but  one's 
recognized  field  of  activity  was  dangerous  then,  as  it  is  to-day. 

After  his  brief  services  in  Congress,  General  Harrison  was 
appointed  Governor  of  Indiana  and  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs.  He  negotiated  .thirteen  treaties  with  the  Indians,  one  of 
v/hich  added  to  the  public  domain  a  territory  twice  as  large  as  the 
state  of  Ohio.  In  an  interview  at  North  Bend  with  a  cor- 
respondent of  Horace  Greeley's  paper,  "The  Log  Cabin,"  General 
Harrison  spoke  of  his  office  as  Governor  and  his  services  as  fol- 
lows : 


*  From  the  Harrisonian.  Zanesvillc,  January  22,  1840. 


516  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Puhlications. 

"Mr.  Jefferson,  by  his  commission  as  Governor  of  Indiana  and  Upper 
Louisiana  invested  me  with  an  authority  greater  than  a  Roman  pro- 
consul.    ... 

"I  think  I  have  personally  obtained  for  the  country  from  the  Indians 
more  millions  of  acres  of  land  than  the  sword  of  a  conqueror  ever  per- 
manently won,  and  I  trust,   never  dishonestly." 

Besides  his  great  services  as  Governor  and  negotiator  with 
the  Indians,  he  made  an  heroic  defense  of  Fort  Meigs  (May^ 
1813),  and  fought  two  important  hattles,  one  upon  a  little  stream 
called  Tippecanoe  ( November  7,  181 1 ) ,  where  he  broke  the  charms 
and  the  influence  of  Tecumseh's  great  brother,  the  Prophet;, 
the  other  on  the  river  Thames  (October  5,  1813),  where  Tecum- 
seh  was  killed.  In  the  latter  campaign  he  had  at  one  time  as 
many  as  10,000  volunteer  militia  in  his  command.  The  victory 
on  the  Thames  and  Commodore  Oliver  H.  Perry's  victory  at  Put- 
in-Bay together   saved   to  this  country   the    State   of   Michigan. 

The  difficulties  of  campaigning  in  the  wilderness  may  be 
judged  by  the  fact  that  every  barrel  of  flour,  by  the  time  it  reached 
the  army,  had  cost  one  hundred  dollars.  Judge  Burnet,  in  his 
speech  in  the  Whig  National  Convention  of  1839,  said : 

"A  person  who  has  not  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  condition  of 
the  northwestern  portion  of  Ohio  at  the  time  of  the  late  war,  when  it 
was  an  unbroken  wilderness,  without  inhabitants  other  than  aborigines, 
without  roads,  bridges,  ferries  or  improvements  of  any  kind,  cannot  form 
any  idea  of  the  difficulties  General  Harrison  encountered  in  feeding,  sus- 
taining and  keeping  together  his  army.  The  difficulties  and  perplexities 
which  beset  him  during  his  campaigns  are  known  to  but  few,  and  cannot 
be  justly  appreciated  by  any;  yet  by  unceasing  activity  and  by  the  efforts 
of  his  powerful  mind,  he  overcame  them  all.  .  .  .  It  is  not  generally 
known  that  the  fleet  built  at  Erie  by  which  the  command  of  the  lakes 
was  obtained  was  a  ])roject  recommended  by  General  Harrison,  and  that 
it  was  adopted  by  Mr.  Madison  in  consequence  of  his  unbounded  confi- 
dence in  the  prudence  and  sound  judgment  of  him  who  proposed  it." 

Subsequently  to  these  military  services.  General  Harrison 
was  a  Representative  in  Congress  from  Ohio ;  served  in  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  United  States  from  1825  to  1828;  was  sent  as  minister 
to  the  Republic  of  Columbia ;  and,  in  the  campaign  of  1836.  was 
the  most  prominent  candidate  of  the  Whigs  for  the  presidency, 
but  was  defeated  bv  VanBuren  whom  he  in  turn  defeated  in  1840.- 


Ohio  Centennial.  517 

During  the  later  years  of  his  Hfe,  the  General  was  living 
in  his  famous  old  residence  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  at  North 
Bend,  where  he  enjo\ed  the  life  and  reputation  incident  to  his  true 
position,  that  of  one  of  the  great  first-settlers  in  the  Northwest 
Territory.  In  person  he  was  lithe  and  wiry  but  riot  tall,  simple 
in  manner,  pfein  of  dress,  with  the  keen  eye  and  weather-beaten 
face  of  the  woodsman,  and  the  sturdy,  kindly,  comfortable  counte- 
nance of  the  Virginia  bottom-lands  farmer. 

He  had  received  more  than  the  usual  education  of  his  asso- 
•ciates.  Above  all,  he  was  a  student  of  nature  and  of  Indian  life. 
In  an  interesting  discourse  on  the  Aborigines  in  the  Valley  of  the 
Ohio,  delivered  before  the  Ohio  Historical  Society  at  Columbus  in 
the  year  1837,  he  displays  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  Indians,, 
of  the  great  forests,  and  of  the  remains  of  ancient  peoples  found 
along  the  Ohio  River.  Arguing  for  the  antiquity  of  these  re- 
mains and  basing  his  arguments  upon  the  character  of  the  forests 
overgrowing  them,  he  has  one  passage  which  is  notable  for  first- 
hand observation  of  nature  and  for  genuine  eloquence.  It  is  as 
follows : 

"The  process  by  which  nature  restores  the  forest  to  its  original 
state,  after  being  once  cleared,  is  extremely  slow.  In  our  rich  lands,  it 
is,  indeed,  soon  covered  again  with  timber,  but  the  character  of  the  growth 
is  entirely  different,  and  continues  so,  through  many  generations  of  men. 
In  several  places  on  the  Ohio,  particularly  upon  the  farm  which  I  occupy, 
clearings  were  made  in  the  first  settlement,  abandoned,  and  suffered  to 
grow  up.  Some  of  them,  now  to  be  seen,  of  nearly  fifty  years'  growth, 
have  made  so  little  progress  toward  attaining  the  appearance  of  the  im- 
mediately contiguous  forest,  as  to  induce  any  man  of  reflection  to  deter- 
mine that  at  least  ten  times  fifty  years  would  be  necessary  before  its 
complete  assimilation  could  be  effected.  The  sites  of  the  ancient  works 
on  the  Ohio  present  precisely  the  same  appearance  as  the  circumjacent 
forest.  You  find  on  them  all  that  beautiful  variety  of  trees  which  gives 
such  unrivaled  richness  to  our  forests.  This  is  particularly  the  case  on 
the  fifteen  acres  included  within  the  walls  of  the  work,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Great  Miami,  and  the  relative  proportions  of  the  different  kinds  of 
timber  are  about  the  same.  The  first  growth  on  the  same  kind  of  land, 
once  cleared,  and  then  abandoned  to  nature,  on  the  contrary,  is  more 
homogeneous  —  often  stinted  to  one,  or  two,  or  at  most  three  kinds  of 
timber.  If  the  ground  had  been  cultivated,  yellow  locust,  in  many  places, 
will  spring  up  as  thick  as  garden  peas.  If  it  has  not  been  cultivated,  the 
black  and  white  walnut  will  be  the  prevailing  growth.  The  rapidity  with 
which  these  trees  grow  for  a  time,  smothers  the  attempt  of  other  kinds 


518  ^         Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publicafious. 

to  vegetate  and  grow  in  their  shade.  The  more  thrifty  individuals  soorr. 
overtop  the  weaker  of  their  own  kind,  which  sicken  and  die.  In  this  way, 
there  is  soon  only  as  many  left  as  the  earth  will  well  support  to  maturity. 
All  this  time  the  squirrels  may  plant  the  seed  of  those  trees  which  serve 
them  for  food,  and  by  neglect  suffer  them  to  remain,  —  it  will  be  in  vain; 
the  birds  may  cirop  the  kernels,  the  external  pulp  of  which  have  con- 
tributed to  their  nourishment,  and  divested  of  which  they  are  in  the  best 
state  for  germinating,  still  it  wall  be  of  no  avail;  the  winds  of  heaven 
may  waft  the  winged  seeds  of  the  sycamore,  cotlonwood  and  maple,  and 
a  friendly  shower  may  bury  them  to  the  necessary  depth  in  the  loose  and 
fertile  soil — but  still  without  success.  The  roots  below  rob  them  of 
moisture,  and  the  canopy  of  limbs  and  leaves  above  intercept  the  rays  of 
the  sun,  and  the  dews  of  heaven;  the  young  giants  in  possession,  like 
another  kind  of  aristocracy,  absorb  the  whole  means  of  subsistence,  and 
leave  the  mass  to  perish  at  their  feet.  This  state  of  things  will  not,  how- 
ever, always  continue.  If  the  process  of  nature  is  slow  and  circuitous, 
in  putting  down  usurpation  and  establishing  the  equality  which  she  loves, 
and  which  is  the  great  characteristic  of  her  principles,  it  is  sure  and 
effectual.  The  preference  of  the  soil  for  the  first  growth  ceases  with  its 
maturity.  It  admits  of  no  succession,  upon  the  principles  of  legitimacy. 
The  long  undisputed  masters  of  the  forest  may  be  thinned  by  the  light- 
ning, the  tempest,  or  by  diseases  peculiar  to  themselves;  and  whenever 
this  is  the  case,  one  of  the  oft-rejected  of  another  family  will  find  be- 
tween its  decaying  roots,  shelter  and  appropriate  food;  and  springing 
into  vigorous  growth,  will  soon  push  its  green  foliage  to  the  skies,  through 
the  decayed  and  withering  limbs  of  its  blasted  and  dying  adversary  —  the 
soil  itself  yielding  it  a  more  Jiberal  support  than  to  any  scion  from  the 
former  occupant.  It  will  easily  be  conceived  what  a  length  of  time  it 
will  require  for  a  denuded  tract  of  land,  by  a  process  so  slow,  again  to 
clothe  itself  with  the  amazing  variety  of  foliage  which  is  the  character- 
istic of  the  forests  of  this  region.  Of  what  immense  age,  then,  must  be 
those  works,  so  often  referred  to,  covered,  as  has  been  supposed  by  those 
who  have  the  best  opportunity  of  examining  them,  with  the  second  growth 
after  the  ancient  forest  state  had  been  regained?" 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  there  existed  a  real  and  wide- 
spread enthusiasm  for  the  hero  of  Tippecanoe.  His  nomination, 
like  his  election,  was  due  to  a  tremendous  popular  upheaval.  As 
William  Creighton,  Jr..  of  Chillicothe,  wrote  (Sept.  3,  1835)  : 

"Old  Ross  will  move  this  fall  in  all  her  strength.  .  .  .  We  intend 
to  call  a  great  meeting  for  the  last  Saturday  in  this  month  to  nominate 
Harrison  for  the  Presidency.  We  cannot  get  along  without  heroism.  We 
shall  present  in  strong  terms  the  hero  of  three  wars,  and  will  sweep  the 
country.     Our  opponents  will  not  see  for  the  dust  we  raise." 


Ohio  Centennial.  5 IS 

An  old  newspaper  says  : 

"A  gentleman  passing  through  the  State  of  Indiana  recently,  says 
he  stopped  at  a  tavern  in  one  of  the  principal  towns,  where  a  register  of 
the  names  of  ti-avelers  was  kept,  and  each  individual  was  desired  to 
write  opposite  his  name  the  name  of  the  person  he  would  prefer  for  Presi- 
dent, and  that  nine  out  of  ten  were  for  Harrison,  but  few  for  Clay,  and 
only  one  for  Van  Buren  out  of  a  list  of  several  hundred." 

The  Ohio  Convention,  held  at  Columbus,  February  22,  1836, 
where  General  Harrison  was  first  put  in  nomination  for  President^ 
is  described  in  a  letter  from  John  M.  Creed,  of  Lancaster  (Feb. 
23,  1836),  as  "the  largest  ever  held  in  the  western  country,  and 
perhaps  in  the  Union."  Everybody  was  for  Harrison.  In  the 
resolutions  Clay  and  Webster  were  lauded  to  the  skies.  They 
were  eulogized  as  "god-like  men ;"  but  when  it  came  to  nominat- 
ing a  candidate  Harrison  got  all  of  the  votes. 

In  the  great  national  Whig  Convention  which  met  at  Harris- 
burg  in  December,  1839,  to  place  their  candidate  for  President  in 
nomination.  General   Harrison  was  overwhelmingly  the  choice. 

The  campaign  which  followed  will  always  be  memorable. 
A  few  of  the  war-cries  of  the  Whigs  are  well-known : 

"Van,   Van  is  a  used-up  man"; 

"She's  went, 

"Hell-bent, 

"For  Governor  Kent": 
"The  Whigs,  the  Whigs,  they  come,  they  come" ; 

and  the  like. 

Van  Buren  w-as  the  "fox  holed  at  Kinderhook ;"  or  after  the 
analogy  of  "Old  Hickory"  was  dubbed  "Slippery  Elm." 

The  Loco-focos  lacked  the  war  cries,  but  were  ready  with 
attacks  on  General  Harrison.  These  are  fairly  summarized  by 
the  Harrison  Eagle  (May  16,  1840)  as  follows: 

'Among  the  serious,  fatal  and  unanswerable  objections  which  the 
Locos  bring  against  General  Harrison,  we  find  the  following,  namely: 
He  is  poor,  ignorant  and  a,  coward  —  drinks  hard  cider,  eats  crackers,  and 
treats  his  company  with  the  same,  instead  of  champagne  —  is  an  old 
granny  —  the  petticoat  candidate  —  the  imbecile  —  the  Log-cabin  and  hard- 


520  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

.  • 

cider  farmer  —  who  works  with  his  own  hands  —  is  under  the  supervision 
of  a  committee  who  receive  and  answer  letters,  questions,  etc., —  is  en- 
titled to  no  credit  for  any  services,  or  bravery,  during  the  last  war,  all 
his  victories  having  been  achieved  by  those  under  him." 

In  point  of  fact,  Gen.  Harrison  was  proud  and  tenacious  of 
his  opinions  and  quite  ready  to  express  them  freely.  The  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence  was  established  largely  to  save  him 
labor  and  postage.  In  a  letter  quoted  in  the  Boone's  Lick  (Mo.) 
Times,  he  says :  'T  have  actually  from  necessity  been  obliged 
to  give  up  the  correspondence  of  many  of  my  best  friends." 

It  was  unwise  to  call  attention  to  his  poverty.  Millions  of 
the  public  money  had  passed  through  his  hands,  and  they  were 
empty  and  clean ;  and  on  his  farm  at  North  Bend  were  the  fam- 
ilies, not  small,  of  three  deceased  sons,  and  an  adopted  child  ttie 
orphan  daughter  of  one  of  his  military  aides,  all  entirely  depend- 
ent upon  him.  The  Loco-foco  sneers  only  gave  zest  to  counter- 
cries  such  as  the  cry  of  "Gold-spoons,"  raised  by  the  Whigs  be- 
cause President  Van  Ruren  had  had  gilded  some  of  the  spoons  of 
the  White-House  furnishings. 

As  to  his  personal  courage,  it  was  vouched  for,  with  one 
voice,  by  all  of  his  old  soldiers,  including  the  Loco-foco  Vice- 
President  Richard  M,  Johnson,  who  "slew  the  great  Tecumseh." 
Some  of  the  stay-at-homes  of  1812  tried  to  question  it,  but  to  no 
avail.  The  Loco-foco  Governor  of  New  Hampshire,  who  called 
Harrison  a  coward  in  1840,  had  named  a  son  for  him  during  the 
war  of  1812. 

But  the  Locos  committed  their  fatal  blunder  in  ridiculing 
the  General's  log-cabin  and  his  hard-cider  hospitality.  Thereby 
they  gave  the  XVhigs  something  popular  to  shout  about,  and  a  fine 
drink  to  wet  their  whistles  with.  For  it  was  a  time  when  in  many 
sections  of  the  country  log-cabins  were  still  the  only  dwellings 
known.  There  was  not  a  section  in  which  they  were  not  numer- 
ous, and  the  "raisin"  was  an  event  for  neighborly  service  auvd 
merry-making.     Mr.  Webster,  at  Saratoga  (Aug.  19,  1840)  said: 

"It  did  not  happen  to  me  to  be  born  in  a  log-caliin.  but  my  elder 
brothers  and  sisters  were  born  in  a  log-cabin,  raised  amid  the  snow- 
drifts of  New  Hampshire,  at  a  period  so  early  as  that  when  the  smoke 
first  rose  from  its  crude  chimney  and  curled  over  the  fiozen  hills,  there 


Ohio  Centennial.  521 

was  no  similar  evidence  of  a  white  man's  habitation  between  it  and  the 
settlements  on  the  rivers  of  Canada.  Its  remains  still  exist.  I  make  to 
it  an  annual  visit.  I  carry  my  children  to  it  to  teach  them  the  hardships 
endured  by  the  generations  which  have  gone  before  them.  I  love  to 
dwell  on  the  tender  recollections,  the  kindred  ties,  the  early  affections, 
and  the  touching  narratives  and  incidents  which  mingle  with  all  I  know 
of  this  primitive   family  abode." 

So  it  very  nattirally  came  about  t-hat  log-cabins  were  raised 
in  every  hamlet,  and  the  large  cities  like  New  York  were  dotted 
with  them.  Smaller  cabins  were  mounted  on  wagons.  A  friend, 
born  in  1840,  told  me  recently  that  she  remembers  as  a  child  hav- 
ing for  a  play-hotise  one  of  these  cabins,  large  enough  for  a 
number  of  children  to  play  in,  which  had  been  hauled  about  over 
the  whole  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
which  her  father  bought  at  the  close  of  the  campaign. 

Mr.  Carl  Schurz,  in  his  admirable  life  of  Clay,  has  described 
the  campaign  briefly  and  vividly  as  follows  : 

"There  has  probably  never  been  a  presidential  campaign  with  more 
enthusiasm  and  less  thought  than  the  Whig  campaign  of  1840.  As  soon 
as  it  was  fairly  started,  it  resolved  itself  into  a  popular  frolic.  There  was 
no  end  of  monster  mass  meetings,  with  log-cabins,  raccoons  and  hard 
cider.  One-half  of  the  American  people  seemed  to  have  stopped  work 
to  march  in  processions  behind  brass  bands  or  drum  and  fife,  to  attend 
large  picnics,  and  to  sing  campaign  doggerel  about  "Tippecanoe  and  Tyler 
too."  The  array  of  speakers  on  the  Whig  side  was  most  imposing :  Clay. 
Webster.  Corwin,  Ewing.  Clayton.  Preston,  Choate.  Wise,  Reverdy  John- 
son. Everett,  Prentiss,  Thompson  of  Indiana,  and  a  host  of  lesser  lights. 
But  the  immense  multittides  gathered  at  the  meetings  came  to  be  amused, 
not  to  be  instructed.  They  met,  not  to  think  and  deliberate,  but  to  laugh 
and  shout  and  sing." 

But  the  songs  were  not  all  doggerel.  It  is  true  that  we 
cannot  defend  more  than  a  few  lines  of  "Tippecanoe  and  Tyler 
too,"  nor  that  song,  a  mere  snatch  of  which  has  come  down  to 
.me  by  tradition,  about  the  Whig  party,  running : 

"they  cannot   spile  her. 
While  we  have  Tom  the  wagon-boy 
And  Tom  the  old  salt-biler." 

''Biler"  was  an  important  word  in  the  Whig  rhyming  dic- 
tionarv. 


622  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

"Go  it,  Harrison, 

Come  it,   Tyler, 
And  we'll  bust 

Van    Biiren's   biler." 

There  were,  however,  some  stirring  songs.  All  the  familiar* 
airs  —  "Hail,  Columbia,"  "The  Old  Oaken  Bucket,"  "Auld  Lang 
Syne,"  "Hail  to  the  Chkf,"  "Bonnets  of  Blue,"  "Little  Pig's- 
Tail,"  "There's  no  Luck  in  the  House,"  "Old  Rosin  the  Beau," — 
were  brought  into  requisition,  to  carry  to  the  hearts  of  the  peo- 
ple verses  telling  of  "the  battles,  sieges,  fortunes,"  which  their 
old  hero  had  passed,  and  of  the  good  times  he  would  bring  in 
again.  Take  this  song  for  the  Tippecanoe  battleground  gather- 
ing as  a  sample  : 

"Come  from  the  cabins,  come ! 
Sons  of  the  brave  and  free, 
As  your  fathers  came  when  the  stirring  drum 
Beat   loud   for  Liberty! 
'Tis  Freedom  calls,  as  then 

She  called  upon  your  sires. 
Go  forth  like  men,  to  the  field  again 
Where  burned  their  battle  fires." 

As  Mr.  Schurz  says,  the  meetings  were  immense.  I  cite  a. 
few  instances:  Twelve  thousand  are  reported  at  Springfield,. 
Illinois ;  fifteen  thousand  at  Greenville,  Ohio ;  at  Ft.  Meigs,  thirty 
thousand ;  and  on  the  Tippecanoe  battlefield  forty  thousand  gath- 
ered ;  the  meeting  lasted  for  three  days,  and  three  thousand  two 
hundred  wagons  were  actually  counted  upon  the  grounds.  At 
Hagerstown,  Maryland,  one  of  the  speakers  said  he  did  not  num- 
ber the  crowd  "by  hundreds  or  by  thousands,  but  by  acres."  At 
Syracuse,  New  York,  in  September,  it  is  said  that  fifty  thousand 
people  were  present.  A  newspaper  of  the  day  reports  of  the- 
meeting  as  follows: 

"A  whole  fleet  of  boats  from  the  West  came  up  the  enlarged  por- 
tion of  the  canal,  three  abreast,  in  a  long  line  of  procession.  Every  boat: 
had  its  banners  and  decorations  and  the  fine  looking  and  well  clad  free- 
men that  thronged  them  made  the  welkin  ring  with  their  music,  joyous- 
melodies  and  enthusiastic  hurrahs." 


Ohio  Centennial.  52^- 

At  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  a  procession  was  formed  up- 
wards of  three  miles  in  length,  eight  abreast,  the  crowd  in  the 
procession  and  in  the  town  being  estimated  at  seventy-five  thou- 
sand. 

At  Chillicothe,  where  the  idea  of  log-cabin  raising  originated, 
the  procession  at  the  first  meeting.  May  i6,  1840,  included  a 
w^agon  carrying  a  Buckeye-cal)in  drawn  1)\-  six  horses,  with  a 
barrel  of  hard-cider  outside  the  cabin,  raccoon  skins  nailed  to  the 
logs,  and  a  live  raccoon  climbing  about  the  roof.  The  Kingston 
boys  brought  a  canoe  thirty  feet  long.  The  cabin  raised  was 
forty  feet  by  seventy-five  feet,  and  could  seat  a  thousand  people. 
On  the  occasion  of  General  Harrison's  visit  to  Chillicothe  in  Sep- 
tember of  that  year,  the  double  column  of  carriages  and  the  pro- 
cession of  horsemen  eight  deep  which  went  out  to  meet  him  ex- 
tended over  two  miles.  The  General  came  down  the  road  into  the 
town  in  a  barouche  drawm  by  four  horses  and  followed  by  an  es- 
cort of  horsemen  and  carriages  a  mile  in  length.  A  single  citi- 
zen of  the  town,  Henry  Brush,  is  said  to  have  entertained  at 
table  twenty-five  hundred  guests. 

The  procession  at  the  log-cabin  raising  at  St.  Louis,  the 
home  of  ''the  Hon.  Gold  Humbug  Benton,"  is  described  at  length 
in  the  Harrison  Eagle  of  May  30,  1840,  and  more  briefly  as  fol- 
lows: First,  the  Tippecanoe  Club  with  a  banner  showing  an 
eagle  strangling  a  green  and  yellow  serpent  whose  tortuous 
folds  were  terminated  with  a  fox's  head :  citizens  with  banners ; 
ladies  in  carriages ;  the  boys  of  the  various  schools ;  uniformed 
companies  with  coon-skins  dangling  from  their  heads  to  their 
waists ;  horsemen  ;  procession  of  laborer's  carts ;  laborers  on  foot 
with  shovels,  pick-axes,  etc. ;  printers  with  a  press  mounted  on  a 
car,  printing  Tippecanoe  songs  which  were  distributed  among  the 
crowd ;  drays  loaded  with  barrels  of  hard  cider ;  a  log-cabin  drawn 
by  six  horses  with  the  inscription  "The  string  of  the  latch  never 
pulled  in" ;  blacksmiths  with  a  forge  and  the  motto  "Strike  for 
our  country's  good" ;  joiners  and  cabinet-makers  with  a  miniature 
shop  and  men  at  work ;  a  "tippe-canoe"  drawn  by  six  horses  and 
filled  with  men ;  tw^o  smaller  canoes  filled  with  men  throwing^ 
the  lead  and  singing  out  the  soundings :  Fort  Meigs,  filled  with 
soldiers,  drawn  by  twelve  yoke  of  oxen, ;  in  the  Fort  was  a  band  of 


524  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

drums  and  fifes,  also  cannons ;  the  brick-layers ;  a  log-cabin  with 
an  Indian  canoe  behind  drawn  by  four  horses;  a  regiment  of 
Suckers;  and  finally,  a  body  of  men  on  foot  with  inscriptions: 
'■'Rhode  Island  victory,"  "Connecticut  election  4,600  majority," 
and  a  comical  looking  wag  with  his  thumb  on  his  nose  and  twirl- 
ing his  fingers  in  Sam  Weller  style  and  the  legend  "You  can't 
come  it,  Matty." 

But  the  grand  monster  meeting,  called,  according  to  the  lan- 
guage of  the  campaign,  a  "convention,"  was  held  at  Davton,  then 
a  town  of  five  or  six  thousand  inhabitants.  Here,  on  September 
loth,  was  gathered  a  crowd  which,  by  actual  survey  of  the  space 
■covered  with  people  around  the  speakers'  stand,  and  an  allowance 
of  four  persons  to  the  square  yard,  was  estimated  to  number 
more  than  seventy-five  thousand,  while  fully  twenty  thousand 
v/ere  scattered  about  the  town  and  its  vicinity.  The  meeting  be- 
came famous  as  the  convention  of   one  hundred  thousand ! 

This  gathering  is  described  in  the  Cincinnati  Gazette  of  the 
time  as  follows : 

"Delegates  with  their  appropriate  banners  were  there  from  Louisi- 
ana, Kentucky  and  Indiana.  Old  Kentuck  told  us  she  had  finished  her 
work  and  bade  us  go  and  do  likewise.  Louisiana  pledged  a  majority  of 
4,200  for  'Old  Tip'  in  November,  and  Indiana  related  a  comical  story  of 
the  way  in  which  one  Matty  Van  scampers  down  hill  yelling  'Stop  that 
cider  barrel !'  whenever  he  hears  a  report  from  one  of  the  states  as 
they  successively  cast  their  votes  against  the  usurpers  and   spoilsmen. 

'There  is  living  in  and  animating  our  breasts  at  this  time  the  one 
general  impression  of  an  immense  congregation  of  the  people,  above 
whose  countless  heads  rise  banners  without  number,  and  among  whom 
move  hither  and  yon  log-cabins,  mechanics'  shops,  a  fleet  of  ships, 
-canoes,  cars,  filled  with  young  misses  singing  patriotic  songs,  bands  of 
anusicians  playing  national  airs,  emblems  of  freedom,  denunciations  of 
tyranny  and  badges  of  Union  which  proclaim  that  one  purpose  gathered 
all  this  together,  by  one  spirit  is  it  pervaded,  and  to  one  result  does  it 
tend." 

At  this  time  there  were  not  more  than  fifty  miles  of  steam- 
railwav  in  the  Northwest  Territory.  The  only  other  means  of 
conveyance  were  by  the  rivers,  canals,  and  wagon-road.  Sixteen 
canal  boats  laden  with  people,  on  February  21st,  made  the  trip 
from  Chillicothe  to  Columbus,  in  a  pouring  rain.  It  took  twenty 
hours  to  cover  the  fiftv  miles.     As  for  travel  by  road,  an  old 


Ohio  Centennial.  525 

story  tells  of  a  traveler  who  saw  a  hat  in  the  road  and  picked 
it  up ;  under  the  hat  was  a  man  and  under  the  man  was  a  horse^ 
sunk  down  in  the  mud. 

Of  course  the  crowds  had  their  fun.  They  were  American 
people,  men,  women  and  children,  full  of  humor,  good  humor. 
Of  course,  large  quantities  of  hard-cider  were  consumed.  It  was 
a  campaign  when  staid  old  church-going  farmers  went  about  with 
canteens  of  hard-cider  hung  from  their  necks ;  and  we,  perhaps, 
must  not  discredit  the  statement  of  the  Toronto  Patriot  that  "the 
folks  who  now  so  loudly  cry  out  for  hard-cider  at  the  same  time 
prudently  drink  rum,"  A  raising  had  always  been  a  time  for 
jollification.  Thomas  Corwin,  the  Whig  candidate  for  Governor 
of  Ohio,  was,  with  the  possible  exception  of  Harrison,  the  great- 
est drawing  card.  He  complained  bitterly  in  later  years  that  he 
would  go  down  in  history  as  a  buffoon.  He  was,  in  fact,  a  man 
of  lofty  ideals  and  fine  sense ;  but  as  a  humorous  stump-speaker, 
we  probably  never  have  had  his  equal  in  this  country.  One  of  his 
speeches  during  the  campaign  of  1840,  delivered  in  the  House  of 
Representatives,  will  always  be  remembered.  Isaac  E.  Crary,  a 
young  member  from  Michigan,  attacked  General  Harrison's  mili- 
tary career  and  reputation  ;  and  in  the  course  of  his  speech,  mod- 
estly let  it  be  known  that  he  himself  was  a  brigadier-general  of 
militia  in  Michigan  on  the  peace  establishment.  Corwin,  in  his 
memorable  reply,  suggests  that  Alexander  the  Great  might  have 
made  a  man  of  himself  in  the  art  of  war,  had  he  been  a  member  of 
Congress  and  heard  the  military  debates  there.  Then  he  goes  on 
to  describe  what  he  calls  a  "water-melon"  campaign  of  the  Michi- 
gan militia.  His  speech  contains  one  burst  of  satirical  and  mock- 
heroic  declamation,  which,  though  well-known,  I  must  be  per- 
mitted to  quote.     He  said: 

"We  all,  in  fancy,  see  the  gentleman  from  Michigan  in  that  most 
dangerous  and  glorious  event  in  the  life  of  a  militia  general  on  the  peace 
establishment —  a  parade  day;  the  day  for  which  all  the  other  days  of 
his  life  seem  to  have  been  made!  We  can  see  the  troops  in  motion; 
umbrellas,  hoe  and  axe  handles,  and  other  like  deadly  implements  of  war 
overshadowing  all  the  field;  when  lo !  the  leader  of  the  host  approaches; 

'Far  off  his  coming  shines.' 
His  plum'e,   white,   after  the   fashion  of  the  great  Bourbon,    is  of  ample 


:526  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

length,  and  reads  its  doleful  history  in  the  bereaved  necks  and  bosoms 
of   forty  neighboring  hen-roosts !"  * 

But  in  appreciating-  the  fun  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the 
iiterling  sense  in  this  remarkable  speech.  It  had  only  "wit  enough 
to  keep  it  sweet." 

It  came  to  be  quite  the  custom  for  the  rival  parties  to  hold 
meetings  in  the  same  town  upon  the  same  day.  This  started, 
probably,  by  way  of  joint  debates,  which  frequently  degenerated 
into  rival  meetings.  I  have  a  letter  from  the  Hon.  Samuel  F. 
Vinton  to  Mr.  Ewing  (dated  September  lo,  1840),  which  gives 
a  lively  account  of  one  of  these  affairs,  as  follows : 

"The  Whigs  of  Athens  had  written  to  you  and  myself  and  I  be- 
lieve to  Murphy  to  come  and  meet  a  challenge  which  the  loco-focos  had 
put  out  for  a  debate  yesterday  with  Allen  and  Shannon.  I  went.  In 
the  morning,  before  going  to  the  grounds,  they  backed  out,  pretending 
to  make  a  difficulty  about  terms.  I  sent  word  to  them  that  I  would  meet 
them  on  any  terms  they  might  name.  They  refused.  I  went  down  to 
the  grounds  and  before  the  speaking  began  challenged  the  whole  cara- 
^>an.  told  them  to  take  their  own  terms;  they  publicly  declined.  I  then 
told  them  they  must  consider  themselves  backed  out.  The  Whigs  shouted 
over  them  and  hallooed  backed  out;  crowed  and  bantered  —  some  hallooed 
Petticoat  Allen.  They  took  it  all  as  quiet  as  lambs.  I  then  told  the  Whigs 
I  would  address  them  at  the  Court  House.  We  formed  a  procession  in 
front  of  them,  took  off  more  than  one-half  of  the  assembly,  and  spent 
the  day  in   speeches  and  crowing." 

A  letter  from  Thomas  Corwin  (dated  September  12th,  1840), 
describes  a  joint  debate  at  Zanesville  as  follows: 

"They  had  a  real  flare-up  here  last  night.  Taylor  and  Mathiot 
addressed  the  people  by  agreement,  half  an  hour  each,  and  Goddard 
was  to  close  the  case.  He  went  reading  Taylor's  bank  votes  from  the 
legislative  journal,  including  his  negative  votes  on  the  individual  re- 
sponsibility clause,  etc.,  until  the  General  and  his  folks  became  furious 
and  called  out  to  leave,  as  Goddard's  half  hour  had  expired.  Charley 
went  on  and  two  meetings  sprung  up,  each  addressed  by  its  own 
orators.  Amongst  other  things  Goddard  talked  of  M — 's  drawing  cash 
twice  from  the  State  Treasury  some  years  ago,  whereupon  the  Colonel 
talks  of  caning  and  all  that  to-day.  You  must  know  there  is  a  two-days' 
muster  here,  ending  to-day.  The  General  is  now  out  at  the  grounds  and 
I  have  not  yet  seen  him.    As  to  the  aforesaid  caning,  you  know  that  is  only 


Ohio  Centennial.  527 

in  my  eye.     As  to  the  charge,  what  is  said  is  said,  it  will  remain,  for  our 
friend  Goddard  is  not  the  man  to  back  out  when  he  sets  down  his  foot." 

Doubtless  there  was  much  provocation  for  the  cry  of  the 
Loco-focos  against  the  ''log-cabin  foolery"  of  the  Whigs,  but  they 
were  themselves  a  good  second.  Senator  Allen  went  about  Ohio 
with  Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson,  then  Vice-President,  holding 
him  up  as  the  real  hero  of  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  and  calling 
upon  him  to  sliow  his  wounds.  A  specimen  of  Johnson's  oratory 
has  been  preserved  in  a  letter  written  from  Piqua  shortly  after 
the  close  of  the  campaign,  from  which  I  quote  as  follows: 

"Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson  delivered  a  speech  among  us,  in 
which  he  said:  'I  love  the  Germans  and  I  love  the  Irish,  for  just  as  soon 
as  they  touch  our  soil  they  become  good  Democrats,  and  I  love  the 
democracy.  If  the  democracy  says,  'Possum  up  the  gum  stump,'  I  say, 
'Possum  up  the  gum  stump' ;  if  democracy  says,  'Kooney  in  the  hollow,'  I 
say,  'Kooney  in  the  hollow.'     I  go  with  the  democracy." 

General  Harrison  made  a  personal  canvass.  He  was  the  first 
presidential  candidate  to  do  so ;  and,  referring  to  this  in  his  speech 
at  Chillicothe,  lie  deprecated  the  necessity  for  it  lest  it  should 
prove  the  establishment  of  a  bad  precedent,  but  added  : 

"I  am  here  because  I  am  the  most  persecuted  and  calumniated  in- 
dividual now  living;  because  I  have  been  slandered  by  reckless  oppo- 
nents to  the  extent  that  I  am  devoid  of  every  qualification,  physical,  mental 
and  moral,  for  the  high  place  to  which  at  least  a  respectable  portion  of  my 
fellow-citizens  have  nominated  vat." 

A  portion  of  one  of  his  tours  is  stated  in  one  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati papers,  as  follows  :  On  the  afternoon  of  Friday,  he  passed 
from  Chillicothe  to  Lancaster;  on  Saturday  from  Lancaster  to 
Somerset  and  back,  speaking  three  hours  at  Somerset  and  travel- 
ing thirty-three  miles ;  on  Monday  from  Lancaster  to  Circlevillc ; 
on  Ttiesday  from  Circleville  to  Columbus ;  leaving  Columbus  on 
Wednesday,  he  reached  Cincinnati  on  Thursday,  after  twenty- 
four  consecutive  hours  of  traveling.  This  was  cited  to  give  the 
lie  to  the  cry  of  "granny  petticoats,"  as  the  Loco-focos  called 
him.  Senator  Allen  had  started  this  nickname.  Just  before  the 
battle  of  the  Thames  some  Indian  deserters  had  reported  that 
General  Proctor  had  promised  his  Indian  allies  to  turn  Harri- 


528  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

son  over  to  them  should  he  be  captured.  Harrison  retorted  that 
when  he  should  capture  Proctor  the  Indians  would  be  permitted 
to  dress  the  British  General  like  a  squaw.  And  Senator  Allen  re- 
lated how  the  ladies  of  Chillicothe  presented  Harrison  with  a  pet- 
ticoat in  token  of  his  courage.  In  reply  to  this  General  Murphy^ 
of  Chillicothe,  in  the  Scioto  Gazette  of  January  20,  1836,  pub- 
lished a  savage  attack  upon  Allen. 

The  amenities  have  grown  in  politics  since  that  day,  when. 
Whigs  and  Loco-focos  held  little  social  intercourse.  The  cam- 
paign was  marked  by  much  bitterness  and  by  one  tragedy.  At 
the  Baltimore  convention,  Thomas  H.  Laughlin,  a  marshal  of  the 
Whig  procession,  was  killed  while  trying  to  prevent  a  gang  of 
ruffians  from  breaking  through  the  line. 

But  underneath  all  the  roistering,  rollicking  and  horseplay,, 
underneath  all  the  savagery  of  political  warfare,  there  was  on  the 
part  of  the  Whigs  a  deep  and  abiding  feeling  that  our  institu- 
tions were  endangered  by  usurpations  of  the  Executive  and  that 
they  were  rallying  under  a  great  and  popular  leader  to  save  them. 

As  John  A.  Wise  put  it,  it  was  "Union  of  the  Whigs  for  the 
sake  of  the  Union."  It  was  the  cause  of  American  liberty  which 
they  rallied  to  sustain.  To  quote  from  a  letter  by  Mr.  Ewing 
(May  12,  1840)  :  • 

"It  is  indeed  the  cause  of  self-government,  the  true  Republican 
principle,  the  supremacy  of  the  popular  will  acting  by  and  through  its 
constitutional  agents,  that  we  seek  to  reinstate  and  sustain  against  irre- 
sponsible and  despotic  power. 

"We  maintain  the  supremacy  of  the  constitution  which  that  power 
tends  to  subvert.  We  go  for  the  protection  of  property,  of  labor  and  its 
hard  earned  fruits,  against  the  wild  spirit  of  destruction  which  is  clearly 
taking  possession  of  our  fair  land  and  blasting  the  energies  of  the  people. 

"We  maintain  the  freedom  of  opinion,  of  thought,  and  action,  in 
politics  as  in  everything  else.  We  maintain  it  against  the  tyranny  of 
party,  the  most  absolute  and'  unrelenting  that  ever  fettered  the  human 
mind. 

"We  go  for  the  freedom  of  elections  and  require  them  to  be  un- 
controlled by  executive  interference;  that  an  electioneering  corps  of  exec- 
utive officers  paid  out  of  the  public  purse  shall  be  no  longer  suffered  to 
pervade  and  infest  our  land. 

"We  go  for  the  ancient  democratic  principle  of  appointment  to- 
office,    for  the   service   of  the   country  and  not  the   service  of  the  party. 


Ohio  Centennial.  529 

We  claim  the  restoration  of  the  ancient  test  7^  he  capable?  is  he  honest? 
is  he  faithful  to  the  Constitution?'  instead  of  that  which  has  usurped 
its  place,  and  which  practically  is  this  —  'Is  he  loud?  is  he  reckless? 
will  he  go  through  thick  and  thin  for  the  party?' 

"We  demand  the  safe  keeping  of  the  public  money  and  that  it  be 
not  entrusted  or  continued  in  the  hands  of  men  who  consider  it  and 
treat  it  as  spoils. 

"We  go  for  retrenchment  and  reform,  in  solemn  truth,  and  not  as 
a  mere  catch-word  of  party  —  our  suffering  country  requires  it  —  the 
people  demand  it,  and  they  know  how  to  compel  obedience. 

"And  we  have  selected  from  among  the  great  and  good  of  this 
mighty  nation  a  well-tried  patriot  and  an  honest  man  who  stands  forth 
the  exponent,  the  visible  representation  of  our  principles;  and  with  one 
heart  and  one  voice  we  unite  in  his  support.  Long  as  I  have  known  and 
highly  as  I  prize  him,  I  need  not  speak  to  you,  citizens  of  Indiana,  of  his 
merits.  Forty  years  of  his  valued  life  has  been  devoted  to  our  com- 
mon service.  In  peace,  in  the  councils  of  the  nation  he  has  been  the 
advocate  and  friend,  in  war  he  has  been  the  victorious  defender,  of  the 
now  great  and  powerful  West,  and  the  battlefield  on  which  you  meet  is 
one  enduring  monument  of  his  fame." 

The  appeal  was  to  all  "who  duly  appreciate  civil  liberty"  and 
were  "identified  with  the  great  cause  of  constitutional  freedom;" 
to  all  who  would  "unite  in  putting  down  the  revolutionary  dy- 
nasty now  in  power  and  in  bringing  again  to  the  people  the  con- 
stitution which  the  present  executive,  like  the  past,  has  trampled 
under  foot." 

One  call  for  a  meeting  says  (New  Lisbon,  Aug.  5,  1840)  : 

"The  present  alarming  degree  of  executive  encroachment  on  the 
reserved  rights  of  the  people  —  its  reckless  disregard  of  the  constitutional 
checks  placed  upon  it  in  the  other  coordinate  branches  —  its  entire 
abandonment  of  the  first  principles  of  a  popular  and  representative  gov- 
ernment —  and  its  settled  determination  to  merge  every  consideration  of 
patriotism  and  national  policy  in  a  pitiful  scramble  for  place  and  power 
on  the  part  of  the  President  and  of  his  political  favorites  —  call  loudly,, 
we  think,  to  the  people  to  rise  in  their  strength  —  in  their  sovereign 
capacity,  and  assert  and  maintain  their  rights  and  liberties,  and  to  rebuke 
those  who  have  so  wantonly  disregarded  the  best  interests  of  those  over 
whom  they  have  been  appointed  to   rule." 

In  a  call  signed,  among  others,  by  Millard  Fillmore,  for  a 
meeting  at  Buffalo  in  October,  the  committee  say : 
34    o.  c. 


680  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

"We  feel  that  we  are  approaching  a  crisis  in  the  political  history 
of  this  country,  second  only  to  that  great  struggle  that  gave  us  inde- 
pendence and  freedom." 

The  distinguished  Whig  manufacturer  and  philanthropist  of 
Massachusetts,  Abbott  Lawrence,  in  a  private  letter  of  congrat- 
ulation on  the  election,  says  (Boston,  Nov.  14,  1840)  : 

"We  have  chosen  General  Harrison  President  of  the  United  States, 
which  gives  confidence  to  the  capitaUsts  and  will  shortly  produce  an 
effect  upon  the  labor  of  the  country.  You  have  done  nobly  in  Ohio  — 
but  I  pray  you  not  to  forget  that  the  old  Bay  State  has  brought  out  the 
spirit  of  76  and  sustained  her  character  gloriously." 

At  the  Baltimore  convention  Mr.  Webster  spoke  as  follows : 

"The  States  are  here,  everyone  of  them,  through  their  representa- 
tives. The  old  thirteen  of  the  Republic  are  here  from  every  city  and 
county,  between  the  hills  of  Vermont  and  the  rivers  of  the  south.  The 
new  thirteen,  too,  are  here,  without  a  blot  or  a  stain  upon  them.  The 
twenty-six  States  are  here.  No  local  or  limited  feeling  has  brought 
them  here,  no  feeling  but  an  American  one  —  a  hearty  attachment  to  the 
country.  We  are  here  with  the  common  sentiment  and  the  common  feeling 
that  we  are  one  people.  We  may  assume  that  we  belong  to  a  country 
where  one  part  has  a  common  feeling  and  a  common  interest  with  the 
other.     .     .     . 

"We  are  called  upon  to  accomplish,  not  a  momentary  victory,  but 
one  which  should  last  at  least  half  a  century.  It  was  not  to  be  expected 
that  every  year,  or  every  four  years,  would  bring  together  such  an  assem- 
blage as  we  have  before  us.  The  revolution  should  be  one  which  should 
last  for  years,  and  the  benefits  of  which  should  be  felt  forever.  Let  us, 
then,  act  with  firmness.  Let  us  give  up  ourselves  entirely  to  this  new 
revolution." 

And  Henry  Clay  said: 

"We  received  our  liberty  from  our  revolutionary  ancestors,  and  we 
are  bound  in  all  honor  to  transfer  it,  unimpaired,  to  our  posterity.  Should 
Mr.  Van  Buren  be  re-elected,  the  struggle  of  restoring  the  country  to 
its  former  glory  would  be  an  almost  hopeless  one." 

Lastly,  I  quote  an  editorial  from  the  Harrison  Eagle  (Taun- 
ton, Mass.,  Oct.  31,  1840)  : 


Ohio  Centennial.  531 

"Freemen!    'Awake! 

Friends  —  A  mericans  —  Patrio  ts  —  Citizens  — 

You,  who  have  wives  and  children,  who  look  up  to  you  for  protection  and 
support  —  you  who  have  toiled  on  to  the  middle  age  of  life  —  prospering 
and  to  prosper  under  our  glorious  institutions.  Young  men — you  who  have 
just  started  upon  your  untried  career  —  you  who  are  not  born  to  wealth, 
and  have  nothing  to  depend  upon  but  your  good  names,  unblemished 
reputations,  and  the  credit  system  for  your  ultimate  success  and  prosperity 
in  life  —  one  and  all,  who  value  the  honor,  safety  and  glory  of  your  coun- 
try, and  would  rescue  her  from  a  piratical  baijd  of  spoilers  —  who  would 
preserve,  cherish,  maintain,  and  transmit  to  posterity  unimpaired,  the 
privileges  and  immunities  secured  to  you  by  the  toil,  blood  and  martyr- 
dom of  the  heroes  of  the  revolution,  our  patriotic  fathers  —  come  up 
manfully,  boldly,  fearlessly  to  the  rescue.  Form  in  solid  columns  —  let 
not  one  single  man,  lame,  crippled,  halt  or  blind,  who  loves  his  country, 
stay  away.  Come  one,  come  all,  to  the  rescue.  March  up  undaunted  to 
the  ballot  box,  on  the  ninth  day  of  next  November,  and  deposit  your 
votes  for  Harrison  and  Tyler  —  and  by  so  doing,  you  will  brand  with  the 
seal  of  your  condemnation — agrarianism — blasphemy — atheism — Brown- 
sonism  —  and  Van  Burenism  in  Old  Bristol. 

"Fear  not  —  falter  not  —  pause  not.  A  glorious  victory  awaits  you, 
if  you  but  perform  your  duty  —  sleep  not  upon  your  posts  —  keep  the 
watch-fires  of  liberty  burning  —  put  on  your  armor,  and  rally  with  brave 
indomitable  hearts  for  the  approaching  contest  —  cleave  down  the  temples 
of  false  prophets  and  false  gods,  and  let  them  mingle  with  the  dust  — 
scatter  the  priests  who  have  burned  strange  incense  upon  our  altars  like 
chaff  before  the  popular  whirlwind  of  your  indignation  —  and  then  shall 
your  country  once  more  be  free  —  and  the  car  of  State  roll  on  in  tri- 
umph manned  by  the  friends  of  liberty  and  prosperity,  and  under  the 
command  of  the  veteran,  patriot  and  the  honest  Farmer  William  Henry 
Harrison." 

Nor  was  this  all  overwrought  political  declamation.  Within 
fifteen  years  the  executive  was  overriding  the  will  of  the  people 
in  Kansas ;  and,  twenty  years  after,  the  very  existence  of  the 
nation  was  put  to  the  hazard  of  the  sword.  But  it  is  unneces- 
sary to  impute  to  the  Whigs  foreknowledge ;  there  were  many  live 
issues  crying  out  for  settlement.  The  twenty  thousand  federal 
offices  were  filled  with  men,  all  of  one  party,  and  aggressively 
partisan ;  the  national-banking  system  had  been  broken  up ;  the 
currency  of  multitudes  of  state  banks  was  depreciated  or  worth- 


532  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

less ;  forty  millions  of  surplus  in  the  national  treasury  had  been 
distributed  among  the  States ;  the  revenues  had  decreased ;  the 
expenses  which  had  been  $13,000,000  per  annum  during  J.  Q. 
Adams'  administration,  had  increased  under  Van  Buren  to  $37,- 
000,000 ;  the  federal  government,  apparently,  was  on  the  verge  of 
bankruptcy;  wages  had  declined,  in  some  cases  as  much  as 
one-half;  the  cost  of  living  had  increased;  and  it  was  estimated 
that  a  million  men  were  out  of  employment.  To  cap  all,  de- 
falcations, like  those  of  Price  and  Swartwout,  were  extremely 
common.  A  single  document  communicated  to  Congress  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  contained  a  list  of  more  than  fifty  de- 
faulting sub-treasurers,  called  ''leg-treasurers,"  the  sums  vary- 
ing from  one  thousand  to  more  than  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

Such  was  the  campaign  and  such  the  hero.  How  deeply  the 
people  had  been  stirred  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  the  total 
vote  at  this  election  was  nearly  one  million  larger  than  at  the 
election  of  1836.  Harrison's  majority  on  the  popular  vote  was 
about  150,000,  and  in  the  Electoral  College  he  had  nearly  four- 
fifths  of  the  electors. 

The  President  called  about  him  a  cabinet  of  great  ability: 
Daniel  Webster,  Secretary  of  State ;  Thomas  Ewing,  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury ;  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  afterward  candidate  for 
President  on  the  Bell  and  Everett  ticket,  Secretary  of  War; 
George  E.  Badger,  of  North  Carolina,  Secretary  of  the  Navy ; 
Francis  Granger,  of  New  York,  Postmaster-General ;  and  John  J. 
Crittenden,  of  Kentucky,  Attorney-General. 

In  just  one  month,  came  the  sad  death  of  the  President. 
Nothing  had  been  done  except  to  deal  with  the  ravenous  horde 
of  office-seekers,  whose  importunities  were  largely  responsible  for 
his  death.  The  state  of  public  opinion  in  Ohio  on  the  distri- 
bution of  the  offices  may  be  surmised  from  the  statement  that, 
on  the  basis  of  population,  aside  from  the  postoffices,  she  was 
entitled  to  642  places  in  the  public  service,  and  actually  had 
only  137- 

The  President  was  distressed  by  the  attitude  of  his  party 
toward  the  public  offices.     But  the  Van  Buren  administration,  as 


Ohio  Centennial.  533 

already  indicated,  retained  or  appointed  many  unfit  men.  Edwin 
P.  Whipple,  in  a  lecture  delivered  in  1845,  refers  to  the  "spec- 
tacle of  gentlemen  taking  passage  for  France  or  Texas,  with  bags 
of  the  public  gold  in  their  valises."  Along  the  same  line  is  the 
following  defence  of  the  removals  which  I  find  among  Mr.  Ew- 
ing's  memoranda: 

"There  was  also  another  reason  and  a  more  just  one  for  this  opinion 
of  the  public  and  I  may  say  mandate  of  the  popular  will.  It  had  been  the 
policy  of  the  party  just  thrust  from  power  to  retain  in  office  none  but 
their  active  political  adherents,  those  who  would  go  for  them  thoroughly 
in  all  things;  and  the  performance  of  official  duty  was  far  less  requisite 
to  a  tenure  of  office  than  electioneering  services.  Hence  the  offices  had 
become  for  the  most  part  filled  with  brawling,  offensive  political  partisans 
of  a  very  low  moral  standard,  their  official  duties  performed  by  substitutes 
or  not  performed  at  all.  ...  It  was  thought  wise  and  prudent  to 
make  many  changes,  and  by  so  doing  to  elevate,  as  far  as  possible,  the 
official  standard,  and  insure  a  more  faithful  execution  of  official  duties." 


Some  of  the  traditions  of  the  cabinet  are  worth  noting.  In 
the  correspondence  of  M.  de  Bacourt,  the  French  minister,  we  get 
glimpses  of  Mr.  Webster,  rather  awkward  as  Master-of-cere- 
monies,  lining  the  foreign  representatives  along  the  wall  in  order 
of  seniority  in  service  and  marching  the  President  and  Cabinet 
in,  in  single  file,  at  the  first  diplomatic  reception ;  of  Crittenden 
chewing  tobacco  and  Badger  smoking;  and  of  Bell,  whom  the 
minister  chanced  to  meet  at  the  home  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  throwing  himself  full  length  onto  a  sofa  and  putting 
his  feet  on  the  arm  of  a  chair ;  all  very  much  to  the  disgust  of  the 
French  minister. 

I  remember  a  story  of  the  first  diplomatic  reception  which 
my  father  used  to  tell.  Mr.  Webster,  who  was  much  given  to 
the  grand  manner,  asked  the  Cabinet  to  meet  at  his  office  in  the 
State  Department,  that  they  might  pass  in  a  body  to  the  White 
House.  He  ranged  them  in  the  order  which  pleased  him,  himself 
first,  little  Mr.  Badger  last,  and  started  the  procession  through  the 
White-House  grounds.  There  was  one  man  in  the  line  who  felt 
himself  misplaced.  As  they  approached  the  White  House  Badger 
slipped  around  in  front  of  Mr.  Webster,  and,  assuming  a  particu- 


634^  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

larly  irritating  strut,  led  the  way  into  the  building.  The  Cabi- 
net were  shown  into  an  ante-room,  where  they  awaited  the  coming 
of  the  President.  Mr.  Webster  was  magnificently  arrayed  in  a  blue 
coat  and  waistcoat,  with  brass  buttons.  As  they  were  solemnly 
standing  there.  Badger  stepped  over  to  him  and  said:  'Tardon 
me,  Mr.  Webster,  but  would  you  mind  telling  me  how  much  that 
waistcoat  cost?"  Mr.  Webster,  looking  down  upon  him  with 
good-humored  disdain,  exclaimed,  "You  egregious  trifler!" 

When  the  Cabinet  broke  up  by  reason  of  the  rupture  with 
President  Tyler  over  the  bank-vetoes,  Webster  remained.  Though 
all  the  other  members  retired,  his  defection  impaired  immensely 
the  force  of  their  demonstration,  and  strengthened  the  hands  of  the 
President.  It  led  to  bitter  but  temporary  resentment.  I  find  a 
memorandum  in  Mr.  Ewing's  hand  which,  though  perhaps  not 
quite  germane,  is  so  full  of  feeling  that  I  cannot  forbear  to  quote 
it.     It  was  written  in  1864.     Speaking  of  Mr.  Webster,  he  says: 

"The  last  time  I  met  him,  before  some  difference  as  to  national 
policy  cast  a  shade  of  unkindness  betv/een  us,  was  in  the  Supreme 
Court.  I  was  there  attending  to  my  causes;  he  in  the  Senate,  but 
waiting  for  the  coming  on  of  some  very  important  case.  I  met  him 
every  morning  about  eleven  for  nearly  a  month  —  the  Senate  sat  at 
twelve  —  and  we  walked  behind  the  judges'  seat  and  were  social.  One 
day  I  was  detained  at  home.  Next  morning  we  met  at  the  usual  hour 
and  as  we  shook  hands,  he  said : 

'One  morn  I  missed  him.' 
This   was   kindly   and   handsome,   and   when    I    read   that   on   his   death- 
bed he  asked  for  Gray's  Elegy,  the  scene  rushed  upon  my  memory  with  a 
force  that  almost  unmanned  me.     How  often,  —  morning,  noon  and  even- 
ing,—  have  I  since  missed  him." 

While  we  praise  those  who  have  reached  the  highest 
place  in  our  -  Government,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that, 
though  only  six  Ohio  men  ever  attained  to  that  distinction,  many 
have  stood,  capable,  and  ready  to  fill  the  office.  Out  of  an  aver- 
age voting  population  in  Ohio,  during  the  past  hundred  years,  of 
about  half  a  million,  but  ♦a  bare  half-dozen  have  been  chosen  to 
the  presidency ;  only  about  one  in  one  hundred  thousand,  I  am 
reminded  of  an  anecdote  told  me  of  President  Hayes  by  Mr.  John 
Brisben  Walker :  At  a  time  when  during  the  Hayes  administra- 
tion the  secretaryship  of  war  fell  vacant,   Mr.  Walker,  among 


Ohio  Centennial,  535 

others,  approached  the  President  with  the  suggestion  that  he  ap- 
point as  Secretary  Mr.  Murat  Halstead,  of  Cincinnati.  Knowing 
that  the  President  would  question  the  propriety  of  making  two  ap- 
pointments to  the  Cabinet  from  the  same  State,  Mr.  Walker  armed 
himself  with  precedents  to  sustain  it,  and  when  General  Hayes 
raised  the  question,  he  cited  them.  *'Yes,"  said  the  President,  "I 
know  that  there  are  precedents  for  the  appointment  of  two  men 
from  the  same  State  to  the  Cabinet,  But  can  you  find  a  precedent 
for  the  appointment  of  an  Ohio  Secretary  of  War,  when  the 
President  and  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  are  from  Ohio;  an 
Ohioan  is  General  of  the  army,  another  Lieutenant-general ;  when 
the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  and  one  of 
the  associate  justices  are  from  Ohio;  when  an  Ohio  man  is  min- 
ister to  France  and  another  minister  to  Japan?"  —  and  so  on 
through  a  long  line  of  his  fellow-statesmen  all  filling  high  offices, 
We  honor  the  six  Ohio  Presidents  for  their  ability  in  snatch- 
ing the  great  and  coveted  place.  We  honor  them  more  for  the 
patriotism  and  capacity  which  they  brought  to  the  discharge  of 
its  duties.  They  will  be  remembered  because  their  careers  and 
character  are  incentives  to  high  ideals  and  great  deeds.  But  they 
interest  us,  above  all,  as  types  of  that  native  American  people, 
which,  in  the  brief  span  of  one  hundred  years,  changed  twenty- 
five  millions  of  acres  of  savage  wilderness  into  this  progressive, 
happy,  proud  commonwealth. 


ETHNOLOGICAL  HISTORY  OF  OHIO. 


B.    R.    COWEN. 


The  title  to  this  paper  was  the  suggestion  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Joint  Centennial  Commission.  The  wide  dis- 
crepancy between  the  promise  of  the  title  and  the  performance  of 

the  paper  would  seem  to  call  for  an 
apology.  Instead  of  which  the  writer 
merely  suggests  that  he  is  responsible 
for  the  paper  alone  and  not  for  the 
title. 

Ethnology  is  defined  as  "the  science 
which  treats  of  the  division  of  man- 
kind into  races,  their  origin,  distri- 
bution and  relations  and  the  peculiar- 
ities which  characterize  them." 

So  unique  are  the  antecedents  of 
the  Ohio  man  that  an  ''Ethnological 
History"  of  the  state  would  neces- 
sarily embrace  the  history  of  those 
races  which  constitute  most  of  the 
civilized  nations  of  the  globe,  because  the  most  of  those  nations 
have  contributed  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  to  make  the  Ohio 
man  what  he  is  to-day. 

The  task  may  be  greatly  simplified,  however,  by  eliminating 
all  consideration  of  the  humanity  which  peopled  our  territory  b^ 
fore  the  coming  of  the  white  man ;  that  is  from  the  Paleolithic 
man  of  the  later  Glacial  Era,  supposed  to  have  lived  here,  through 
the  vast  intervening  period  of  some  thousands  of  years  to  the 
recent  Indian  who  was  so  much  in  evidence  when  the  real  Ohio 
man  made  his  appearance. 

Those  who  preceded  the  present  occupants  were  the  mere 
caretakers    for   the   real   possessor   whose    coming   these   broad 


B    R.   COWEN. 


Ohio  CentenniLl.  537 

savannas,  far  reaching  forests  and  teeming  hills  plainly  foreshad- 
owed as  the  future  domain  of  a  mighty  empire. 

They  left  nothing  behind  them  which  in  the  slightest  de- 
gree influenced  the  character,  laws,  or  customs  of  the  present  oc- 
cupants and  are  not,  therefore,  connected,  directly  or  indirectly, 
prejudices, his  fierce  and  ungovernable  passions, his  vices,  and  still 

The  history  of  those  peoples  though  interesting  in  itself,  is 
a  thing  apart  from  our  history.  True,  they  occupied  the  territory 
but  they  never  possessed  it  in  any  true  sense  of  possession.  It  is 
only  by  agricultural  labor  that  man  can  be  said  to  appropriate  or 
possess  the  soil,  and  the  Indian  lived  by  the  products  of  the  chase. 
He  was  marked  for  destruction  by  his  fixed  and  ineradicable 
prejudices,  his  fierce  and  ungovernable  passions,  his  vices,  and 
still  more  perhaps  by  his  savage  virtues.  The  coming  of  the 
white  man  with  his  peculiar  civilization  was  the  death  knell  of 
the  Indian,  for  it  had  come  to  be  an  axiom  of  that  civilization 
that  barbarism  has  no  rights  which  it  is  bound  to  respect,  and 
that  axiom  was  the  rule  and  guide  of  the  white  man's  conquest. 

So  that  the  Indian  has  gone  the  way  of  the  Mastodon,  the 
Clifif  Dweller  and  the  Moundbuilder.  He  has  sped  away  like  a 
bird  on  the  wing  leaving  behind  him  no  memorials  of  his  passage 
save  his  dishonored  graves  and  his  musical  names  which  linger 
on  mountain,  lake  and  river  to  tell  the. story  of  his  sojourn  and 
his  exit.  He  is  gone,  but  in  the  crimson  trail  of  his  retreat  the 
spots  where  he  made  his  stand  are  marked  and  honored  by  a 
people  who  admire  courage  even  in  an  enemy,  for  no  aboriginal 
race  can  point  to  a  more  desperate  valor,  a  more  stubborn  resist- 
ance, or  a  more  dramatic  exit. 

Yet,  defeated  and  driven  from  the  graves  of  his  fathers,  not 
all  the  power  of  our  high  civilization  with  its  superior  appliances 
for  warfare  could  reduce  him  to  a  tame  submission,  or  awe  him 
into  non-resistance. 

His  gallant  deeds  in  Greece  or  haughty  Rome, 
By  Mars  sung,  or  Homer's  harp  sublime, 
Had  charmed  the  world's   wide   round, 
And  triumphed  over   Time. 

To  have  supplanted  the  haughty  Indian  a  hundred  years  ago 
when  the  white  settlements  were  widely  scattered  and  sparsely 


538  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

% 
inhabited  was  by  no  means  the  least  important  of  the  white  man's 
achievements.  From  Massasoit,  King  Philip,  Powhatan  and 
Logan  down  to  Ouray,  Sitting  Bull  and  Geronimo,  every  nation 
and  every  tribe  of  Indians  produced  men  of  mark.  The  Narra- 
gansetts,  the  Fequods  and  the  Iroquois  are  extinct.  King  Philip, 
Powhatan,  Red  Jacket,  Pontiac,  Tecumseh,  Logan,  Black  Hawk, 
Cochise,  Captain  Jack,  Sitting  Bull,  a  grim  procession  of  fierce 
and  untamable  warriors,  many  of  them  men  of  striking  diplomacy 
and  statesmanship,  have  stalked  across  the  pages  of  our  history 
proving  their  humanity  by  leaving  behind  them  one  more  trail  of 
blood. 

They  were  forest  bred,  reared  in  the  shadow  of  our  hills  and 
mountains,  their  familiar  music  the  thunder  of  our  cataracts,  their 
daily  haunts  our  forests,  our  lakes  and  our  rivers.  It  is  this  Ohio 
climate,  this  teeming  soil  and  this  life-giving  sunshine  of  ours, 
which  we  must  rely  upon,  as  did  our  fathers,  to  make  us  and 
continue  us  great,  free,  liberty-loving  and  God-fearing  people, 
and  which  produced  the  race  we  have  supplanted,  whose  deeds 
of  valor  should  place  them  beside  the  Saxon  and  the  Greek  in 
history. 

Scientists  have  traced,  with  more  or  less  minuteness,  and 
apparently  to  their  own  satisfaction,  at  least,  what  they  are  pleased 
to  call  a  natural  evolution  of  the  race  through  the  centuries. 
So  that  if  we  shall  accept  their  theories  we  must  conclude  that 
present  conditions  are  simply  the  result  of  such  evolution,  and 
thus  resolve  all  doubts  as  to  the  causes  of  our  present  condition, 
and  thus  end  this  discussion. 

But  such  theories  take  no  account,  or  do  not  give  due  weight 
to  what  might  be  termed  differing  rates  of  evolution  among 
different  peoples  or  among  the  same  peoples,  with  different  en- 
vironment. Nor  do  they  account  for  the  decadence  of  the  race 
wherever  those  things  which  we  are  accustomed  to  regard  as 
civilizing  influences  are  withdrawn. 

There  are  whole  communities  in  this  country  where  the  pub- 
lic morals  and  the  general  intelligence  are  at  a  very  low  ebb; 
where  the  people  have  not  only  made  no  improvement  for  a 
hundred  years,  but  where  they  have  in  fact  retrograded,  being 
probably  more  illiterate,  immoral  and  bestial  to-day  than  were 


Ohio  Centennial.  539* 

the  lowest  classes  in  any  section  of  the  country  a  hundred  years 
ago.  So  that  what  scientists  are  pleased  to  call  evolution  as 
applied  to  moral  and  intellectual  development  is  not  a  law  of 
general  and  uniform  operation,  but  rather  a  something  depend- 
ent, more  or  less,  upon  extraneous  influences  acting  upon  cer- 
tain people  in  certain  favored  localities. 

Why  is  it  that  there  are  communities  in  this  country  where 
illiteracy  is  the  rule  and  intelligence  the  exception ;  where  human 
life  is  cheap  and  lawlessness  prevails?  In  ante-war  times  we 
were  wont  to  dismiss  the  question  with  the  statement  that  it  was 
because  of  the  dehumanizing  influence  of  human  slavery,  which 
degrades  labor,  destroys  virtue,  fosters  idleness  with  its  attendant 
ignorance,  pride,  luxury  and  vice,  enervating  the  mental  powers 
and  benumbing  activity. 

But  similar  conditions  of  illiteracy  and  immorality  are  found 
in  some  of  the  oldest  settled  portions  of  the  New  England  and 
other  northern  states  and  we  must  look  elsewhere  for  the  causes 
of  such  decadence. 

A  recent  writer  endeavors  to  show  how  far  the  principle 
of  evolution  is  applicable  to  morals,  to  prove  the  evolution  of 
morals;  that  the  direction  is  guided  by  external  influences  in  a 
manner  analogous  to  that  of  the  development  of  the  forces  of 
material  nature.  In  the  latter  case  the  determining  agencies  are 
physical,  while  in  the  former  social  and  spiritual  influences  are 
those  which  chiefly  operate.  The  conclusion  of  the  author  re- 
ferred to  is  that  moral  evolution  is  the  development  of  the  prin- 
ciples and  faculties  of  man's  nature  in  response  to  the  action  of  the 
social  influences,  the  result  being  what  we  call  morality. 

Physical  causes  are  totally  inadequate  to  produce  results  like 
those  which  make  the  history  of  our  first  century,  for  while  our 
domain  presented  a  unique  field  for  human  activities  and  inex- 
haustible materials  for  industry  and  labor,  yet  where  under  the 
sun  shall  we  find  more  fertile  plains,  mightier  rivers  or  more 
inexhaustible  material  resources  than  are  found  in  South  Amer- 
ica? Yet  few  communities  are  more  turbulent  and  miserable 
than  those  of  that  continent. 

Here  upon  the  Ohio  territory  was  a  fit  place  for  the  experi- 
ment of  constructing  society  upon  a  new  basis;    here  theories 


540  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

hitherto  unknown  or  deemed  impracticable  were  to  exhibit  a 
spectacle  for  which  the  previous  history  of  the  world  had  fur- 
nished no  example. 

The  nature  of  the  country,  the  origin  of  its  inhabitants,  the 
religion  of  the  first  comers,  their  former  habits  exercised,  aside 
from  and .  independently  of  their  democracy,  a  masterful  influ- 
•ence  upon  their  thoughts  and  feelings.  The  result  was  an  ex- 
emplification of  that  evolution  as  a  direct  product  of  a  happy  com- 
bination of  physical,  moral  and  spiritual  influences  operating  in  a 
•chosen  field  upon  a  receptive  people. 

In  European  countries  men  of  restless  disposition,  masterful 
desire  for  wealth  and  position  and  pronounced  love  for  inde- 
pendence were  regarded  as  a  serious  menace  to  society.  Here 
they  were  and  are  the  very  elements  which  ensure  permanence  and 
peace  to  our  institutions.  Without  this  unquiet  element  the  popu- 
lation would  have  congested  at  the  more  favored  localities  of  a 
century  ago,  and  must  have  become  subject  to  wants  difficult  to 
satisfy. 

These  restless  and  independent  elements,  transplanted  to 
their  new  environment,  soon  observed  the  intimate  connection 
between  public  order  and  public  prosperity,  and  realized  that  one 
could  not  exist  without  the  other,  so  that  prosperity  has  ever  been 
a  controlling  influence  for  good  in  the  process  of  development. 

The  logical  result  is  that  the  Anglo-American  of  to-day  relies 
largely  upon  personal  interest  to  accomplish  his  ends  and  gives 
free  scope  to  the  unguided  and  independent  exertions  and  com- 
mon sense  of  the  citizen. 

He  did  not  acquire  his  positive  notions  and  his  practical 
science  from  books.  Such  books  as  he  had  may  have  prepared 
him  to  receive  those  ideas,  but  did  not  furnish  them.  He  learned 
to  know  the  laws  by  taking  part  in  the  act  of  legislation,  and 
learned  the  forms  of  government  by  governing.  The  growth  of 
society  was  proceeding  under  his  very  eyes  and,  as  it  were,  under 
his  hand. 

Experience  is  the  main  source  of  true  knowledge  and  if  the 
men  of  that  early  time  had  not  been  gradually  accustomed  to 
govern  themselves  their  book  learning  would  have  been  of  little 
assistance. 


Ohio  Centennial.  541 

The  foundation  of  this  commonwealth  presented  a  novel 
spectacle  and  the  circumstances  attending  it  were  singular  and 
origfinal.  As  a  rule  colonies,  or  new  settlements,  have  been  first 
made  either  by  men  of  no  education  or  resources,  driven  by  pov- 
erty or  crime  from  their  native  land,  or  by  speculators  or  ad- 
venturers greedy  of  gain.  Some  less  honorable  were  founded  by 
pirates,  as  San  Domingo,  or  as  penal  colonies,  as  Australia. 

Those  who  first  settled  here  were  largely  of  the  independent 
classes  of  the  communities  from  which  they  came.  Their  average 
intelligence  was  probably  superior  to  that  of  any  European  state. 
"Few  were  uninstructed ;  few  were  learned."  Among  them  none 
was  very  poor ;  none  very  rich.  Patents  of  nobility  and  the  serf- 
dom of  a  peasant  class  were  equally  unknown. 

Ohio  being  the  most  westerly  of  the  eastern  states  and  the 
most  easterly  of  the  western  states,  the  abundance  and  variety  of 
her  natural  resources  were  such  as  to  fix  the  choice  of  the  most 
desirable  emigrants  on  this  soil,  so  that  we  had  the  selection  of 
the  best  from  the  oncoming  tide  that  swept  athwart  the  continent. 

The  instinct  of  the  buffalo  directed  his  migration  to  the 
points  of  least  resistance,  in  crossing  the  mountain  ranges  from 
the  East.  The  wisdom  of  these  selections  was  confirmed  by  the 
sagacity  of  the  savage  and  later  by  the  science  of  the  engineer. 
Over  these  trails  came  the  pioneers  and  Washington's  early  en- 
gineering was  one  of  his  greatest  contributions  to  the  conquest 
of  Ohio. 

Scotch-Irish,  Cavalier,  Puritan,  nor  Huguenot  could  have 
been  drawn  thither  to  become  the  subjects  of  France,  so  that  the 
shot  fired  by  Washington  in  the  Pennsylvania  forest  a  third  of  a 
century  before  the  Marietta  settlement  was  the  opening  of  the 
contest  which  made  that  settlement  and  the  settlement  of  Ohio 
possible,  for  the  destruction  of  the  French  power  in  the  Ohio  Val- 
ley was  the  keynote  of  the  glorious  epic  of  our  history. 

These  influences,  which  for  want  of  space,  I  have  little  more 
than  hinted  at,  are  what  have  contributed  to  the  evolution  of  the 
Ohio  man.  The  product  of  that  evolution  has  won  his  way  in 
every  department  of  human  activity;  in  science,  in  art,  in  liter- 
ature, in  adventure,  in  discovery,  in  invention,  in  politics,  inr 
education,  and  in  spiritual  warfare,  not  only  here  at  home  but  in 


542  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

/Atant  lands  against  the  strongholds  of  superstition  and  unright- 
eousness. 

I  have  met  him  in  all  the  various  occupations  and  positions 
of  life  from  the  Executive  Mansion  to  the  Dakota  "shack ;"  from 
the  general  of  the  army  to  the  private  soldier  pacing  his  lonely 
beat  on  the  far  Pacific;  and  have  found  him  for  the  most  part 
aggressive,  self-reliant,  self-respecting,  patriotic,  loyal  to  his 
5tate  and  proud  of  his  birthright. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  great  event  which  seemed 
the  ripe  fruition  of  a  thousand  years  of  struggle,  the  adoption  of 
our  Federal  Constitution  was  coeval  with  the  first  white  settle- 
ment in  Ohio.  Then  the  United  States  for  the  first  time  could 
be  said  to  exist  as  a  people,  to  have  acquired  a  name  and  a  unity 
as  a  government  and  assumed  its  place  among  the  nations.  Then 
it  was  that  these  magnificent  valleys  and  forests  and  uplands  cried 
.aloud  to  the  new  civilization  that  the  time  was  ripe  for  the  com- 
ing of  their  legitimate  occupants.  And  at  once  this  territory 
became  the  great  central  way  station,  so  to  speak,  in  the  rapid, 
but  triumphal  march  of  that  civilization  athwart  the  continent, 
which,  beginning  at  Jamestown  and  Plymouth  early  in  the  17th 
century,  now,  at  the  opening  of  the  20th  century,  has  plumed 
itself  for  a  further  and  bolder  flight  westward  from  the  vantage 
ground  of  the  Pacific  slope. 

So  rapid  was  the  movement  that,  whereas  a  few  years  before 
the  admission  of  Ohio  into  the  Union  the  center  of  population 
was  at  tide  water  at  Baltimore,  only  forty  years  later  it  was  here 
■at  the  "Ancient  Metropolis"  where  we  meet  to-day. 

The  East  heard  that  cry  and  realizing  that  these  lands  be- 
longed to  the  first  comer  who  had  the  courage  and  enterprise  to 
occupy  them,  that  they  were  to  be  the  rich  reward  of  the  most 
fleet-footed  pioneer  and  that  no  human  power  could  close  a  fertile 
wilderness  which  ofifered  such  abundant  resources  to  all  industries 
and  such  a  sure  refuge  from  all  want,  the  human  tide  began  to 
flow  in  this  direction. 

Following  what  a  recent  author  calls  the  "Historic  High- 
ways," marked  out  by  the  buffalo  and  the  redman,  across  moun- 
tain and  moor,  came  the  tread  of  the  emigrant  which  was  the 
^eat  incident  of  our  history  for  the  next  quarter  of  a  century. 


Ohio  Centennial.  543 

In  1790  there  were  4,200  white  people  between  the  western 
boundary  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  Mississippi  River.  At  the 
second  census,  in  1800,  Ohio  alone  had  a  population  of  45,365, 
which  was  increased  in  the  next  two  years  to  230,000,  and  in  18 16 
it  was  estimated  at  400,000.  In  1820  it  was  580,000,  and  the 
state  had  advanced  from  the  eighteenth  in  rank  to  the  fourth. 

In  the  East  dull  times,  the  coast  blockade,  taxes  and  a  dis- 
ordered currency  so  accelerated  the  tide  of  emigration  in  this 
direction  that  the  exodus  became  alarming.  One  hundred  moving 
families  crossed  the  Muskingum  at  Zanesville  in  a  day  says  a 
historian  of  that  time.  Measures  were  taken  in  some  of  the  sea- 
board states,  notably  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  to  stop  the 
rapid  depletion  of  their  population  by  legislation,  but  nothing 
came  of  it,  and  the  tide  was  unceasing. 

At  first  the  immigration  was  attracted  to  certain  points  of 
original  settlement,  of  which  there  were  five  in  the  state,  and  all 
by  persons  of  different  antecedents.  At  Marietta,  the  first  white 
settlements,  the  pioneers  were  from  Massachusetts  and  other  New 
England  states.  For  the  most  part  they  were  the  descendants  of 
the  English  Protestant  pioneers  who  came  to  our  shores  in  search 
of  religious  freedom.  Devout  to  a  degree,  when  "they  first 
landed  they  fell  upon  their  knees,  and,  that  pious  duty  performed, 
they  fell  upon  the  aborigines."  In  the  century  and  a  half  between 
their  landing  and  the  settlement  of  their  descendants  in  Ohio, 
they  had  drawn  widely  apart  from  the  Virginia  and  other  colonies 
and  had  acquired  an  individualism  all  their  own. 

At  Cincinnati,  on  what  was  known  as  the  "Symmes  Pur- 
chase," lying  between  the  Great  and  Little  Miami  Rivers,  the 
pioneers  were  chiefly  from  New  Jersey,  with  a  mixture  of  Hugue- 
not, Swedish,  Holland  and  English  blood. 

In  the  Virginia  Military  District,  extending  from  the  Scioto 
to  the  Little  Miami  Rivers  with  its  centre  at  Chillicothe,  the  first 
settlers  were  principally  from  Virginia  and  were  of  English  line- 
age with  a  mixture  of  Norman  and  Cavalier. 

On  the  "Seven  Ranges,"  so  called,  being  the  first  of  the  sur- 
veys and  sales  of  public  lands  in  Ohio,  the  first  settlers  were  prin- 
cipally from   Pennsylvania,  some  of  Quaker  stock,  introduced 


544  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

bArWilliam  Penn,  others  of  Dutch,  Irish,  Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish 
stock. 

On  the  Western  Reserve  they  were  from  Connecticut  with 
centre  at  Cleveland. 

West  of  the  ''Seven  Ranges"  to  the  Scioto  River  and  south 
of  the  Greenville  Treaty  line  was  the  United  States  Military 
Reservation  where  the  first  settlers  were  holders  of  bounty  land 
warrants  for  military  service  and  they  came  from  all  the  original 
states  and  from  beyond  the  sea. 

Knowledge  of  the  Ohio  country  was  general  in  the  colonies 
before  and  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  so  that  the  patriots 
were  not  only  fighting  for  their  independence  but  for  the  rich  in- 
heritance awaiting  them  and  their  children  beyond  la  belle  riviere. 

Longfellow  says  of  the  Puritan  colony:  "God  sifted  three 
kingdoms  to  find  the  seed  for  this  planting." 

With  equal  propriety  it  may  be  said  that  He  sifted  every 
civilized  nation  to  find  the  seed  for  the  planting  of  Ohio. 

In  the  very  nature  of  things  those  centers  of  settlement  were 
isolated,  self  centered,  and  had  all  they  could  do  in  their  unequal 
struggle  for  subsistence  and  their  battle  for  life.  They  occu- 
pied the  several  isolated  positions  with  all  the  peculiar  prejudices 
and  predilections  of  men  of  different  races  and  conditions,  in- 
tensified by  the  circumstances  of  their  isolation,  except  that  they 
were  without  animosity  toward  each  other,  because  they  were 
enlisted  in  a  common  cause,  to  subdue  the  wilderness  and  estab- 
lish a  clear  title  to  their  domain. 

In  the  Indian  wars  and  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain 
Ohio  furnished  her  full  quota  of  men,  some  twenty  thousand. 
Those  soldiers  came  together  from  all  those  centers  of  original 
settlement  in  a  common  cause  and  the  barriers  of  prejudice,  social 
and  racial,  which  had  held  them  apart,  were  consumed  in  the 
fires  of  patriotism  and,  permeated  by  the  swift  contagion  of  a 
generous  enthusiasm,  they  rapidly  coalesced,  socially,  became 
better  acquainted,  more  homogeneous,  and  the  result  was  frequent 
intermarriages,  so  that  the  state  became  fertile  of  heroes  and 
statesmen. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Revolutionary  War  Patrick  Henry 
said : 


Ohio  Centennial.  545 

"British  oppression  has  effaced  the  boundaries  of  the  sev- 
eral colonies ;  the  distinction  between  Virginia,  Pennsylvania  and 
New  England  is  no  more.  I  am  not  a  Virginian  but  an  Ameri- 
can." 

The  same  result  was  seen  among  our  early  settlers ;  th<? 
common  danger  and  the  common  purpose  drew  them  closer  to- 
gether, and  they  were  no  longer  Virginians,  Pennsylvanians  or 
New  Englanders,  but  Ohioans. 

Thus  Cavalier  and  Roundhead,  and  Huguenot,  Catholic  and 
Protestant,  Puritan  and  Paptist  and  Quaker,  Scotch-Irish  and 
Anglo-Saxon  and  Teuton  and  Celt  coalesced,  strongly  welded  by 
the  common  interest  and  the  common  danger. 

A  good  illustration  of  the  diverse  elements  of  that  pioneei 
time  is  found  in  the  antecedents  of  the  leading  men.  For  example 
Gov.  Tiffin  was  English ;  Gov.  Worthington  and  Gen.  Harrison 
were  from  Viriginia ;  Gen.  Meigs  from  Connecticut ;  Governor 
Morrow  from  Pennsylvania;  Gen.  McArthur  from  New  York; 
Gen.  Cass  from  New  Hampshire,  and  so  on. 

These  many  and  diverse  elements  which,  in  the  older 
communities,  were  widely  separated  by  racial,  religious  and 
social  prejudices,  here  became  mingled,  acting  and  reacting  upon 
each  other  so  that  each  community  came  to  present  in  itself  a  fair 
epitome  of  the  national  life  and  to  illustrate  the  operation  of  the 
peculiar  forces  that  wrought  out  the  great  transformation. 

Many  of  the  immigrants  from  the  older  states  brought  with 
them  the  refining  influences  of  their  former  homes  but  these  were 
gradually  lost  sight  of  or  greatly  modified  in  the  rough,  hard, 
grinding  life  of  the  pioneer,  and  under  the  influence  of  the  ma- 
jority who  were  of  less  refinement  and  less  education. 

War  is  not  a  refining  influence.  Many  of  these  had  taken 
part  in  our  revolutionary  struggle.  More  of  them  had  fought 
and  bled  and  suffered  with  Harmar  and  St.  Clair  in  their  dis- 
astrous campaigns  of  1790  and  91  ;  they  were  victorious  with  the 
"lion-hearted  hero  of  Stony  Point"  in  his  decisive  battle  with  the 
allied  tribes  in  1794;  they  were  at  the  front  in  all  the  stirring 
scenes  of  those  troublous  times. 

Later  the  colonial  immigrants  and  their  descendants  were 
reinforced  by  the  human  tide  setting  in  from  Europe  which, 
35    o.  c. 


546 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


while  adding  largely  to  the  industrial  forces,  brought  little  of  a 
refining  nature.  Thus  was  built  up  in  all  this  Ohio  country  a 
sturdy,  virile  population  bent  on  developing  a  virgin  soil  which 
at  length  grew  so  strong,  so  self-reliant,  so  prosperous  that  it 
aspired  to  take  the  lead  in  a  broader  arena  and  give  its  intensely 
practical  character  to  the  national  life. 

After  all  perhaps  men  best  interpret  the  operation  of  the 
ethnological  forces  and  influences  we  are  considering.  And 
Ohio  men  have  been  in  evidence  not  only  here  in  the  state,  but 
in  every  pulsation  of  the  national  life  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
century.  In  war  and  peace  the  Ohio  man  has  ever  been  well  to 
the  front.  There  were  Grant  and  Sherman  and  Sheridan,  our 
great  military  trio  of  the  Civil  War,  around  whom  clustered  a 
galaxy  of  gallant  men  scarcely  less  deserving,  though  less  prom- 
inent ;  and  Lawton  and  Funston  and  Anderson  and  Keifer,  who 
in  more  recent  years  showed  that  our  valor  is  not  a  thing  of  the 
past. 

In  the  last  third  of  a  century  Ohio  gave  to  the  cbuntrv'  five 
ef  the  ??x  presidents  elected  by  the  people. 

Among  her  statesmen  and  orators  may  be  named  Corwin,. 
the  golden-motTthed ;  the  rugged  and  forceful  Wade:  Stanton, 
the  Carnot  of  the  Civil  War ;  Brough,  the  sturdy  and  self-reliant 
war  governor. 

Among  her  financiers  we  gave  Ewing  and  Corwin  and  Chase 
and  Sherman  and  Windom  and  Foster  who  held  high  the  nation's 

credit. 

We  gave  Sherman  and  Day  and  Hay,  statesmen  who  gave  to 
the  world  a  new  diplomacy  founded  in  justice  and  equity. 

We  gave  Chase  and  Waite  and  McLean  and  Swayne  and 
Matthews  who  adorned  the  national  jurisprudence  in  their  ju- 
dicial deliverances. 

In  Art  we  gave  Powers  and  his  deft  chisel  which  wrought 
imperishable  beauty  in  marble. 

In  Letters  we  gave  Howells  and  P.uchanan  Reed  whose  work 
will  live  to  reflect  honor  on  their  state. 

In  Invention  we  gave  Edison,  the  wizard  of  Enlo  Park,  who 
has  illumined  the  world  with  the  magic  of  his  genius. 


Ohio  Centennial.  547 

In  pulpit  oratory  we  gave  the  matchless  Simpson  whose  elo- 
quence was  the  inspiration  of  the  religious  world. 

And  these  are  but  samples,  so  to  speak,  of  those  w4io  might 
be  named  did  time  permit. 

If  I  were  called  upon  to  mention  one  man  who,  more  than 
any  other,  interprets  these  conditions  and  influences,  I  would 
name  one  who  was  so  recently  the  victim  of  a  virulent  cancer  on 
our  body  politic — William  McKinley. 

In  a  just  and  mighty  w^ar  he  was  a  faithful  and  gallant  sol- 
dier; in  the  midst  of  disturbed  industrial  conditions  he  was  a 
wise  legislator ;  wdiile  mighty  questions  of  state  were  pending 
he  was  a  self-controlled,  efifective  and  conciliatory  executive, 
bringing  harmony  out  of  political  chaos,  shattering  viciotis  finan- 
cial heresies,  and  preserving  the  nation's  credit ;  when  the  nations 
were  at  odds  to  resolve  grave  international  questions  he  was  a 
consummate  and  successful  diplomatist.  Through  all  the  exact- 
ing responsibilities  of  his  active  career  he  was  a  model  husband. 
In  life  and  in  death  he  was  a  gentle,  humble,  Christian  gentle- 
man. He  has  written  a  new^  volume  of  glorious  history  worthy 
to  stand  beside  those  other  luminous  volumes  written  by  the 
pen  of  Lincoln  and  the  sword  of  Grant,  and  he  has  already  taken 
his  place  with  his  most  illustrious  predecessors  as  Ohio's  repre- 
sentative in  our  radiant  national  trinity:  Washington,  Lincoln, 
McKinley. 

Yet  after  all  the  appearance  of  the  men  I  have  named  was 
probably  more  an  incident  of  those  conditions  and  influences  than 
a  direct  result.  A  democracy  cannot  afford  to  devote  itself  to 
tlie  production  of  great  men  even  if  it  knew  how  to  produce  them. 
The  sole  agency  of  a  democracy  is  to  give  every  man  an  equal 
chance  to  develop  what  is  in  him,  be  it  much  or  little.  The  great 
man  when  he  does  appear  will  take  care  of  himself.  How  to  in- 
duce nature  to  bring  him  forth  is  beyond  human  knowledge. 
There  are  few  subjects  about  which  so  much  has  been  written  and 
so  little  is  known.  Schools  and  universities  may  theorize  about 
the  process  but  all  their  teachings  are  but  the  working  tools 
wherewith  he  must  work  out  his  own  destiny  and  achieve  his  own 
measure  of  greatness. 


n 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


It  is  the  province  of  the  ethnologist  not  only  to  investigate  the 
mental  and  physical  differences  of  mankind  and  the  organic  laws 
upon  which  they  depend,  but  to  deduce  from  such  investigations 
principles  for  human  guidance  in  all  the  important  relations  of 
social  and  national  existence. 

The  original  Ohio  man  was  a  pioneer,  and  his  descendants 
naturally  inherited  the  spirit  of  the  pioneer.  To  the  building 
up  of  other  states,  Ohio  has  contributed  more  largely  in  propor- 
tion to  population  than  any  of  her  sisters.  In  1900  no  less  than 
1,250,000  natives  of  Ohio  were  living  in  the  other  states  and  terri- 
tories of  the  Union.  In  Indiana  were  200,000;  in  lUinois  140,- 
000 ;  in  Iowa  and  Michigan  80,000  each  ;  in  Pennsylvania  60,000 ; 
in  New  York  and  California  30,000  each;  in  Colorado  25,000; 
in  Massachusetts  5,500;  in  Washington  20,000;  in  Oklahoma 
15,000;  in  Texas  10,000;  in  Montana  7,000;  and  in  far  off 
Alaska  700. 

Thus  as  Ohio  at  the  first  gathered  to  her  arms  emigrants 
from  all  the  states  and  from  beyond  the  seas  to  build  up  this 
magnificent  commonwealth,  so  now  she  pays  the  debt  by  sending 
out  some  of  her  sons  and  daughters  to  carry  our  enterprises  and 
our  culture  to  build  up  other  communities. 

Then  let  us  each  in  his  place  do  our  utmost  to  keep  bright 
these  pleasing  visions  of  that  early  time ;  learn  to  know  ourselves, 
our  neighbors,  and  as  far  as  may  be  our  destiny,  and,  looking 
with  seeing  eyes,  let  us  strive  to  realize  what  our  history  means 
in  all  its  great  proportions.  Let  us  be  liberal  as  our  institutions 
and  the  principles  we  profess  are  liberal  and  thus  make  of  our- 
selves a  people  who,  if  occasion  requires,  may  re-enact  the  heroic 
deeds  and  reproduce  the  consummate  work  of  those  whose  mem- 
ory we  delight  to  honor.  In  proportion  as  we  shall  render  our- 
selves able  and  willing  to  do  this  may  we  renew  our  youth  and 
secure  our  age  against  decay. 

Let  us  learn  the  great  lesson  of  the  Old  Testament :  that 
Hebrew  valor  was  invincible  only  so  long  as  patriotic  instincts 
and  training  held  them  up  to  the  plane  of  pure,  patriotic  obliga- 
tion, for  it  will  be  the  same  with  American  valor. 

This  state  and  this  nation  have  had,  are  having  and  are  to 
have  marvellous  growth.     Before  many  years  the  Anglo-Ameri- 


Ohio  Cciitennial.  549 

can  under  the  stars  and  stripes  will  dominate  the  North  American 
continent  and  will  have  spread  further  beyond  the  seas.  When 
that  time  comes  may  he  be  found  to  have  preserved  in  its  purity 
a  government  whose  institutions  are  more  conducive  to  the  great- 
est freedom  and  welfare  of  mankind  than  the  world  has  ever 
seen ;  and  may  he  who  at  the  distance  of  another  century  shall 
stand  here  to  celebrate  Ohio's  bi-centennial  have  reason  to  exult, 
as  we  do  now,  in  the  glorious  spectacle  of  a  free,  happy,  virtuous 
and  united  people. 

Our   father's  God,  from  out  whose  hand 
The  centuries  fall   like  grains   of   sand. 
We  meet  to-day,  united,  free, 
And  loyal  to  our  land  and  thee. 
To  thank  thee  for  the  era  done. 
And  trust  thee  for  the  opening  one. 

O,  make  thou  us,  through  centuries  long, 

In  peace  secure,  in  justice  strong; 

Around  our  gift  of  freedom  draw 

The  safeguards  of  thy  righteous  law ; 

And,  cast  in  some  diviner  mold, 

Let  the  new  cycle  shame  the  old.  ; 


THE  PART  TAKEN  BY  WOMEN 

IN  THE 

HISTORY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  OHIO. 

MRS.   JAMES  R.    HOPLEY. 


Mr.  President  and  Friends: 

Centered  to-day,  as  are  the  sentiments  of  all  present  upon 
this  spot,  this  hour  and  this  occasion,  Mecca  of  the  absent, 
as  this  is,  for  pilgrimages  innumerable  of  patriotic  thoughts,  and 

surrounded,  as  we  doubtless  are,  by 
clouds  of  witnesses  —  a  choir  invis- 
ible—  of  those  who  once  here  lived 
and  wrought,  we  must  give  up  re- 
luctantly any  one  of  these  precious 
moments  —  pearls  u])on  a  golden 
thread  —  to  the  consideration  of  any 
theme  apart  from  this  hour.  And 
yet,  in  search  of  a  text  for  this  brief 
address,  and  for  the  source  of  those 
qualities  which  rather  distinctly  mark 
the  women  of  my  native  state,  the 
telepathy  of  the  past  spelled  the  name 
of  that  other  Commonwealth,  which, 

MRS.  JAMES   R.    HOPIvEY.  ..       ^  ^.        .     .  ^  ,.       ,  j     .r. 

with  Virgmia,  Connecticut,  and  the 
other  immortal  eleven  —  but  which  more  than  them  all  —  fur- 
nished Ohio's  ideals  and  antecedents  —  Massachusetts. 

You  perhaps  are  a  Virginian?  Then  together  we  may  re- 
count the  glories  of  our  inheritance,  for  I  too  am  descended  from 
Virginia.  We  shall  say  ''Remember  Mount  Vernon  and  Monti- 
cello,"  and  those  of  us  who  are  of  Huguenot  blood  will  recall 
that  three  of  the  seven  who  presided  over  Congress  during  the 
revolutionary  period  were  Huguenots  —  Jay,  Laurens  and  Boudi- 
not.     It  is  written  that  *'in  moral  fibre  the  Puritans  and  Hugue- 

550 


Ohio  Centennial.  551 

nots  were  one,"  but  the  latter  had  the  added  virtue  of  the  French- 
man's love  of  beauty,  contributing  a  vast  share  to  the  culture 
and  prosperity  of  the  United  States. 

The  Puritans  of  New  Eni^land  and  Marietta  had  provided 
for  this  region  a  fundamental  and  far-reaching  law,  but  it  re- 
mained for  the  descendants  of  the  Huguenots,  Scotch-Irish  and 
Cavaliers  of  Virginia  and  Chillicothe  to  give  this  territory  state- 
hood and  the  daughters  of  these  have  kept  the  altar  fires  of 
patriotism  burning  brightly  ever  since. 

Are  you  from  Connecticut?  What  a  proud  brow  you  should 
bear!  Wonderful  daughter  of  a  wonderful  mother,  and  in  turn 
mother  of  wonderful  sons !  As  thick  as  the  stars  appear  in  the 
milky  way  so  numerous  are  their  names. 

Are  you  from  New  York?  Then  you  will  never  forget  the 
names  of  Alexander  Hamilton  and  General  MacArthiir — nor 
will  we. 

Are  you  a  Pennsylvanian  ?  You  then,  come  from  the  home 
of  the  most  eminent  American — save  one — P)enjamin  Franklin; 
and  from  the  state  which  boasts  the  progenitors  of  the  fighting 
McCooks,  Generals  Grant  and  Rosecrans  and  William  McKinley. 

Did  your  forefathers  journey  hither  from  New  Jersey? 
Then  you  hail  from  the  home  of  John  Cleves  Symmes  and  of  the 
Zanes — highest  type  of  the  frontiersmen. 

Vermont,  Rhode  Island,  New  Hampshire,  Maryland  and 
Kentucky  sent  here  their  no  less  famous  "good  and  great"  but 
the  Wo  .MEN  of  Ohio  must  trace  their  type  to  that  state  under 
whose  ideals  they  have  become  what  they  are.  I  refer  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  especially  to  the  first  Puritan  women  who  set 
foot  upon  her  shores  for  their  ideals  have  persisted  here,  more 
or  less  distinct,  surrounded  but  not  as  yet  submerged  by  many 
other  types.  There,  spiritually,  was  conceived  a  new  creature, 
though  bleak  indeed  was  this  western  Eden.  Not  in  a  garden 
of  dreams  "where  every  prospect  pleaseth"  but  from  the  arms  of 
a  rock-ribbed  coast  she  sprang,  facing,  with  fearless  eyes,  the 
early  morning  breaking  coldly  over  stormy  waters.  She  came, 
not  to  tempt,  but  to  oppose  evil ;  not  seeking  indulgence  but  op- 
portunity to  serve,  and  thus  coming  the  flaming  sword  of  the 


552  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Angel  of  the  Lord  was  baried,  not  to  drive  her  forth,  but  to  widen 
her  realm  —  and  she  inherits  the  land. 

This  type,  which  produced  women  of  independent  thought, 
yet  women  who  were  home-loving,  not  self  seeking,  great  moth- 
ers serving,  but  exacting  honor  and  obedience,  wives,  who  were 
helpmates,  not  dictators  nor  dependents,  was  transplanted  here, 
and  the  intelligence  and  moral  force  always  associated  with  the 
women  of  Ohio,  infused  with  their  strongest  trait  —  a  bequest 
also  from  Pennsylvania  and  the  South  —  a  passionate  devo- 
tion to  home  —  are  elements  which  constitute  many  an  unrecorded 
but  never  obliterated  chapter  in  the  history  and  development  of 
Ohio. 

To-day  the  women  of  this  state  are  the  conservators  of  the 
strong  original  type,  and  here,  we  believe,  it  is  perpetuated  with 
fewer  of  its  early  faults  and  more  of  its  virtues,  than  in  any  other 
state  of  the  Union.  It  is  with  pleasure  that  the  text  of  what  must 
be  briefly  said  is  presented,  for  in  it  is  summed  up  the  whole.  It 
is  from  Emerson  :  "What  is  civilization  ?  I  answer  :  —  The 
Power  of  Good  Women." 

Confronting  the  subject  assigned,  "The  Part  Taken  by 
Women  in  the  History  and  Development  of  the  State,"  the  ques- 
tion arises,  "for  what  have  Ohio  women  been  conspicuous?"  The 
asnwer  is  a  simple  one  —  Ohio  women  never  were  and  are  not 
now  "conspicuous."  To  be  conspicuous  has  never  been  thought 
by  them  desirable.  They  have  written  ;  have  sung ;  have  moulded 
in  clay ;  have  carved  in  stone ;  have  had  place  and  power :  but 
froward.  notorious,  conspicuous  in  the  common  sense,  they  have 
never  been.  In  this  their  inheritance  is  revealed,  .\mong  all 
those  who  thronged  the  decks  of  the  Mayfloi^^er  can  one  be 
named  whose  dress,  feature,  or  persoVial  conduct,  history  has  re- 
corded? In  all  the  realm  of  national  poetry,  whose  theme  is  of 
those  earliest  days,  but  one  woman's  name  is  familiarly  known  to 
us  and  that  through  a  story  of  the  heart.  In  this  Priscilla  was 
not  conspicuous  since  there  have  been  hundreds  as  steadfast,  as 
true  and  as  plain  spoken. 

Again,  in  civil  life:  who  condemned  and  burned  the  witches? 
Not  the  WOMEN  of  Salem !  Education  and  religion  are  those 
higher  and  grander  callings,  always  appropriately  associated  with 


Ohio  Centennial.  553 

women  throughout  the  civiHzed  world,  and  if,  in  obedience  to 
what  was  believed  by  them  to  be  a  divine  command,  certain 
Puritan  women  should  have  "preached  the  Word"  it  is  not  for  us 
to  say  that  their  purpose  was  to  render  themselves  conspicuous. 
In  history  it  is  true  the  name  of  brave  Molly  Pitcher  is  boldly 
written,  yet  it  was  hardly  for  this  that  she  risked  her  life. 

l^o  be  conspicuous,  to  have  one's  name  and  habits  familiarly 
known  of  the  public,  was  evidently  never  the  ruling  passion  of 
the  early  Massachusetts  woman  and  such  aversion  is  a  charac- 
teristic of  the  mass  of  Ohio  women  to-day.  Queen  Elizabeth 
on  this  point  is  thus  reported  "she  who  is  common  to  all  may  with 
ease  become  the  common  object  of  applause."  That  such  applause 
is  by  the  greater  number  undesired  proves  here  the  survival  of  the 
early  type.  And  yet,  no  one  familiar  with  the  history  of  our  times 
and  those  a  little  more  remote,  is  unaware  that  such  sentiments, 
far  from  hindering  intellectual  development,  encourage  and  pro- 
tect it.  The  great  woman  always  gets  a  chance  to  develop,  while 
she  who  will  not  think  quietly,  nor  talk  gently,  bear  all  cheerfully, 
do  all  bravely,  await  occasions,  and  ''in  a  word,  let  the  spiritual, 
imbidden  and  unconscious  grow  up  through  the  common"  is 
again  and  again  pushed  aside,  still  shouting  her  claims  to  prece- 
dence, still  loudly  demanding  recognition.  Strength  will  always 
find  need  waiting  her  ministration ;  Courage  her  cause  to  cham- 
pion ;  Love  her  sacrifice  and  crown ;  Genius  her  altar  at  which 
to  preside ; '  Music  her  melodies  to  be  released  and  Intellect  her 
tongue  and  pen.  Read  the  letters  of  Margaret  Winthrop  or  those 
of  Abigail  Adams  to  her  husband.  All  may  there  see  one  of 
the  several  reasons  why  these  men  were  great  and  did  their  work 
well.  Margaret  Fuller  and  hosts  of  later  writers  attest  the  truth 
of  the  assertion,  that  self-expression  and  intellectual  development 
were  not  retarded  because  the  home  was  recognized  as  woman's 
place  and  sphere :  and  very  largely  because  such  ideals  prevail  in 
Ohio  the  part  taken  by  women  in  the  history  and  development 
of  the  state  has  been  important  and  far-reaching  in  its  effect. 

Ohio  early  became  the  bureau  of  civilization  for  the  West 
and  even  now  her  influence  directs  the  course  of  hundreds  of 
the  best  citizens  of  the  Pacific  slope.  Over-praised  the  state  may 
be  but  this  is  recognized  by  alien  as  by  native  born  that  for  the 


554  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

West  Ohio  has  been  the  great  civihzing  center.  Now  into  this 
fabric  of  state  weave  the  text  from  the  Sage  of  Concord,  "Civ- 
ihzation?  it  is  the  power  of  good  women."  Is  the  design  more 
clear?  Are  the  colors  more  illuminating?  Is  the  cloth  stronger? 
If  Ohio  is  typical  of  civilization  at  its  best  and  civilization  is 
"the  power  of  good  women,"  then  must  Ohio  owe  more  to  the 
character  of  its  women  than  many  of  its  citizens  have  ever 
recognized. 

We  talk  about  our  great  men 

From  Washington  to  now; 
We  raise  on  high  our  heroes 

And  ask  all  men  to  bow ; 
We  speak  much  of  our  victors 

And  count  the  glorious  host, 
And  shout  aloud  our  pleasure 

In  prideful,  frenzied  boast ! 
We  celebrate  the  birthdays 

Of  those  we  most  respect. 
And  on  our  list  of  statesmen 

We  all   with  pride  reflect ; 
But  in  speaking  of  the  heroes 

To  place  among  the  others, 
Why  don't  we  have  more  places 

For  the  statues  of  our  mothers? 
They  guided  all  our  great  men, 

And  steered  the  ship  of  state 
From  the  time  when,  in  the  cradle, 

They  taught  men  to  be  great. 
Their  influence  has  ever 

Been  wielded  for  the  best, 
And  in  the  line  of  duty 

Th'ey  never  stop  to  rest. 
A  toast,  then,  to  the  mother 

Who  gave  to  us  her  care ! 
In  giving  out  the  laurels 

See  that  she  gets  her  share. 

O,  pioneer  mothers,  departed  but  unforgottent  Would  that 
we  might  weave  you  a  new  garment  of  Praise,  radiant  as  your 
bravery,  enduring  as  your  deeds,  strong  as  your  faith,  ample  as 
your  mind,  and  all  sufficient  as  your  affections ;  would  that  wc 
might  weave  you  a  chaplet  of  Praise  and  adorn  it  with  jewels  as 


Ohio  Centennial.  555^ 

imperishable  as  our  gratitude.  Would  that  we  might  build  you 
a  white  palace  of  Praise,  wherein,  outshining  the  garment,  the 
chaplet  and  the  walls,  your  names  should  be  each  of  them  written. 
We  have  not  forgotten  that  a  hundred  years  ago  Briton,  Spaniard 
and  Frenchman  were  hammering  at  our  gates;  that  Indians 
stormed  our  wooden  stockades  and  that  wolves  drummed  with 
their  nails  at  our  cabin  doors,  snapping  teeth  like  traps  of  steel, 
as  they  were  of  death,  while  within,  the  mother  hushed  her  spin- 
ning wheel  and  in  terror  gathered  her  children  to  her  breast ;  but 
do  we  remember  that  these  same  women  were  not  passive  actors 
only,  but  single-handed  braved  Indians  at  these  cabin  doors  In 
defence  of  their  children  and  homes,  endured  hideous  captivity 
without  a  tear,  moulded  bullets,  felled  trees,  saved  garrisons  of 
soldiers,  saying,  as  Elizabeth  Zane,  "I  am  only  a  woman  —  we 
need  every  man  to  defend  the  fort  —  open  the  gates  —  I  will  go 
out  to  the  blockhouse  and  return  with  the  powder."  Bullets, 
arrows  and  tomahawks  played  about  her  girlish  form  but  she  ran 
the  fearful  gauntlet  and  returning  with  the  powder,  saved  the 
fort. 

The  journey  of  Ann  Bailey  needs  its  narrator  only  to  make  it 
as  immortal  as  that  of  the  man  who  carried  "the  message  to 
Garcia."  This  eccentric  and  heroic  woman  was  connected  with 
the  early  history  of  Gallipolis  and  West  Virginia.  Marauding 
parties  of  fierce  warriors  had  been  seen  in  the  valley  of  the 
Kanawha,  resolved  on  driving  the  white  men  from  their  favorite 
hunting  ground.  TJie  inhabitants  were  gathered  into  the  fort 
when  the  terrible  fact  was  discovered  that  the  ammunition  was 
nearly  exhausted.  Few  men  could  be  spared  and  none  were  will- 
ing with  a  small  party  to  face  the  perils  of  the  hundred  mile 
journey  through  the  trackless  forests.  Ann  Bailey  instantly 
offered  to  go  — and  alone.  Her  acquaintance  with  the  country, 
perseverance,  horsemanship,  and  fearless  spirit  were  well  known, 
and  the  commander  yielded  to  her  request.  She  set  her  face 
toward  Camp  Union,  now  Lewisburg.  She  overcame  every  ob- 
stacle in  the  rugged,  fearful  way.  Through  forests,  across  moun- 
tains, swimming  rivers,  undaunted  she  took  her  way ;  exposed 
to  the  perils  of  wild  beasts  and  straggling  parties  of  Indians. 
Reaching  Camp  Union  she  was  supplied  with  another  horse  fully- 


•556  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


laden, 


began  the  journey  back  and  arriving  just  in  time  with  the 
supply  of  ammunition,  she  saved  the  fort. 

Our  early  history  abounds  with  instances  of  women's  hero- 
ism from  the  Revolutionary  War  forward.  Familiar  to  all 
readers  are  the  names  of  Rebecca  Williams,  Mrs.  Andrew  Lake, 
Bathsheba  Rouse,  Sarah  Sibley,  Ann  Bailey,  Elizabeth  Harper 
and  her  daughter ;  Mrs.  Carter  and  the  gentle  unfortunate  Eliza- 
beth Kenton.  These  were  women  of  uncommon  sense  though 
they  were  not  of  the  type  who  request  the  removal  of  the  word 
"obey"  from  the  marriage  ceremony.  They  were  probably  fear- 
less enough  to  trust.  They  were  wise,  wifely,  compassionate  and 
greatly  respected.  Do  these  present  times  produce  their  equals? 
Touches  of  grace  are  given  the  hardness  of  the  times  by  the 
stately  steps  of  the  wives  of  the  early  governors  ;  Mrs.  Tiffin,  Mrs. 
Worthington,  Rachel  Woodrow  Trimble,  Mrs.  McArthur  and 
others ;  while  Ohio  women  gracing  the  White  House  have  left 
indelible  memories  in  the  minds  of  all  Americans,  Their  names 
are  easily  recalled ;  Lucy  Webb  Hayes,  Lucretia  Rudolph  Gar- 
field, Caroline  Scott  Harrison,  Ida  Saxton  McKinley. 

The  military  history  of  this  commonwealth  keeps  forever 
green  the  memory  of  its  soldier  dead  and  here  and  there,  thickly 
as  flowers  dotting  forest  glades  in  spring,  appear  the  names  of 
the  women  of  the  Civil  War,  who  at  home  and  as  nurses  in  the 
field,  heads  of  Relief  Corps  and  in  hundreds  of  helpful  ways  also 
assisted  to  resist  invasion,  to  preserve  the  Union  and  to  raise  up 
and  protect  a  loyal  state  upon  our  border,  for  Ohio  sent  into  the 
strife  a  vast  army  of  her  own ;  more  than  half  of  her  adult  popu- 
lation ;  half  again  larger  than  the  greatest  army  Great  Britain 
ever  put  into  the  field  and  one-ninth  of  the  entire  Federal  force  — 
340,000  men !  Consider  the  mothers  of  these,  the  daughters  of 
many,  the  wives  and  sisters. 

Multitudes  of  names  could  be  called  from  this  roll  of  honor 
if  there  were  but  time.  It  is  to  be  hoped  however  that  their  ser- 
vice still  so  recent,  needs  no  mention  here  to  bring  it  to  grateful 
remembrance.  In  the  New  York  home  of  an  Ohio  woman  on 
Murray  Hill  the  first  relief  organization  of  the  war  was  eflfected, 
its  object  being  to  send  clothing,  medicine  and  supplies  to  the 
front,  and  from  Ohio,  conspicuous  for  her  loyal  service  was  Mrs. 


Ohio  Centennial.  -  55T 

Mary  A.  Bickerdyke,  the  famous  army  luirse.  No  argument  is 
necessary  to  prove  it  since  no  one  denies,  that  of  our  women  at 
home,  as  of  our  men  in  the  held,  it  may  be  said,  they  also  served. 

To-day  the  Woman's  Relief  Corps  of  the  state  of  Ohio  with 
Mrs.  Hannah  M.  Gahagan  at  its  head,  stands  for  all  loyal  service, 
not  only  being-  a  friend  of  the  widow"*'and  orphan,  but  holding  out 
well-filled  hands  to  the  needy  soldier  of  the  war  himself.  Mrs. 
Rebecca  A.  Rowse,  of  Cleveland,  Mrs.  h>ances  A.  Harrison,  of 
Columbus,  and  Mrs.  George  Hoadly  of  Cincinnati,  are  names 
notably  associated  with  the  work  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  as 
heads  of  auxiliary  societies  in  their  respective  cities,  while  the 
name  of  Hannah  A.  Maxon,  nurse  in  the  hospital  at  Gallipolis, 
is  gratefully  recalled  by  many ;  and  later,  eminent  for  her  philan- 
thropic work  was  Mrs.  Kate  Brownlee  Sherwood,  of  Toledo. 

Who  shall  adequately  measure  the  service  to  history  of  the 
ministration  of  Mrs.  Herman  J.  Groesbeck,  the  Colonial  Dames 
and  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution?  Under  the  ad- 
ministration of  Mrs.  Herman  G.  Groesbeck,  the  Colonial  Dames 
in  the  state  of  Ohio  have  purchased  the  old  land-office  at  Marietta 
where  interesting  memorials  of  the  labors  of  General  Rufus  Put- 
nam are  preserved.  This  purchase  will  insure  the  protection  and 
permanency  of  this  old  building,  the  office  of  the  memorable 
original  survey  of  the  lands  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 

In  the  archives  of  Marietta  College  are  the  letters  of  Rufus 
Putnam.  .  These  have  been  preserved  with  the  greatest  care,  but 
lack  of  funds  for  this  j^urpose  has  prevented  the  college  from 
putting  these  valuable  memoirs  into  the  more  permanent  form  of 
a  book.  This  the  Colonial  Dames  will  do ;  Miss  Rowena  Buell, 
of  Marietta,  has  been  secured  as  com]3iler  and  the  contract  with 
Messrs.  Houghton  and  Mifflin  as  publishers,  signed.  No  more 
important  service  to  the  state,  historically,  has  ever  been  rendered 
than  this. 

The  recent  erection  of  the  commemorative  tablet  on  this  spot 
is  but  a  slight  ensample  of  the  work  of  the  D.  A.  R.  This  state 
is  dotted  wnth  tablets,  bronzes,  stones,  recalling  to  the  forgetful 
that  on  these  spots  great  deeds  were  done,  or,  for  us,  history  began 
or  was  made  further  glorious.  Historic  homes  are  preserved 
by  them  that  our  generation  visiting  them  may  be  reminded  of 


^58  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

what  stuff  our  men  were  made  and  live  again  those  hours  when 
souls  "built  statelier  mansions."  The  regent  of  this  band  in 
Ohio  is  Mrs.  Virginia  Shedd  Hodge.  The  whole  order  numbers 
135,000;  thirty  chapters  of  which  are  in  this  state  while  the  presi- 
dent general  of  the  national  society,  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Fairbanks, 
and  the  vice-president  general  for  Ohio,  Mrs.  John  A.  Murphy, 
are  both  Ohioans. 

I'he  "Little  Red  School  House"  has  been  battered  by  blows 
of  convulsive  oratory,  has  had  each  separate  brick  taken  down  by 
preacher,  poet,  artist  and  politician,  and  numbered;  has  fairly 
been  swept  from  its  foundation  by  floods  of  eloquence.  It  is 
affirmed  that  it  is  the  source  of  our  greatness,  the  raison  d'etre 
■of  our  strength  in  state  and  nation.  Well !  who  chiefly  presides 
in  the  "little  red  school  house?"  The  first  school  teacher  in 
Ohio  was  a  woman,  Bathsheba  Rouse,  who  was  appointed  to  her 
work  at  Belpre  in  1789,  and  the  women  of  this  state  are  the 
instructors,  in  the  main,  of  the  children  of  the  state.  They  are 
also  the  librarians.  They  outnumber  three  to  one  the  men  en- 
gaged in  these  callings.  They  teach  in  our  colleges,  they  teach 
our  blind,  our  deaf,  our  dumb,  and  even  the  imbecile  child  awakens 
to  new  life  under  their  inspiring  tutelage.  Following  Miss  Rouse 
came  Elizabeth  Harper  at  Harpersfield  in  1802.  The  founder  of 
the  Sunday-school  was  also  a  woman  —  Mrs.  Andrew  Lake,  of 
Marietta.  A  vast  army  of  students  of  the  Bible  all  over  the 
^lobe  reverence  the  name  of  this  gentle  resolute  woman,  the 
founder  of  the  only  organization  which  steadily  resists  the  inva- 
sion 0/  unbelief,  stands  for  the  sacredness  of  the  Bible  and  its 
■energizing,  uplifting  force  in  daily  life. 

To  American  literature  Ohio  women  have  probably  contrib- 
uted more  than  their  quota.  The  first  in  a  chronological  sense, 
was  Delia  Salter  Bacon  born  at  Talmadge  in  181 1,  the  original 
-exponent  of  the  Baconian  theory  of  the  authorship  of  the  works 
of  ''one  William  Shakespeare." 

Julia  Dumont,  the  "Hannah  More  of  the  west,"  a  daughter 
of  one  of  the  original  settlers  of  Marietta,  was  the  preceptress  of 
Dr.  Edward  Eggleston,  whose  grateful  pen  has  honored  her  with 
merited  praise. 


Ohio  Centennial.  559 

In  "The  Poetical  Literature  of  the  West,"  184 1,  we  read  of 
Mrs.  R.  S.  Nichols,  and  of  the  thirty-seven,  written  of  therein, 
seven  were  women. 

A  very  womanly  woman  was  Frances  Dana  Gage,  the  most 
popular  writer  of  keen,  practical  prose  and  didactic  verse  of  her 
time  in  the  West  and  familiar  to  us  all  as  ''Aunt  Fannie."  Amelia 
Welby  was  a  poetess  well  liked.  The  editors  of  "Aloore's  West- 
ern Lady  Hook,"  an  early  Ohio  periodical  of  much  vitality,  were 

A.  and  Mrs.  A.  G.  Moore.  Ohio  in  poetry  and  fiction  would  be 
represented  by  a  few  names  only  were  it  not  for  our  literary 
women :  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood, 
educated  at  Granville,  Sarah  C.  Woolsey,  "Susan  Coolidge," 
Sarah  Knowles  Bolton,  Constance  Fenimore  Wool  son,  Kate 
Brownlee  Sherwood.  Mary  A.  Livermore  and  most  classic  of  all 
our  singers,  Edith  Thomas,  Sarah  Piatt,  Alice  and  Phoebe  Gary. 
A  fine  strain  of  French  blood  is  represented  in  the  literary  ele- 
gance of  Madeleine  Vinton  Dahlgren.  Other  writers  are  Gene- 
veive  Farnell,  Caroline  Park,  Anne  Virginia  Culbertson,  Virginia 

B.  Ellard,  Helen  Smith  and  Helen  Hay,  Maria  Mitchel,  Gertrude 
Clark,  Pauline  B.  Mackie,  Mary  D.  Steele,  Eva  Best,  Catherine 
P)eecher,  Electra  E.  Doren,  Charlotte  Reeve  Conover,  Dr.  Alice 
B.  Stockton,  Dr.  Mary  Wood  Allen,  Elizabeth  Chapney,  Helen 
Watterson  Moody,  Lydia  Hoyt  Farmer,  Lydia  S.  McPherson 
and  Clara  Morris,  while  all  Ohioans  thrill  at  the  reading  of 
Alice  Williams   Brotherton's  sweet  verses  — 

The    Rose    and    the    Thistle,    the    Shamrock    green 

And  the  Leek  are  the  flowers  of  Britain ; 
The  Fleur  de  lys  on  the  flag  of  France 

In  a  1)rand  of  blood  was  written ; 
But  what  shall  we  claim  for  our  own  fair  land, 

What  flower  for  our  own  true  token? 
The  golden-rod,  or  the  lily,  or  the  corn? 

For  each,  has  its  own  bard  spoken. 
Oh !  the  tasseled  corn  for  the  whole  broad  land. 

For  the  Union  none  could  sever ; 
But  the  Buckeye  bloom  for  the  Buckeye  state 

The   token   be    forever. 

In  the  field  of  journalism,  the  pioneer  among  our  women, 
^was  Miss  Lillian  Darst,  of  Chillicothe.     At  the  state  capitol  the 


560  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

• 

first  woman  assigned  to  regular  local  work  was  Miss  Georgia 
Hopley.  She  has  ever  since,  both  in  foreign  correspondence  and 
at  home  represented  that  school,  small  in  number  alas,  unin- 
fluenced by  the  tidal  waves  of  yellow  journalism  which  lower  the 
standard  of  American  newspaper  work,  making  this  calling,  for 
w^omen,  a  doubtful  vocation  in  the  average  newspaper  office.  Yet, 
to  these  women  we  look  for  a  cleaner  administration.  Will 
they,  like  our  men,  be  submerged  by  the  present  alleged  de- 
mands of  the  public  or  will  they  raise  the  standard  and  teach 
us  that  the  American  newspaper  is  a  leader  of  the  best  thought 
of  the  community,  and  not  a  caterer  to  the  lowest?  Brilliant, 
and  almost  alone  in  her  field,  is  Miss  Rowena  Hewit  Landon, 
of  Columbus,  whose  cultivated  mind  is  reflected  in  her  work, 
which,  though  C:.  diversion  for  leisure  moments,  is  so  faithfully 
and  finely  wTought.  Of  a  similar  type  is  Miss  Katherine  Pope 
whose  "Letters  of  a  Happy  Poor  Woman"  show  so  fine  a  spirit 
of  optimism. 

In  the  seventies  there  came  to  the  women  of  Cincinnati  an 
impulse  toward  the  study  of  decorative  art.  The  foremost  of 
these  was  Miss  Louise  McLaughlin,  the  product  of  whose  Jciln, 
and  whose  book  on  the  subject,  are  known  all  over  the  country. 
She  has  a  ])ottery  of  her  own  where  she  makes  china  of  fine 
quality,  decorating  the  pieces  for  the  most  part  with  the  varied 
colors  of  copper  glaze.  Que  of  our  painters  named  at  the  Salon 
and  now  in  Paris,  is  Miss  Elizabeth  Nourse,  of  Cincinnati.  The 
wife  of  the  noted  scientist,  F.  C.  Wormly,  was  born  in  Columbus, 
where  his  analyses  of  poison  crystals  were  illustrated  by  draw- 
ings made  by  her,  "no  one  else  being  able  to  reproduce  their  ex- 
quisite delicacy  and  precision."  "licr  achievements  in  this  art 
were  hardly  less  than   her  husband's   in  science." 

Mrs.  Mary  McArthur  Tuttle  has  served  her  state  well  both 
as  writer  and  as  artist.  Her  articles  on  color,  her  portraits  and 
charming  volume,  "The  Mother  of  an  Emperor,"  entitle  her  to  the 
place  she  holds  in  the  esteem  of  art-loving  people.  To  all  such, 
the  names  of  Caroline  Ransom,  Caroline  Brooks,  Marion  Foster, 
Christine  and  Isabel  Sullivan,  Caroline  Lord,  Mary  Spencer,  Alice 
Cordelia  Moore,  Louise  Lawton  and  Cornelia  Davis  are  more  or 
less  familiar.     But  the  most  renowned  of  America's  art  products 


Ohio  Ccntcjiiiial.  561 

is  the  Rookwood  Pottery,  founded  also  by  an  Ohio  woman,  Mrs. 
Bellamy  Storer,  wife  of  our  present  ambassador  to  Austria.  No 
finer  pottery  is  anywhere  made.  Fine  in  quality,  beautiful  in 
decorative  value,  its  fame  is  world-wide.  Mrs.  Storer  invented 
the  peculiar  glaze  effect  which  marks  its  distinction  from  all  other 
pottery  in  the  world.  It  was  she  who,  for  years,  did  the  actual 
work  and  to  her  wonderful  taste,  energy  and  spirit  is  due  a  pro- 
duct which  is  admired  by  all  connoisseurs  and  which  alone,  would 
have  given  America  a  place  in  the  world  of  art.  . 

In  the  field  of  geology  and  botany  we  have  Laura  Linton 
for  whom  lintonite,  a  variety  of  Lake  Superior  sandstone,  is 
named,  and  Mary  Emilee  Holmes,  first  woman  member  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  America. 

In  the  realm  of  the  drama  and  of  music,  among  the  many 
who  might  be  named  are  Julia  Marlowe  and  Clara  Morris,  Ella 
May  Smith,  songwriter ;  pianists :  Fannie  Bloomfield  Zeisler 
and  Julia  Reeve  King ;  vocalists :  Corinne  Moore  Lawson,  Ge- 
nevra  Johnston    I^)ishop,   Marie  Decca  and   Dora   Hennings. 

And  now  a  singular  event  claims  attention.  "Its  history  is  as 
thrilling  as  anything  written  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  of  the  crusades 
of  the  middle  ages  and  stirs  one  like  the  stories  of  Napoleon's 
Old  Guard."  The  great  temperance  crusade  had  its  origin  in  Hills- 
boro.  The  first  ])resident  was  ]\Irs.  Thompson,  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  old  Governor  Trimble ;  a  worthy  daughter  of  her  father 
is  she.  What  memories  are  hers  at  eighty-seven,  and  what  those 
of  that  other  grand  old  woman,  lovingly  known  as  Mother  Stew- 
art, who  is  still  older.  The  history  and  result  of  the  crusade  is 
known  to  the  whole  world,  the  society  of  over  300,000  women 
known  as  the  Christian  Temperance  Union,  tracing  its  origin  to 
this  praying  band  of  which  Mrs.  Annie  W.  Clark,  of  Columbus, 
is  the  head  in  Ohio.  It  is  now  a  world's  union  with  Lady  Henry 
Somerset  of  England  at  its  head.  One  catches  inspiration  from 
the  very  faces  of  these  women,  and  leaders  in  humanitarianism 
richly  appreciate  their  work.  When  some  impulse  to  bravery 
is  one's  great  need,  the  annals  of  the  life  of  Frances  E.  Willard 
seem  pages  inspired.  As  writer  and  speaker  she  is  known  to  the 
ends  of  the  earth  and  her  life  was  more  eloquent  than  book  or 

36    o.  c. 


56^  Ohio  Arch,   and  His.   Society  Publications. 

spoken  word.  She  was  born  at  Oberlin,  Ohio.  Here  also  hved 
Catherine  Coffin,  wife  of  the  president  of  the  "underground  rail- 
way," and  his  chief  assistant. 

It  has  been  said  that  "Mothers  are  the  only  goddesses  in 
whom  the  whole  world  believes."  Much  good  should  therefore 
result  from  a  Congress  of  Mothers  such  as  has  been  recently 
organized  in  this  state.  The  Ohio  congress  owes  its  organiza- 
tion largely  to  the  interest  of  Mrs.  Edgar  M.  Hatton  and  is  now 
under  the  leadership  of  Mrs,  J.  A.  Jeffrey  of  Columbus. 

The  Ohio  Woman  Suffrage  Association  has  had  something 
to  do  with  the  history  and  development  of  the  state  —  and  would 
like  to  have  more  to  do  with  it !  Its  affairs  are  wisely  adminis- 
tered by  Mrs.  Harriet  Taylor  Upton. 

Last,  and  in  some  ways,  strongest  of  all  the  organized  activ- 
ities of  women  in  Ohio  is  the  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  now 
in  its  tenth  year.  Mrs.  Edward  L.  Ruchwalter,  member  from 
Ohio,  and  first  vice  president  of  the  board  of  lady  managers  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  was  one  of  its  founders.  It 
numbers 'more  than  eleven  thousand  members  and  has  a  larger 
number  of  such  clubs  than  any  other  state  or  territory. 

An  enumeration  of  contributions  to  the  public  good  from 
individual  clubs  would  be  absolutely  impossible  here.  Thousands 
of  dollars  have  been  contributed  to  libraries,  for  the  decoration 
of  school  interiors,  the  founding  of  vacation  and  manual  training 
schools,  in  the  erection  of  public  drinking  fountains,  in  work  with 
humane  societies,  war  relief  and  other  organizations,  art  exhibits 
and  sanitary  measures.  The  school  savings  bank  system  in  almost 
every  case  has  been  introduced  at  their  instance.  Their  chief  con- 
cern however  is  for  the  institution  we  call  home.  They  believe 
this  the  natural  ambition,  the  inborn  pride,  the  happiest  sphere 
toward  which  a  woman  ever  turns  and  all  those  things  which  are 
its  safeguards:  education,  religion,  good  food,  cleanliness,  the 
abolition  of  child  labor,  the  encouragement  of  patriotism,  the 
circulation  of  good  books,  receive  their  hearty  support.  But  more 
valuable  than  all  they  do  is  the  atmosphere  which  the  considera- 
tion of  such  subjects  by  great  numbers  of  persons  gives  us  — 
atmosphere  which  to  breathe,  makes  sounder  moral  lungs,  clearer 


Ohio  Centennial.  563 

heads  and  consciences.  Intelligent  service  has  been  rendered  the 
state  by  the  Ohio  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  as  attested  by  the 
state  librarian.  Representatives  of  the  Federation  were  the  first 
to  ask  for  a  law  giving  Ohio  free  traveling  libraries.  Their  in- 
fluence was  a  large  factor.  The  bill  was  framed  and  passed  and 
Ohio  now  leads  the  Union  in  the  number  of  free  libraries  cir- 
culated. The  commissioner  of  schools  bears  testimony  to  the 
quiet,  unremitting  work  carried  on  for  nearly  five  years  in  behalf 
of  a  state  normal  school,  saying  that  the  passage  of  the  Seese  bill 
resulted  largely  from  the  sentiment  created  by  the  Federation. 
Ohio  has  now,  as  a  result,  two  training  schools  for  teachers,  hav- 
ing stepped  out  of  the  class  with  Delaware  and  Arkansas,  now 
the  only  states  in  the  Union  offering  no  training  of  this  charac- 
ter. The  Federation  has,  at  the  present  time,  four  petitions 
before  the  legislature,  all  of  which  are  likely  to  result  in  laws 
certainly  beneficial  to  the  state.  They  are:  A  petition  for  the 
establishment  of  a  juvenile  court  in  the  city  of  Columbus;  for 
the  adoption  of  the  Federal  plan  in  the  proposed  new  school 
code  for  Ohio,  and  for  a  minority  representation  of  good  women 
on  all  boards  whose  functions  are  distinctly  educational,  especially 
public  library  and  state  normal  school  boards ;  to  raise  the  age 
limit  of  girls  placed  in  industrial  schools  to  eighteen,  instead  of 
sixteen  years,  as  the  period  for  discharge,  the  same  as  now  pre- 
vails for  boys ;  and  for  the  appointment  of  at  least  one  woman 
factory  inspector  on  the  list  of  the  fourteen  employed.  The 
able  president,  of  the  Federation  is  Mrs.  Samuel  B.  Sneath,  of 
Tiffin. 

The  first  club  ever  organized  had  as  its  president  an  Ohio 
woman.  We  have  thus  chronicled  five  world  movements  having 
their  source  in  Ohi6  and  all  originated  by  women ;  the  Sabbath 
School,  by  Mrs.  Lake,  of  Marietta ;  the  woman's  club  movement, 
Alice  Cary,  president  of  the  first  club  organized ;  theory  of  au- 
thorship of  Shakespeare's  works,  by  Delia  S.  Bacon ;  the  world's 
temperance  union,  Mrs.  Thompson,  and  Mrs.  Stewart ;  the  Rook- 
wood  Pottery,  Mrs.  Bellamy  Storer ;  while  the  first  school  teacher 
in  the  state,  whose  school  system  at  Cleveland  is  acknowledg'ed 
the  peer  of  any  in  the  world,  was  a  woman. 


66A  Ohio  Arch,   and  His.   Society  Publications. 

These  facts  fire  the  imagination,  yet  it  is  with  no  feehng" 
of  exultation,  but  with  profound  thankfuhiess  that  we  contem- 
plate the  results  of  the  past.  What  shall  be  our  future  destiny? 
With  such  men,  with  such  women  what  may  Ohio  not  become 
if  we  are  faithful  as  well  as  fervent,  wise  as  well  as  fearless,  not 
desiring-  to  ''command  the  applause  of  the  hour,  but  the  judgment 
of  posterity."  O  women  of  Ohio!  why  may  it  not  be  that  in  this 
western  world  prophecy  shall  in  you  be  fulfilled  and  hope  reach  , 
its  full  fruition !  O  men  of  Ohio !  that  union  of  high  achievement 
and  pure  minds,  which  it  seemeth  God  has  here  enjoined,  let 
not  man  put  asunder,  then  shall  your  feet  be  set  upon  the  head 
of  the  enemy.  Regnant  Ohio !  not  a  dream,  not  a  dream,  but  the 
most  sober,  inevitable  reality.  The  Voice  of  the  People,  a  har- 
mony like  the  fabled  astral  bell ;  the  State,  a  vision  glorious  like 
that  seen  by  John  on  the  Island  of  Pacmos ;  O  most  dear  priv- 
ilege, O  sweet  opportunity,  for  thee,  alma  mater  Ohio,  to  rise  and 

With  one  awakening  smile 
Bid  the  serpent's  trail  no  more  thy  beauteous  realms  defile. 


THE  PRESS  OF  OHIO. 


S.    S.    KNxKISENSHUE. 


The  Ordinance  of  1787,  for  the  government  of  the  North- 
west  Territory,    declared :     "Religion,    morality    and    knowl- 
edge, being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the  happiness 
of  mankind,  schools,  and  the  means 
of    education,    shall    forever    be    en- 
couraged."    The    importance    of    the 
press,  not  only  as  a  factor  of  popular 
education,  but  as  the  conservator  of 
freedom     of     speech     was     evidently 
realized  by  the  men  who  settled  Ohio, 
the  first-born  of  the  states  into  which 
the  Northwest  was  divided ;  for  with- 
in four  years  after  its  settlement  at 
Marietta,  the  first  newspaper  within 
its  boundaries  was  set  up. 

This  was  the  Centinel  of  the  North- 
western Territory,  first  issued  No- 
vember 9,  1793,  by  William  Max- 
well,    postmaster     of     Cincinnti.     It 

was  printed  on  a  half  sheet,  10  by  13  inches  in  size,  and 
hence  resembled  a  handbill.  In  those  days,  newspapers  were 
very  partial  to  mottoes,  and  the  Centinel  displayed  this : 
"Open  to  all  parties  —  influenced  by  none."  In  1796 
Edward  Freeman  bought  the  paper,  changed  the  name  to 
Freeman's  Journal,  published  it  until  the  beginning  of  1800, 
when  he  removed  to  Chillicothe.  It  would  appear  that  he 
continued  the  publication  there  :  for  in  the  records  of  the  ter- 
ritorial court  at  Chillicothe  is  found  an  order  that  an  adver- 
tisement for  contracts  to  build  the  old  court  house  there,  after- 
vy^ards  Ohio's  first  state  house,  should  advertise  in  "Freeman's 
paper."     The  Scioto  Gazette  was  then  in  existence.     Freeman 

565 


S    S.    KNABENSHUE. 


566  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

dielj  and  Nathaniel  Willis  bought  his  office,  partly  or  wholly, 
and  cornbined  the  papers.  Willis  was  the  executor  of  Freeman's 
estate.  It  would  seem  that  the  Scioto  Gazette  has  a  fair  title  to 
being  the  first  paper  established  in  Ohio,  as  the  successor  by 
purchase  of  the  paper  founded  at  Cincinnati  in  1793. 

It  is  hard  to  realize  the  difficulties  under  which  the  pio- 
neers of  journalism  labored  in  the  region  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  Their  type  and  other  material,  their  paper  and  ink, 
had  to  be  purchased  in  the  cities  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard, 
and  brought  across  the  mountains  in  wagons,  thence  by  river 
or  lake,  when  such  transportation  was  available.  Nor  were 
their  issues  at  all  like  the  newspapers  of  to-day.  There  was 
very  little  original  matter  in  them  —  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  most  of  the  early  editors  were  men  of  culture  and  ability, 
able  to  write  well.  Local  news  was  almost  entirely  ignored. 
Clippings  from  Eastern  papers  giving  the  foreign  news  and  the 
proceedings  of  Congress,  formed  the  staple  of  the  matter  in 
their  meager  columns. 

The  Scioto  Gazette,  with  becoming  modesty,  claims  only 
to  date  from  April  25,  1800.  It  was  founded  by  Nathaniel 
Willis,  who  was  born  in  Boston  in  1755.  was  a  member  of  the 
famous  Boston  Tea  Party,  and  is  traditionally  believed  to 
have  learned  the  art  and  mystery  of  printing  as  an  apprentice 
under  Benjamin  Franklin.  He  published  the  Independent 
Chronicle  in  Boston  from  1774  to  1784.  He  then  removed  to 
Winchester,  Virginia,  where  he  published  a  paper.  In  1790 
he  removed  to  Martinsburg  and  established  the  Potomac  Guar- 
dian, which  he  published  until  1796.  He  then  came  to  Ohio, 
and  founded  the  Ohio  Gazette. 

When  was  the  Gazette  begun?  Richard  Storrs  Willis,  his 
grandson,  in  1900,  wrote  to  the  proprietors  of  the  Gazette  this 
statement,  which  is  printed  in  the  paper's  centennial  issue 
April  28,  1900,  after  stating  that  Nathaniel  Willis  ended  his 
work  in  Martinsburg  in  1796:  "He  then  removed  to  Chilli- 
cothe  and  founded  the  Scioto  Gazette."  The  fact  of  its  found- 
ing in  1796  is  asserted  by  an  article  in  Harper's  Magazine  for 
January,  1858.  and  by  the  Scioto  Gazette  of  September  10, 
1867.     Mr.  Frederic  Hudson,  in  his  "Journalism  in  the  United 


Ohio  Centennial.  567 

^States,"  also  says:  "It  was  not  until  1796  that  he  issued  the 
Scioto  Gazette  as  the  organ  of  the  Territorial  government." 

It  seems  probable  that  the  Scioto  Gazette  was  really 
founded  in  1796;  and  that  either  it  was  discontinued  for  a 
time,  or  that  Mr.  Willis,  for  some  reason  unknown,  started 
his  volume  and  issue  numbers  anew  in  1800.  The  date  claimed 
by  the  publishers  is  April  25,  1800,  and  the  proofs  are  clear 
and  convincing  of  the  continuous  publication  of  the  paper  un- 
der the  same  name  from  then  to  the  present.  It  is  the  oldest 
living  paper  in  the  West,  and  one  of  the  oldest,  if  not  the 
oldest,  paper  of  continuous  publication  in  the  United  States. 

The  third  paper  to  be  established  in  Ohio  was  the  Western 
Spy  and  Hamilton  Gazette,  which  began  issue  in  Cincinnati 
in  1799.  In  1823  its  name  was  changed  to  the  National  Re- 
publican and  Ohio  Political  Register.  One  of  its  editors  was 
Sol.  Smith,  later  w^ell  known  as  an  actor  and  manager  in  St. 
Louis  and  elsewhere,  and  the  maternal  grandfather  of  the 
actor,  Sol.  Smith  Russell. 

The  first  number  of  the  Ohio  Register  and  Virginia  Her- 
ald, the  progenitor  of  the  present  Marietta  Register,  was 
issued  from  a  primitive  little  printing  office  in  the  old  stock- 
ade in  that  city,  on  December  18,  1-80 1.  Wyllys  Silliman  and 
Elijah  Backus  brought  from  Philadelphia  a  printing  outfit, 
including  a  wooden  Ramage  press,  with  stone  bed.  The  type 
faces  were  inked  with  "balls"  made  of  sheep  pelts,  stuflfed 
with  wool  to  give  elasticity.  This  press  was  preserved  by  the 
Register  until  1888,  when  a  fire  destroyed  the  office  and  its 
contents.  The  paper  was  sold  in  1810  to  Mr.  Caleb  Emerson 
who,  on  October  iq  of  that  year,  issued  the  first  number 
of  the  American  Spectator.  In  1813  it  was  sold  again,  and 
issued  as  the  American  Friend,  edited  by  David  Everett,  one 
of  the  brightest  literary  men  of  whom  Marietta  can  boast. 
In  1833,  the  name  was  changed  to  Marietta  Gazette.  It  was 
merged  in  the  Intelligencer  in  1842,  under  Beman  Gates.  This 
paper  was  purchased  in  1862  by  Hoi:  R.  M.  Stimson,  and  the 
name  changed  to  the  Register,  which  it  now  bears. 

On  December  9,  1804,  the  Liberty  Hall  and  Cincinnati 
Mercury  was  founded  in  that  city,  by  Rev.  John  W.  Browne, 


568  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

ccHor,  almanac  publisher,  town  recorder,  bookseller  and 
vender  of  patent  medicines.  It  endured  for  eleven  ■  years, 
when  it  was  purchased  by  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  founded  in 
1806.  The  name  was  perpetuated  with  that  of  the  weekly 
edition  of  the  latter  for  many  years.  The  writer  recalls  seeing 
this  paper,  under  the  title  Liberty  Hall  and  Cincinnati  Weekly 
'Gazette,  about  the  time  of  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war. 

The  next  founded  Ohio  newspaper  which  is  still  existing 
was  the  Western  Star  of  Lebanon.  It  dates  from  March,  1807. 
Its  name  has  never  been  changed.  Its  founder  was  Hon.  John 
McLean,  afterwards  justice  of  the  United  States  supreme 
court,  then  a  young  law  student,  who  married  in  the  spring 
of  that  year,  and  who  was  not  admitted  to  the  bar  until  the  fol- 
lowing autumn.  Probably  one  factor  in  the  hazardous  experi- 
ment of  starting  a  weekly  paper  in  the  shire  town  of  a  county 
which  did  not  contain  over  800  people,  was  the  fact  that  his 
younger  brother,  Nathaniel  McLean,  had  learned  the  printer's 
art  in  the  office  of  the  Liberty  Hall,  at  Cincinnati.  Years 
afterward,  Nathaniel  McLean  founded  the  Pioneer  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  the  first  paper  in  the  present  northwest.  The  press  on 
which  the  Western  Star  was  printed  was  a  Ramage,  with 
Vv^ooden  frame  and  stone  'bed,  like  the  first  Marietta  press, 
and  it  is  believed  it  was  the  same  press  which  was  used  in 
Cincinnati  in  1793  to  print  the  Centinel  of  the  Northwestern 
Territory.       The  present  editor,   Mr.   Will   S.   McKay,   writes : 

The  oldest  copy  of  the  Star  in  existence  is  dated  September  10, 
1810.  The  paper  was  then  edited  and  managed  by  Nathaniel  McLean. 
This  issue  referred  to  is  a  small  folio,  printed  on  strong,  coarse  paper, 
now  yellow  with  age.  It  contains  no  editorial  matter  and  no  local  intelli- 
gence whatever,  except  such  as  may  be  gleaned  from  advertisements.  It 
has  intelligence  from  Europe  more  than  two  months  old,  and  intelligence 
from  New  York  and  St.  Louis  three  weeks  old.  The  only  matter,  aside 
from  advertisements,  prepared  for  the  issue  is  a  communication  proposing 
Thomas  Worthington  for  governor,  Jeremiah  Morrow  for  congress,  John 
Bigger  for  the  state  senate  ;and  Mathias  Corwin,  ^lichael  H.  Johnson  and 
David  Morris  for  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly.  The  adver- 
tisements contain  nine  notices  of  estray  horses  taken  up  and  their  appraise- 
ment, at  from  $20  to  $35,  and  a  reward  of  C)\  cents  for  a  runaway  apprentice. 
Offers  are  made  to  50  cents  for  wheat,  arid  notice  is  given  that  good  rye 


Ohio  Centennial.  569 

whiskey,  at  40  cents  per  gallon,  will  be  taken  in  exchange  for  goods  at 
Lebanon. 

This  is  quoted  as  a  fair  sample  of  the  contents  of  the  news- 
papers of  Ohio  for  at  least  a  score  of  years  after  the  admission 
of  the  state  into  the  union.  The  absence  of  local  news  from 
their  columns  is  remarkable.  The  advertisements,  in  the  vast 
majority  of  mstances,  give  the  only  clue  to  the  sequence  of 
local  events,  the  mode  of  life,  the  industries  and  progTess  of 
the  pioneer  inhabitants. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  p^ublishers  of  those  early  days 
did  not  carefully  preserve  complete  files  of  their  papers.  Or 
the  fault  may  have  been  with  stibsequent  publishers,  in  not 
preserving  as  valuable  historical  documents,  the  issues  of  their 
predecessors.  Too  many  of  them  seem  to  have  looked  upon 
their  papers  merely  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  and  to  be  utterly 
oblivious  to  the  historical  value  of  their  files.  Of  all  the  cai*- 
liest  papers  of  the  state  the  only  complete  file,  so  far  as  can 
be  learned,  is  that  of  the  Marietta  Register  and  its  ancestors, 
which  are  preserved  in  the  library  of  Marietta  college.  It  is 
safe  to  say  that  it  was  due  to  the  college  authorities,  rather  than 
the  proprietors,  that  the  earlier  volumes  were  preserved. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  establishment  of  newspapers  fol- 
lowed the  lines  of  settlement.  The  earlier  colonization  was 
along  the  Ohio,  and  then  northward  along  the  streams  tribu- 
tary to  the  "beautiful  river."  In  1796  congress  enacted  a  law 
atithorizing  Colonel  Ebenezer  Zane  to  open  a  trail  from 
Wheeling  to  Limestone,  Ky.,  now  Maysville,  for  which  ser- 
vice he  was  to  receive  the  privilege  of  locating  military  war- 
rants upon  three  sections  of  land,  each  a  mile  square  —  one 
at  the  crossing  of  the  Muskingum,  one  at  the  Hockhocking 
and  one  at  the  Scioto.  He  located  the  first  where  Zanesville 
now  stands,  the  second  on  the  site  of  Lancaster  and  the  third 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Scioto,  opposite  Chillicothe,  as  the 
Scioto  formed  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Virginia  military 
district.  Zane's  Trace,  as  it  was  called,  soon  developed  into 
a  line  of  settlements,  of  which  Lancaster  was  one.  Manv  of 
the  pioneers  of  that  town  and  of  Fairfield  county  were  Ger- 
Jiians.     This  led  to  the  establishment  at  Lancaster  of  the  first 


570  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications.^ 

OUrman  paper  west  of  the  AUeghanies,  under  the  patriotic 
title  of  Der  Ohio  Adler  —  which,  being  translated,  is  the  Ohio 
Eagle.  It  was  founded  by  Jacob  Dietrich,  but  the  year  is 
somewhat  in  doubt.  Mr.  Wetzler,  the  present  editor  of  the 
Lancaster  Eagle,  remembers  that  General  Sanderson,  a  noted 
pioneer  citizen  of  1799,  told  him  that  Mr.  Dietrich  emigrated 
to  Lancaster  in  1807,  and  at  once  started  the  Adler.  This 
paper  passed  into  the  hands  of  Edward  Shaeffer  about  1813, 
and  an  English  edition  was  begun,  called  the  Eagle.  The  pres- 
ent proprietor  of  the  Eagle,  whose  father,  Thomas  Wetzler^ 
purchased  it  in  1870,  is  unable  to  state  when  the  German  edi- 
tion was  discontinued.  Mr.  Carl  Pletz,  of  the  Cincinnati 
Volksblatt,  however,  is  confident  that  some  time  in  the  thir- 
ties its  name  was  changed  to  the  Lancaster  Volksfreund,  that 
it  was  purchased  and  removed  to  Columbus  in  1841,  then  re- 
verting to  the  old  name  of  Adler.  In  1843  Jacob  Reinhard 
and  Frederick  Fieser  bought  it,  changed  its  name  to  the  Co- 
lumbus Westbote,  which  paper  is  still  in  publication.  At  any 
rate,  the  Ohio  Eagle,  under  the  same  name,  continues  to 
flourish  to  the  present,  and  is  one  of  the  journalistic  land- 
marks of  Ohio. 

The  first  paper  in  the  Seven  Ranges  of  Eastern  Ohio 
was  the  Ohio  Patriot,  established  at  Lisbon  (then  New 
Lisbon)  by  William  D.  Lepper,  a  German.  It  has  retained 
the  same  name  down  to  the  present  time.  Its  present  editor,. 
Mr.  W.  S.  Potts,  claims  it  to  be  the  oldest  paper  in  Ohio  bear- 
ing the  same  name  continuously.  The  Steubenville  Herald 
was  established  in  t8o6,  but  under  a  different  name.  The 
Marietta  Register  is  in  the  same  category.  He  questions 
whether  a  name  acquired  by  purchase  entitles  a  newspaper 
to  assume  the  earlier  date.  This  must  be  a  matter  of  indi- 
vidual opinion.  At  any  rate  the  claim  of  the  Patriot  to  be  the 
oldest  Ohio  paper  bearing  the  same  name  can  not  be  main- 
tained against  the  claims  of  the  Scioto  Gazette  and  the  West- 
ern Star.  Its  place  as  third  in  this  category  cannot  be  dis- 
puted. Its  history  is  almost  coextensive  with  that  of  Colum- 
biana countv,  and  it  is  an  honor  to  the  press  of  Ohio. 


Ohio  Centennial.  571- 

The  present  Zanesville  Courier  is  the  legitimate  succes- 
sor of  the  Muskingum  Messenger,  the  first  paper  published 
m  Zanesville,  dating  from  1809.  Its  founder  was  Hon.  Ezekiel 
T.  Cox,  father  of  the  widely-known  Hon.  Samuel  Sullivan 
Cox,  perhaps  better  known  by  the  nickname  of  Sunset  Cox, 
once  a  member  of  congress  from  the  Columbus  district,  and 
later  from  New  York  city.  Ih  1812  the  title  was  changed  to 
the  Express  and  Advertiser,  and  in  1823  it  appeared  as  the 
Ohio  Republican.  Various  changes  in  the  management  took 
place,  until  1845,  when  David  H.  Layman  purchased  it, 
changed  the  name  to  the  Courier,  under  which  title  it  has  re- 
mained. It  was  the  third  newspaper  founded  in  towns  located 
upon  Zane's  Trace,  and  like  the  other  two,  it  has  had  a  career 
of  prosperity,  all  things  considered. 

The  wave  of  settlement  and  civilization  kept  sweeping 
northward  from  the  Ohio  river  during  these  years.  The  news- 
paper stage  of  development  next  reached  what  is  now  Frank- 
lin county.  Col.  James  Kilbourne,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
born  in  1770,  who  ha(i  taken  orders  in  the  Episcopal  church, 
conceived  the  lofty  purpose  of  establishing  a  Christian  colony 
in  the  wilds  beyond  the  Aileghanies.  In  1803  he  came  to 
Ohio  to  spy  out  the  land.  Reaching  the  northern  part  of 
what  is  now  Franklin  county,  he  surveyed  and  purchased  a 
tract  of  16,000  acres  of  land.  The  next  year  the  first  party  of 
emigrants  came  out  and  settled  at  Worthington,  a  village  some 
seven  miles  north  of  the  present  city  limits  of  Columbus.  Col. 
Kilbourne  realized  fully  the  power  of  the  press  as  an  educator 
and  civilizer,  and  in  1808  arranged  the  purchase  of  printing 
materials.  For  some  reason,  the  issue  of  a  paper  was  delayed 
until  181 1,  when  the  Western  Intelligencer  saw  the  light, 
the  first  newspaper  in  the  central  section  of  Ohio.  Col.  Kil- 
bourne then  sold  the  establishment  to  Buttles  &  Smith.  Their 
enterprise  was  successful,  not  because  of  any  large  number  of 
subscribers,  but  on  account  of  the  war  of  1812  with  Great 
Britain,  which  made  that  section  of  the  state  a  base  for  the 
preparation,  provisioning  and  reinforcement  of  the  expedition 
under  Gen.  Hull  against  Detroit. 


672  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

•  The  Western  Intelligencer  passed  through  the  hands  of 
several  proprietors',  one  of  whom  was  Ezra  Griswold,  later 
identified  with  the  Delaware  Gazette.  Some  time  in  1813  the 
paper  was  removed  to  Columbus,  and  shortly  after  its  name 
was  changed  to  the  Columbus  Gazette.  Like  all  others  of  the 
pioneer  papers  of  the  state,  the  changes  of  proprietorship  were 
frequent.  John  Al.  Gallagher,  who  owned  the  Ohio  Politi- 
cal Register,  consolidated  that  paper  with  the  Gazette  in 
1837,  when  he  bought  an  interest  in  the  latter.  The  name 
was  then  changed  to  the  Ohio  State  Journal  and  Register. 
The  last  two  words  were  soon  dropped  from  the  title,  and 
the  Ohio  State  Journal  it  has  remained  since.  In  1839  the 
paper  blossomed  into  a  daily,  which  has  for  many  years  been 
one  of  the  leading  papers  of  the  state.  Among  the  noted  men 
who  have  been  associated  with  it  may  be  named  Judge  William 
B.  Thrall,  Oren  FoUett,  John  Greiner,  the  writer  of  many 
popular  Whig  songs  in  the  famous  "hard  cider"  Harrison 
campaign  of  1840;  William  Dean  Howells,  the  distinguished 
author;  William  T.  Coggeshall,  Gen.  James  M.  Comly,  A.  J. 
Francisco,  Samuel  J.  Flickinger,  now  the  Associated  Press 
representative  at  Cincinnati,  and  Samuel  G.  McClure,  the  pres- 
ent editor.  The  Ohio  Statesman  was  a  notable  Columbus 
daily  in  the  mid-years  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  the  Dis- 
patch dating  from  the  seventies,  is  one  of  the  leading  dailies 
of  Central  Ohio. 

As  the  first  settlements  were  made  on  the  Ohio  river,  and 
as  the  earliest  lines  of  emigration  moved  either  from  the 
river  northward  or  westward  from  the  regions  surrounding 
Pittsburg  and  Wheeling,  the  earliest  newspapers  were  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  state.  These  comprised  the  first  and 
second  lines  of  settlement  of  Ohio.  The  third  was  that  of  the 
Western  Reserve.  On  July  10,  1800,  Gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair, 
the  territorial  governor,  by  proclamation,  erected  the  entire 
area  of  the  Western  Reserve  into  one  county  named  Trumbull, 
the  shire  town  of  which  was  Warren.  The  first  newspaper  in 
this  magnificent  area,  now  the  seat  of  Cleveland,  the  metropo- 
lis of  the  state,  was  begun  at  Warren  on  June  t6.  t8i2,  with 
the  pretentious  title,  the  Trump  of  Fame  —  Thomas  D.  Webb, 


Ohio  Centennial.  67S 


editor  and  publisher.  Eacii  of  its  four  pages  was  but  little 
larger  than  an  ordinary  magazine  page  of  to-day,  and  set  in 
large  type.  Nothing  in  the  first  issue  would  have  led  a  reader 
to  anticipate  the  declaration  of  war  with  Great  Britain,  two 
days  later,  for  it  then  took  more  than  a  week  for  news  to 
come  from  Washington  city.  The  Trump  of  Fame  had  the 
speedy  changes  of  ownership  usual  to  papers  of  that  day.  In 
1816  Fitch  Bissell  was  the  proprietor.  One  Septeml^cr  day, 
Benjamin  Stevens,  a  recent  arrival  from  Vermont,  met  Mr. 
Bissell  at  the  postofHce,  and  in  conversation  about  the  paper 
expressed  the  opinion  that  a  less  high-sounding  title  would  l)e 
more  appropriate  for  a  paper  printed  in  the  backwoods,  and 
suggested  that  the  Trump  of  Fame  be  called  ''The  Western 
Reserve  Chronicle,  or  Gazette,  or  something  of  that  sort." 
Mr.  Bissell  scouted  the  suggestion  with  some  heat ;  but  three 
weeks  later  the  paper  came  out  headed  "Western  Reserve 
Chronicle,  volume  i.  No.  i."  With  this  change  of  name,  it 
was  enlarged  to  four  columns  on  each  of  its  four  pages,  the 
sheet  being  18  x  22  inches.  Under  the  name  of  the  Chronicle 
the  paper  has  continued  to  the  present  day,  and  is  one  of  the 
leading  country  papers  in  Northwestern  Ohio. 

The  Belmont  Chronicle,  of  St.  Clairsville,  claims  to  date 
from  181 3,  when  Charles  Hammond,  who  later  earned  fame 
as  the  founder  of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  began  a  paper  named 
the  Federalist.  When  Mr.  Hammond  removed  to  the  Queen 
City  in  1823.  the  National  Historian  advocated  the  same  prin- 
ciples. It  was  published  by  Horton  J.  Howard.  The  name  of 
this  paper  was  first  changed  to  the  Journal  and  Enquirer,  and 
in  1836  to  the  Belmont  Chronicle,  which  is  its  title  to-day.  A 
similar  history  is  true  of  the  St.  Clairsville  Gazette,  which 
dates  its  beginning  in  18 12,  but  did  not  adopt  the  present  title 
until   1825. 

The  drift  of  immigration  through  Cincinnati  up  the  fertile 
valley  of  the  Great  Miami  led  to  the  settlement  of  Hamilton, 
and  as  a  matter  of  course  to  the  foundation  of  a  paper.  On 
June  22,  1814,  the  Hamilton  Intelligencer  was  first  issued. 
There  were  frequent  changes  of  ownership,  which  is  true  of 


^4  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

all  early  Ohio  papers,  but  the  Butler  County  Democrat  of 
to-day  is  its  lineal  successor. 

The  next  Ohio  newspaper  in  point  of  time  is  the  Ohio 
Repository,  of  Canton,  founded  in  1815  by  John  Saxton,  the 
grandfather  of  Ida  Saxton  McKinley,  widow  of  the  martyred 
President.  A  notable  fact  regarding  Mr.  Saxton's  editorials 
was  that,  from  1815  to  1871,  the  year  of  his  death,  he  composed 
his  editorials  and  put  them  in  type  by  hand,  instead  of  writing 
them  and  committing  them  to  another  compositor.  Mr.  Sax- 
ton was  in  many  respects  a  remarkable  man.  He  not.  only 
chronicled  in  the  Repository  the  fall  of  the  first  Napoleon  at 
Waterloo  in  18 15,  but  set  up  the  abdication  of  Napoleon  III, 
after  Sedan  in  1870.  His  son,  Thomas  W.  Saxton,  succeeded 
him  in  the  management  of  the  paper,  until  his  death  in  1885. 
He  established  the  daily  edition  in  1878.  On  his  death,  Wil- 
liam McKinley,  the  executor  of  the  Saxton  estate,  selected 
George  B.  Frease  to  take  charge,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
The  Repository  was  the  personal  organ  of  Mr.  McKinley  dur- 
ing the  presidential  campaigns  of  1896  and  1900,  and  came  into 
national  prominence  thereby. 

The  first  newspaper  in  Pickaway  county  was  issued  Au- 
gust 9,  1817,  by  James  Foster,  a  bookbinder.  It  was  a  folio, 
i6|  by  9^  inches.  Its  title  was  the  Olive  Branch.  Several 
changes  of  names  were  made,  but  after  the  civil  war  began, 
it  was  called  the  Circleville  Union,  as  indicating  its  political 
tenets.     It  is  now  entitled  the  Union-Herald. 

Next  comes  the  Delaware  Gazette,  founded  with  the 
name*  it  has  borne  ever  since,  in  1818,  by  Drake  and  Hughes, 
two  preachers.  It  was  afterward  published  by  Judge  Ezra 
Griswold.  referred  to  previously.  In  1834,  Abram  Thomson 
became  connected  with  it;  and  for  62  years  he  retained  that 
interest,  all  of  which  time  he  was  in  editorial  control,  except 
the  interval  1869-1871,  when  his  partner,  Capt.  A.  E.  Lee,  was 
■editor.  Abram  Thomson  was  not  only  editor,  but  horticul- 
turist ;  and  to  him  is  due  the  discovery  and  development  of 
the  Delaware  grape  —  named  from  the  town  and  county  of 
his  residence. 


Ohio  Centennial.  .  575 

The  Springfield  Republic,  whose  daily  edition  is  called 
thePress-Republican,  dates  from  1817,  when  the  Farmer  was 
started  —  the  first  paper  in  that  city  and  county.  After  the 
iisual  number  of  changes  of  name  and  proprietors,  it  was 
entitled  the  Republic  in  1849.  The  Springfield  Democrat 
-dates  from  1839,  and  is  one  of  the  few  papers  which  has  re- 
tained its  name  through  its  whole  career. 

The  Cleveland  Leader  claims  to  date  from  1818,  assum- 
ing that  the  Gazette  and  Commercial  Register,  then  founded, 
Avas  the  predecessor  of  the  Herald,  whose  first  issue  was  in 
October,  1819.  It  became  a  daily  in  1837.  The  germ  of  the 
Leader  was  the  Ohio  American,  founded  in  1844  in  Ohio  City, 
now  the  West  Side  of  Cleveland.  It  passed  the  next  year 
into  the  hands  of  Edwin  Cowles,  then  but  18  years  of  age.  It 
was  consolidated  with  the  Democrat,  a  Free  Soil  paper,  in 
1848,  In  1852  Joseph  Medill,  later  the  noted  editor  of  the 
Chicago  Tribune,  established  the  Daily  Forest  City.  There 
were  too  many  papers  for  a  city  the  size  of  Cleveland  at  that 
time,  and  a  consolidation  of  papers  and  proprietors  took  place 
the  next  year,  the  paper  taking  the  clumsy  name  of  the  Daily 
Forest  City  Democrat.  In  1854  this  was  changed  to  the 
Leader.  In  181 5  the  Herald  was  united  with  the  Leader,  the 
latter  continuing  as  the  title  of  the  morning  edition,  while  the 
evening  issue  was  and  is  called  the  News  and  Herald. 

The  Hillsboro  Gazette's  first  issue  was  dated  June  18, 
1818,  when  the  only  news])apers  in  Southern  Ohio  were  those 
at  Cincinnati  and  Chillicothe.  Its  founder  was  Moses  Car- 
others,  who  guided  its  fortunes  for  ten  years.  It  is  one  of  the 
few  early  Ohio  papers  which  still  bear  their  original  names. 

The  first  paper  in  Gallia  county  was  the  Gazette,  founded 
by  Joshua  Gushing,  in  November,  1818,  and  it  has  been  in 
continuous  publication  ever  since,  now  being  known  as  the 
Gallipolis  Journal,  which  title  it  has  held  since  1835. 

In  1818,  two  years  after  Harrison  county  was  formed,  a 
newspaper  was  established  at  Cadiz,  which  had  several  names 
and  many  proprietors,  until  it  passed  into  the  ownership  of 
Wm.  R.  Allison  in  1840.  He  bestowed  upon  it  the  name 
Republican,  which  it  has  kept  for  the  intervening  63  years. 


576  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

• 

The  Mansfield  Shield  is  the  oldest  business  institution  in- 
that  thriving  city.  It  was  the  pioneer  paper  of  Richland 
county.  It  claims  to  be  the  lineal  descendant  of  the  Olive, 
founded  in  1818.  The  name  Shield  and  Banner  v^as  given  in 
1838,  by  Judge  Meredith,  its  proprietor,  and  the  latter  half 
was  dropped  a  few  years  ago.  In  1885,  W.  S.  Cappeller  began 
the  publication  of  the  News,  the  first  daily  in  Mansfield,  and 
it  and  the  Shield  are  two  of  the  most  influential  papers  in 
that  section  of  Ohio. 

The  Guernsey  Times  of  Cambridge,  had  its  beginning  in 
September,  1824.  Its  first  editor  was  John  Aitken,  a  represen- 
tative of  the  Guernsey  Island  pioneers  who  settled  in  Guernsey 
County  about  1806.  Afterward  it  was  edited  by  John  and 
Zaccheus  Beatty,  of  the  original  settlers  and  town  proprietors 
and  founders  of  the  county  and  county  seat.  Later  it  had 
among  its  editors  Hon.  Charles  J.  Albright,  wdio  went  from 
The  Guernsey  Times  sanctum  to  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  as  did  likewise  Hon.  Joseph  D.  Taylor,  the  brother  and 
predecessor  of  Hon.  D.  D.  Taylor,  who  is  now,  and  has  been 
for  over  fifty  years,  a  printer,  and  the  editor  of  a  longer  period 
than  all  of  his  predecessors,  and  who,  while  his  brother  was  in 
the  congress,  was  the  representative  of  Guernsey  County  in  the 
Ohio  Legislature. 

From  this  time  there  was  a  rapid  increase  in  the  number 
of  newspapers  in  Ohio.  It  is  the  design  of  this  article  to 
record  by  name  all  founded  within  the  first  quarter-century 
of  statehood,  ending  with  1828.  Beyond  that  date,  this  paper 
would  assume  the  character  of  a  catalogue  rather  than  a  his- 
tory. Of  existing  papers  established  from  18 18  to  and  includ- 
ing 1828,  are  the  Painesville  Telegraph  and  Sandusky  Regis- 
ter, both  dating  from  1822;  the  Cambridge  Times,  1824; 
Coshocton  Age,  1825  ;  the  Athens  Messenger  and  Herald,  the 
direct  successor  of  the  Mirror  and  Literary  Messenger, 
founded  by  Hon.  A.  G.  Brown,  in  1825;  Lancaster  Gazette, 
1826;  the  Holmes  County  Farmer,  founded  in  1828  by  Wil- 
liam McDowell,  as  the  Gazette,  its  present  title  having  been 
retained    since    1840;     and    the    Clermont    Sun,    at    Batavia, 


Ohio  Centennial.  oil 

founded  in  1828,  with  the  famed  Samuel  Medary  as  its  first 
editor. 

This  completes  the  roster,  to  the  best  knowledge  and  belief  of 
the  writer,  of  all  the  papers  now  existing  in  Ohio  which  were 
founded  previous  to  the  close  of  the  first  25  years  of  her  statehood 
—  "errors  and  omissions  excepted,"  as  the  bills  of  lading  say. 
Any  one  familiar  with  the  present  newspapers  of  Ohio  will  rec-^ 
ognize  the  list  as  one  of  papers  of  high  standing  and  influence  in 
their  respective  sections.  For  it  is  as  true  in  the  newspaper  bus^ 
iness  as  in  all  other  afifairs  of  life  that  high  ideals  of  duty,  and 
energy  and  capacity  in  carrying  them  out,  are  the  factors  of  true 
success. 

There  are  many  of  the  largest  and  most  influential  papers 
of  the  state  which  date  from  a  later  period.  Ohio  grew  rapidly, 
for  in  1828  the  era  of  canals  had  been  but  fairly  inaugurated,  and 
the  era  of  railways  had  not  begun.  The  state  increased  rapidly 
in  population  and  wealth,  and  the  newspapers  multiplied,  as  a 
matter  of  course.  Naturally  this  was  notably  the  case  with  the 
larger  cities.  The  Cincinnati  Enquirer,  while  claiming  to  date 
from  1842,  can  certainly  look  back  to  Moses  Dawson  as  its 
founder.  He  led  the  way  in  print  to  the  naming  of  Andrew  Jack- 
son for  president,  and  in  the  thirties  founded  a  tri-weekly  in  the 
Queen  City.  Tn  1841,  the  Rrough  brntliers,  Charles  and  John, 
came  to  Cincinnati.  Their  father  was  of  Irish  origin  and  came 
over  with  Blennerhassett  in  1805.  They  were  printers  by  trade, 
and  in  addition  John  was  a  lawyer  of  marked  ability,  who  became 
distinguished  as  a  statesman,  and  as  the  last  of  the  great  "war 
governors"  of  Ohio.  The  liroughs  bought  ]\lr.  Dawson's  Phoe- 
nix and  Advertiser,  changing  the  name  to  the  Enquirer.  They 
conducted  the  paper  until  about  1848.  Then  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  James  J.  Faran  and  Washington  McLean.  Mr.  Faran 
retired  from  the  firm  after  the  w^ar.  leaving  Mr.  McLean  the 
sole  proprietor.  To  him  succeeded  his  son,  John  R.  McLean,  its 
present  proprietor,  who  modernized  the  paper  in  every  respect 
and  made  it  one  of  the  great  dailies  of  national  reputation. 

Another  notable  Cincinnati  daily  was  the  Commercial, 
founded  in  1845  by  Greeley  Curtis.  In  the  fifties  M.  D.  Pottei 
37    o.  c.  ■ 


578  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

succeeded  as  proprietor,  and  on  his  death,  early  in  the  civil  war, 
Murat  Halstead  took  the  helm.  His  brilliant  work  for  many 
years  is  known  to  all  Oliioans.  In  the  early  eighties  the  Gazette 
was  consolidated  with  it,  under  the  title  Commercial  Gazette. 
Afterward  the  proprietors  of  the  Cincinnati  Tribune  purchased 
a  controlling-  interest,  and  changed  the  title  to  the  j^rcsent  one  — 
Jthe  Cincinnati  Commercial  Tribune. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  Charles  Hammond,  and 
to  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,"  founded  in  1806.  Mr.  Hammond  was 
a  strong  and  vigorous  writer,  and  made  a  deep  impress  upon  the 
times  in  which  he  lived.  Richard  Smith  was  at  the  head  of  the 
Gazette  during-  the  civil  war  era,  and  remained  there  until  the  sale 
to  the  Commercial.  The  Gazette  always  had  strong  influence  over 
the  educated  conservative  element  in  the  Republican  '  party  of 
Ohio,  and  in  its  day  was  a  notable  factor  in  the  politics  of  state 
and  nation. 

Another  pajier  which  is  to-day  among  the  leading  sheets  of 
the  state  is  the  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer.  In  1834  the  Advertiser 
was  established  in  the  Forest  City,  in  1841  passed  into  the  hands 
of  T.  W.  (iray,  who  changed  its  name  to  the  Plain  Dealer.  In 
1868  it  was  sold  to  W.  W.  Armstrong.  It  was  solely  an  even- 
ing paper  until  1885,  when  Hon.  L.  E.  Holden  bought  it,  and  be- 
gan the  publication  of  a  morning  and  a  Sunday  edition.  It  and 
the  Leader  are  the  two  great  Cleveland  dailies  of  to-day. 

The  Cincinnati  Times-Star  dates  its  origin  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  Times  by  C.  W.  Starbuck  in  1840.  It  was  very  pros- 
perous until  his  death  in  1870,  when  the  paper  was  purchased  by 
the  Daily  Chronicle.  In  1880  this  paper  and  the  Star  were  con- 
solidated, whence  the  present  title.  Under  the  vigorous  manage- 
ment of  Hon.  Charles  P.  Taft,  its  proprietor,  it  is  now  what  the 
old  Dailv  Times  was  under  Starbuck  —  one  of  the  leading  organs 
of  its  party  in  the  state,  blessed  with  abundant  prosperity. 

The  northwest  quarter  of  the  state  — the  Black  Swamp 
region  —  was  the  last  to  be  settled.  It  is  safe  to  say  the  territory 
bounded  in  the  east  by  Ottawa,  Wood  and  Hancock  counties, 
thence  west  to  Indiana  and  north  to  Michigan,  is  to  be  considered 
at  least  50  years  later  in  its  development  than  the  remainder  of 
Ohio.  Of  the  great  Black  Swamp  region  it  may  be  stated  with 


Ohio  Centennial.  579 

truth  that  the  first  i^eneration  was  occupied  in  clearing  the  dense 
forests  that  covered  it;  the  second  in  bearing  the  burden  of  cost 
of  the  vast  system  of  ditches  to  drain  it,  the  main  ones  of  which 
are  canals  in  section ;  while  the  third  generation  has  grown 
wealthy  from  the  mighty  fecundity  of  the  one-time  swamp  lands, 
and  the  stores  of  oil  and  gas  in  which  that  region  abounds —  the 
latter  era  dating  practically  from  about  1887. 

Because  of  the  importance  of  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee  as 
a  lake  port,  and  as  the  terminal  of  the  Miami  and  Erie  and  of  the 
Ohio  and  Wabash  canals,  Toledo  grew  rapidly  during  the  late 
thirties.  About  the  middle  of  August,  1834,  the  Toledo  Herald 
appeared  —  the  first  paper  within  the  present  limits  of  Lucas 
county.  It  was  really  published  in  the  interests  of  real  estate 
men  in  Toledo,  w^ho  desired  a  medium  through  which  to  adver- 
tise their  lands.  Tlie  first  actual  newspaper  in  Toledo  was  The 
Blade,  started  early  in  1836^ — as  a  weekly,  of  course.  On  April 
17,  1848,  the  daily  edition  made  its  first  appearance.  The  paper, 
daily,  tri-weekly  and  weekly,  had  the  numerous  changes  usual  to 
the  early  days  in  proprietors,  until  David  Ross  Locke,  known  to 
fame  under  his  pen-name  of  Petroleum  V.  Nasby,  assumed  its 
editorship  in  1867.  In  1876  the  Toledo  Blade  Company  was 
organized,  with  Mr.  Locke  as  president  and  owner  of  a  controlling 
interest.  D.  R.  Locke  died  February  15,  1888.  The  control  of 
the  paper,  one  of  the  most  important  Ohio  dailies,  then  came  into 
the  hands  of  Robinson  Locke,  his  eldest  son,  where  it  still  re- 
mains. The  enormous  popularity  of  the  Nasby  Letters  developed 
the  Weekly  Blade,  which  up  to  that  time  had  but  a  country  circu- 
lation, into  a  national  weekly,  a  position  it  still  maintains.  It  is, 
so  far  as  the  writer  knows,  the  only  instance  in  American  jour- 
nalism of  a  great  weekly  newspaper  which  was  built  up  oli  the 
name  and  work  of  one  man,  retaining  its  success  after  his  demise. 
For  the  year  of  ]\Tr.  Locke's  death,  its  paid  weekly  circulation 
averaged  112,000  copies;  for  the  present  year  its  average  is  over 
160,000  per  week. 

Among  the  Ohio  weeklies  of  great  national  circulation,  the 
first  m  point  of  time  was  the  Dollar  Weekly  Times,  under  Mr. 
Starbuck's  management,  which  ran  Up  at  one  time  to  125,000  — 
a  most  remarkable  circulation  for  that  era.     The  weekly  edition 


580  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Fnblications. 

of  the  Cleveland  Leader  was  very  large,  as  it  received  the  title 
of  "The  Republican  Bible  of  the  Western  Reserve."  The  Weekly 
State  Journal  was  another  notable  example  of  large  circulation. 
Besides  the  Toledo  Blade,  the  only  weekly  of  more  than  state  note 
in  Ohio  is  the  weekly  edition  of  the  Cincinnati  Enquirer,  which 
stands  among  the  farmers  of  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  West  A'^ir- 
ginia,  and  perhaps  other  states,  as  high  as  the  Weekly  Toledo 
Blade  does  among  the  same  class  all  over  the  United  States. 

In  speaking  of  Der  Ohio  Adler  and  its  English  counterpart, 
the  Ohio  Eagle,  mention  has  been  made  of  the  beginnings  of  the 
German  press  of  Ohio.  The  second  German  newspaper  in  Ohio 
was  the  Westliche  Beobachter  und  Stark  und  Wayne  County 
Anzeiger,  began  at  Canton  in  1826  by  Edward  Schaeffer,  from 
Frankfort-on-the-Main.  Then  he  removed  to  Germantown,  and 
published  the  third  German  paper.  Die  National  Zeitung  der 
Deutschen.  About  the  same  time  the  Ohio  Chronik  was  founded 
in  Cincinnati.  It  and  Der  Deutsche  Patriot,  founded  in  1832,  did 
not  last  long.  In  1834  Der  Weltburger  made  its  appearance  in 
Cincinnati.  When  it  came  out  for  Harrison  in  [836,  the  betrayed 
German  Democrats  of  Cincinnati  clamored  for  an  organ,  and  the 
X'olksblatt  was  founded,  which  is  to-day  one  of  the  influential 
German  dailies  in  the  United  States.  The  Cincinnati  V^olksfreund 
was  founded  in  1850,  and  the  Freie  Presse  in  1874.  Cleveland 
had  for  many  years  two  German  papers,  the  Waechter  am  Erie, 
Democratic,  founded  by  August  Thieme  in  1852,  and  the  Anzei- 
ger. Both  papers  were  combined  a  few  years  ago  and  now  ap- 
])ear  under  the  name  Waechter. und  Anzeiger,  a  strong  Demo- 
cratic afternoon  ])aper.  The  German  press  of  to-day  fairly  rep- 
resents, in  number  of  papers  and  in  inrtuence,  the  great  German 
element  in  our  poi)ulation. 

The  mutations  of  politics,  esj^iecially  in  the  period  following 
the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise,  led  to  many  newspaper 
changes,  and  the  starting  of  many  new  sheets.  The  gradual  de- 
'velopment  of  the  telegraph,  which  became  commercially  available 
to  Ohio  newspapers  in  the  late -fifties  of  the  century  recently 
ended,  conduced  to  the  growth  of  the  daily  press ;  but  the  Civil 
War,  with  the  insistent  public  demand  for  news,  caused  a  revolu- 
tion in  newspaper  methods,  and  a  rapid  multiplication  of  papers 


Ohio  Centennial.  581 

in  the  years  following  the  ending  of  the  great  conflict.  The 
founding  of  establishments  to  furnish  stereotype  plates  of  tele- 
graphic news  matter,  in  the  late  seventies,  led  to  the  development 
of  daily  issues  by  all  the  leading  weekly  papers  in  the  count) 
seats.  Naturally,  as  these  towns  increased  in  population,  their 
dailies  were  able  to  assume  the  cost  of  regular  news  dispatches. 
Hence,  Ohio  has  to-day,  in  all  her  cities  of  what  may  be  termed 
the  second  magnitude,  a  class  of  daily  newspapers  which  surpass, 
as  regards  their  news  departments,  any  daily  of  the  war  period, 
and  even  to  the  later  seventies.  Youngstown,  Akron,  Zanesville, 
Springfield,  Dayton,  Steubenville,  and  other  manufacturing  cities 
have  papers  which  surpass  anything  in  Ohio  at  the  date  of  com- 
parison named,  and  among  the  multitudinous  small  dailies  and 
the  weeklies,  the  inij^rovement  within  the  past  quarter  century 
has  been  ])1ienomenal. 

It  was  the  hope  of  the  writer  that  he  would  be  able  to  include 
in  this  article  due  mention  of  the  individuals  most  noted  in  Ohio 
journalism :  but  its  length  precludes  more  than  general  mention. 
It  must  suffice  to  say  that  the  newspaper  men  of  Ohio  have  been 
and  are  men  of  affairs,  many  of  whom  have  taken  high  positions 
in  state  and  nation.  The  adequate  mention  of  the  men  connected 
with  journalism  in  this  state  would  of  itself  require  more  space 
than  that  occupied  by  this  paper. 

The  sincere  thanks  of  the  writer  are  tendered  to  the  news- 
paper men  who  have  answered  his  inquiries  most  cordially  and  in 
the  fullest  degree.  His  only  regret  is  that  the  prescribed  limits 
of  this  paper  would  not  permit  the  using  of  the  vast  amount  o^ 
interesting  matter  they  kindly  placed  at  his  disposal. 


OHIO  LITERARY  MEN  AND  WOMEN. 


W.    H.    VENABLE. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


In  a  recent  issue  of  the  New  York  Sun  a  writer  who  obtained 
his  facts  from  the  official  report  informs  his  readers  that  there 
are  more  than  a  milHon  natives  of  Ohio  Hving  in  other  states 

and  that  no  other  state  has  such  a 
record.  Not  even  the  commonwealth 
of  New  York  contributes  so  much  to 
the  population  of  other  states  as  does 
Ohio.  The  figures  show  that  200,000 
natives  of  Ohio  live  in  Indiana,  90,000 
in  Michigan,  90,000  in  Kansas,  30,000 
in  California,  15,000  in  Oklahoma,  10.- 
000  in  Texas  and  nearly  5,000  in 
Washington  City.  "Ohio  is  not  so 
populous  a  State  as  Illinois/'  says  the 
article  in  the  Sun.  "but  at  the  time  of 
the  last  Federal  enumeration  it  had  a 
larger  number  of  persons  in  the  mili- 
tary and  naval  service  of  the  United 
States  than  its  more  populous  neighbor.  It  has  more  of  its 
natives  in  Hawaii  than  Peiins}  I^/ania  has  and  it  is  practically 
the  only  Western  State  which  has  contributed  much  to  the  popu- 
lation of  New  England." 

The  exodic  habit  upon  which  the  metropolitan  journalist 
dilates,  appears  to  affect  Ohioans  of  every  rank  and  vocation, 
the  soldier,  the  man  of  politics,  the  man  of  money,  the  captain 
of  industry,  the  scientist,  the  artist,  the  author.  But,  "'once  a 
Buckeye  always  a  Buckeye,"  whether  at  home  or  away  from 
home.  Wherever  the  Greek  goes,  there  is  Hellas:  Ohio's 
migratory  sons  and  daughters  go  forth  equipped  with  a  varied 
assortment  of  ''Ohio  Ideas"  adapted  to  all  environments  and 
ready  for  immediate  use. 

582 


W.    H.    VENMBIvE. 


Ohio  Centennial.  583 

The  literary  men  and  women  from  one  or  another  of  the 
eighty-eight  shires  of  Ohio  have  done  and  are  doing  their  full 
part  in  aiding  to  establish  the  supremacy  of  things  true,  honest, 
just,  pure  and  of  good  report.  They  have  done  the  State  effi- 
cacious service  and  their  vital  influence  has  pervaded  the  nation 
and  helped  to  create  public  opinion.  In  every  field  of  intellectual 
labor  their  energy  has  been  exerted.  Their  power  has  wrought 
in  the  upbuilding  of  institutions  political,  social  and  educational, 
no  less  than  in  raising  the  House  Beautiful  of  letters  and  art. 
Their'  aggregate  contribution  to  the  knowledge  and  culture  of 
the  last  hundred  years  is  copious  and  of  an  average  excellence 
sufficiently  high  to  command  the  respectful  attention  of  the  re- 
viewer and  the  historian. 

A  prodigious  mass  of  printed  matter  has  been  manufactured 
in  Ohio  since  the  date  of  its  admission  to  the  Federal  Union. 
The  magnitude  of  the  publishing  industry  in  the  State  may  be 
inferred  from  the  immense  trade  in  special  kinds  of  books,  such, 
for  instance,  as  works  on  education  or  law  or  hisrory. 

Statistics  show  that  in  the  school  book  business  Ohio  has 
long  held  a  leading  rank  among  the  producmg  centers  of  the 
world.  Millions  upon  millions  of  copies  of  school  and  college 
text-books  have  been  published  in  the  State  within  the  last  three 
quarters  of  a  century.  Few  others  states  have  developed  so 
large  a  quota  of  pedagogical  authors  as  has  Ohio.  A  single 
American  company  of  educational  publishers  advertises  in  its 
trade  catalogue,  among  numerous  other  issues,  about  two  hundred 
difiFerent  books  by  Ohio  authors  alone. 

In  the  production  and  distribution,  of  law-l)Ooks  Ohio  has 
been  signally  active  and  progressive.  One  firm  in  the  Queen 
City  publishes  ninety-seven,  and  another  firm  fifty-seven  stand- 
ard words^in  all  one  hundred  and  fifty-four  volumes  and  sets 
of  volumes  among  which  are  included  many  of  the  most  import- 
ant treatises  known  to  the  legal  profession — and  these  are  not 
only  published  in  Ohio,  —  they  are.  in  the  main,  composed  by 
Ohio  authors. 

The  output  in  the  State,  of  original  works  in  medicine,  surg- 
ery, and  allied  specialties,  though  not  so  voluminous  as  that  in 
law-books,  is  nevertheless  plentiful. 


584  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

w  But  perhaps  the  energy  of  the  Ohio  intellect  has  nowhere 
been  more  effectively  exerted  than  in  the  sphere  of  history  and 
archaeology.  The  State  itself  and  the  several  counties  of  it,  afford 
numberless  attractive  themes  for  the  annalist,  the  politician,  the 
student  of  civilization.  Some  idea  of  the  amount  that  has  been 
written  concerning  the  state  may  be  obtained  by  a  glance  at 
Thomson's  ''Bibliography  of  the  State  of  Ohio,"  1880,  which 
brieliy  describes  over  fourteen  hundred  different  books  and 
pamphlets  relating  almost  wholly  to  the  history  of  Ohio.  This 
number  of  titles  is  far  greater  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  printed 
list  of  publications  bearing  upon  any  other  state.  The  exceptional 
distinction  in  which  Ohio  is  held  as  a  center  of  historical  interests 
and  collections  was  strikingly  w^itnessed  to  by  the  late  John  Fiske 
who,  in  his  "History  of  the  United  States,"  advised  his  readers 
to  apply  to  the  "Robert  Clarke  Company,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  who 
keep  by  far  the  largest  collection  of  1)ooks  on  America  that  can 
be  found  on  sale  in  this  country."  Ohio  writers  have  shown  as 
much  energy  and  enterprise  in  historical  research  and  statement 
as  have  book-sellers  in  collecting  and  cataloguing.  Probably  the 
richest  and  fullest  department  of  the  literature  produced  in  the 
State  is  the  department  of  history. 

The  great  outside  world  in  general,  and,  in  special,  the 
academic  and  critical  world,  will  naturally  inquire  what  Ohio 
has  contributed,  within  the  century,  to  literature  proper,  literature 
restricted  to  writings  which  appeal  to  the  taste  and  imagination 
and  which  depend  for  their  acceptance  upon  the  artistic  and 
beautiful  use  of  words  in  fitting  forms  of  prose  or  poetry.  That 
the  accomplishment  of  Ohio  authors,  native  and  adopted,  in  pure 
belles  lettres,  —  that  is,  in  polite  essay,  criticism,  oratory,  fiction 
and  poetry,  —  is  all  that  could  have  been  expected  and  is  on  a 
par  with  the  similar  work  of  cotem])orary  writers  in  the  other 
states,  —  it  is  part  of  the  purpose  of  this  paper  to  demonstrate. 

It  would  seem  from  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  publishing 
industry,  the  libraries,  colleges  and  bibliographies,  that,  in  literary 
activity,  Cincinnati  holds  the  lead.  Cleveland,  of  course,  ranks 
next  in  order  and  Columbus,  third.  Other  centers  of  culture 
m  which  the  vocation  of  quill-driving  has  flourished  or  is  now 
in  the  flowering  or  fruiting  season,  are  Chillicothe,  Oberlin, 
Toledo  and   Springfield.     Tn   the  oldest  burg  of  the   State,   the 


Ohio  Centennial.  585 

dignified  little  city  of  Marietta,  at  least  seventy  different  books 
by  native  authors  have  been  published,  not  to  mention  a  large 
number  of  sermons,  addresses  and  magazine  articles,  by  local 
clergymen  and  professors.  Da}'ton,  Sandusky,  Akron,  Norwalk, 
Steubenville,  Ashtabula,  and  a  dozen  other  places  within  Ohio's 
borders,  have  each  produced  their  quota  of  men  and  women  who 
write.  Almost  every  village  in  the  State  has  its  library;  its 
literary  society,  its  newspaper,  —  and  can  point  with  pride  to  its 
risen  or  rising  stars  in  the  heaven  of  magazine  fame. 

The  statistics  and  generalized  facts  just  given,  afford  suf- 
ficient evidence  that  the  pen,  the  press  and  the  bindery,  in  Ohio, 
have  not  been  idle  during  the  century  the  close  of  which  is  sig- 
nalized by  a  celebration  this  year,  in  the  old  capital,  Chillicothe. 
There  is  no  disputing  that  books  in  great  abundance  and  of  great 
variety,  have  been,  and  are  to  be,  recokned  among  the  staples  pro- 
duced by  a  considerable  class  of  Ohio  citizens.  The  old  scripture 
applies  to  the  new  age,  —  "Of  making  many  books  there  is  no 
-end." 

What,  it  may  be  asked,  may  be  said  of  the  worth,  relative 
and  absolute,  of  this  accumulating  mass  of  facts,  thoughts,  and 
imaginings,   in  print? 

The  value  of  a  literature  must  be  tested  not  by  quantity  but 
by  quality,  nevertheless  a  prolific  yield  of  books  implies  fecundity 
in  the  mental  world,  as  increase  of  population  does  in  the  physical. 
Some  vigor  and  intelligence  are  required  in  making  even  the 
feeblest  pamphlet.  The  "American  Review  of  Reviews,"  for 
April  1903,  contains  an  article,  written  by  Alurat  Halstead  and 
entitled,  ''A  Century  of  the  State  of  Ohio,"  in  which  timely  and 
eloquent  contribution  to  Buckeye  literature  occurs  this  forceful 
paragraph :  'Tn  addition  to  the  heroic  quality  of  the  immigrants 
who  possessed  Ohio  there  seemed  to  be  influences  of  soil  and 
climate,  of  airs  and  waters,  of  the  fruitful  woods  and  living 
streams;  and  there  was,  by  the  mighty  magic  of  creation,  in  the 
brains  and  blood,  the  tissue  and  sinew  of  men  and  the  grace  and 
faith  of  women  that  yielded  a  growth  of  manhood  and  woman- 
hood in  a  race  equal  to  the  founding  of  a  mighty  nation,  with 
the  inheritance  of  all  the  Empires  gone  before  —  the  conquest 
of  the  beneficient  continent,  that  in  a  few  generations  has  given 


5^86  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

■v\»ght  to  .'Vmerica,   in   the   scales   of   destiny,   equal  to  that   of^ 
Europe." 

The  influences,  the  fruitfulness,  the  brains  and  blood  in 
which  Mr.  Halstead  discovers  the  creative  cause  of  the  political, 
and  military  prowess  of  the  Ohio  people,  are  also  the  source 
from  which  flow  the  literary  energy  and  enterprize  manifested 
in  the 'State. 

By  virtue  of  its  location  and  history  Ohio  is  a  typical  com-' 
monwealth,  an  exponent  of  the  spirit  and  of  the  general  culture 
prevailing  in  the  Ohio  Valley  and  in  the  region  bordered  by 
lakes  Erie,  Huron,  Michigan  and  Superior.  The  five  sister  states 
who  now  divide  among  them  the  ownership  of  what  was  the 
Old  Northwest  are  daughters  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  and 
Ohio,  the  first  born  of  the  five,  once  held  potential  sway  over 
the  destiny  of  the  whole  domain.  She  transmitted  to  the  younger 
members  of  the  geographical  family,  as  one  by  one  they  took 
up  the  functions  of  maturity,  the  virtues  and  aspirations  in 
herited  from  her  stalwart  and  ambitious  progenitors.  A  per- 
sistent likeness  of  features  common  to  them  all  denotes  the  con- 
sanguinity of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  WiscCJnsin. 
These  states  are  in  commercial  and  political  sympathy,  their, 
interests  are  alike,  their  organic  laws  are  similar,  their  systems 
of  education  agree,  their  conceptions  of  life  and  art  and  liter- 
ature are   in  essential  harmony. 

There  was  an  era,  and  that  not  so  long  ago,  when  the  states 
now  called  Central,  including  Kentucky,  called  themselves  dis- 
tinctively The  West,  and  considered  their  literature"  an  indi- 
genous species  for  the  honor  and  glory  of  which  they  contended 
with  passionate  provincialism.  They  were  jealous  of  competi-. 
tion  and  would  protect  their  infant  industry  of  prose  and  poetry,, 
by  a  wall  of  prejudice.  But  in  the  process  of  nationalization 
more  liberal  ideas  were  evolved  and  educated  people  gradually 
gave  up  the  crude  notion  that  there  ought  to  be  or  could  be 
an  independent,  local  hterature,  fostered  mainly  for  home  con- 
sumption. They  realized  that  art  is  art  the  world  over.  A  novel 
or  a  poem  which  is  worthless  in  Ohio  cannot  be  good  in  Massa- 
chusetts or  in  Alaska,  though  it  may  be  marketable;  —  a  book 
which  is  intrinsicaiiy  excellent  is  excellent  everywhere,  whether 
accepted  or  rejected  by  the  readmg  public. 


Ohio  Centennial.  58T 

The  State  of  Ohio  has  become  a  vital  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Republic  of  letters.  Her  authors  are  not  merely  Ohio- 
men  and  women,  they  are  American  men  and  woipen.. 

An  element  of  state  pride  necessarily  and  properly  enters- 
into  one's  feelings  and  judgments  in  literature,  as  in  politics, 
trade  or  any  other  sphere  of  human  effort  and  purpose.  But  local, 
considerations  must  merge  and  lose  themselves  in  larger  views.. 
Literature,  like  patriotism  has  regard  to  the  whole  nation.  Not 
that  we  love  Ohio  less,  but  the  United  States  of  America  more. 

In  the  realm  of  books,  —  in  the  spacious  commonwealth  of 
the  fine  arts  in  general,  —  no  state  lines  are  drawn,  no  bigotry 
can  exist,  but  universal  magnanimity  is  the  law  and  the  motive 
there.  Even  national  boundaries  are  freely  crossed  by  the- 
devotee  of  liberal  culture,  —  genius  ranges  the  globe  and  is- 
modern  through  all  time.  The  few  great  and  ])ermanent  classics, 
are  the  world's  common  treasure  no  matter  in  what  continent 
or  country  they  happen  to  come  to  birth. 

nONEER    BOOKS    AND    PENS    IN    OHIO. 

The  founders-  of  Ohio  were  not  illiterate  men.  On  the- 
contrary  many  of  them  had  formed  the  reading  habit  in  the  east 
and  they  did  not  neglect  to  loring  books  along  when  they  moved 
to  Marietta,  Cincinnati,  Chillicothe  and  Cleveland,  to  establish  a 
new  state.  There  was  a  public  library  in  Belpre  as  early  as  the 
year   1796.     The  first  Cincinnati  library  was  opened   in   March 

1802,  and  the  far  famed  "Coonskin  Library,"  in  Athens  County, 
began   to   circulate   its   precious   volumes   in   the   backwoods,   in 

1803,  exactly  a  century  ago. 

The  first  book  printed  in  Ohio  was  "Maxwell's  Code,"  a. 
small  octavo  containing  the  laws  of  the  Northwestern  Territory. 
This  appeared  in  1796.  Dr.  Daniel  Drake's  potent  little  hand- 
book, "A  Picture  of  Cincinnati,"  came  out  in  1815.  In  it  the 
author  says:  "Ten  years  ago  there  had  not  been  printed  in  this 
place  a  single  volume:  but  since  the  year  181 1,  twelve  different 
books  besides  many  pamphlets,  have  been  executed." 

In  1820,  John  P.  Foote  started  a  Type  Foundry  and  a  Book 
Store,  in  the  Queen  City,  and  there,  ten  years  later,  the  publishing 


•588  ^  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

h^use  of  Morgan,  Lodge  and  Fisher  had  business  enough  to 
require  five  presses  each  of  which  threw  off  5000  printed  sheets 
daily.  At  about  the  same  date,  was  organized  the  firm  of  Tru- 
man and  Smith,  which  in  time  grew  to  be  the  most  extensive 
schoolbook  house  in  the  world.  The  veteran  U.  P.  James,  began 
to  publish  in  1832.  and  his  establishment  became  so  flourishing, 
that  it  was  popularly  distinguished  as  the  "Harpers'  of  the  West.'' 

There  existed  in  Cincinnati,  in  181 3,  an  organization  called 
"The  School  of  Literature  and  the  Arts,"  the  first  president  of 
which  was  the  Honorable  Josiah  Meigs.  Twenty  years  later, 
sprung  up  the  "Western  Literary  Institute  and  College  of  Pro- 
fessional Teachers,"  of  which,  an  eminent  alumnus  of  Princeton 
wrote:  "It  is  doubtful  whether  in  one  association,  in  an  equal 
time,  there  was  ever  concentrated,  in  this  country,  a  larger 
measure  of  talent,  information  and  zeal."'  The  proceedings  of 
this  renowned  college  may  be  found  in  six  published  volumes 
of  "Transactions,"  a  set  of  books  now  rare,  and  not  without 
value  to  the  student  of  pedagogics  and  of  early  western  culture. 
The  energies  of  the  association  were  eventually  transmitted  to  The 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  The  Mechanics' 
Institute,  The  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Ohio,  The 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  other  educative  bodies.  That  such 
agencies  for  intellectual  advancement  were  fostered  so  early  in 
the  history  of  the  Buckeye  Commonwealth,  goes  to  show  that 
letters  and  arts  had  made  considerable  progress  in  some  parts  of 
the  State  long  before  Johnny  Appleseed  distributed  bibles  and 
tracts  among  the  frontier  settlers,  or  Francis  Glass,  the  nomadic 
schoolmaster  of  the  wildwood,  wrote  in  the  Latin  language  his 
life  of  George  Washington. 

At  a  comparatively  early  period  in  the  development  of  C)hio, 
the  kingdom  of  the  quill  and  the  type-case  was  largely  con- 
trolled, in  the  then  "West,"  by  five  able  and  energetic  enthusiasts, 
Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  Rev.  Timothy  Flint,  Judge  James  Hall,  Hon. 
E.  D.  Mansfield,  and  the  poet  Wm.  D.  Gallagher.  Three  of  the 
number  were  born  near  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
two,  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  nineteenth.  Their  lives  and 
services  I  have  endeavored  to  chronicle  in  a  published  -volume,* 

*  The  Beginnings  of  Literary  CuUure   in  the   Ohio  Valley. 


Ohio  Centennial.  589 

and  there  is  no  need  for  more  than  a  mere  allusion  to  them  in 
this  condensed  summary.  Suffice  it  here  to  say  that  every  one  of 
the  five  mentioned  deserves  to  be  remembered  gratefully  for  his 
devotion  to  the  things  of  the  mind,  and  that  credit  is  especially 
due  to  the  memory  of  Mr.  Gallagher,  who  labored  indefatigably 
in  the  cause  of  literature  for  its  own  sake. 

EAKLV    PERIODICAL    LITERATURE. 

The  newspaper,  especially  the  Sunday  newspaper  of  the 
present  day,  has  become  the  vast  circulating  library  of  the  people. 
Most  of  the  magazines  which  are  so  widely  distributed  and  read 
throughout  the  country,  come  from  the  East.  The  curious  inves- 
tigator who  examines  the  dusty  files  of  old  Western  newspapers 
and  periodicals,  will  be  astonished  to  discover  how  great  was 
the  quantity  and  variety  of  this  kind  of  literature,  issued  from 
Ohio  presses,  before  the  State  had  reached  even  her  semi- 
centennial. Of  a  list  of  1 20  periodicals,  monthly  and  weekly, 
published  in  the  Ohio  Valley  anterior  to  i860,  more  than  90 
were  printed  in  Ohio.  The  Ohio  State  Library  contains  in 
bound  volumes,  fifty-two  different  literary  periodicals  published 
in  Ohio.  Neither  newspapers  nor  professional  journals  are  in- 
cluded in  the  catalogue :  the  periodicals  referred  to  were  devoted 
chiefly  to  literature,  and  they  furnished  their  readers  with  much 
that  was  original  and  often  well  written,  —  in  prose  and  verse  — 
story,  poem,  comment,  criticism,  and  essay.  A  bare  transcription 
of  the  names  of  a  few  of  the  most  meritorious  and  influential  of 
these  early  ventures,  is  all  the  notice  I  can  give  them  now. 
From  the  ninety  I  select  the  following  eleven:  "The  Literary 
Cadet,"  Cincinnati,  1819,  Editor,  Dr.  J.  R.  Buchanan;  "The 
Literary  Gazette,"  Cincinnati,  1824-5,  John  P.  Foote;  "The 
Western  Review,"  Cincinnati,  1827-30,  Timothy  Flint;  "The 
Cincinnati  Mirror,"  1830-36,  W.  D.  Gallagher;  "The  Western 
Monthly  Magazine,"  1832-37,  James  Hall;  "The  Western  Mes- 
senger," 1835-41,  James  Freeman  Clarke;  "The  Hesperian,"  Co- 
lumbus and  Cincinnati,  1838-41,  W.  D.  Gallagher;  "The  Ladies^ 
Repository,"   1841-76;   "The  Herald  of  Truth/'    1847-8,  L.   A. 


.'590  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Jjjine;  "The  Genius  of  the  West,"   1853-56,  W.  T.  Coggeshall; 
^''Jhe  Dial,"  i860,  M.  D.  Conway, 

Since  the  Civil  War,  the  business  of  publishing  literary 
magazines  has  not  flourished  in  Ohio,  or,  to  any  great  extent, 
in  the  west  generally,  the  demand  for  such  periodicals  being 
supplied  mainly  by  New  York,  Boston  and  Philadelphia.  But 
the  newspapers  during  the  war  period,  as  before  and  after,  were 
maintained  as  indispensable  vehicles,  not  only  to  purvey  news 
and  politics,  but  to  carry  popular  literature  to  almost  every  house 
and  home.  The  excitements  of  the  years  1861-5  intensified 
men's  thoughts  and  feelings,  and  gave  force  and  color  to  what 
was  written  for  print.  Those  times  of  storm  and  stress  brought 
out  the  best  powers  of  many  editors,  field  correspondents,  and 
purposeful  contributors  to  the  press.  The  State  of  Ohio  enjoys 
a  full  share  of  distinction  on  account  of  her  newspaper  men  and 
newspaper  literature.  Some  of  her  journals  made  it  an  object 
to  encourage  and  reward  praiseworthy  effort  in  the  higher  forms 
•of  composition,  —  that  is,  in  literature  proper,  as  distinguished 
from  ordinary  reportorial  work  and  editorial  commonplace. 
Many  men  and  women,  in  Ohio,  learned  to  write  skillfully,  by 
taking  pains  to  meet  the  most  exacting  requirements  of  critical 
editors,  and  were  thus  trained  in  the  school  of  practical  jour- 
nalism to  become  ready  with  the  pen,  and,  in  some  cases,  fitted  for 
the  authorship  of  successful  books. 

SOMK    OHIO    JOURNALISTS. 

Charles  Hammond  (1779-1840),  born  in  Baltimore  and  edu- 
cated in  the  University  of  Virginia,  came  to  Ohio  in  his  early 
manhood ;  started  the  "Ohio  Federalist,"  in  Belmont  County ; 
was  a  member  of  the  state  legislature  (1816-21),  and  reporter 
for  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  (1823);  and  from  1825  to 
1840,  editor  in  chief  of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette.  He  was  a  man 
of  Hamiltotlian  power  and  versatility,  admired  by  Clay  and 
eulogized  b^  Webster  as  the  "greatest  genius  whoxever  wielded 
the  political  pen."  His  formidable  rival  on  the  Jackson  side 
was  Moses  Dawson,  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  "Advertiser." 


Ohio  Centennial.  591 

•  Edward  Deering  Aianstield  (1801 -1880;,  a  graduate  of  West 
Point  and  of  IVinceton.  migrated  to  Cincinnati  in  1825,  formed 
a  law  partnership  with  O.  M.  Mitchell,  the  astronomer,  and 
became  a  political  writer  of  great  influence.  He  was  for  a  time 
a  professor  in  Cincinnati  College,  and  afterwards  editor  of  the 
Gazette,  and  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Times,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "Veteran  Observer."  Besides  his  work  as  pub- 
licist and  newspaper  man,  Mansfield  engaged  in  authorship,  pro- 
ducing a  popular  "Political  Grammar,"  a  ''Life  of  Daniel  Drake," 
"Life  of  Scott,"  "History  of  the  Mexican  War,"  a  book  on 
"American  Education,"  "Personal  Memoirs,"  etc. 

Orville  James  Victor  (1827  — ),  was  born  in  Sandusky 
and  brought  up  to  the  newspaper  business  in  Ohio.  After 
achieving  a  reputation  as  a  writer,  he  removed  to  New  York 
where  he  now  resides  and  is  still  engaged  in  active  literary  pur- 
suits. In  addition  to  his  labors  in  miscellaneous  journalism,  he 
has  found  time  and  energy  to  write  an  elaborate  "History  of 
the  Southern  Rebellion,"  "A  History  of  American  Conspiracies," 
and  several  biographies. 

Murat  Halstead  (1829 — ),  born  in  Butler  County,  educated 
in  the  common  school  and  in  Farmer's  College,  one  of  the  fore- 
most of  American  journalists,  is  a  typical  Ohio  man,  self  made 
and  thoroughly  made.  His  trenchant  pen  has  been,  and  is,  like 
unto  a  sword,  and  has  helped  to  fight  many  political  battles. 
Aside  from  his  prodigious  labors  in  the  field  of  controversy, 
he  has  done  a  great  deal  in  lines  distinctively  cultural  and  literary, 
being  a  brilliant  and  successful  magazine  writer  and  general 
author.  While  proprietor  of  the  Cincinnati  Commercial,  Mr. 
Halstead  did  much  to  raise  the  standard  of  newspaper  matter 
and  to  encourage  merit  in  writers.  His  influence  on  the  litera- 
ture of  the  Ohio  Valley  has  been  great.  Among  his  published 
works  are  the  following :  "The  Convention  of  i860,"  "The  White 
Dollar,"  "The  Story  of  Cuba,"  "The  Life  of  Wm.  McKinley," 
"The  Story  of  the  Philippines,"  "The  History  of  American  Ex- 
pansion," "Our  Country  in  War,"  "Official  History  of  the  War 
with  Spain."  "Life  of  Admiral  Dewey,"  "The  Great  Century," 
"The  Boer  and  the  British  War,"  "The  Galveston  Tragedy,'' 
'"A  Life  of  Roosevelt." 


592  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Henry  Van  Ness  Boynton  (1835  — )»  another  distinguished 
journaUst  from  Ohio,  and  not  less  famed  as  a  miHtary  hero  in 
two  wars,  —  now  chairman  of  the  Chattanooga  National  Mili- 
tary Park  Commission,  is  the  author  of  two  notable  books : 
"Sherman's  Historical  Raid,  a  Response  to  and  Criticism  of 
Gen.  Sherman's  Memoirs,"  and  "The  Chickamauga  National 
Military  Park." 

Whitelaw  Reid  (1837  — )>  editor  of  the  New  York  Tribune, 
late  U.  S.  Minister  to  France,  was  born  in  Xenia,  and  educated 
in  Oxford,  Ohio,  and  though  he  has  long  been  a  resident  of 
New  York,  he  remains  faithful  to  his  native  state  and  makes 
frequent  pilgrimage  to  the  scenes  of  his  boyhood  experiences  on 
the  banks  of  the  Little  Miami.  Mr.  Reid  has  won  many  honors 
as  journalist,  diplomat  and  author  of  vital  books.  His  great 
work,  "Ohio  in  the  War,"  ranks  among  the  standard  authorities 
in  the  history  not  only  of  Ohio  but  of  the  Republic.  It  is  a 
book  which  grows  in  value  as  the  years  pass.  Other  books  by 
the  same  author  are:  "After  the  War."  1867;  "Schools  of  Jour- 
nalism," "Newspaper  Tendencies,"  "Two  Speeches  at  the  Queen's 
Jubilee,"  "A  Continental  Union,''  "Problems  of  Expansion,"  and 
"Our  New  Interests." 

Colonel  Donn  Piatt  (1819-1891),  "Donn  Piatt  of  Mack-o- 
chee,"  one  of  Ohio's  most  original,  daring  and  picturesque  char- 
acters, was  conspicuous  during  a  long  and  varied  career  in  which 
he  acted  a  brilliant  though  often  eccentric  part.  His  bold  and 
aggressive  course,  as  lawyer,  diplomat,  and  partizan  editor  has 
been  detailed  in  Charles  Miller's  "Donn  Piatt :  His  Work  and 
his  Ways."  Mr.  Piatt  was  the  author  of  "The  Life  of  General 
George  H.  Thomas,"  a  narrative  which  was  described  in  the 
Westminster  Review,  as  "The  record  of  great  genius  told  by  a. 
genius."  Besides  his  historical  writings  and  his  varied  news- 
paper work,  Donn  Piatt  produced  several  books  in  imaginative 
literature,  viz:  "Poems  and  Plays,"  "Sunday  Meditations,"  and 
"The  Lone  Grave  of  the  Shenandoah." 

As  in  politics  and  military  affairs,  the  genius  of  Ohio  has 
shown  itself  bold  and  aggressive  in  journalism,  employing  the 
press  as  a  powerful  agency  for  the  enligtenment  of  public  opin- 
ion.    Never  has  the  "small  drop  of  ink,"  been  put  lo  more  direct, 


Ohio  Centennial.  .  o93 

practical  and  potent  use,  than  Ijy  some  of  the  resolute  and  fear- 
less young  journalists  of  the  Buckeye  State.  The  modern  world 
has  developed  man\  famous  newspaper  correspondents,  knights 
errant  of  the  note-book,  adventurous  souls  who  forged  to  the 
front  of  danger  to  report  the  climaxes  of  history  and  of  battle. 
These  men  have  shown  indeed  that  often  Captain  Pen  is  mightier 
than  Captain  Sword.  They  have  Avielded  words  to  conquer 
armies,  —  and  to  lift  up  states.  Two  conspicuous  examples  may 
here  be  given  of  soldiers  of  fortune  who  won  better  than  fame 
at  the  point  of  the  pencil. 

George  Kennan  (1845  — )'  born  in  Xorwalk,  Ohio,  started 
self-supporting  life  by  practicing  the  telegraphic  art,  in  Cincin- 
nati. He  it  was  who  traversed  fifteen  hundred  miles  of  Siberia, 
saw  the  prisoned  exiles  of  the  Czar,  learned  the  facts  concerning 
Russian  despotism,  and  gave  to  the  civilized  nations  such  knowl- 
edge as  must  eventually  result  in  reform.  The  American  peri- 
odical in  which  his  graphic  accounts  were  published  was  sup- 
pressed in  Russia  liy  the  authorities  at  St.  Petersburg.  Never- 
theless Kennan's  searchlight  shone  and  still  shines,  illuminating 
darkest  Russia.  His  books,  ''Tent  Life  in  Siberia,"  "Siberia  and 
the  Exile  System,''  may  fairly  be  assumed  to  have  hastened 
those  changes  of  national  and  inter-national  sentiment,  which 
compelled  alterations  in  the  policy  of  the  Czar,  and  induced  him 
a  few  months  ago  to  issue  a  decree  enlarging  Russia's  liberties 
and  abating  despotic  ills. 

On  Ohio's  beadroll  of  heroes  is  the  name  of  Januarius  Aloy- 
sius  MacGahan  (1844-1878),  the  American  journalist  who  may 
be  said  to  have  used  the  sword  of  Russia  to  strike  off  the  Turkish 
shackles  from  an  oppressed  state  and  on  whom  history  has  be- 
stowed the  name  ''Liberator  of  Bulgaria."  In  the  words  of 
Henry  Howe :  "His  experiences,  in  variety,  during  the  few  years 
of  his  foreign  life,  probably  were  never  equalled  by  any  journalist, 
and  never  did  one  accomplish  so  much,  excepting  Stanley."  Of 
MacGahan's  work,  regarded  as  to  its  literary  merit,  the  great 
English  war-correspondent  Forbes  says,  "there  is  nothing  which 
excels  it  in  vividness,  in  pathos,  in  a  burning  earnestness  of 
purpose,  in  a  glow  of  conviction  that  fires  from  heart  to  heart." 
38    o.  c. 


594  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Tj^e  name  and  fame  of  AlacGahan  have  been  lauded  with  just 
enthusiasm,  by  several  distinguished  pens.  The  man  was  born 
and  is  buried  in  Perry  County,  a  shire  which  took  its  name  from 
the  victor  in  the  Battle  of  Lake  Erie,  and  in  which  Sheridan 
was  reared  to  manhood. 

In  the  catalogue  of  men  of  Ohio  birth  who  have  attained 
distinction  in  journalism  and  have  written  important  books, 
Wongs  the  name  of  Wm.  Elroy  Curtis  (1856  — ),  author  of 
"The  United  States  and  Foreign  Powers,"  "Life  of  Zachariah 
Chandler,"  "Japan  Sketches,"  and  "Venezuela." 
„  Another  worthy  and  unalienated  though  absent-from-home 
son  of  Ohio,  is  Albert  Shaw-  of  New  York  City  (1857  — )»  who 
was  born  in  Butler  County.  So  well  known  to  the  public  are 
his  good  works  in  behalf  of  economic  and  social  improvement 
that  his  name  is  a  synonym  for  civic  benefactor.  He  is  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  "Review  of  Reviews,"  and  the  author  of  "Icaria: 
a  Chapter  in  the  History  of  Communism,"  and  of  those  solid  and 
suggestive  books:  "Municipal  Government  in  England,"  and 
"Municipal  Government  in  Continental  Europe." 

PERSONAL    JIISTORIES,     MEMOIRS,    ETC. 

Closely  allied  to  the  literature  of  journalism  and  connecting 
it  with  history  proper,  is  the  class  of  books  giving  individual 
views  of  events  military  or  civil,  in  the  experience  of  Ohio 
citizens.  To  this  department  belong  the  writings  of  Joshua  R. 
Giddings  (1795-1864),  a  volume  of  whose  strong,  clear,  radical 
speeches  was  published  in  1853,  and  whose  incisive  book,  "The 
Kebellion;  Its  Authors  and  Causes,"  came  out  on  the  year  of 
his  death.  His  "Exiles  of  Florida,"  published  in  Columbus  in 
1858,  recounts  with  power  and  pathos  the  history  of  the  negroes 
in  Florida. 

The  "Memoirs"  of  U.  S.  Grant  (1822-1885),  "dedicated  to 
the  American  soldier  and  sailor."  a  model  of  simple,  sincere  and 
unassuming  narrative,  is  always  charming  and  often  impressive 
with  the  eloquence  of  plain  truth.  The  volumes  were  composed 
in  the  shadow  of  death,  with  the  brave  purpose  of  paying  bor- 
rowed money  and  of  providing  for  the  author's  family ;  and  the 
published  work  eventually  brought  to  Mrs.  Grant,  nearly  half 


Ohio  Centennial.  595 

a  million  dollars,  the  greatest  success,  it  is  said,  that  "sl  single 
work  has  ever  had." 

Following  'the  example  of  their  great  chief,  two  other 
scarcely  less  honored  Ohio  generals,  William  fecumseh  Sherman 
(1820-1891),  and  Philip  Henry  Sheridan  (1831-1888),  prepared 
volumes  of  "Memoirs"  for  posthumous  publication.  These  liter- 
ary performances,  though  they  have  not  escaped  sharp  .criticism, 
are  worthy  of  the  clear  headed,  generous  hearted  heroes  who 
wrote  them. 

James  Abram  Garfield  (1831-1881),  was  at  the  head  of  a 
college  long  before  he  rose  to  distinction  in  politics  and  in  war, 
and  his  interest  in  matters  of  culture  and  education  was  always 
keen.  The  wide  range  of  his  reading,  his  power  of  thought  and 
tof  terse  expression  and  his  zealous  advocacy  of  good  principles, 
all  appear  to  advantage  in  his  published  ''Works,"  edited  by  his 
friend  I^.  A.  Hinsdale,  also  an  Ohio  author  and  scholar.  Many 
of  President  Garfield's  sayings  found- lodgment  in  the  affectionate 
memory  of  the  people. 

Manning  F.  Force  (1824- 1899),  gallant  soldier  and  incor- 
ruptible judge,  was  a  life-long  student,  an  accurate  scholar  and 
precise  writer  of  high  merit.  He  is  the  author  of  the  war  his- 
tories :  "From  Fort  Henry  to  Corinth,"  "Marching  Across  Caro- 
lina," "Recollections  of  the  Vicksburg  Campaign,"  and  of  several 
pamphlets  on  archaeological  questions. 

Jacob  Dolson  Cox  (1828-1900),  Governor  of  Ohio,  and  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War,  and  member  of  the  U.  S.  Cabinet,  an  ac- 
complished orator  and  writer,  one  of  America's  progressive 
men  of  science  and  culture,  was  a  master  of  style  and  his  work 
belongs  to  standard  literature.  His  principal  books  are:  "At- 
lanta :  the  March  to  the  Sea,"  "Second  Battle  of  Bull  Run,"  and 
"Military  Recollections  of  the  Civil  War,"  the  last  being  pub- 
lished since  its  author's  death. 

Henry  Martyn  Cist  (1839-1903),  lawyer,  soldier,  originator 
of  the  Chickamauga  Park  project,  another  highly  esteemed  son 
of  Ohio,  is  the  author  of  two  historical  books :  "The  Army  of 
the  Cumberland,"  and  "The  Life  of  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas." 


696  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

%  Gen.  Joseph  Warren  Keifer  (1836  — ),  ex-speaker  of  the 
U.  S.  House  of  Representatives,  a  brave  ofificer  in  the  Civil  War 
and  distinguished  also  in  the  war  with  Spain,  chairman  of  the 
Ohio  Centennial  Commission  of  1903,  has  contributed  to  our 
national  literature  a  comprehensive  and  judicious  work  entitled 
"Slaver}'  and  Four  Years  of  War." 

Gen.  Roeliflf  Brinkerhoff  (1828  — ),  sociologist  and  prison 
reformer  of  international  repute,  —  chairman  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Ohio  Centennial,  has  recently  published  an 
exceedingly  valuable  and  entertaining  volume  bearing  the  title: 
■'Recollections  of  a  Lifetime." 

In  the  list  of  autobiographical  writers  in  Ohio  stands  the 
name  of  Levi  Coffin  reputed  president  of  the  "Underground  Rail- 
road," a  sturdy  abolitionist,  whose  intensely  interesting  book, 
"Personal  Reminiscences,"  is  one  of  the  unique  and  permanently 
useful  products  of  Buckeye  history. 

Another  absorbing  narrative  of  varied  personal  observa- 
tion and  experience  is  Wm.  Cooper  Howells's  (1807-1894), 
"Recollections  of  Life  in  Ohio,  from  1813  to  1840,"  a  book  of 
rare  charm,  intelliegnce  and  suggestiveness.  Not  one  page  of 
this  most  delightful  and  authentic  record  of  things  as  they  were, 
could  be  spared. 

Col.  Wm.  E.  Gilmore  (1824  — ).  Chillicothe,  soldier,  lawyer, 
man  of  genial  culture  and  magnanimous  sympathies,  is  rightly 
described  by  Ohio's  chief  historian  as  "an  adept  both  with 
tongue  and  pen."  He  it  was  who  made  the  last  speech  delivered 
in  the  old  State  Capitol  at  Chillicothe.  Colonel  Gilmore  is  a 
wit,  a  poet  and  orator.  His  principal  published  work  is,  "The 
Life  of  Edward  Tiffin,  First  Governor  of  Ohio,"  a  succinct 
and  authentic  ])iography.  Among  nis  poems  some  of  the  most 
noteworthy  are,  "Say-O-Wis,  the  Elk  Chief,"  "Ossian  at  the 
Grave  of  Oscar,"  and  "Destruction  of  the  Priesthood  of  Baal." 

To  a  period  somewhat  prior  to  that  of  the  writers  just  men- 
tioned belongs  Rev.  James  B.  Finley,  whose  "Autobiography," 
first  published  in  "The  Ladies'  Resopitory."  and  afterwards  in 
book  form  (1871),  abounds  with  anecdote  and  incident  illustrative 
of  earlv  life  in  Ohio. 


Ohio  Centennial.  597 


IIISTOKIKS.    LOCAL    AND    GENERAL. 

The  first  attempt  to  collate  the  annals  of  Ohio  was  made  by 
Nahum  Ward,  whose  "Brief  Sketch"  was  printed  in  1822. 
Eleven  years  later  was  issued  Salmon  P.  Chase's  ''Preliminary 
Sketch,"  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  the  "State  Laws.''  After  these 
publications  came:  Caleb  Atwater's  "History  of  Ohio,"  1838; 
James  W.  l^erkins's  "Annals  of  the  West,''  1846;  Jacob  Burnet's 
"Notes  on  the  Northwestern  Territory,"  1847;  Henry  Howe's 
''Historical  Collections,"  1847;  S.  P.  Hildreth's  "Pioneer  His- 
tory," 1848,  and  "Early  Pioneers,"  1852;  and  James  W.  Taylor's 
"History  of  Ohio,"  1854. 

The  fore«'oing-  bcloni^'  to  the  early  history  of  Ohio,  —  to  a 
period  considera1)ly  before  that  of  the  Southern  Rebellion.  A 
partial  list  of  historical  books  of  later  orig-in,  written  by  Ohio 
pens,  is  the  following:  "The  Blennerhassett  Papers,"  Wm.  H. 
Safford:  "The  St.  Clair  Papers,"  and  "A  Political  History  of 
the  United  States,"  Wm.  Henry  Smith  (1833-1896;  ;  "The  Pub- 
lic Domain."  etc.,  Thomas  C.  Donaldson  (1843-1898);  "History 
of  Ohio,"  Rufus  King  (1817-1891);  "The  Old  Northwest," 
Burke  A.  Hinsdale  (1837-1900)  ;  "History  of  the  Declination  of 
the  Great  Republic,"  Hiram  H.  Munn  (1838  — )  ;  ''Life  of  Lin- 
coln," "Life  of  Hayes,"  and  "History  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase," 
James  Quay  Howard ;  "Oliver  Cromwell,"  Samuel  Harden 
Church  (1858  — );  "History  of  American  Coinage,"  David 
Kemper  Watson  (1849  — )  5  "History  of  Ohio,"  Daniel  J.  Ryan 
(1855  — );  "Side  Lights  on  American  History,"  Wm.  Henry 
Elson  (1857  — )  ;  "The  Mother  of  an  Emperor,"  Mrs.  Mary  Mc- 
Arthur  Tuttle ;  "Che-le-co-the ;  or  Glimpses  of  Yesterday,"  bv 
L.  W.  Rcnick  and  others,  of  Chillicothe;  "Life  of  Lincoln,"  bv 
J.  H.  Barrett,  —  translated  into  German  by  John  Eggers ;  "The 
Life  of  Thomas  Corwin,"  Josiah  Morrow ;  "Historv  of  the  First 
Congregational  Church,  Marietta,  Ohio,"  by  Rev.  C.  E.  Dickin- 
son, D.  D. :  "Anti-Slavery  Opinions  before  1800,"  W.  F.  Poole: 
"Four  Great  Powers"  and  "The  Navy  During  the  Rebellion," 
C.  B.  Boynton  ;  "Life  of  Douglas"  and  "Life  of  S.  P.  Chase," 
R.  B.  Walden :  "Rosecrans'  Campaign  with  the  14th  Army 
Corp?.'   W.    D.    Bickham;    "Ohio   Historical    Sketches,"    F.    B. 


598  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Pearson  and  J.  D.  Harlow;  "Story  of  a  Regiment,"  E.  Hanna- 
^d;  ''History  of  the  Second  Regiment,  U.  S.  V.  Engineers," 
Wm.  Mayo  Venable  (1871  — );  "The  Underground  Railroad," 
"Handbook  of  Ohio  Government,"  etc.,  Wilbur  H.  Siebert  (1866. 
— )  ;  "History  of  Political  Parties,"  J.  P.  Gordy  (1851  — )  ; 
"Modern  European  History,"  "A  Source  Book  of  History,"  Prof. 
Merrick  Whitcomb ;  "Education  in  the  United  States,"  Richard 
Gause  Boone;  "Centennial  History  of  Cincinnati,"  by  Charles  T. 
Greve;  "Concerning  the  Forefathers,"  Caroline  Reeve  Conover. 
See  also  Robert  Clarke's  "Ohio  Valley  Historical  Series,"  12  vols. 

James  Florant  Meline  (1813-1873),  a  .Cincinnati  author 
of  distinction  may  be  remembered  in  this  connection,  on  account 
of  his  most  noted  work,  a  controversial  history  written  from  a 
Catholic  point  of  view  and '  in  reply  to  Froude.  The  book 
bears  the  title:  "Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  and  her  latest  English 
Historian." 

Emilius  Oviatt  Randall  (1850  — ),  of  Columbus,  official 
Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  educated  at  Andover, 
Cornell  and  the  O.  S.  U.,  an  ''all  around"  scholar,  a  professor  of 
law,  a  member  of  many  learned  societies.  Secretary  of  the  Cen- 
tennial Executive  Committee,  is  a  clear  and  accurate  writer 
mainly  on  topics  of  western  history.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
"History  of  Blennerhassett,"  "History  of  the  Separatist  Society 
of  Zoar,"  and  editor  of  the  "Ohio  Historical  and  Archaeological 
Quarterly."  Mr.  Randall  has  edited  ten  volumes  of  the  publi- 
cations of  the  Ohio  Historical  Society  and  fifteen  volumes  of 
Reports  of  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Courjt  of  Ohio,  and  he 
also  assisted  in  editing  the  "Bench  and  Bar  of  Ohio,"  a  substantial 
work  in  several  volumes. 

Eugene  F.  Bliss  (1836  — ),  ex-president  of  the  Ohio  His- 
torical Society,  and  member  of  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion, translated  and  edited  the  "Diary  of  David  Zeisberger,"  an 
important  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  Moravians  in  Ohio. 

Special  distinction  should  be  given  to  the  name  of  Philip 
Van  Ness  Myers  (1840  — ),  late  dean  of  the  University  of  Cin- 
cinnati, author  of  "Life  and  Nature  under  the  Tropics,"  "Remains 
of  Lost  Empires,"  "Mediaeval  and  Modern  History,"  "Eastern 
Nations  and  Greece."  "History  of  Rome,"  "History  of  Greece," 


Ohio  Centennial.  59& 

etc.  Dr.  Myers  holds  rank  as  an  authority  among  scholars  and 
his  admirable  works  are  studied  wherever  English  is  spoken. 

There  are  several  historians  of  national  reputation,  who, 
though  not  now  resident  in  Ohio,  were  born  in  the  State  and  may 
properly  be  included  in  this  outline.  Among  these  are:  Her- 
bert Howe  Bancroft  (1832  — ),  who,  with  the  aid  of  collabora- 
tors, prepared  for  the  press,  five  volumes  on  the  "Native  Races 
of  the  Pacific  States,"  and  thirty-nine  volumes  on  the  ''History 
of  the  Pacific  States";  —  James  Ford  Rhodes  (1848  — ),  now 
of  Boston,  formerly  of  Cleveland,  author  of  an  elaborate  "His- 
tory of  the  United  States  from  the  Compromise  of  1850,"  a  work 
now  in  the  course  of  publication  and  to  be  completed  in  eight 
volumes;  —  and  Wm.  Milligan  Sloane  (1850  — ),  a  native  of 
New  Richmond,  Ohio,  now  professor  in  Columbia  University,  — 
author  of  "The  Life  of  James  McCosh,"  "The -French  War  and 
the  Revolution,"  and  of  a  four  volume  "History  of  the  Life  of 
Napoleon." 

There  are  in  Ohio  four  principal  Historical  Societies  each 
of  which  possesses  a  library  and  has  published  much  valuable 
matter.  They  are  named  and  located  as  follows  :  Firelands  His- 
torical Society,  Norwalk;  Historical  and  Philosophical  Society 
of  Ohio,  Cincinnati ;  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society,. 
Columbus;  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society,  Cleveland. 

SCIENCE. 

Almost  from  the  time  when  white  settlers  began  to  occupy 
the  lands  between  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  River,  much  attention 
has  been  given  in  that  region  to  geology,  archaeology,  and  the 
study  of  what  used  to  be  called  comprehensively  the  Natural 
Sciences.  Bright  on  the  record  of  original  investigators  whose 
writings  are  known  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America,  are  the 
names  of  Dr.  Jared  Potter  Kirtland  (1793- 1877),  of  Cuyahoga 
County,  —  a  naturalist  whom  Agassiz  delighted  to  honor ;  Dr. 
Charles  Whittlesey  (1808-1866),  also  of  Cuyahoga,  an  archae- 
ologist of  high  standing;  Wm.  S.  Sullivant  (1803-1873),  of 
Columbus,  —  a  botanist  and  bryologist  of  international  fame ; 
and  John   Strong  Newberry   (1822- 1892),  of  Cleveland,  late  of 


600  Ohio  Arch,  ond  His.  Society  Publications. 

the  Columbia  School  of  Alines,  one  of  the  foremost  masters  of 
g^logy  and  paleontology.  —  These  four  belong  geographically 
to  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  To  find  their  intellectual 
peers  among  the  earlier  scientific  men  of  Ohio,  we  may  look 
to  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  which,  like  Cleveland,  Columbus, 
and  other  leading  cities  of  the  State,  produced  her  quota  of 
savants.  Three  may  be  remembered  as  nobly  representative  of 
their  class.  First  of  these,  in  the  order  of  time,  was  Ormsby 
AlacKnight  Mitchell  (1809-1862),  the  astronomer.-  whose  once 
popular  books,  "The  Planetary  System  and  Stellar  Worlds," 
"The  Orbs  of  Heaven,"  gave  to  the. written  page  the  glow  of 
eloquence  characteristic  of  the  living  speech  vvhich  won  for  the 
author  the  reputation  of  an  orator.  When  the  war  broke  out, 
Mitchell  put  aside  the  telescope  for  the  sword,  and  earned  the 
laurels  of  battle  to  mingle  with  the  evergreen  leaves  of  scientific 
renown. 

Daniel  Vaughan  (1818-1879),  a  native  of  Ireland,  came  to 
America  in  his  youth  and  was  attracted  to  Cincinnati  by  its 
literary  privileges.  There  he  made  more  use  of  the  public  library 
than  perhaps  any  other  man  has  ever  made.  His  biographer, 
Mr.  Youmans  of  the  "Popular  Science  Monthly,"  describes  him 
as  a  master  of  German,  French,  Italian  and  Spanish  and  of 
Ancient  and  Modern  Greek,  and  adds  that  "He  pursued  a  wide 
course  of  scientific  inquiry  with  great  vigor  and  enthusiasm, 
devoting  himself  mainly  to  astronomy  and  to  the  larger  aspects 
of  natural  phenomena,  which  he  treated  with  the  freedom  and 
independence  of  a  strong  original  thinker."  His  writings  are 
marked  by  a  daring  boldness  and  a  splendor  of  diction  which 
reveal  the  workings  of  a  poetic  imagination  coupled  with  a  logical 
reason.  An  idea  of  his  eloquent  style  may  be  obtained  by  read- 
ing a  chapter  of  his  "Popular  Physical  Astronomy,"  published 
in  Cincinnati  in  1858.  The  last  act  of  the  philosopher's  life  was 
Socratic  in  its  calm  pathos.  —  on  his  death-bed  he  sat  up  to 
correct  the  proofs  of  an  article  he  had  recently  written  on  "The 
Origin  of  Worlds." 

The  name  of  Johann  Bernhard  Stallo  (1823-1900),  a  man 
of  whom  his  bioorrapher,  FI.  T.  Rattermann.  says  that  "all  the 
Germans  in  the  United  States  should  be  especially  proud,"  may 


Ohio  Centennial.  601 

be  enrolled  aliKe  upon  the  roster  of  scientists  and  philosophers, 
as  upon  the  list  of  g^reat  lawyers  and  diplomats.  Stallo  was  a 
man  of  extraordinary  range  of  intellectual  abiHty.  His  home 
in  Cincinnati  was  a  kind  of  vmiversity,  his  library  a  rich  col- 
lection of  vital  books  in  different  languages.  As  long  ago  as  the 
year  1848,  this  speculative  thinker,  m  a  young  western  state, 
occupied  himself  in  the  erudite  task  of  writing  a  book  entitled, 
"The  General  Principles  of  the  Philosophy  of  Nature."  More 
than  thirty  years  later,  when  his  powers  were  at  their  best, 
be  produced  his  master-piece,  a  bold  and  critical  work  on  "The 
Concepts  and  Theories  of  Modern  Physics." 

One  has  only  to  glance  over  the  proceedings  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  to  convince  himself 
that  Ohio  ranks  with  the  most  progressive  states  of  the  Union, 
in  respect  to  scientific  discovery,  investigation,  and  discussion. 
Of  late  years  the  universities  and  leading  colleges  of  the  State 
have  caught  the  inquiring  spirit  of  the  age,  and  many  specialists 
in  various  lines  of  research  have  issued  articles  as  contributions 
to  scientific  journals  or  in  book  form.  Besides  numerous  pub- 
lications in  mathematics  and  in  purely  physical  science,  not  a 
few  books  on  psychology,  sociology  and  allied  subjects,  have 
gone  forth  from  the  desks  of  professors  who  are  imbued  with 
modern  ideas. 

The  mention  of  Judge  Stallo's  thesis  on  the  "Philosophy  of 
Nature,"  recalls  the  somewhat  surprising  fact  that  the  Scotch 
teacher  of  classics,  Alexander  Kinmont,  who  came  to  Cincinnati 
in  1827  and  there  died  in  1838,  w^as  the  author  of  a  volume  df 
"Lectures  on  the  Natural  History  of  Man,"  wliich  was  published 
in  1839,  anticipating  Stallo  by  ten  years.  Kinmont's  work  is 
still  extant,  having  been  reprinted  by  a  leading  eastern  publisher. 
It  was  highly  esteemed  by  Henry  James,  Sr.,  who  considered 
Kinmont  a  remarkable  genius  born  before  his  time. 

The  science  of  man  seems  to  have  been  a  favorite  study 
with  speculative  thinkers  in  Ohio  during  the  decade  just  pre- 
ceding the  Civil  War.  Dr.  J.  R.  Buchanan  started  his  "Jo^^i*"^^ 
of  Man"  in  1849,  ^^id  published  his  "System  of  Anthropology" 
in  Cincinnati,  in  1854.  "The  Natural  History  of  Human  Tem- 
peraments," by  J.  B.  Powell,  and  "The  Races  of  Mankind,"  by 


602  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

A.  W.  Gazlay,  both  appeared  in  1856,  from  a  western  press.  In- 
thg  same  line  of  investigation  were  David  Christy's  several  books, 
"Lectures  on  African  Colonization,"  1849;  "Ethiopia,"  and 
"Cotton  is  King,"  1856,  which  last  created  a  great  furore. 
Christy  was  a  resident  of  Cincinnati,  and  a  noted  authority  on 
Chemistry  and  Geology. 

Under  the  liberal  generalization  of  things  scientific,  may  be 
mentioned  a  book  issued  in  Cincinnati,  in  1826,  expounding  the 
hypothesis  that  the  "Earth  is  hollow,  is  Hal^itable  within,  and 
widely  open  at  the  Poles."  The  book  is  entitled  "Symmes's 
Theory  of  Concentric  Spheres,"  and  was  written  by  J.  McBride. 
It  is  one  of  the  curiosities  of  Ohio  literature. 

Another  famous  work  by  a  more  famous  Ohio  man  is  the 
"Modern  Art  of  Taming  Wild  Horses,"  published  in  1858.  Of 
this  book  15.000  copies  were  sold  in  France  alone  in  a  single 
year.  John  S.  Rarey,  the  author  (1828-1866),  was  the  most 
successful  "tamer  of  horses"  the  world  has  known. 

Neglecting  the  restrictions  of  severe  classification,  I  may  de- 
vote a  paragraph  to  the  catologuing  of  some  writers  and  writings, 
concerned  with  the  scientific  study  of  the  constitution  of  man 
and  problems  of  social  life.  —  Washington  Gladden  (1836  — ), 
a  prominent  and  influential  writer  on  political,  social  and  reli- 
gious themes,  has  been  a  resident  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  since  1882, 
and  he  is  universally  esteemed  as  one  of  the  commanding  intellec- 
tual forces  of  the  State.  He  has  achieved  distinction  as  a 
poet  and  story  writer,  but  his  fame  rests  upon  his  more  severe 
and  argumentative  works  such  as  "Social  Facts  and  Forces," 
"Things  Old  and  New,"  "The  Young  Man  and  the  Churches," 
"Applied  Christianity,"  "Burning  Questions,"  "Tools  and  the 
Man,"  etc.  —  Thomas  Lee  Wright  (1825  — ),  produced  a  book 
of  originality  and  vigor,  which  he  named  "Notes  on  the  Theory 
of  Human  Existence."  —  Charles  Edward  Bolton  (1841  — ), 
of  Cleveland,  is  known  to  students  of  economics  as  the  author  of 
the  book,  "A  Few  Civic  Problems,"  and  of  suggestive  articles 
in  the  "Review  of  Reviews."  —  Wayland  Richardson  Benedict 
(1848  — ),  professor  of  philosophy,  ethics  and  logic,  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati,  a  searching  thinker  of  unusual  literary 
ability,  has  published  "The  Nervous  System  and  Consciousness," 


Ohio  Centennial.  608- 

"Ethics  and  Evolution,"  'Theism  and  Evolution,"  a  text-)30ok 
on  Logic,  and  "Outlines  from  the  History  of  Education."  In 
subtile  and  analytic  power,  impressive  and  convincing  argument 
and  a  certain  luminous  felicity  of  statement  and  illustration.  Dr. 
Benedict  has  few  peers  among  those  who  elucidate  psychic  and 
ethical  truth,  whether  by  lecture  or  on  the  printed  page. 

LAW    AND    MEDICINE. 

The  law  literature  of  Ohio,  as  is  stated  in  the  introduction 
to  this  sketch,  is  very  abundant,  having  steadily  accumulated 
from  the  comparatively  early  period  in  which  Judge  Timothy 
Walker  wrote  his  learned  work  on  "The  American  Law,"  down 
to  the  present  year  in  which  was  published  Ellis's  "New  Ohio 
Municipal  Code."  Every  legal  practitioner  is  familiar  with  the 
names  Scribner  and  Swan  and  Bates  and  Kinkead  and  Love-^ 
land  and  Rockel  and  Yaple  and  Wilson  and  Page  and  Whittaker 
and  Matthews,  and  a  score  of  other  Ohio  men  whose  treatises 
on  various  phases  of  the  great  profession,  are  to  be  found  in  all 
the  law  libraries  and  are  text-books  in  the  law  schools. 

And  what  is  said  of  Ohio  law-books,  —  that  they  are  numer- 
ous and  important  of  their  kind,  —  may  be  said  of  the  books 
in  medicine.  Even  in  the  pioneer  period  of  the  science,  original 
books  and  journals  testified  to  the  learning  and  industry  of  great 
physicians  in  different  sections  of  the  commonwealth.  Dr. 
Drake's  monumental  treatise,  "The  Diseases  of  the  Interior  Valley 
of  North  America,"  to  the  making  of  which  its  author  devoted 
thirty  years,  was  pronounced  by  Allibone  "probably  the  most 
important  and  valuable  work  ever  written  in  the  United  States." 
Since  Drake's  day  the  progress  of  pharmacy,  surgery  and  general 
medicine,  has  been  much  advanced  by  the  writings  of  such  men 
as  Blackman,  Gross,  Mendenhall,  Wright,  Williams,  King,  Howe,, 
Scudder,  Pulte,  Conner,  Bartholow,  Wormley,  Whittaker,  and 
many  other  doctors,  eminent  in  the  healing  science  and  in  the 
great  art  of  surgery.  —  The  State  is  well  supplied  with  pro- 
fessional journals  and  libraries.  It  is  doubtful  whether  there 
exists  anywhere  in  the  world,  another  collection  of  books  in 
botany,  pharmacy,  chemistry,  and  allied  sciences,  that  will  com- 


604  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

pare  in  extent  and  value,  with  the  •  famous  Lloyd  Library  of 
C^cinnati.  This  unique  collection  gathered  at  great  expense 
of  time  and  money,  by  the  brothers,  John  Uri  and  Curtis  Gates 
Lloyd,  "is  incorporated,  is  free  to  the  public,  and  is  pledged  to 
be  donated  intact  to  science." 

THEOLOGY    AND    DENOMINATIONALISM. 

The  theological  and  sectarian  literature  of  Ohio  is  extensive 
and  diverse.  All  shades  of  belief  are  represented,  Jewish  and 
Christian,  Catholic  and  Protestant,  —  orthodox  and  agnostic. 
There  are  in  the  State  some  famous  theological  seminaries,  in- 
cluding Lane  Seminary,  the  Oberlin  Theological  School,  the 
Hebrew  Union  College  and  the  old  Jesuit  stronghold,  St. 
Xavier's,  and  from  these  several  seats  of  biblical  learning  as  well 
as  from  the  more  secluded  studios  of  representative  clergymen  of 
different  creeds,  have  gone  forth  numerous  volumes  of  doctrine, 
controversy  and  exposition,  and  church  history.  In  the  Library 
of  the  "Ohio  Church  History  Society,"  of  Oberlin,  the  number 
of  publications  does  not  fall  far  short  of  400,  nearly  all  per- 
taining to  a  single  denomination,  the  Congregational.  Only 
a  very  few  books  of  the  class  indicated  can  be  here  specified,  and 
it  seems  invidious  to  select.  The  titles  which  follow  were  chosen 
almost  at  random,  and  will  suggest  to  the  reader  many  more  of 
equctl  importance.  —  Rev.  Frederick  Augustus  Kemper  published 
in  Cincinnati,  in  183 1,  a  meditative  and  devotional  l)ook,  "Conso- 
lations for  the  Afflicted,"  which  breathes  a  pure  and  gentle  spirit 
and  shows  the  culture  of  a  college  bred  gentleman.  —  Rev.  David 
Austin  Randall  (1813-1884).  was  the  author  of  two  books,  "The 
Wonderful  Tent  of  the  Mosaic  Tabernacle."  and  "God's  Hand- 
writing in  Egypt,  Syria  and  the  Holy  Land,"  which  latter  had 
an  enormous  sale,  fully  100.000  copies  being  called  for.  —  Rev. 
AVm.  Burnet  Wright  (1838  — ),  a  distinguished  preacher,  holds 
a  secure  place  in  literature,  by  virtue  of  his  two  notable  works, 
"Ancient  Cities  from  the  Dawn  to  the  Daylight,"  and  "The  Ser- 
mon on  the  Mountain,  Practiced  on  the  Plain."  —  All  who  are 
interested  in  the  so-called  "Higher  Criticism"  in  modern  thought, 
have  heard  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Preserved  Smith  (1847  — )»  ^^^^ 


Ohio  Centennial.  605 

professor  in  Lane  Seminary,  now  of  Princeton,  and  thousands  have 
read  his  books,  "Inspiration  and  Inerrancy,"  and  "The  Bible 
and  Islam."  —  Isaac  M.  Wise,  the  most  eminent  Rabbi  in  Amer- 
ica, founder  of  the  Hebrew  Union  College  and  of  Liberal  Juda- 
ism, was  the  author  of  many  learned  works,  and  the  editor  df  the 
"American  Israelite."  Dr.  Wise  was  a  truly  great  man,  pro- 
foundly respected  by  both  Jews  and  Christians,  and  his  influence 
did  much  to  advance  learning  and  literature.  His  "Life  and 
Writings,"  by  Drs.  Philipson  and  Grossman,  was  published  some 
years  ago.  His  principal  theological  work  is  entitled,  "Pronaos 
to  Holy  Scripture."  —  Dr.  Moses  Milziner  (1828- 1893),  who 
ranks  with  the  leading  Semitic  scholars  of  the  world,  is  the 
author  of  an  "Introduction  to  the  Talmud."  —  Dr.  Jired  Dewey 
Buck  (1838  — ),  president  of  the  Theosophic  Society  of  America^ 
author  of  "A  Study  of  Man  and  the  Way  to  Health,"  "Mystic 
Masonry,"  etc.,  also  wrote  "The  Nature  and  Aims  of  Theosophy,'^ 
and  "Why  I  Am  a  Theosophist,"  books  which  have  circulation 
in  England  as  well  as  in  America.  —  John  l^orter  Brown  (1814- 
1872),  a  native  of  ChilHcothe,  was  U.  S.  Minister  to  Turkey  and 
a  thorough  student  of  Eastern  languages  and  customs,  and 
wrote  a  scholarly  book,  "The  Dervishes  of  Oriental  Spiritualism." 
—  Hudson  Tuttle  (1836  — ),  of  Berlin  Heights,  Ohio,  exponent 
of  spiritualism,  has  a  large  clientage  of  readers  of  his  occult 
books,  "The  Arcana  of  Nature,"  "Studies  in  Psychic  Science," 
"What  is  Spiritualism,"  etc.  —  Persons  curious  to  study  uncom- 
mon phases  of  religious  faith  and  worship,  may  be  interested  in 
the  fact  that  in  Lebanon,  Ohio,  was  published,  in  1808.  the  rare 
book  known  as  "The  Shaker  Bible;"  and  that,  in  Kirtland,  Ohio, 
was  issued  in  1837,  ^^'^^  second  edition  of  the  "Book  of  Mormon," 
a  scripture  which  has  since  been  translated  into  Italian  by  an 
Ohio  man.  Lorenzo  Snow,  president  of  the  Mormon  Church. 

I  can  only  allude  to  the  amount  and  variety  of  denomina- 
tional literature.  —  religious  books  and  newspapers,  uttered  in 
the  State.  Several  sects,  the  Methodists,  for  instance,  and  the 
United  Brethren,  have  extensive  publishing  houses.  The  clergv- 
men  of  Ohio,  generally  speaking,  are  promoters  of  literature, 
and  many  of  them  are  accomplished  writers. 


*606  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

%  The  conflict  of  opinions  on  religious  subjects,  in  the  Ohio 
Valley,  has  given  rise  to  some  public  discussions  of  great  interest, 
reports  of  which  were  published.  One  secular  debate  on  the  use 
of  the  Bible  in  the  Public  School  was  circulated  in  book  form, 
viz.,'*The  Battle  of  the  Giants."  See  also  "Debate  on  Evidences 
of  Christianity,"  R.  W.  Owen  and  A.  Campbell,  1829;  "Debate 
on  the  Roman  Catholic  Religion,"  A.  Campbell  and  J.  B.  Purcell ; 
"Debate  on  Universal  Salvation,"  E.  M.  Pingree  and  N.  L.  Rice; 
*'Roman  Catholic  Church  and  Free  Thought,"  J.  B.  Purcell  and 
Thos.  Vickers. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Allied  to  the  literature  of  creed  and  opinion,  though  not 
always  sectarian,  are  numerous  books  of  a  more  or  less  didactic 
nature,  designed  to  instruct  or  to  admonish  in  regard  to  the  con- 
duct of  life.  To  this  department  of  useful  reading  belong  many 
juveniles,  school  text-books,  and  volumes  of  sermons,  lectures, 
and  essays  for  readers  of  all  ages.  A  goodly  array  could  be 
shown,  of  names  of  Ohio  men  and  women,  who,  in  this  field  of 
authorship,  have  labored  successfully. 

The  late  Professor  David  Swing  (1830-1894J,  exerted  a 
strong  and  salutory  influence,  not  only  by  his  pulpit  utterances, 
but  through  his  books,  "Truths  for  To-day,"  "The  Motives  of 
Life,"  and  "Club  Essays."  —  Rev.  Louis  Albert  Banks  (1855  — ), 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  is  a  prolific  author  of  books  mainly  moral  and 
religious,  for  young  and  old.  Some  of  his  later  publications  are : 
^'Twentieth  Century  Knighthood,"  "Poetry  and  Morals,"  "Hid- 
den Wells  of  Comfort."  —  Mrs.  Lydia  Hoyt  Farmer,  of  Cleve- 
land, is  known  to  a  host  of  grateful  admirers,  through  her  "Boys' 
Book  of  Famous  Rulers,"  "Girls'  Book  of  Famous  Queens," 
"Life  of  Lafayette,"  "A  Moral  Inheritance,"  "What  America 
Owes  to  Women,"  etc. 

Mrs.  Sarah  Knowles  Bolton  (1841  — ),  another  Cleveland 
woman  of  recognized  literary  prominence,  in  both  prose  and 
verse,  is  especially  noted  for  the  excellence,  in  style  and  in  sub- 
stance, of  her  twenty  or  more  entertaining  books  for  youth. 
;Some  of  the  titles  are:     "Bovs  Who  Became  Famous,"  "Girls 


Ohio  Centennial.  607 

Who  Became  Famous,"  "Famous  American  Authors,"  *'How 
Success  Is  Won." 

Charles  Frankhn  Thwing  (1853  — ),  president  of  Western 
Reserve  University,  is  an  author  whose  contributions  to  high 
class  magazine  literature  and  whose  published  volumes,  mainly 
on  educational  themes,  deserve  and  receive  strong  commendation 
from  exacting  critics.  Of  the  numerous  books  written  in  the 
United  States,  on  cultural  processes  and  ideal  conduct,  there  are 
few,  if  any,  that  are  equalled  by  those  from  the  pen  of  Dr. 
Thwing.  Some  of  the  titles  are:  "American  Colleges:  Their 
Students  and  Work,"  "The  Reading  of  Books,"  "Within  College 
Walls,"  "The  College  Woman,"  "The  Best  Life,"  "The  Youth's 
Dream  of  Life,"  and  "God  in  His  World." 

Addison  Peale  Russell  (1826 — )  was  born  in  Clinton  County 
and  his  conduct  and  ideals  have  been  shaped  almost  wholly  by 
Ohio  influences  and  associations.  Mr.  Howells  alludes  to  him  as 
the  author  "whose  charming  books  of  literary  comment  have  so 
widely  endeared  him  to  book-lovers;  but  whose  public  services 
to  his  state  are  scarcely  known  outside  of  it  among  the  readers 
of  'Library  Notes'  or  of  'A  Club  of  One'."  Mr.  Russell  was  in 
public  life  from  1855  to  1868,  as  legislator,  Secretary  of  State, 
and  Financial  Agerit  for  Ohio.  During  the  term  of  the  last 
named  office,  he  resided  in  New  York  City,  where  in  1867,  he 
published  his  first  book  "Half  Tints."  For  the  last  thirty  years 
or  more,  he  has  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literature,  in  undis- 
turbed retirement  in  the  quiet  town  of  Wilmington.  He  leads 
the  contented  life  of  a  philosopher  whose  books  are  his  world 
and  whose  mind  "his  kingdom  is."  In  powers  of  assimilation  he 
has  been  likened  to  Bayle,  who  had  "the  art  of  writing  down  his 
curious  quotations  with  his  own  subtile  ideas."  Every  library  in 
Ohio  should  certainly  contain  his  books,  "Library  Notes,"  "A 
Club  of  One,"  "In  a  Club  Corner."  "Characteristics,"  "Sub  Coe- 
lum,"  and  "Thomas  Corwin." 

Mrs.  May  Alden  Ward  (1853  — ),  a  descendant  of  John 
Alden,  the  Plymouth  Pilgrim,  was  born  in  Ohio.  She  now  lives 
in  Boston,  and  is  one  of  the  most  accomplished  of  American 
critical  writers.  Her  books,  "Old  Colony  Days,"  "Life  of  Dante," 
'"Life  of  Petrarch,"  are  clear,  succint.  scholarly  and  sympathetic. 


608  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Latest  and  best  of  her  writings  is  the  Httle  volume  entitled" Proph- 
*s  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  being  essays  on  Carlyle,  Ruskin 
and  Tolstoi. 

To  the  academic  literature  of  the  State  belong  the  books. 
**Refercences  for  Literary  Workers,"  and  "Knowledge  and  Cul- 
ture," by  Rev.  Henry  Matson  (1829  — ),  of  Oberlin ;  "The  De- 
velopment of  the  English  Literature  and  Language,"  and  "Eng- 
lish Literature  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,"  by  Alfred  Hix  Welsh 
(1850-1889)  ;  "A  History  of  the  Novel  Previous  to  the  Seven- 
teenth Century,"  by  Frederick  Morris  Warren  (1859  — )'  ^^ 
Adelbert  College;  "Master  Virgil,  as  He  Seemed  in  the  Middle 
Ages,"  by  J.  S.  Tunison ;  "Modern  Poet  Prophets ;  Essays  Criti- 
cal and  Interpretative,"  by  William  Norman  Guthrie ;  and  "Ten- 
nyson's Debt  to  Environment."  "The  Poetry  of  Robert  Brown- 
ing," and  "Studies  in  Literature,"  by  Prof.  Wm.  G.  Ward  ( 1848 
— ),  now  of  Boston,  but  born  and  brought  up  in  Ohio. 

David  Philipson  ( 1862  — ),  Rabbi  of  the  Congregation  B'nai 
Lsrael,  Cincinnati,  has  contributed  to  critical  literature  a  work 
entitled  "The  Jew  in  English  Fiction."  This  clear  and  forceful 
writer  is  the  author  of  "Old  European  Jewries,"  and  "A  Holiday 
Sheaf,"  the  latter  a  volume  of  sermons. 

That  most  stimulating  of  all  provocatives  to  literary  com- 
mentary and  controversy,  the  Shakesperean  drama,  has  furnished 
a  theme  for  more  than  one  Ohio  publication.  Whatever  may  be 
thought  of  the  merits  of  the  Shakespeare-Bacon  discussion,  the 
bibliographer  notes  with  some  surprise  that  the  first  gun  in  that 
strange  battle  was  fired  by  a  young  woman  of  Tallmadge,  in  the 
County  of  Summit, —  Miss  Delia  Salter  Bacon  (1811-1859), 
v/hose  famous  book,  "Philosophy  of  the  Plays  of  Shakespeare, 
Unfolded,"  wnth  preface  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  was  published 
ill  London,  1857,  it  being  the  author's  zealous  purpose  "to  solve 
the  enigma  of  those  mighty  dramas"  which  the  audacious  critic 
devoutly  admired  though  she  endeavored  to  prove  they  could  not 
have  been  written  by  "that  booby,"  Wm.  Shakespeare.  Carlyle, 
to  whom  she  came  with  a  letter  of  introduction  from  Emerson, 
laughed  at  her  theory,  which,  nevertheless,  has  found  many  ad- 
vocates.    One  of  the  latest  books  on  the  mooted  question,  is  a. 


Ohio  Centennial.  609 

Cincinnati  publication  and  bears  the  title  "The  Shakespcrean 
Myth." 

More  important  than  the  "Cryptogram"  literature,  are  the 
scholarly  speculative  works  of  Denton  Jaques  Snider  (1841  — ), 
an  author  who  was  born  and  raised  in  Ohio  and  who  now  lives 
in  St.  Louis.  His  critical  writings  on  Shakespeare  are  regarded 
by  so  competent  a  judge  as  Dr.  Wm.  T.  Harris,  as  of  especial 
Value  in  revealing  the  ethical  significance  of  the  immortal  dramas. 
Dr.  Snider,  a  graduate  of  Oberlin  College  and  one  of  the  lectur- 
ers of  the  Concord  School  of  Philosophy,  devotes  himself  ex- 
clusively to  authorship  and  to  the  elucidation  of  his  somewhat 
transcendental  doctrines,  from  the  platform.  He  is  a  man  of 
profound  erudition  and  of  very  bold  speculative  views.  Besides 
his  nine  volumes  of  "Commentary  on  the  Literary  Bibles,"  viz., 
Shakespeare,  Goethe,  Homer  and  Dante,  he  has  published  five 
volumes  of  poems,  three  volumes  on  psychology,  three  on  Froe- 
bel  and  the  Kindergarten,  and  several  miscellaneous  books,  includ- 
ing one  novel.  His  latest  publications  are:  "The  Father  of 
History,"  "Ancient  European  Philosophy,"  and  a  political  treatise 
entitled  "The  State." 

In  concluding  these  rambling  notes  relating  mainly  to  dram- 
atic criticism  by  Ohio  writers,  I  would  mention  that  Henry  Hoop- 
er of  Hamilton  County,  who  has  written  luminously  on  the  phil- 
osophy of  Shopenhauer,  is  also  the  author  of  various  scholarly 
article^  published  in  "Shakesperiana." 

James  E.  Murdock,  the  celebrated  actor  whose  home  was  in 
Warren  County,  wrote  "A  Short  Study  of  Hamlet,"  "A  Short 
Study  of  Macbeth,"  and  other  critical  pieces ;  and  his  volume  en- 
titled "The  Stage,"  published  in  1884,  is  replete  with  suggestive 
comments  on  the  dramatic  art.  One  chapter  discusses  the  topic 
"Shakespeare  and  his  Critics." 

FICTION. 

Tn  the  days  long  ago,  when  James  G.  Percival  was  consid- 
ered the  chief  of  American  poets,  and  when  the  old  "Knicker- 
bocker Magazine,"  and  the  "Port  Folio,"  were  arbiters  of  liter- 
ary destiny,  there  dwelt  within  the  borders  of  Ohio  at  least  two 

39    o.  c. 


610  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

men  of  national  reputation,  who  essayed  to  write  novels.  These 
^oneers  of  the  imaginative  pen  were  Timothy  Flint  (1780-1840), 
and  James  Hall   (1793-1868). 

Of  Flint's   masterpiece,  "Francis   Berrian,   or  the  Mexican 
Patriot,"  1826,  Mrs.  Trollope,  who  was  a  neighbor  to  the  author, 
in  Cincinnati,  says  in  her  "American  Manners,"  "It  is  excellent: 
a  little  wild  and  romantic,  but  containing  scenes  of  first  rate  in- 
terest and  pathos."— Other  of  Flint's  novels  were  "Arthur  Clen- 
ning,"  and  "(George  Mason,  the  Backwoodsman."     One  who  had 
read  Flint's  "Recollections"  would  expect  to  find  charm  in  his 
works  of  fiction.     A  reviewer  of  his  "Geography  and  History  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley,"  declared  those  books  "too  interesting  to 
be  useful !"—  Many  readers  found  as  good  as  fiction  in  Flint's 
delightful  pseudo-biography,  "The  First  White  Man  of  the  West, 
or  the  Life  and   Exploits  of  Colonel  Daniel  Boone."     Though 
somewhat  prolix   and  too  much  given  to  moralizing,  Timothy 
Flint  is  characteristically  delightful  and  two  or  three  of  his  books 
are  of  such  permanent  interest  and  charm  of  style  that  they  should 
be  reprinted. 
'4         Judge  James  Hall,  the  author  of  an  elalx>rate  "History'  of 
the  Indian  Tribes,"  and  other  noted  books  in  biography  and  his- 
tory, wrote  several  historical  romances,  modeled  somewhat  after 
the  style  of  Cooper,  and  valuable  on  account  of  their  fidelity  to 
life  and  scenery  in  the  early  west  particularly  in  Kentucky.     His 
best  works  are  "Legends  of  the  West,"  "Harpe's  Head,"   and 
"Tales  of  the  Border." 

"The  Western  Souvenir,"  first  of  the  so-called  Annuals  is- 
sued west  of  Philadelphia,  was  published  in  Cincinnati,  in  1829. 
It  was  "embellished"  with  six  steel  engravings,  and  was  made  up 
of  stories,  sketches  and  poems,  by  James  Hall,  Timothy  Flint, 
Otway  Curry,  and  others.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting  contri- 
bution in  it  is  a  character  sketch  of  "Mike  Fink,  the  Last  of  the 
Boatmen,"  by  Morgan  Neville. 

A  volume  of  original  pieces  collectively  called  "Tales  of  the 
Queen  City,"  by  Benjamin  Drake,  brother  of  Dr.  Daniel  Drake, 
was  pijblished  in  Cincinnati,  in  1839.  The  merit  of  this  book  is 
that  it  attempts  to  delineate  local  scenes  and  characters  with 
-simplicity.     But  the  "Tales"  are  not  nearly  so  readable  as  the 


Ohio  Centennial.  till 

author's  other  ventures,  "The  Life  of  Tecumseh,"  and  the  "Life 
of  Black  Hawk,''  which  are  romantic  in  their  essence. 

The  first  woman  to  gain  Hterary  reputation  in  Ohio  was  Mrs. 
Juha  L.  Dumont  (1794-1841),  preceptress  of  Edward  Eggleston, 
the  author  of  "The  Hoosier  Schoolmaster."  Mrs.  Dumont  wrote 
lespectable  verse  and  good  honest  prose.  Her  stories  had  vogue 
in  the  Ohio  Valley  and  some  of  them  foimd  publishers  in  the 
East.  She  wrote  "The  Brothers,"  ''Gertrude  Beverly,"  "Ashton 
Gray,"  "Sketches  from  Common  Paths''. —  Of  livelier  imagina- 
tion and  brighter  touch  than  Mrs.  Dumont,  was  Mrs.  Caroline 
Lee  Hentz  (1800-1854J,  a  popular  writer  who,  for  several  years 
was  a  resident  of  Ohio.  Some  of  her  numerous  novels  are  of  a 
mildly  sensational  character,  which  perhaps  accounts  for  the  fact 
that  nearly  ioo:ooo  copies  of  them  were  sold  within  three  years. 
She  is  the  author  of  several  tragedies,  one  of  which,  "Lamorah, 
or  the  Western  Wild,"  was  written  and  acted  in  Cincinnati. — Mrs. 
Francis  D.  Gage  ( 1808-1884),  born  and  bred  in  Ohio,  was  a  prac- 
tical writer,  of  strong  common  sense  and  much  energy,  who,  like 
Mrs.  Dumont.  Mrs.  Hentz,  Mrs.  Stowe,  Alice  Gary  and  other 
talented  women  of  her  day,  helped  to  create  a  love  for  literature 
in  the  West.  Her  best  story  is  one  entitled  "Elsie  Magoon." 
Early  in  the  sixties  she  published  a  volume  of  poems.  Mrs. 
Gage  was  a  descendant  of  Anne  Bradstreet,  "The  Tenth  Muse," 
who  wrote  the  first  book  of  verse  published  in   New   England. 

The  relations  of  the  Beecher  Family  to  the  educational  and 
literary  development  of  Ohio  were  intimate  and  vital.  From 
1832  to  1850,  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher,  as  president  of  Lane  Seminary 
and  pastor  of.  a  prominent  church,  was  a  commanding  character. 
He  and  his  energetic  sons  and  daughters  received  much  from  the 
rapidly  developing  society  by  which  they  were  surrounded,  to 
which  they  gave  much  in  return.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  studied 
theology  and  learned  to  preach  in  Cincinnati ;  there  Catharine 
Beecher  organized  and  conducted  a  decidedly  radical  and  progres- 
sive school  for  girls,  and  wrote  some  "up  to  date"  text-books. 
The  writing  tendency  was  strong  in  several  members  of  the  bril 
liaent  family. —  The  famous  novel  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  though 
not   actuallv   written   in   Cincinnati,   was    conceived   there.     The 


612  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

^nhor  tells  us  in  her  Autobiography  that  many  of  the  characters, 
scenes  and  incidents,  in  the  story,  were  suggested  by  what  she 
had  observed  in  her  own  house,  on  Walnut  Hills,  or  witnessed 
on  occasional  trips  to  Kentucky.  Mrs.  Stowe  lived  in  Cincinnati 
for  eighteen  years, —  the  most  vigorous  and  formative  portion  of 
her  life.  She  wrote  for  a  Western  magazine.  She  was  an  active 
!iiember  of  the  Semi-Colon  Club,  of  the  Queen  City,  and  to  that 
society  she  dedicated  her  first  book,  "The  May  Flower,"  1849. 
It  is  reasonable  to  claim  that  Ohio  was  the  literary  Alma  Mater 
of  the  author  of  one  of  the  world's  most  potent  works  or  fiction. 
l^resident  Lincoln,  when  he  first  met  Mrs.  Stowe,  said  in  his  epi- 
grammatic way :  "So  here  is  the  little  woman  who  caused  the 
big  war!" 

.Alice  Cary  (1820-1871),  published  her  first  book  of  stories, 
"Clovernook,"  in  1851,  and  her  first  regular  novel.  "Hagar:  a 
Story  of  To-day,"  in  1852,  the  year  in  which  "Uncle  Tom's  Cab- 
in" appeared.  Other  of  Alice  Cary's  novels  were  "Married,  Not 
Mated,"  "Holywood,"  and  "The  Bishop's  Son."  Of  this  Ohio 
writer  the  Westminster  Review  declared,  "No  other  American 
woman  has  evinced  in  prose  or  poetry  anything  like  the  genius 
of  Alice  Cary." 

T)elonging  to  the  same  period  as  do  the  group  of  woman 
authors  just  spoken  of,  are  several  literary  men  who  wrote  or 
published  novels,  in  Ohio.  Thomas  H.  Shreve  (1808-1853),  a 
friend  and  associate  of  Mr.  Gallagher,  produced  many  short 
stories  and  one  ambitious  romance,  "Drayton  :  an  American  Tale," 
185T.  —  Frederick  W.  Thomas  (t8it  — ),  of  Cincinnati,  wrote 
"Clinton  Rradshaw."  "East  and  West."  and  "Howard  Pinkney." 
—  successful  novels  in  their  time  and  of  better  artistic  quality 
than  much  that  passes  current  to-day  as  good  literature. —  The 
same  may  be  said  in  commendation  of  the  two  novels  which  Ed- 
mund Flagg  (181 5  — ).  composed  while  a  resident  of  Marietta 
in  1842-3,  —  viz. :  "Carrero  :  or  the  Prime  Minister."  and  "Fran- 
cis of  Valois."  These  compare  very  favorably  with  the  histori- 
cal novels  of  more  recent  origin. —  Wm.  W..  Fosdick  (1825  — ), 
a  poet  of  no  mean  ability,  attempted  fiction  with  some  success, 
producing  a  romantic  novel.  "Malmiztic,  the  Toltec  and  the  Cav- 


Ohio  Centennial.  613 

aliers  of  the  Cross,"  a  study  of  Mexican  traditions,  and  said  to 
have  furnished  the  prototype  of  Wallace's  "The  Fair  God." 

The  decade  from  about  1846  to  1856  was  prolific  of  sensa- 
tional stories  such  as  have  been  denominated  in  slang  phrase, 
"yellow-backs,"  ".dime  novels,"  "blood  and  thunder  tales,"  etc. 
Two  of  the  most  conspicuous  and  most  entertaining  spinners  of 
this  class  of  yarn  made  their  appearance  in  Ohio,  in  the  forties. 
These  were  E.  C.  Judson,  "Ned  Bunthne,"  (1823-1886),  and 
Emerson  Bennett. 

Judson  came  to  Cincinnati  in  1844  and  embarked,  with  L. 
A.  Hine,  in  the  conduct  of  "The  Western  Literary  Journal  and 
Monthly  Magazine,"  to  which  he  contributed  letters  and  editor- 
ials. He  did  not  write  any  novel  during  the  time  he  was  in  the 
West.  He  was  greatly. admired  by  the  patrons  of  flashy  litera- 
ture. Of  his  lurid  master-piece,  "The  Mysteries  and  Miseries  of 
New  York."  100.000  copies  sold.  "Ned  Buntline's"  income  was 
said  to  be  $120,000  a  year. 

Emerson  Bennett  (1822  — ),  now  living  in  Philadelphia  and 
an  octogenarian,  came  to  Cincinnati  when  he  was  only  twenty- 
two  years  old,  and  in  that  city,  between  the  years  1846  and  1850, 
wrote  and  published  an  incredible  number  of  lively  romances, 
which  were  eagerly  sought  and  greedily  read  by  the  multitude. 
A  recent  sketch  of  Bennett,  printed  in  a  biographical  handbook, 
says,  "He  began  writing  poetry  and  prose  at  18;  has  since  fol- 
lowed literature  and  written  more  than  fifty  novels  and  serials, 
and  some  hundreds  of  short  stories."  At  the  very  beginning  of 
his  career  he  caught  the  knack  of  constructing  the  "best  sellers," 
and  made  money  for  himself  and  his  publishers.  His  most  popu  • 
lar  books  were  "The  Prairie  Flower,"  and  "Leni-Leoti,"  each  of 
which  had  a  sale  of  100,000,  having  been.  I  believe,  more  in  de- 
mand than  any  other  novel  ever  published  in  the  State,  whatever 
that  may  signify.  Hundreds  of  elderly  men  and  women  in  the 
Ohio  Valley,  will  confess,  with  a  smile  and  a  sigh,  that  in  their 
school  days  they  concealed  in  pocket  or  desk  "The  Bandits  of  the 
Osage,"  or  "Mike  Fink,"  or  "Kate  Clarendon,"  or  "The  League 
of  the  Miami,"  or  "The  Forest  Rose."  After  all  is  said,  these 
exciting  romances  were  innocent  enough, —  the  hero  always  tri- 


614  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

umphant,  the  heroine  an  angel.  The  sharp  crack  of  a  rifle  rang 
d^t  and  the  villain  fell  with  a  thud. 

In  a  way,  "Ned  Buntline"  and  Emerson  Bennett  were  mast- 
ers of  their  craft.  They  had  a  host  of  imitators. —  George  Lip- 
pard's  "New  York:  Its  Upper  Ten  and  Lower  Million,"  though 
not  written  in  the  West  was  published  in  Cincinnati,  in  1854. 
So  also  was  "The  Trapper's  Bride,"  by  the  English  author  C.  M. 
Murray.  In  the  same  city,  in  1855,  was  issued  a  feeble  perform- 
ance entitled  "The  Mock  Marriage:  or  the  Libertine's  Victim: 
being  a  faithful  delineation  of  the  Mysteries  and  Aliseries  of  the 
Queen  City,"  by  H.  M.  Rulison. 

Less  extravagant  than  the  foregoing  and  less  naughty  than 
they  affected  to  be,  but  scarcely  more  meritorius,  were  "Mrs.  Ben 
Darby:  or  the  Weal  and  Woe  of  Social  Life,"  1853,  by  Maria 
Collins ;  "Life's  Lesson,  a  Novel,"  1855,  by  Martha  Thomas ;  "The 
Old  Corner  Cupboard,"  1856,  Susan  B.  Jewett ;  "Emma  Bartlett : 
or  Prejudice  and  Fanaticism," '  1856;  "Zoe :  or  the  Quadroon's 
Triumph,"  1856,  Mrs.  E.  D.  Livermore;  "^label :  or  Heart  His- 
tories," 1859,  Rosetta  Rice, —  all  which  are  Ohio  books. 

During  the  period  of  the  Civil  War  (1861-5)  few  novels 
were  written  in  the  United  States,  though  the  events  of  that 
stirring  time  educated  authors  and  supplied  material  for  whole 
libraries  of  history,  fiction  and  poetry.  In  fact  the  war  did  much 
to  elevate  and  nationalize  American  literature.  The  old  distinc- 
tions between  eastern  literature  and  western  were  no  longer  much 
regarded.  Even  the  southern  writers  ceased  to  be  sectional. 
Secession  ended  in  concession.  Provincialism  began  to  give  way 
to  a  higher  and  broader  and  more  tolerant  culture,  and  books  of 
artistic  finish  came  from  the  South  and  from  the  West,  to  compete 
with  the  best  from  Massachusetts  or  New  York.  Tennessee  was 
represented  by  Miss  Murfree :  Kentucky  by  James  Lane  Allen ; 
Indiana  by  Riley ;  and  Ohio  by  Mrs.  Catherwood ;  writers  who 
were  in  their  early  teens  when  the  war  began,  and  who  were 
among  the  first  of  a  rapidly  increasing  number  of  painstaking 
writers  developed  by  the  influences  of  a  modern  regime.  The 
same  influences,  of  course,  modified  the  ideas  and  methods  of 
the  earlier  generation  of  writers  to  which  belong  Wallace  and 


Ohio  Centennial.  616 

Howells  and  Tourgee  and  many  more.     A  few  names  may  here 
be  chronicled  of  Ohio  authors  born  before  1850. 

Albert  Gallatin  Riddle  (1816  — ),  whose  distinguished  career 
as  lawyer  and  legislator  furnishes  a  brilliant  page  in  Ohio's  his- 
tory, found  time,  after  he  had  reached  middle  life,  to  record,  in  a 
series  of.  clever  novels,  much  that  he  observed  of  men  and  events 
in  northern  Ohio,  in  the  days  of  his  youth.  He  tells  the  reader 
in  the  preface  to  one  of  his  books  that  in  his  stories  "an  effort 
is  made  to  preserve  something  of  the  freshness,  gather  up  a  few 
of  the  names,  some  of  the  incidents,  catch  the  spirit  and  flavor 
of  the  life  which  has  past,  leaving  only  its  memory  in  the  cher- 
ishing hearts  of  the  contemporaries  of  the  author."  In  the  author 
of  "Bart  Ridgely,"  "The  Portrait,"  "House  of  Ross,"  and  "An- 
selm's  Cave,"  Cuyahoga  County  and  the  Western  Reserve  in  gen- 
eral have  a  faithful  delineator  of  scenes  and  characters.  His 
style  is  simple,  vigorous  and  picturesque,  —  his  story  is  true  to 
fact  and  is  free  from  sensationalism.  Mr.  Riddle  is  a  man  of 
solid  attainments  and  sound  judgment.  His  historical  romances 
supplement  his  more  serious  works :  "Life  and  Character  of 
Garfield,"  "Life  of  Benjamin  F.  Wade,"  and  "Recollections  of 
War  Times." 

William  Dean  Howells  (1837  — ),  who,  perhaps,  may  be 
regarded  as  the  leading  man  of  letters  in  the  United  States,  be- 
longs, in  a  sense,  to  the  old  and  to  the  new,  to  the  West  and  to 
the  East,  to  the  self-schooled  and  to  the  academic  class  of  Ameri- 
can authors.  Born  and  bred  in  Ohio,  he  spent,  as  boy  and  man, 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  the  state  for  which  he  has  ever 
cherished  a  loyal  and  filial  affection.  His  name  appears  upon  the 
title  page  of  some  sixty  different  volumes,  embracing  works  of 
biography,  history,  travel,  description,  sociology,  fiction,  poetry, 
drama,  and  criticism.  This  prolific  and  versatile  author  possesses 
a  rare  faculty  of  remembering  all  he  has  experienced,  and  he 
enters  into  delicate  sympathy  with  the  young  as  with  the  mature. 
His  "Life  of  Hayes,"  "A  Boy's  Town,"  "Ohio  Stories,"  "My 
Year  in  a  Log  Cabin,"  derive  their  subject  matter  from  his  knowl- 
edge of  his  native  state,  while  in  many  of  his  novels,  notably  in 
"The  Kentons,"  much  of  the  local  color  and  characterization  were 
obviously  suggested  by  scenes  and  people  observed  in  the  Buck- 


616  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

eye  State.  The  style  of  Mr.  Howells  is  invariably  elegant  and 
Dleasing;  he  has  mastered  the  art  of  clear  and  graceful  writing. 
His  work  in  poetry,  in  criticism,  and  in  picturesque  description, 
commands  admiration  in  both  hemispheres.  But  his  special  genius 
is  discovered  in  the  department  of  fiction,  and  few  will  dispute 
the  verdict  of  an  eminent  critic  who  says,  *'Mr.  Howells  was  un- 
questionably the  founder  of  the  latter-day  natural  school  of  Am- 
ermican  fiction,  in  which  truth  to  every-day  life  is  given  preced- 
ence, while  rhetoric,  forced  situations,  and  the  arts  of  the  melo- 
dramatist  are  sedulously  avoided." 

Mr.  Howells  is  author  of  the  following:  "Poems  of  Two 
Friends"  (with  Mr.  Piatt)  ;  "Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln";  "Ven- 
itian  Life"  ;  "Italian  Journeys"  ;  "Suburban  Sketches"  ;  "No  Love 
Lost";  "Their  Wedding  Journey";  "A  Chance  Acquaintance"; 
"A  Foregone  Conclusion" ;  "Out  of  the  Question" ;  "Life  of 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes";  "A  Counterfeit  Presentiment";  "The 
Lady  of  Aroostook";  "The  Undiscovered  Country";  "A  Fearful 
Responsibihty,  and  Other  Tales" ;  "Dr.  Breen's  Practice" ;  "A 
Modern  Instance";  "A  Woman's  Reason";  "Three  Villages"; 
"The  Rise  of  Silas  Lapham" ;  "Tuscan  Cities" ;  "A  Little  Girl 
among  the  (Jld  Masters";  "The  Minister's  Charge";  "Indian 
Summer";  "Modern  Italian  Poets";  "April  Hopes";  "Annie  Kil- 
burn" ;  "A  Hazard  of  New  Fortunes" ;  "The  Sleeping  Car,  and 
Other  Farces" ;  "The  blouse  Trap,  and  Other  Farces" ;  "The 
Shadow  of  a  Dream" ;  "An  Imperative  Duty" ;  "A  Boy's  Town" ; 
"The  Albany  Depot";  Criticism  and  Fiction";  "The  Quality  of 
Mercy"  ;  "The  Letter  of  Introduction"  ;  "A  Little  Swiss  Sojourn"  ; 
"Christmas  Every  Day" ;  "The  Unexpected  Guests" ;  "The  World 
of  Cliance" ;  "The  Coast  of  Bohemia";  "A  Traveler  from  Alt- 
ruria" ;  "My  Literary  Passions";  "The  Day  of  Their  Wedding"; 
"A  Parting  and  a  ]^Ieeting"  "Impressions  and  Experiences'' ; 
"Stops  of  Various  Quills" ;  "The  Landlord  of  the  Lion's  Head" ; 
"An  Open-Eyed  Conspiracy'' ;  "Stories  of  Ohio" ;  "The  Story  of 
a  Play":  "Ragged  Lady":  "Their  Silver  Wedding  Journey"; 
"Literary  Friends  and  Acquaintances". 

Deservedly  conspicuous  among  American  authors,  stands  the 
jurist  and  diplomat,  Albion  Winegar  Tourgee  (1838  — ),  now  U. 
S.  Consul  in  Bordeaux,  —  an  Ohio  man  thoroughly  loyal  to  his 


Ohio  Centemiial.  617 

State  as  to  his  Nation.  His  reputation  is  well  established  in  the 
minds  of  the  thousands  who  have  read  his  purposeful  and  effec- 
tive novels:  "A  Fool's  Errand";  "A  Royal  Gentleman*";  "Figs 
and  Thistles";  "Bricks  Without  Straw";  "Hot  Plowshares"; 
''Black  Ice";  "Button's  Inn";  "With  Guage  and  Swallow'';  "Pac- 
toius  Prime";  "Murvale  Eastman";  "John  Eax"  ;  "The  Hip-Roof 
House";  "A  Son  of  Old  Harry";  "Out  of  the  Sunset  Sea",  and 
"The  Man  Who  Outlived  Himself". 

Ambrose  Bierce  (1842  — ).  one  of  the  many  sons  of  Ohio 
who  have  found  scope  in  California  for  the  exercise  of  their  tal- 
ents, is  the  author  of  "Fantastic  Fables",  "The  Monk  and  the 
Hangman's  Daughter,"  "Can  Such  Things  Be?"  and  other  books. 

Charles  Humphrey  Roberts  (1847  — ),  born  near  Mt.  Pleas- 
ant, Ohio,  has  written  an  interesting  historical  study,  "Down  the 
O-h-i-o,  a  Novel  of  Quaker  Life,"  in  which  the  operation  of  the 
Underground  Railroad  is  well  pictured. 

Maj.  Hugh  Boyle  Ewing  (1826  — ),  of  Lancaster,  O.,  late 
\J .  S.  Minister  to  the  Hague,  is  the  author  of  two  clever  books : 
"A  Castle  in  the  Air"  and  "The  Black  List." 

Gen.  John  Beatty  ( 1828  — ),  of  Columbus,  is  known  to  many 
readers  of  his  patriotic  volumes.  "The  Citizen  Soldier,"  "Belle  o' 
Becket's  Lane,"  and  his  prehistoric  novel,  "The  Acolhuans." 

Alexander  Clarke  (1834-1879)  will  be  remembered  in  Ohio 
l)y  his  once  popular  and  noteworthy  books,  "The  Old  Log  School 
House"  and  "Starting  Out:  a  Story  of  the  Ohio  Hills."  These 
stories  have  local  flavor. 

Mrs.  Metta  Victoria  Victor  (1831  — ),  wife  of  O.  J.  Victor 
the  literator,  has  written  a  good  many  volumes  in  verse  and  in 
prose.  Among  her  novels  are,  "The  Gold  Hunters,'  "The  Back- 
woods Bride,"  "Blunders  of  a  Bashful  Man,"  etc. 

Mrs.  Julia  P.  Ballard's  (1828-1849)  name  is  cherished  on 
<iccount  of  the  pure,  sweet  stories  she  wrote  for  children :  "The 
Hole  in  the  Bag,"  "Gathered  Lilies,"  "Lift  a  Little,"  "Little 
Gold  Keys,"  etc. 

Martha  Finley  (1828),  a  native  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  known 
to  hosts  of  young  people  under  her  nom  de  plume  "Martha  Far- 
quharson,"  perhaps  the  most  popular  living  writer  of   Sunday 


618  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

School  books,  is  the  author  of  the  series  called  the  "Elsie  Books,"' 
aift  the  "Mildred  Books."     Her  present  home  is  in  Maryland. 

Sarah  Chauncey  Woolsey,  "Susan  Coolidge,"  (1845 — )y 
Cleveland,  is  a  popular  and  meritorious  writer,  chiefly  for  the 
young.  Among  her  most  attractive  stories  are  those  entitled, 
"What  Katy  Did,"  "In  the  High  Valley,"  and  "A  Gurnsey  Lily."" 
This  author  holds  good  rank  as  a  poet. 

Ralph  Keeler  (1840-1873),  an  Ohio  journalist  who  removed 
to  California,  where  he  died,  will  be  remembered  as  the  author  of 
"Gloverson  and  His  Silent  Partner,"  and  "Vagabond  Adven- 
tures." 

Mrs.  Margaret  Holmes  Bates  (1844  — ),  a  native  of  Fre- 
mont, Ohio,  whose  writings  are  praised  by  Stedman  and  other 
Eastern  critics,  has  contributed  to  literature,  "Jasper  Fairfax," 
"The  Prince  of  the  Ring,"  "Shylock's  Daughter,"  "The  Chamber 
Over  the  Gate,"  etc.     Her  present  home  is  in  New  York. 

Mark  Sibley  Severence  (1846 — ),  formerly  of  Cleveland,, 
now  of  Los  Angeles,  wrote  "Hammersmith ;  His  Harvard  Days,"" 
a  pleasant  story  on  the  **Tom  Brown  at  Oxford"  method,  giving 
pictures  of  student  life  as  it  was  in  Cambridge,  just  before  the 
Civil  War. 

Mary  Alpin  Sprague  (1849 — )>  of  Newark,  Ohio,  demon- 
strated her  ability  to  create  a  bright,  piquant,  epigrammic  and 
witty  novel,  when  she  produced  her  only  published  work,  "An 
Earnest  Trifler,"  t88o. 

Mrs.  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood  (1847-1902),  who  was 
born  and  educated  in  Ohio  and  whose  literary  work  is  of  a  very 
high  order,  entitling  her  to  a  permanent  place  among  American 
authors,  was  an  indefatigable  student  of  the  history  of  the  French 
settlements  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  an  admirable  delin- 
eator of  character,  an  artist  of  delicate  taste  and  lively  fancy. 
Her  novels  are  excellent.  I  give  the  chief  titles :  "Craque-o- 
Doom,"  "Old  Caravan  Days,"  "The  Secret  of  Roseladies,"  "The 
Romance  of  Dollard,"  "The  Bells  of  Ste.  Anne,"  "The  Story  of 
Tonty,"  "The  Lady  of  Fort  St.  John,"  "Old  Kaskaskia,"  "The 
White  Islander,"  "The  Chase  of  St.  Castin,"  "Lazarre." 

Of  authors  born  since  the  Civil  War,  or  not  longer  ago  than 
1850,   many  have  risen   into  prominence,   in  the   Middle  West- 


Ohio  Centennial.  619^ 

The  sudden  blossoming  of  literature  in  the  State  of  Indiana  has 
been  the  subject  of  much  press  comment.  There  has  been  a 
noticeable  revival  of  authorship  in  Ohio.  Let  me  catalogue,  in 
the  briefest  manner,  the  names  and  books  of  half  a  dozen  writers 
of  good  reputation  who  belong  to  the  Buckeye  Commonwealth 
by  birth  and  breeding,  but  who  have  wandered  to  other  states: 

George  Henry  Pickard  (1850 — ),  is  the  author  of  "A  Mat- 
ter of  Taste,"  "A  Mission  Flower,"  "Old  Boniface,"  and  "Madam 
Noel. — "James  Eugene  Farmer  (1867 — )  the  scholarly  author  of 
"Essays  in  French  History,"  wrote  also  "The  Grenadier,"  and 
"The  Grand  Mademoiselle."  —  John  Randolph  Spears  (1850 — ), 
whose  superior  work  has  been  commended  in  England  and  France 
as  well  as  at  home,  and  whose  sea  stories  are  among  the  best 
of  their  class,  is  author  of  "The  Port  of  Missing  Ship,"  "Skipper 
of  the  Nancy  C.,"  "Tales  of  the  Real  Gipsy."  Claude  Hazelton 
Wetmore  (1862 — ),  born  at  Cuyahoga  Falls,  recently  won  repu- 
tation from  the  signal  success  of  his  novel,  "The  Sweepers  of 
the  Sea." 

The  present  decade  has  witnessed,  in  Ohio,  the  rise  of  a 
score  of  romance  writers,  several  of  whom  attained  sudden  celeb- 
rity. The  work  of  these  recent  candidates  for  public  favor  or  for 
the  approval  of  the  judicious  critic,  is  of  widely  varying  quahty, 
good,  bad  or  indifferent,  though  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 
that  the  average  Ohio  novel  is  quite  up  to  the  conventional  stand- 
ard, and,  in  a  few  cases,  it  is  of  exceptional  force  and  originality. 
The  prevailing  tendency  of  the  writers  to  whom  I  refer,  is  toward 
a  faithful  realism,  the  result  of  close  and  conscientious  study  o£ 
nature  and  human  society.  . 

Adele  E.  Thompson,  of  Cleveland,  has  earned  a  deserved  and 
generous  recognition  from  reviewers  and  readers,  owing  to  mark- 
edly praiseworthy  qualities  in  her  brace  of  bright  novels :  "Beck's 
Fortune,"  and  "Brave  Heart  Elizabeth." 

John  Bennett  (1865 — ),  of  Chillicothe,  artist  and  poet,  as 
well  as  story-writer,  author  of  that  dainty  classic  "Master  Sky- 
lark," and  of  the  no  less  delicately  wrought  story  of  "Bamaby 
Lee,"  enjoys  a  reputation  extending  over  the  United  States,  and 
wears  some  laurels  from  abroad. 

Burton  Egbert  Stevenson  (1872 — ),  also  of  Chillicothe,  edi- 


620  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

tor  and  magazine  writer,  has  demonstrated  his  abiHty  to  construct 
^stained  historical  romances  which  appeal  to  a  large  circle  of 
admiring  readers.  His  novels,  "At  Odds  With  the  Regent,"  and 
'•x\  Soldier  of  Virginia,"  are  well  worth  reading,  for  both  sub- 
stance and  style. 

Dr.  James  Ball  Nay  lor 's  rather  hastily  prepared  novels,  "In 
the  Days  of  St.  Clair"  and  "The  Sign  of  the  Prophet,"  deal  with 
stirring  events  in  Ohio  history,  and  are  lively  and  entertaining. 
The  same  author's  "Ralph  Marlowe,"  a  rough  and  ready  novel, 
the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  an. oil  village  on  the  Muskingum, 
is  an  amusing  record  of  jokes,  stories  and  humorous  incidents, 
written  with  enthusiasm,  and  containing  some  vivid  and  admira- 
ble descriptions  of  local  scenes  and  "characters." 

John  Uri  Lloyd  (1849 — )»  of  Cincinnati,  whose  name  has 
long  been  familiar  to  the  scientific  world  which  is  indebted  to  his 
pen  for  important  works  in  chemistry  and  pharmacy,  is  also 
known  to  a  wide  circle  of  readers  of  fiction.  He  possesses  a  bold 
and  fertile  fancy,  and  a  very  accurate  eye  for  nature  and  for 
types  of  character,  as  may  be  discerned  by  the  perusal  of  his 
imique  stories  of  Northern  Kentucky,  "Stringtown  on  the  Pike," 
and  "Warwick  of  the  Knobs,"  and  his  marvellous  "Etidorpha ; 
or  the  End  of  the  Earth."  Professor  Lloyd  sees  with  his  own 
eyes  and  records  what  he  sees  with  remarkable  originality  and 
independence,  not  giving  much  heed  to  literary  convention. 

Nathaniel  Stephenson,  also  of  Cincinnati,  belongs  to  the 
later  school  of  analytic  writers  who  pay  a  good  deal  of  attention 
to  form  and  to  art  for  art's  sake.  He  is  a  man  of  cultured  taste 
and  wide  reading,  and  has  a  polished  style,  a  delicate  perception, 
and  a  sense  of  humor.  He  is  the  author  of  "They  That  Took  the 
Sword,"  a  historical  novel  the  plot  of  which  is  laid  in  Southern 
Ohio,  and  of  "The  P)eautiful  Mrs.  Moulton,"  a  story  of  modern 
society. 

Charles  Frederick  Goss  (1852 — ).  author  of  "The  Redemp- 
tion of  David  Corson,"  "The  Loom  of  Life,"  "Little  Saint  Sun- 
shine," "The  Philopolist,"  etc.,  is  a  writer  of  "fiction  with  a  pur- 
pose," some  of  whose  popular  romances  have  been  much  dis- 
cussed and  diversely  judged.  Mr.  Goss  has  an  ardent  love  for 
nature,  a  deep  sympathy  with  all  classes  of  humanity,  and  a  vivid 


Ohio  Ceil  feu  Ilia  I.  621 

pictorial  fancy.  His  style  is  vigorous,  fluent  and  earnest,  and  he 
has  an  aptitude  for  brilliant  scenic  effects. 

John  Brown  Jewett,  of  Newtown,  Ohio,  a  poet  and  recluse, 
of  fine  sensibility,  is  the  author  of  "Tales  of  the  Miami  Country." 
Mr.  Jewett  is  one  of  Ohio's  most  charming-  writers,  albeit  his 
work  is  but  little  known.  In  his  exquisite  sketch,  "Fiddler's 
Green,"  and  in  other  simple  and  beautiful  compositions,  he  re- 
veals himself  a  man  of  true  literary  instincts  who  possesses  the 
seeing  eye  and  the  understanding  heart. 

Dr.  Howard  A.  M.  Henderson,  an  cloc|uent  Methodist 
preacher  of  Ohio,  is  the  author  of  a  widely  circulated  religious 
novel,  "Diomede  the  Centurion,"  the  design  of  which  is  "to  give 
the  average  reader  a  panoramic  view  of  the  planting  period  of  the 
Christian  Era."  The  book  is  written  in  a  style  at  once  fervid  and 
ornate. 

It  is  logical  that  the  state  which  put  forward  the  first  Aboli- 
tionist candidate  for  the  president  of  the  Republic,  and  originated 
the  first  university  for  negroes,  and  harbored  the  chief  managers 
of  the  underground  railroad,  and  inspired  Mrs.  Stowe  to  write 
"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  should  be  one  of  the  states  readiest  to 
encourage  literary  endeavor  on  the  part  of  men  of  African  des- 
cent. 

Charles  Waddell  Chesnutt  (1858  — ),  of  Cleveland,  is  fairly 
entitled  to  rank  among  the  leading  writers  of  our  country.  His 
novels  are  published  by  one  of  the  foremost  firms  of  Boston  and 
are  commended  by  able  critics.  Here  and  there  his  work  is  crude 
and  abrupt,  but  it  is  in  terrible  earnest  and  his  stories  move 
straight  on  with  dramatic  and  even  tragic  power.  His  writings 
include  a  "Life  of  Frederick  Douglass,"  the  novels:  "The  Wife 
of  His  Youth,"  "The  Conjure  Woman,"  "The  House  Behind  the 
Cedars,"  "The  Marrow  of  Tradition." 

Paul  Lawrence  Dunbar  (1872),  who  was  born  and  reared 
in  Dayton,  Ohio,  has  achieved  a  comfortable  reputation  as  a 
poet,  from  his  books  of  verse,  "Oak  and  Ivy,"  "Majors  and 
Minors,"  and  "Lyrics  of  Lowly  Life."  and  he  has  written  suc- 
cessful novels,  viz.,  "The  Sport  of  the  Gods"  and  "The  Fanatics." 
These  books  show  their  author  to  possess  humor,  pathos  and 
vivid   imagrination. 


622  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

We  should  add  to  the  catalogue  of  works  of  fiction :  "Wall 
*treet  and  the  Woods,"  by  Wm.  J.  Flagg;  "The  Lost  Model," 
and  "Wash  Bolter,"  by  Henry  Hooper ;  "Mrs.  Armitage's  Ward," 
by  Judge  D.  Thew  Wright;  "The  Log  of  Commodore  Rolling- 
pin,"  and  "Thomas  Rutherton,"  by  John  H.  Carter ;  "The  Secret 
of  the  Andes,"  by  Fred.  Hassaurek ;  "Her  Ladyship,"  by  Dr.  T. 
C.  Minor;  "Silas  Jackson's  Wrorfgs,"  and  "The  Marquis  and 
the  Moon,"  by  Nicholas  Longworth;  "Vawder's  Understudy," 
and  "The  Three  Richard  Whalens,"  by  James  Knapp  Reeve; 
"The  Freeburgers,"  by  Denton  J.  Snider;  "Tales  for  a  Stormy 
night,"  translated  from  the  French,  by  Eugene  F.  Bliss;  "Charles 
Killbuck,  an  Indian  Story  of  the  Border  Wars  of  the  American 
Revolution,"  by  Francis  C.  Huebner;  "Iturbide,  a  Soldier  of 
Mexico,"  by  Dr.  John  Lewin  McLeish ;  "My  Lord  Farquhar," 
a  romance  of  Armenia,  by  the  brilliant  and  witty  poet  and  editor 
Thomas  Emmett  Moore ;  "Ezra  Cain,"  a  study  in  morbid  psy- 
chology, by  Joseph  Sharts ;  "A  Buckeye  Baron,"  by  William 
Alpha  Faxon;  and  "The  Quaker  Scout,"  by  Nicholas  Patterson 
Run  van. 

HUMOROUS    WRITERS. 

William  Tappan  Thompson  (1812-1882),  a  native  of  Ohio, 
who  went  to  Georgia  and  became  a  prominent  journalist,  was 
renowned  in  his  day  and  generation  for  the  rough  and  extrava- 
gant portraitures  and  caricatures  which  he  made  of  southern 
types,  and  which  were  published  under  the  titles  "Major  Jones's 
Courtship,"  "Major  Jones's  Sketches  of  Travel,"  "Characters  of 
Pineville,"  etc.  He  also  wrote  a  very  droll  farce,  "The  Live 
Iffldian,"  which  furnished  John  E.  Owens  with  one  of  his  laugh- 
able roles. 

Samuel  Sullivan  Cox,  "Sunset  Cox"  (1824-1889),  of  Zanes- 
ville,  journalist,  orator,  statesman,  diplomatist,  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  and  accomplished  of  Ohio's  honored  sons,  added  to  his 
distinction  as  a  political  and  descriptive  writer  the  reputation 
of  a  man  of  rare  wit  and  humor.  All  his  writing  and  speeches 
abound  in  keen  passages,  and  in  one  elaborate  volume  entitled, 
"Why  We  Laugh,"  he  discusses  the  philosophy  of  humor.  Like 
^Tom"  Corwin,  Mr.  Cox  had  a  genius  for  the  wisdom  of  the 
ludicrous. 


Ohio  Centennial.  623 

David  Ross  Locke  (1833-1888),  author  of  "Divers  Views, 
Opinions,  and  Prophesies  of  Yours  Trooly,  Petroleum  V.  Nasby," 
M^hose  keen,  satirical  letters  purporting  to  be  written  by  a  seces- 
sionist of  "Confederate  Cross  Roads,  Kentucky,"  dehghted  Pres- 
ident Lincoln  and  were  accounted  by  Secretary  Chase  as  of  power- 
ful effect  in  helping  to  save  the  Union,  was  certainly  a  humorist 
-of  extraordinary  endowment  —  a  genius  in  his  particular  sphere. 
He  laughed  his  enemies  to  scorn  and  "drew  out  Levathian  with  an 
hook"  of  sharpest  wit.  Mr.  Locke  was  a  native  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  but  the  greater  portion  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Ohio, 
chiefly  in  Toledo.     He  published  one  novel,  "A  Paper  City." 

The  inimitable  Artenms  Ward  (1834-1867)  came  to  Ohio 
about  the  year  1850,  and  though  his  sojourn  in  the  state  was  not 
long,  he  wrote,  while  living  on  the  Western  Reserve,  a  num- 
ber of  his  brightest  and  drollest  papers. 

POETRY. 

In  the  year  1824  the  editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Literary  Ga- 
zette printed  in  his  "Notes  to  Contributors"  the  following  apolo- 
getic excuse  for  declining  a  poetical  effusion  from  a  Kentucky 
•correspondent:  "F'oetry  is  in  so  flourishing  a  state  on  our  side 
of  the  river  that  the  limits  alloted  to  this  department  are  preoccu- 
pied." Timothy  Flint,  in  the  Western  Magadne  and  Reviezu, 
for  May,  1827,  wrote,  "We  are  a  scribbling  and  forth-putting 
people.  Little  as  they  have  dreamed  of  the  fact  in  the  Atlantic 
•country,  we  have  our  thousand  orators  and  poets.  '''  "^^  *  We 
believe  that  amid  the  freshness  of  our  unspoiled  nature,  beneath 
the  shade  of  the  huge  sycamores  of  the  Miami,  or  cooling  the 
forehead  in  the  breeze  of  the  beautiful  Ohio,  and  under  the 
■canopy  of  our  Italian  sky,  other  circumstances  being  equal,  a 
man  might  write  as  well  as  in  the  dens  of  a  dark  city."  A 
volume  of  "Selections  from  the  Poetical  Literature  of  the  West," 
compiled  by  W.  D.  Gallagher,  was  published  in  Cincinnati  in 
1841.  It  contains  210  pieces,  and  represents  38  writers,  seven 
of  whom  are  women.  Coggeshall's  well  known  "Poets  and  Poetry 
of  the  Ohio  Valley,"  a  volume  of  680  pp.,  issued  in  i860,  gives 
sketches  of  152  writers,  with  selections  from  their  best  book. 
Twenty-nine  of  the  poets'  names  belong  to  Ohio.     The  admirable 


624  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Fublications'. 

volume,  "American  Poetry  and  Art,"  edited  by  J.  J.  Piatt  and 
piTOlished  in  Cincinnati  in  1882,  presents,  with  discriminating" 
judgment,  many  of  the  choicest  poems  written  in  the  Ohio  Valley- 
There  is  no  need  to  record  here  the  long  list  of  books  of; 
Ohio  verse  which  now  exist  only  in  old  catalogues  or  in  rare- 
collections.  Enough  to  say  that  not  a  few  of  these  possess  con- 
siderable merit,  and  were  sought  after,  scrap-booked  and  admired 
in  their  little  day.  It  has  been  the  good  fortune  of  a  number 
of  the  early  writers  to  hold  a  more  secure  place  in  the  public 
memory  Ijy  virtue  of  the  anthologies  in  which  their  ix)ems  are- 
kept  alive,  perhaps  under  the  title  of  "old  favorites."  ' 

By  far  the  most  eminent  of  the  early  poets  of  tl]e  Ohio- 
Valley  was  the  bard  who  sang  of  the  ''Days  When  We  Were 
Pioneers,"  and  of  the  "Green  Forest  Land,"  the  "Golden  Wed- 
ding on  Rolling  Fork,"  the  solitude  of  "Miami  Woods,"  and 
the  song  of  the  "Brown  Thrush"  and  "The  Cardinal  Bird."  We 
refer  to  the  good  poet  Wm.  D.  Gallagher,  a  truly  inspired  singer, 
gifted  with  the  "love  of  love,  the  scorn  of  scorn,"  and  with  a 
Wordsworthian  discernment  of  the  feelings,  beauty  and  signifi- 
cance of  nature.  As  an  artist  he  deserves  a  fuller  appreciation 
than  he  has  yet  received,  for  he  possesses  unusual  skill  in  melody, 
and  a  command  of  blank  verse  seldom  attained  in  American 
literature.  There  are  passages  in  his  carefully  wrought  pastorals 
which,  for  dignity,  noble  simplicity  and  genuine  reverence  for 
spiritual  beauty,  compare  wnth  the  masterful  work  of  the  so- 
called  Lake  School  of  poets.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  some  of 
his  most  characteristic  poems  are  out  of  i)rint,  but  fortunately 
a  few  copies  of  his  "Miami  Woods  and  Other  Poems"  are 
preserved  in  libraries. 

The  now  almost  forgotten  name  of  Otway  Curry  ( 1804- 
1855)  was  familiar  to  the  eye  and  ear  of  all  who,  in  the  West 
of  forty  years  ago,  cared  about  poetry.  The  school  readers  con- 
tained extracts  from  Curry's  "Eternal  River,"  "Kingdom  Come," 
and  "The  Lost  Pleiad."  James  H.  Perkins  was  likewise  esteemed 
and  quoted.  There  are  scores  of  persons  living  in  Ohio,  who 
can  recite  lines  from  that  once  hackneyed  "declamation,"  "O  Were 
You  Ne'er  a  School-boy?"  or  "The  Young  Soldier/'     Charles  A, 


Ohio  Centennial.  626 

Jones    ('835-1851)    is    remembered    by    his    oft    reprinted    "Te- 
cumseh," 

"Stop,  Stranger!    there  Teciimseh  lies;" 

and  by  his  faithfiiUy  descriptive  pieces,  "The  Pioneers"  and 
"Lines  to  the  Ohio  River."  F.  W.  Thomas  stiii  holds  a  place 
in  our  books  of  "Selections,"  by  virtue  of  his  fidelity  to  truth 
and  nature  in  some  meritorious  stanzas  of  his  descriptive  poem, 
"The  Emigrant,"  and  because  of  the  sentiment  and  melody  of 
the  song,  "  'Tis  Said  that  Absence  Conquers  Love."  W.  W. 
Fosdick,  on  whom  his  contemporaries  and  patrons,  M.  D.  Con- 
way, VV.  H.  Lytle  and  others,  bestowed  the  title,  "Laureate  of 
the  Queen  City,"  wrote  an  ambitious  volume,  "Ariel,  and  Other 
Poems,"  the  more,  labored  contents  of  which  have  passed  into 
oblivion,  while  a  few  of  its  simple,  unpretentious,  but  genuine 
poems,  faithfully  reporting  visible  and  vital  fact,  continue  to 
exert  a  charm  and  to  win  a  due  meed  of  praise.  Of  these 
cherised  few  none  are  better  than  the  lyrics :  "The  Maize" 
and  "The  Pawpaw."  Born  five  years  later  than  Fosdick,  Florus 
B.  Plimpton  (1830-1886),  journalist  and  poet,  achieved  more 
than  a  local  reputation  for  the  form  and  quality  of  his  carefully 
finished  literary  work.  Holmes  and  Whittier  took  him  into  fel- 
lowship. Though  his  death  occurred  less  than  twenty  years  ago, 
and  though  a  beautiful  memorial  edition  of  his  poems  was  issued 
in  1886,  almost  the  only  piece  of  his  verse  which  survives  is  the 
vigorous  ballad,  "Lewis  Wetzel,"  another  instance  of  the  vitality 
of  compositions  dealing  with  the  actual  in  a  direct  and  sympa-r 
thetic  style.  Yet  it  see^ns  that  other  of  Plimpton's  lyrics  should 
be  recognized  by  common  consent  as  worthy  of  the  favor  be- 
stowed upon  this  one  ballad.  The  anthologies  might  well  in- 
clude, from  his  poems,  "A  Poor  Man's  Thanksgiving,"  "Sum- 
mer Days,"  "Her  Record,"  "Tn  Remembrance,"  and  the  sonnet, 
"Pittsburg."  Byron  Foreseythe  Willson  (1837-1867),  whose  lit- 
erary work  Mr.  J.  J.  Piatt  displays  and  reviews  at  great  length 
in  the  "Hesperian  Tree,"  for  1903,  was  undoubtedly  a  poet  of 
rare  gifts,  but  he  never  was  nor  will  be  popular.  One  of  his 
poems,  "The  Old  Sargeant,"  had  a  temporary  popularity  soon 
after  its  publication  in  the  time  of  the  Civil  War,  but  now  it  i.« 
40    o.  c. 


326  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

seldom  read  and  only  by  literary  folks.  Willson  was  charac- 
terized by  Air.  Stedman  as  "A  strongly  imaginative  balladist. 
whose  death  was  a  loss  to  poetry." 

The  departed  singers  whose  work  has  scarcely  more  than 
been  glanced  at  in  the  above  paragraph,  though  not  poetical  stars 
of  first  magnitude,  have  at  least  "fixed  their  glimmers."  In 
their  constellation  belong  three  other  lights,  which  whether  from 
■^accident  or  because  of  their  intrinsic  superiority,  have  attracted 
more  attention  than  their  contemporaries.  These  are  Thomas 
Buchanan  Read  (1822-1872),  William  Haines  Lytle  (1826-1863), 
and  Alice  Gary    (1820-1870). 

Thomas  Buchanan  Read  used  to  say  he  had  four  principal 
homes,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  Florence  and  Cincinnati.  He  had 
many  friends  in  Ohio,  to  whom  he  acknowledged  his  indebted- 
ness for  patronage  in  art  and  letters.  During  his  sojourn  in 
•the  Queen  City,  he  was  constantly  busy  at  the  easel  or  the  desk, 
and  in  that  city  he  painted  some  of  his  finest  pictures  and  com- 
posed some  of  his  best  poems.  The  house  in  which  he  lived,  on 
ii:5eventh  street,  and  in  which  he  wrote  the  poem  "Sheridan's  Ride," 
lis  imarked  with  a  bronze  tablet,  commemorating  these  facts. 

Gen.  W.  H.  Lytle,  though  not  a  "one  poem  poet,"  gained 
his  secure  place  in  literature  through  the  merit  of  his  mastrepiece, 
the  lyric,  "Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  a  stroke  of  genius  and  true 
inspiration, — a  passionate  glorification  of  love  and  war,  of  the 
*'Great  Triumvir"  and  the  "Star-eyed  Egyptian," — and  the  author 
rose  to  renown.  Like  Kinney's  "Rain  upon  the  Roof,"  and 
O'Hara's  "The  Bivouac  for  the  Dead,"  the  "Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra" appears  to  be  "booked  for  immortality."  In  the  small 
volume  of  Lytle's  Poems  collected  by  the  writer  of  this  sketch 
and  published  in  1894.  readers  will  find  a  number  of  pieces  well 
worthy  to  be  preserved  with  the  "Antony  and  Cleopatra." 
Specially  excellent  are  the  lyrics:  "Popocatapetl,".  "Macdonald's 
Drummer,"  "Jaqueline,"  "The  Volunteers,"  "Farewell"  and 
"Sweet  May  Moon." 

A  third  of  a  century  has  elapsed  since  Alice  Cary  died ;  more 
than  half  a  century  since  she  gathered  her  first  laurels  as  a  poet. 
At  the  very  beginning  of  her  literary  career  she  was  received  with 
^applause,    and    from    year   to   year   her   reputation    steadily   ad- 


Ohio  Centennial.  627 

A^anced.  It  is  to  be  donljtcd  if  any  other  American  woman  has 
ever,  through  the  accomphshment  of  verse,  attained  so  much 
celebrity  as  did  this  country  girl  of  Clovernook.  Even  to-day, 
she  has  numerous  readers  and  admirers,  not  only  in  Ohio,  but 
in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  This  is  not  because  her  poetry 
stands  the  test  of  severe  criticism,  for  it  does  not.  Yet  it  has 
some  of  the  rare  and  potent  qualities  essential  to  excellent  poetic 
composition  as  a  fine  art,  and»she  herself  was  gifted  generously 
with  those  qualities  of  genius  which,  when  adequately  developed, 
make  the  creation  of  good  poetry  possible.  She  was  one  of  the 
poets  "sown  by  nature ;"  she  was  sensitive  to  all  beauty  and 
truth ;  she  had  broad  sympathies ;  she  had  the  "vision  and 
the  faculty  divine."  Readers  loved  her  personality  and  felt  in- 
stinctively that  she  understood  their  feelings,  and  that  she  wrote 
of  what  she  really  knew,  from  direct  observation  and  experience. 

Phoebe  Gary  was  also  a  genuine  poet,  though  by  no  means 
the  peer  of  her  sister.  The  two  women  exerted,  and  still  exert 
a  sweet,  pure  and  stimulating  influence,  especially  upon  the  young 
in  the  public  schools  and  upon  sentimental  readers  who  care 
more  for  melodious  common  sense  than  for  the  subtleties  and  re- 
finement of  poetic  art  however  masterfully  employed. 

Coates  Kinney  (1826 — )  holds  the  seniority  and  the  pri- 
macy among  our  poets.  Nature  endowed  his  large  brain  richly 
with  the  power  of  thought  and  the  faculty  of  song.  Though  he 
has  been  a  man  of  affairs  —  a  lawyer,  journalist,  military  officer, 
state  senator  —  he  has  never  neglected  the  higher  "business  of 
his  dreams,"  but  is  one  of  those 

"twice  blest  who  in  age  pursues 
His  art  with  young  desire." 

In  his  youth  he  gave  to  the  world  the  spontaneous  music  of  "Rain 
Upon  the  Roof,"  which  has  maintained  its  popularity  for  more 
than  fifty  years  and  which,  in  its  revised  form,  will  no  doubt 
continue  a  favorite  with  all  who  have  the  gift  of  nice  apprecia- 
tion. Representative  of  the  author's  mature  power  and  of  especial 
interest  to  the  student  of  Ohio  literature  is  the  Ohio  Centennial 
Ode,   i8cS8,  a  forceful  production  giving  eloquent  expression  to 


828  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

what  is  best  and  noblest  in  Ohio  history,  tradition  and  ideals, 
m\d  worthy  to  be  classed  with  Lowell's  Commemoration  Ode. 
Of  Kinney's  poetry  in  general,  Julian  Hawthorne  wrote :  "It 
expands  the  brain  and  touches  the  heart.  *  *  "^  What  he 
has  done  will  last."  W.  D.  Howells  assigns  to  the  poet  a  place 
among-  "the  few  who  think  in  the  electrical  flushes  known  only 
to  the  passions  of  most  men,"  and  the  same  critic  testifies  that 
Kinney's  verse  "brings  to  the  reader  the  thrill  imparted  by  mas- 
tery in  an  art  which  has  of  late  seemed  declining  into  clever  artis- 
try." It  is  impossible,  in  this  brief  sketch,  to  give  and  adequate 
idea  of  the  scope  and  quality  of  Coates  Kinney's  verse.  The 
strength  of  his  imagination,  his  profound  insight  into  the  heart 
of  man  and  of  nature,  his  vigorous  intellectual  grasp  and  subtle 
analytic  acumen,  his  daring  fancy,  and  his  facile  command  of 
rythm  and  rime  are  revealed  in  the  two  important  volumes, 
"Lyrics  of  the  Ideal  and  Real,"  1887,  and  "Mists  of  Fire,"  1899, 
which  contain  a  great  variety  of  poems  dealing  with  themes  phil- 
osophical, religious,  patriotic,  social,  and  purely  aesthetic.  When 
at  his  best  Kinney  writes  with  a  vividness,  originality  and  beauty 
which  gives  a  surprise  and  delight  such  as  none  but  poets  of 
first  rate  genius  can  awaken.  If  called  upon  to  select  from  his 
later  volumes  the  lyrics  which  in  our  judgment  entitle  him  to  a 
place  of  distinction  among  the  poets  of  the  century,  our  list  of 
titles  would  include :  "The  Old  Apple-tree,"  "Apostrophe  of 
Death,"  "Alone,"  "Ships  Coming  In,"  "Mars,"  "Singing  Flame," 
"Vesuvius,"  "Madonna,"  and  "Our  Only  Day.'' 

John  James  Piatt  (1835 — ),  has  long  occupied  a  secure  and 
deservedly  conspicuous  position  as  one  of  Ohio's  indefatigable 
promoters  of  bcUcs  Icttres.  He  is  one  of  those  "planters  of  celes- 
tial plants,"  who  have  never  lost  faith  in  high  ideals  nor  in  the 
divinity  of  the  Muses.  He  has  devoted  much  of  his  energy  to 
elevating  the  literary  profession  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  both  by  his 
discriminating  work  as  an  editorial  writer  and  by  his  many  pub- 
lications in  choice  prose  and  genuine  poetry.  The  country  owes 
him  a  debt  of  gratitude  for  editing  that  notably  elegant  and 
compendious  volume,  "The  l^nion  of  American  Poetry  and  Art." 
and  for  issuing  the  more  recent  sumptuous  volumes  cf  "The  Hes- 
perian  Tree,"   a   AW^stern    Annual    containing  some  of   the  best 


Ohio  Centennial.  629 

literature  of  the  period.  Mr.  Piatt's  reputation  as  a  poet  is  estab- 
lished;  he  needs  no  new  encomium,  i^roud  and  jealous  of  the 
region  in  which  he  was  born  and  educated,  he  has  chosen  to 
write  much  on  local  themes,  "The  Pioneer's  Chimney,"  "The 
Lost  Farm,"  "The  Mower  in  Ohio,"  and  he  has  ^iven  subtle  and 
delicate  poetic  expression  to  thoughts  and  emotions  evoked  by 
the  idylic,  the  home-bred  and  the  pensive.  Since  1893  he  has 
resided  at  North  Bend,  Ohio,  devoting  his  time  to  literature.  In 
i860,  he  published,  in  collaboration  with  W.  D.  Howells,  a  first 
book,  "Poems  of  Two  Friends."  Other  of  his  poetical  writings 
are:  "The  Nests  at  Washington,"  "Poems  in  Sunshine  and  Fire- 
light," "Western  Windows,"  "Landmarks,"  "Poems  of  House 
and  Home,"  "Lyrics  of  the  Ohio  Valley,"  and  "The  Ghost's 
Entry  and  Other  Poems."  Flis  prose  style  is  show^n  at  its  best 
in  a  volume  of  delightfully  artistic  essays,  entitled,  "Penciled 
Fly  Leaves." 

Mrs.  Sarah  Morgan  Bryan  Piatt  (1836 — ),  wife  of  John 
James  Piatt,  is  a  w^oman  of  original  and  exceptional  genius  —  a 
poet  whose  name  shines  in  American  literature 

"Like  some  great  jewel   full  of  fire." 

She  is  unrivalled,  in  her  province  of  song,  by  any  living  writer 
of  her  sex,  wdiether  native  to  this  continent  or  of  foreign  birth. 
Though  her  range  of  concept  and  invention  is  not  wide,  nor  her 
methods  of  expression  remarkable  for  variety,  she  is  inimitable 
in  her  own,  vivid,  bold  and  suggestive  invention  and  manner. 
Wliatever  she  writes  has  meaning  —  and  the  significance  is  often 
deep  —  sometimes  strange  and  elusive  —  never  commonplace. 
Mrs.  Piatt's  rare  artistic  skill  has  been  admired  by  many  who 
appreciate  the  technical  difficulties  of  the  poetic  craft.  A  London 
critic  of  severe  discrimination  pronounces  that  her  work  is  "not 
easy  to  equal,  much  less  to  surpass,  on  either  side  of  the  Atlantic." 
She  is  the  author  of  the  following:  "A  Woman's  Poems,"  "A 
Voyage  to  the  Fortunate  Lsles,"  "That  New  World,"  "Poems 
in  Company  w^ith  Children,"  "Dramatic  Persons  and  Moods," 
"An  Irish  Garland,"  "In  Primrose  Time,"  "Child's  World  Bal- 
lads," "The  Witch  in  the  Glass,"  "An  Enchanted  Castle."     Her 


630  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

''Complete  Poems,"  in  two  volumes,  appeared  in  1894,  from  the 
jljess  of  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  New  York  and  London. 

Edith  Matilda  Thomas  (1854 — ),  a  brilliant  exponent 
of  the  culture  of  the  Western  Reserve,  modified  by  the  influence  of 
New  England  training,  was  born  in  Medina  county,  and  educated 
in  a  Normal  School  at  Geneva,  Ohio,  in  which  latter  tillage  her  lit- 
erary tendencies  were  encouraged  and  largely  developed.  In  her 
early  womanhood  she  came  under  the  influence  of  >\Irs.  Helen 
Hunt  Jackson  who  was  her  friend  and  counsellor.  In  1888,  Miss 
Thomas  removed  to  New  York  City,  where  she  still  resides,  and 
where,  as  did  Alice  Cary,  she  devotes  herself  to  authorship,  being 
an  accomplished  writer  in  prose  and  in  verse.  In  poetry  she  has 
published  several  small  volumes :  "A  New  Year's  Masque," 
"Lyrics  and  Sonnets,"  "The  Inverted  Torch,"  "Fair  Shadow 
Land,"  'Tn  Sunshine  Land,"  "In  the  Young  World," 
and  "A  Winter  Swallow,  and  Other  Averse."  That  she  is  a  true 
poet,  one  who  has  "slept  on  the  Mountain  of  Song,"  and  brought 
home  pure  Parnassian  dews,  those  who  appreciateively  read  her 
books  will  testify.  A  keen  and  trained  intellect,  a  versatile  and 
often  daring  fancy,  an  almost  passionate  love  of  nature,  an  Em- 
ersonian fondness  for  the  occult,  a  fine  taste  for  classicism  and 
for  the  suggestive  beauty  of  myth,  are  among  the  elements  for  her 
mind  and  of  her  artistic  equipment.  Her  poetry,  though  not 
characterized  by  intense  passion,  spontaneity  or  haunting  melody, 
is  remarkable  for  strength,  feeling,  delicacy,  variety  of  stanza 
form,  and  for  a  finish  found  only  in  the  work  of  literary  virtuosi. 
Of  recent  years  only  a  comparatively  few  writers  in  Ohio 
have  chosen  to  "strictly  mediate  the  Muse,"  thankless  or  other- 
wise, and  of  those  few,  the  majority  are  not  of  the  younger  gen- 
eration. No  list  of  Western  poets  would  be  complete  without 
the  name  of  "Kate  Brownlee  Sherwood"  (1841 — ),  of  Toledo, 
whose  patriotic  pen  gave  the  State  and  the  Republic  those  in- 
spiring books,  "Camp  Fire  and  Memorial  Day  Poems,"  and 
"Dreams  of  the  Ages,  a  Poem  of  Columbia."  Nor  should  the 
record  forget  the  name  of  Alice  Williams  P)rotherton,  accom- 
plished scholar  and  lecturer  on  literary  topics,  contributor  to  the 
"Century,"  and  author  of  two  books  of  well  conceived  and  care- 
fully wrought  verse,   "P)eyond  the  Veil,"   and   "The   Sailing  of 


Ohio  Centennial.  '  631 

King  Olaf."  William  Norman  Guthrie  (1868 — ),  author  of 
"Songs  of  American  Destiny,  or  a  Vision  of  New  Hellas,"  "To 
Kindle  the  Yule  Log,"  "The  Old  Hemlock,"  and  "The  Christ 
of  the  Ages,"  sings  a  subtle  Orphic  strain  in  forms  of  poetic  art 
which  follow  the  cult  of  Leopardi  and  George  Meredith. 

To  Dr.  John  Martin  Crawford  (1845  — )>  o^  Cincinnati,  late 
U.  S.  Consul  to  St.  Petersburg,  is  due  the  credit  for  having  ren- 
dered into  English  verse  the  famous  national  epic  of  Finland, 
the  "Kalevala." 

Thomas  Ewing,  Jr.,  son  and  grandson,  respectively,  of  the 
two  Ohio  statesmen  whose  name  he  bears,  is  the  author  of 
"Jonathan :  a  Tragedy,"  a  dignified,  scholarly  poem  elaborating 
the  story  of  Jonathan  and  David  as  told  in  the  first  book  of 
Samuel.  The  scenes  are  well  wrought  in  blank  verse  and  the 
whole  work  is  a  creditable  achievement  in  the  difficult  art  of 
dramatic  poetry. 

SOURCES    OF     INFORMATION. 

A  few  of  the  reference  books  consulted  in  the  preparation  of 
the  foregoing  sketch  are:  Coggeshall's  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  the 
West,"  i860;  Thomson's  "Bibliography  of  the  State  of  Ohio,"' 
1880;  "Biographical.  Cyclopaedia  of  the  State  of  Ohio,"  1887;: 
Stedman's  "A  Library  of.  American  Literature,"  1891  ;  Sted- 
nian's  "An  American  Anthology,"  1900;  Adams's  "A  Dictionary 
of  American  Authors,"  1902 ;  and  "Who's  Who  in  America,"' 
1902.  Much  use  has  been  made  of  library  catalogues  and  pub- 
lishers' lists.  Grateful  acknowledgment  is  made  of  special  cour- 
tesy and  aid  received  from  The  Library  of  Congress  and  The 
Public  Library  of  Cleveland.  The  writer  returns  personal  thanks. 
for  assistance  rendered  by  Hon.  E.  O.  Randall,  of  Columbus;. 
Hon.  C.  P>.  Galbreath,  Librarian  of  the  Ohio  State  Library;  Mr. 
N.  D.  C.  Hodges,  Librarian  of  the  Public  Library  of  Cincinnati ,-. 
and  by  Hon.  A.  R.  Spofiford,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

LIST   OF  OHIO   AUTHORS 

WHO    HAVE    WRITTEN    WITHIN    RECENT    YEARS. 

The  following  list  was  kindly  prepared  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.   N.  D.  C.   Hodges,  Librarian  of  the  Public  Library  of 


682  OJiio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Cincinnati.  The  names  given,  nearly  300  in  number,  are  those 
tf  literary  people  resident  in  Ohio,  who  have  writen,  chieUy  within 
recent  years,  books,  pamphlets  or  articles,  the  titles  of  which  are 
catalogued  in  the  Cincinnati  Public  Library  or  in  the  Cleveland 
Public  Library,  or  in  both.  To  save  space,  a  few  abbreviations 
are  used,  as  Cin.  for  Cincinnati,  CI.  for  Cleveland,  and  Col.  for 
Columbus. 

Allen.  Emory  Adams.     History,  Cincinnati. 

Ambler,  Henry  Lovejoy.     CI. 

Andreae,  Percy.    Fiction. 

Ashley,  Barnas  Freeman.     1833 — :    Ravenna. 

Avery,  Mrs.  Elroy  McKendree.     1844 — :     History  and  Science.     CI, 

Bains,  Minnie  Willis  Miller.     1845 — :     Springfield. 

Baldwin.  Charles  Candee.     Genealogy.     CI. 

Banks,  Louis  Albert.     1855 — :     Religious  works.     CI. 

Barnitz,   Albert.      Poetry.      CI. 

Barrows,   John    Henry.      1847-1892:     Religons    works.      Oberlin. 

Bashford.  James   Whitford.      1849 — :    Oratory.      Delaware. 

Bauder,  Levi  F.     1840—:    CI. 

Beal,  James   Hartley.     18G1 — :   "Scio. 

Beatty,  John.     1828 — :     Fiction.     Col. 

Beecher,  Edward  N.     CI. 

IBeneuict,  Anne  Kendrick.     1851 — :     Story.     Cin. 

Benedict,  Wayland  Richardson.     1848 — :     Psychology.     Cin. 

Benjamin,  Charles  Henry.     185<) — :    Science.     CI. 

Bennett,  Henry  Holcomb.     1863 — :    Ornithology,  Story.     Chillicothe. 

Bennett,  John.     18G5 — :    Fiction.   Poetry.     Chillicothe. 

Bennett,  V/hj^iam  Zebina.     1850 — :    Botany.     Wooster. 

Beyer,  Fred^ptck  Charles.     1858 — :    Editor  Leader.     CI. 

Bishop,  John  Remsen.     1860 — :    Classics.    Cin. 

Bliss,  Eugene  F.jederick.     1836 — :    History,  biography,  translatioiL     Cin. 

Bolles,  James  A.     Theology.     CI. 

Bolton,   Charles   Edward.     1841 — :    Civics,   municipal   science.     CI. 

Bolton,   Mrs.    Sarah    Elizabeth.     1841 — :    General    literature,    iuveniles. 

CI. 
Bookwalter.  John  Wesley.     1837 — :    Finance,  trade,  travel.     Springfield. 
Booth,  Mrs.  Emma  Scark.     Poetry.     CI. 
Boone,  Richard  Cause.     1849 — :    Education.     Cin. 
Bourne,    Edward   Gaylord.      1860 — :     History.     CI. 
Bourne,  Henry  Eldridge.     1867 — :    History,  civics.     CI. 
Brain,  Belle  M.     1859 — :    Religion,   sociology.     Springfield. 
Braine.  Robert  D.     1861 — :     Music,  etc.     Springfield. 
Bray.  Frank  Chaptn.     1866 — :    Editor  The  Chautauquan.     CI. 
Brewer,  Abraham   T.     Law.     CI. 


Ohio  Centennial.  683 

TBrockhoven,  John  A.     1852 — :    Music.     Cin. 

Brotherton^  Mrs.  Alice  Williams.     Poetry.    Cin. 

Brown,  William  Kennedy.     1834 — :    Woman  Suffrage,  etc.     Cin. 

Brown,  William  M'ontgomery.     1855 — :    Bishop,  author  of  "The  Church 

for  Americans."     CI. 
Buck,  Jirad  Dewey.     18G4 — :    Medicine,  theosophy.     Cin. 
Burnett,  C.    CI. 

Burnet,   Margaretta.     Zoology.     Cin. 

'Cadwallader,  Starr.     1869 — :    Social  settlemetit  literature.     CI. 
Chesnutt,  Charles  Waddell.     1858 — :    Novels.     CI. 
Colby,  Henry  Francis.     1807 — :    Biography,  religion.     Dayton. 
Collins,  Clinton.     Poetry.     Cin. 
CoNKLiN,   Dr.   W.   T.     1844 — :     Medicine.      Dayton. 
Conover,  Charlotte  Reeve.     History,  Dayton. 
Collins,  Mrs.  Laura  G.     Poetry.     Cin. 
CoLLORD,  IsoRA.     Genealogy.     Cin. 

Conner,  Levietta  Bartlett.     Compiler  "Parents'   Heart  in   Song,"     Cin. 
Conner.  Dr.   Phineas  Sanborn.     1839 — :    Surgery.     Cin. 
CooKE.  J.  Edmund  Vance.     CI. 
Cory.  Harry  Thomas.    1870 — :    Engineering.     Cin. 
Cox,  Jacob  Dolson.     Military  history.     Cin. 
Crile.  George  W.    CI. 
Crook.  Isaac,,  ex-president  O.  W.  University.     Biography,  church  history, 

etc.,  Ironton. 
Curtis.  Mattoon   Monroe.      1858 — :      Philosophy,   ethics,  etc.     CI. 
Gushing,  Henry  Platt.     1860 — :    Science.     CI. 
Danziger,  Henry.     1852 — :    Editor.     Cin. 
Davey,  John. 
Davis,  Emma  C.     CI. 

Denney,  Joseph  Villiers.     1862 — :    Rhetoric,  literature.     Col. 
Devereaux,   Mary.     Author  of  "From  Kingdom  to   Colony."     CI. 
Edgar,  John  F.     1814 — :    Pioneer  life.    Dayton. 
Ellard,  Mrs.  Virginia  G.     Story  and  poems.     Cin. 
Ellard,  Harry.     Story  and  poems.     Cin. 
Elliott.  Henry  Wood.     1840 — :    Science,  Alaska,  etc.     CI. 
Emerson,    Oliver    Farrar.     186u — :    Literary    critic,    philologist,    author 

"Memoirs  of  Gibhon."    CI. 
Emmett,  Daniel  Decatur      1815 — :     Famous  song  writer.     Mt.  Vernon. 
Everts.  Orpheus.     1826 — :    Temperance,  sanitation,  etc.     Cin. 
EwTNC.  Emma  Pike.     1838 — :     Cookery,  etc.     Marietta. 
Ewtng,  Hugh  Boyle.     1826 — :     Fiction.     Lancaster. 
Fairchild,  Gerard  James  Harris.     1817 — :    Theology,  ethics,  education. 

Oberlin. 
Farmer,  Mrs.  Lydia  Hoyt.     Books  for  the  young.     CI. 
Farmer,  James  Eugene.     1867 — :    Essays,  fiction.     CI. 
Farmer,  Silas.     1839 — :    History.     CI. 


634  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications^ 

FoRAN,  Martin  A.    CI. 

Fdl^TER,  Leonard  G.     CI. 

FowKE,  Gerard.     1855 — :    Archseology.     Chillicothe. 

Freese,  Andrew.     CI. 

Fowler,  Harold  North.     1859 — :    Greek  and  Latin  texts.     CI. 

Galbreath,    Charles    Burleigh.     1858  — :     "Lafayette's   Visit   to   Ohio."" 

1903.     Col. 
Gantvoort,  Arnold  J.     1857 — :    Music.     Cin. 
GiAouE,  Florian.     1843 — :,  Numerous  law  books.     Cin. 
Gilchrist,  Rosetta  L.     CI. 

Gladden,    Washington.     1836 — :     Religion,    sociology,   civics,   etc.      CoL 
Glacier,  Jessie.     CI. 
Gleason,  W.  J.    CI. 

Gordy,  John  Pancoast.     1851 — :     History,  education.     Col. 
Goss,  Charles  Frederick.     1852 — :    Fiction.     Cin. 
Groesbeck,  Telford.     Author  of  ''The  Incas."     Cin. 
Grossman,  Louis.     1863 — :    Judaism.     Cin. 
Guilford.  Linda  Thayer.     CI. 

Gulick,  John   Thomas.     1832 — :    Evolution  theory,   etc.     Oberlin_ 
Guthrie,  William  Norman.    1868 — :    Essay,  poetry.    Cin. 
Haacke.    Heinrich.     1832 — :     Poems   in   German.     Cin. 
Hailman.  William  Nicholas.     1836 — :    Education.     Dayton. 
Hall,  Charles  G.     Railway  history.     Cin. 
Halsted,  Murat.     1829 :     Politics,  history,  biography.     Cin. 
Hanscom,  Alice  Emily.     CI. 

H.arbaugh,  Thomas  Chalmers.     1849—:    Poems.     Casstown. 
Harrington.  Vernon  C.     CI. 

Hardin,  Willett  Lepley.     1868 — :    Science.     Lima. 
Harris,  Charles.     CI. 
Harvey.  Charles  M.    Cin. 
Hatch,  Mrs.  Arthur  E.     CI. 
Hathaway,  B.  A.      Grammar.    Lebanon. 
Haydn,  Hiram  Collins.     1851 — :    Sermons,  etc.     CI. 
Hayes.  Max  S.     1866 — :    Editor  Cleveland  Citizen.     CI. 
Henderson.  Edwin.     Municipal  history.     Cin. 
Herholz,  Alfred.     1851 — :    Translating  journalist.     Cin. 
Herrick,  Charles  Judson.     1858 — :    Biology.     Granville. 
Herrick,  Francis  Hobart.     1858 — :    Biology.     CI. 
Herrick,  Lucius  Carroll.     1840:     Genealogist.     Col. 
Hickenlooper,  Andrew.     1837 — :    Fuel  Gas.     Cin. 
Htnman,  Wilbur  F.     Fiction.     CI. 
Hill.  Mrs.  Marian.     1870 — :    Story  and  verse.     CI. 
Hobbs.  Perry  L.     1861 — :    Chemistry.     CI. 
Hodge.  Orlando  John.     CI. 
Hopkins,  Wm.  Rowland.     Street  Railways.    CI. 
Horr,  Norton  Townsend.     1862 — :    Municipal  law.     CI. 
Hosea,  Mrs.  Lucy.    Fiction.    Cin. 


Ohio  Centennial.  635-- 

HoTCHKiss^  Willis  R.     CI. 

Howe,  Frederick  Clemsen.     1867 — :    Taxation,  revenue,  etc.     CI. 

Howe,  Henry.     1816 — :    History.     Col. 

HuBBELL,  Gabriel  G.     Spiritualism,  psychic  research.    Cin. 

Hudson,  Thomas  J.     1834 — :    Psychic  phenomena.     CI. 

HuLBERT,  Archer  Butler.     Historical  Highways,  etc.     CI. 

Hyde,  Edward  Wyllys.     1843 — :    Mathematics.     Cin. 

Ingham,  Mrs.  W.     CI. 

IsHAM,  Asa  Brainard.     1844 — :    Medicine,  war  history.     Cin. 

Jagger,  Thomas  Augustus.     1839 — :    P.  E.  bishop.     Religion.     Cin. 

Jaggar,  T.  a.,  Jr.     Geology.     Cin. 

Jones,  George  James.     1856 — :    Theology,   philosophy.     Jackson. 

Jones,  Nelson  Edwards.  1821 — :  "The  Squirrel  Hunters  of  Ohio,"  etc.. 
Circleville. 

Jones,  Samuel  M.  1846 — :  "Golden  Rule  Jones."  Socialistic  books- 
Toledo. 

Jones,  Myrtle  Leonora.     CI. 

Jones,  Virginia  Smith.  1827 — :  "Nests  and  Eggs  of  Birds  of  Ohio."^ 
Circleville. 

Karr,  Mrs.  Elizabeth.  Author  of  "The  American  Horsewoman."  North 
Bend. 

Keeler,  Harriet  Louise.     Trees.     CI. 

Kellerman,  Wm.   Ashbrook.     1850 — :    Botany.     Col. 

Keifer,  Gfn.  Jos.  Warren.     1836 — :     Slavery,  war.     Springfield. 

Keister,  D.  a.    CI. 

Kelley,  Michael  J.     History  of  St.  Mary's  Sem.    Cin. 

Kephart,  Isaiah  La  Fayette.  1832 — :  Editor  "Religious  Telescope." 
Dayton. 

Kimball,  Kate  Fisher.  1860 — :  Editor  "Round  Table,"  in  the  "Chau- 
tauquan."     CI. 

King,  Henry  Churchhill.     1858 — :    Theology,  philosophy.     Oberlin. 

Kinney,  Coates.    1826 — :    Poet.     Cin. 

Kirchner,  Adelaide  Rosalind.     Author  of  "A  Flag  for  Cuba."     CI. 

Knight,  George  Wells.     1858 — :    History.     Col. 

Langley,  John  Williams.     1841 — :    Electricity,  etc.     CI. 

Latchaw,  John  Roland  Harris.  1851 — :  Psychology,  theology,  educa- 
tion.    Defiance. 

Lawrence,  James.  CI. 

Lazenby,  Wm.  Rane.     1852 — :    Horticulture,  forestry.     Col. 

Lee,  Benjamin  Franklin.  1841 — :  Bishop,  African  M.  E.  Church. 
Methodism.     Wilberforce.       ■* 

Leggett,  Mortimer  D.  1821-1896 :  Author  of  "A  Dream  of  a  Modest 
Prophet."    CI. 

Lenski,  Richard  Charles.  1864 — :  Religious  writings  in  English  and  in 
German.     Anna,  O. 

Leonard.  Wm.  Andrew.  1848 — :  P.  E.  Bishop  of  Ohio.  Christian  re- 
ligion, etc.    CI. 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

LiNDAHL.  John  Harold  Josua.     1848 — :    Science,  zoology.     Cin. 

Unscott,  Mrs.  Hilda  Bates.     CI. 

Lloyd,  John  Uri.     1849 — :    Pharmac}^  chemistry,  fiction.     Cin. 

Lloyd,  J.  U.  &  Curtis  C.  Author  of  "Drugs  and  Medicines  of  North 
America."     Cin. 

Locke,  Robinson.     1856 — :    Jonrnahst,  '"Toledo  Blade."     Toledo. 

Long,    Simon  Peter.     18G0 — :  Religion.     Col. 

Lord,  Nathaniel  Wright.     1854 — :    Metallurgy,  mineralogy.     Col. 

LoY,  Matthias.     1829 — :    Theology.     Col. 

Ludlow,  Arthur  Clyde.     CI. 

Ludlow,  Mrs.  Rose  Roeder.     CI. 

Mac  Dill,  David.     1820 — :    Biblical  subjects.     Xenia. 

McLaughlin,  Mary  Louise.     Ceramics,  painting.     Cin. 

McLeish,  Dr.  John  Lewin.     Novels.     Cin. 

Macmillan,  George  Whitfield.     Moral  Science,  religion.     Richmond,  O. 

McRae,   Milton   A.     1858 — :    Scripps,   McRae   League.     Cin. 

McWhinney,  Thomas  Martin.  Christian  ethics  and  Psychology.  Day- 
ton. 

Matson,  Henry.     1829 — :    General  culture.     Oberlin. 

May,  Max  Benjamin.     Historic  sketches.     Cin. 

Mears,    David    Otis.      1842 — :     Religous    biography,    sermons,    etc.,     CI. 

Mees,    Theo.    Martin    K.     1848 — :     Pedagogics,    etc.     Woodville,    O. 

Mielziner,  Rev.   Moses.     1828-1903:  'Judaism,  etc.     Cin. 

Minor,  Dr.  Thomas  Chalmers.     1840 — :    Medicine,  fiction,     Cin. 

Montfort.  Francis  Cassatt.     1844 — :    Theology,  etc.     Cin. 

MooREHEAD,  Warren  King.     1800 — :    Archaeology.     Circleville. 

Morgan,  Anna  Eugenia  Felicia.  1845 — :  Scripture,  philosophy,  etc. 
Oberlin. 

MoRLEY,    Edward    Williams.      1839 — :     Chemistry.      CI. 

Morris,  Edward  Dafvdd.     Theology.     Col. 

Morris,   Homer.     18()8 — :    Cin. 

Morrow,  James  B.     1850 — :    Editor  "Leader."     CI. 

MuNN,   Hiram   H.     1830—:  History.     CI. 

Murray,  Charles  Burleigh.     1837 — :    Statistics.     Cin. 

Myers,   Philip  Van  Ness.     1840 — :    History,  College  Hill. 

Nelson,  Henry  Addison.     1820 — :    Theology.     Wooster. 

Norton,  Sidney  Augustus.     1835 — :    Chemistry,  physics.    Col. 

Norton,  Thos.  H.     1851 — :    Chemistry.     Cin. 

Orr,  Charles.     CI. 

Osborn,   Herbert.     1850 — :    Biology,  embryology.     Col. 

Page,  Lorence  M.     CI. 

Painter,  Mrs.  J.  V.     CI. 

Parsons,  Richard  C.     CI. 

Patterson,  S.  Louise.     CI. 

Peaslee.  John  Bradley.     1842 — :     Education.     Cin. 

Pennock,  Anna  M.     Psycholog)',  education.     Toledo. 


Ohio  Centennial.  637 

Perdue,  Eugene  Hartley.     1845 — :    Journalism.     CI. 

Perry,  Alfred  Tyler.     1858 — :    Biblical  works.     Marietta. 

Peschan,  F.  W.  E.  1849 — :  Lutheran  writer  of  prose  and  verse.  Mi- 
amisburg. 

Philipson,  David.     1862 — :    Judaism,  literature.     Cin. 

Phister.    Montgomery.      1852 — :    Dramatic   criticism.      Cin. 

Piatt,  John  James.     1835—:    Poet.     North  Bend,  O. 

Piatt,  Mrs.  S.  M.  B.     1836—:    Poet,  North  Bend,  O. 

Pitman.  Benn.      1822 — :    Phonography.     Cin. 

Platner,  Samuel  Ball.     1863.     Greek  and  Latin  Classics.     CI. 

Porter,  W.  T.    Railroading.     Cin. 

Prosser,  Charles  Smith.     1860 — :    Geology.     Col. 

Randall,   Emilius  Oviatt.     1850 — :    History,  general   literature.     Col. 

Ravogli,  Augustus.     1851 — :     Medicine.     Cin. 

Reed,   Chas.   A.   Lee.     1856 — :     Surgery,   etc.     Cin. 

Reeve,    James    Knapp.      1856 — :     Fiction.      Franklin.    Ohio. 

Reeve,  John  Charles.     1826 — :    Medicine.     Dayton. 

Reeve,  Sidney  Amor.     186() — :    Science.     Dayton. 

RoBH.  Mrs.  Isabel  H.     CI.    ' 

Robertson,  George  A.  1851 — :  Journalism,  history.  Editor  "Recorder."' 
CI. 

Roe.  George  M.     Municipal  history.     Cin. 

Roe,    Mary   Josephine.     Genealogy   and    general    literature.      Cin. 

Rohe,  Charles  Henry.     1846-1902.     Fiction,  poems.     Col. 

Rose.  Mrs.  Martha  E.     CI. 

RoYSE,  Noble  K.     Essays,  school-books.     Cin. 

Russell.   Addison    Peale.      1826 — :    General    literature.      Wilmington. 

Ryan.  W.  A.     Cin. 

Sal?n,  Chas.  P.    CI. 

St.  John.  Chas.  Edward.     1857 — :    Physics,  astronomy.     Oberlin. 

Sanders.  Thos.  J.     1855 — :    Theology,  philosophy.     VVesterville. 

Sargeant,  Kate.     CI. 

Sattler.  Eric  E.      1859 — :  Medicine,  etc.     Cin. 

Scarborough.  Wm.   S.     1852 — :    Education,   philology,   etc.      Wilberforce; 

ScHAFF.  David  Schley.     1852 — :    Biography.     Cin. 

ScHUETTE,  Conrad  H.  L.     1843 — :    Church  affairs.     Col. 

ScovEL.  Sylvester  Fithian.  •  1835 — :    Morals,  sociology.     Wooster. 

Scribner,  Harvey.     1850 — :     Author,  "My  Mysterious  Clients."     Toledo.. 

Scudder.  John  Milton.  M.  D.     Many  books  on  Eclectic  Medicine.     Cin, 

Sharts.  Joseph.     Fiction.       Cin. 

Sherwood,  Isaac  R.  1835 — :  Journalist,  author  of  "The  Army  Gray- 
back."     CI. 

Sherwood.  Mrs.  Katherine  M.  Brownlee.     1841 — :    Poet.     Toledo. 

Shoemaker.   Michael  Myers.     History,  travel.     Cin. 

Shuey,  Edwin  L.     Sociology.     Dayton. 

Siebert.  Wilbur  Henry.     1866 — :    Historv.     Col. 


'638  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Slocum,  Chas.  Ehlin.     1841 — :    History,  Genealogy.     Defiance. 

♦erry,  Lyman  Beecher.     1841 — :    Physical  science,  morals.     Oberlin, 

Sprague,  Mary  Aplin.     1849 — :    Fiction.  Newark,  Ohio. 

Sprecher,  Samuel  P.     CI. 

Springer,  Narcissa  S.     CI. 

Sproull,  Wm.  Oliver.     1848—:    Latin  and  oriental  literature.     Cin. 

Staley,   Cady.      1840—:     Of   the   Case   School.     Sewerage,   etc.     CI. 

Stanberry.  Mrs.  Geo.  A.     Cin. 

Steele,   Robert  W.     History.     Dayton. 

Steele,   Mary  D.     Essay.     Dayton. 

Stellhorn,  Frederick  W.     1841 — :    Theology.     Col. 

Stephenson.   Nathaniel   Wright.     Fiction.     Cin. 

■Stevens.  Geo.  W.     186t) — :    Poems.     Toledo. 

Stevenson.  Egbert  Burton.     1872 — :    Fiction.     Chillicothe. 

Stewart,  Eliza  Daniel.  1816 — :  "Mother  Stewart,"  Temperance. 
Springfield. 

Stockwell,   John    Nelson.     1832 — :    Astronomy.     CI. 

Super,  Charles  W.     1842 — :    Romance  languages,  education.     Athens,  O. 

-Swasey,  Ambrose.     1840 — :    Machinery.    CI. 

SwEETZER,  Delight.  AIrs.  F.  F.  Prentice.  1873 — :  Stories,  translations, 
etc.     CI. 

Taft.  Chas.    P.     1843—:    Education.     Cin. 

Tapi'an.  David  Stanton.     1845 — ■:    Religious  works.     Oxford. 

Taylor,  Archibald  A.  E.     1834 — :  Poems.     Col. 

Terry,  Theodore  Brainard.     1843 — :    Farming.     Hudson. 

Thalheimer,   Mary   Elsie.     History.     Cin. 

Thompson,  Adela  E.     Fiction.     CI. 

Thompson,  Eliza  J.  T.  1816 — :  "The  Mother  of  the  Crusade."  Tem- 
perance.    Hillsboro. 

Thompson,  HENR^'  Adams.  1837 — :  Biographical  and  historical  books 
relating  to  church.     Dayton. 

Thompson,  Ralph  Seymour.  Editor  of  the  "New  Era."  Temperance. 
Springfield. 

Thompson,  Will  L.  1847 — :    Song  writer.     East  Liverpool. 

Thomson,    Peter   Gibson.     Bibliography.     Cin. 

TnvyiNG,  Charles  Franklin.  1853 — :  College  life  and  general  culture. 
CI. 

Tuttle,   Hudson.     1836 — :    Religion,    spiritualism.     Berlin   Heights. 

TuTTLE,  Emma  Rood.     1839 — :    Reform  poems.      Berlin  Heights. 

Tuttle,  Mary  M.  T.     1849 — :    Temperance.     Hillsboro. 

Venable,  Wm.  Henry.     1836 — :    History,  fiction,  poetry.     Cin. 

Venable,  William   Mayo.     1871 — :     Military  history,   engineering.     Cin. 

Venable,  Mary.     Writings  on  Music.     Cin. 

Vincent.  Boyd.     1845 — :    P.  E.  Bishop.     Religion.     Cin. 

Wald.  Gustavus  Henry.     1853 — :    Law.     Cin. 

Walden,  John  Morgan.     1831 — :    M.  E.   Bishop.     Methodism,  etc.     Cin. 


Ohio  Centennial.  639 

"Walker.  Paul  Francis.     Spanish  icxt-books.     Cin. 

Walton.  Charles  Eugak.     1849 — :    Aledicine.     Cin. 

Warner,  Auoniran  Judson.     1884 — :    Finance.     Marietta. 

Warren,  Frederick  Morris.     185!)—:    Romance   languages,   etc.     CI. 

Watson,  David  Kemper.     1849 — :    Coinage,   law,  etc.     Col. 

Whitco.md.   Merrick.     History.     Cin. 

West,   Thomas   Dyson.     Metallurgy   and   foundry  work.     CI. 

White.  Emerson  Eldridge.     1829 — :    Pedagogics,  school  text-books.    Col. 

Whittaker.  Dr.  James  T.     1843-1900:    Medicine.     Cin. 

Whittaker,   William   Henry.     Law.     Cin. 

Williams.  D.\vu).     1848 — :    Medicine.     Col. 

AVlson.  Moses  Fleming.     1889 — :    Criminal  Code.     Cin. 

Wise,  Rai',]',!  Isaac  Mayer.     1819-1900:    Theology,  history,  polemics.    Cin. 

Wright,  Geor(;e  Frederick.  1888 — :  Editor  "Bibliotheca  Sacra,"  volu- 
minous writer  on  scientific  and  religious  topics,  special  student  of 
glacial   phenomena.     Oberlin. 

Wright.  Henry  Collier.     Cin. 

Young,  Jessie  Row. max.  1844 — :  Author  of  "Days  and  Xights  on  the 
Sea,"   "Helps  for  the  Quiet   Home,"  etc.     Cin. 

Zollars,  Eli  Vaughan.     1847 — :    Biblical   Studies.     Hiram,  O. 

POETRY. 

some  OHIO  writers  of  verse  and  their  works. 

The  following  list  was  furnished  by  Hon.  C.  B.  Galbreath,  State 
Librarian.  It  comprises  an  approximately  complete  catalogue  of  the 
Ohio  verse-writers  who  have  published  in  book  form.  All  the  earlier 
books  and  many  of  the  later  ones  are  to  be  found  in  the  State  Library, 
Columbus,  Ohio. 

Adams,     Charles    Josiah.     1850 — :    The    Matterhorn'   head    and    other 

poems,   1899. 
Adams,  James  Barton.     1843 — :    Breezy  western  verse,   1898. 
Albaugh,  N.  H.     Wayside  blossoms.     Dayton,  1885. 
Arey,  Harriet  Ellen   G.     1819 — :    Household  songs  and  others  poems. 

New  York.     1885. 
Bacon,  Delia.     1811-1859:    The  Bride  of  Fort  Edward :    a  drama.     1850. 
Barnes,   Henry  :     Guerilla  bride.     1858. 
Barnitz,  a.  T.  S.     Mystic  delvings.     Cin.     1857. 
Barritt,  Mrs.  F.  F.     18-2()-  ?  :    Azlea :    a  tragedy.     1846. 
Bell.   James   Madison.      1826-1902:     Poetical    works   of   James   M.    Bell. 

1901. 
BiDDLE.  Horace  P.     1811-  ?  :    A  few  poems.     Laporte.     1857. 
Brannan.  Wm.  Penx.     1825-18(56:     Vagaries  of  Van  Dyke  Browne.    Cin. 

1865. 


640  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Brothekton,  M(rs.   Alice  Williams  :      Beyond  the  veil.     Chicago.     1886'.- 

A       Sailing  of  King  Olaf.     Chicago.     1887. 
Brown,  W.  W.  :  Bread  if  you  please.     Cleve.  n.  d. 
Burnett,  Alfred.     1825-  ? :     Poems  and  recitations.     Cin.     1847. 
Cary,   Alice.      1820-1871 :     Poems.      Boston.      1855.      Last   poems.      1873. 

Poetical  v/orks.      1883. 
Cary,  Phoebe.     1824-1871:    Poems  and  parodies.     Boston.     1854. 
Cary,  Alice  and  Phoebe  :    Poetical  works,  with  memorial.     Boston.  1880, 
Cist,   Lewis  J.     1818-1885:    Trifles  in  verse.     Cin.     1845. 
Coffinberry,  Andrew:  The  Forest  rangers.  A  poetic  tale  of  the  western 

wilderness  of  1794.     Columbus.     1842. 
Coffen,  J.  F. :  The  fate  of  genius.     Cin.  1835. 
Collins,  Laura  G.  :  Immortelles  and  asphodels.     Cin.     1893. 
Collins,  Charles  H.  :    Echoes  from  the  Highland  Hills.     The  New  Year 

comes,    my   lady.     Buffalo.     1895. 
Cooper,  Dr.  W.  C.  :     Tethered  truants.     Poems,  etc.     Cin.     1897. 
CoRwiN,  J.  H. :    The  harp  of  home:    or  the  medley.     Cin.     1858. 
Crihfield,  a.  :    The  Universaliad.     Cin.      1849. 

Criswell,  R.   C.  :   The  new   Shakespeare  and  other  travesties.     1882. 
Denton,  William.     1823-  ?  :    Poems  for  reformers.     Cleve.     1859. 
Dexter,  Charles  :    Versions  and  verses.     Boston.     1865.     In  memoriam, 

Versions  and  idle  measures.     1891. 
Dillon,  John  B.  :     Burial  of  the  beautiful.     1826. 
DooLiTTLE,  J.   C. :    Poems.     Toledo.     1858. 
DoRSAY.  G.  Volney  :    Oedipus  Tyrannus  of  Sophocles.     1880. 
Dunbar,   Paul  Laurence.     1872 — :  Oak  and  ivy.    Dayton.    1893.    Majors 

and  minors.    Dayton.     1895.    Lyrics  of  lowly  life.    New  York.    1896. 

Lyrics  of  the  hearthside.     New  York.     1899.     Lyrics  of  love  and 

laughter.      New   York.      1903. 
Edgerton.  James   Arthur.     1869 — :    Poems.   1889. 
Eldredge,   Elizabeth   Florence:  Heart  Songs.     Cin.     1902. 
Ellard.  Harry  G.  :    Poems. 
Emerson.   W.    D.      1813-  ?  :     Occasional   thoughts   in   verse.     Springfield. 

1851. 
Emmett,   Daniel  Decatur.    1815 — :     Hundreds  of  songs,   including   Old 

Dan  Tucker,   Dixie,  etc. 
EwiNG.  Thomas  Jr.:    Jonathan:    a  tragedy.     New  York.     1902. 
Flash.  Henry  Lynden.     1835-  ?  :    Poems.     1860. 

Flint,  Micah  P.     1807-1830:    The  hunter  and  other  poems.    Boston.    1826. 
FosDicK,  William  White.max.     1825-1862:    Ariel  and  other  poems.     New 

York.     1855. 
Frankenstein.  John  :     American   art.   A   satire.     Cin.   1864. 
Fuller,  Frances  A.  and  Metta  V. :    Poems  of  sentiment  and  imagination. 

New  York.     1851. 
Furnas.  Boyd  E.     1848-1897:    Poems  of  heart  and  home.  1895. 
Gage,  Mrs.   F.  D.     1808-1884:     Poems  by  Frances  Dana  Gage.   186—. 


Ohio  Centennial.  641 

Gallagher,  William  Davis.    1808-1894 :    Erato.     In  three  small  volumes. 

Cin.     1835-7.     Poetical   literature  of  the   We^t.     Cin.      1841.     Mi- 
ami Woods  and  other  poems.     Cin.  1881. 
Gazlay,  J.  W.    1784—1874 :    Sketches  of  life  and  social  relations,  with  other 

poems.     1860. 
Gennin,   Thomas    H.      1822-  ?  :     The    Napolead    in    twelve   books.     St. 

Clairsville.     1833. 
Guest,  Moses.     1756-  ?  :    Poems  and  extracts  from  journal.     Cin.    1823- 
GuNSAULUs,  Frank  Wakeley.     1856 — :    Songs  of  night  and  day.    1896, 

Loose  leaves  of  song.     Phidias  and  other  poems. 
Guthrie,  Wm.  .Norman.     1868 — :    To  kindle  the  yule  log.     Cin.     1899. 

A  Vision  of  New  Hellas.     Cin.  1900.    The  old  hemlock.     Cin.  1902. 

The  Christ  of  the  ages.     Cin.      1903. 
Hanby,  Benjamin  R.     1834-1867 :     Nellie  Gray  and  other  songs. 
Harbaugh,  T.  C.     1849—:    Maple  leaves.     Cin.  1884. 
Harrison,  Jennie  M.  :    Leola  Leroy.     1872. 
Hay,    John.     1838 — :     (Sometime   of   Cleveland,    Ohio.):    Pike    county 

ballads.     1871.     Castilian  days.     1871.     Poems.     1890. 
Hentz,  Mrs.  Caroline  Lee.    1800-1856:    Lamorah;    or  the  western  wild; 

a  tragedy.     De  Lara;  or  the  Moorish  bride;  a  tragedy.     1843.     Con- 
stance of  Werdenberg;   a  tragedy. 
Hodson,  Joseph  :    Miscellaneous  Poems.     Wellsville.     1866. 
Howe,  Mrs.  Sarah  J.:    Boselas  II;    or  the  seige  of  Kiow,  drama.     1847. 
Howells.  William  Dean.    1837 — :    Poems.  1867.    Stops  of  various  quills. 

1895. 
Isler,   Arnold:     Wild  thoughts   in   rhymes.   Columbus.      1873. 
Jones,  Charles  A.     1815-  ?  :    The  Outlaw  and  other  poems.     1835. 
Kinney,   Coates.     1826 — :  Keeuka  and  other  poems.     Cin.     1855.     Lyrics 

of  the  real  and  the  ideal.     Cin.  1887.     Mists  of  Fire  and  other  poems. 

Chicago.    1899. 
Lawrence,  Wm.  V. :    Ellina,  the  bride  of  Montrose,  Cambridge.     1873. 
Lawrence,   Mrs.   Ida   Eckert  :    Day  dreams.     Cin.     1900. 
Leavitt,  John  McDowell.     1824-1888:    Faith:  a  poem.     Cin.  1856. 
Lloyd,   Mrs.   Sophia  Webster:    Poems.     Cin.  18 — ? 
Locke,  David  Ross.     1833-1888:    Hannah  Jane.     1882. 
Longworth,  Nicholas  :    Electra.  Cin.     1878. 
LovEMAN,  Robert.     1864 — :    Poems.    1897.     Book  of  verses.     1900. 

Lute.  :    Poems.     Dayton.     1858. 

Lytle,  William  Haines.     1826-1863:     Poems,  edited  by  W.  H.  Venable. 

Cin.     1894. 
McGaffey,  Ernest.    1861 — :   Poems  of  gun  and  rod.   1892.    Poems.   1895. 

Poems  of  the  town.     1900.     Sonnets  to  a  wife.     1901. 
McLaughlin,  E.  A.    1798-  ?  :   Lovers  of  the  deep  and  other  poems.    Cin. 

1841. 
Mering,  Anna  S.  :    Songs  in  the  night.     Cin.  1855. 
Moore,  Thomas  Emmett:  Poems.     (Ready  for  the  press)  1903. 

41    o.  c. 


642  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Nevin,   William    Channing.     1844—:     Norsemen.     Legend   of   Katama 

^  Bay.     Martha's  Vineyard. 

Nicholas,   Mrs.   Rebecca   S.     1820—:    Bernice  and  other  poems.     Cin. 
1844.    Songs  of  the  heart  and  the  hearthstone.     Phil.    1851. 

O'Hare,  Teresa  Beatrice:    Songs  at  twihght.  1897. 

Piatt,  Donn.     1819-1891 :    Poems  and  Plays.     Cin.     1893. 

Piatt,  John  James.  1835—:  Poems  in  sunshine  and  firelight.  Cin. 
1866.  Western  windows,  New  York.  1869.  Landmarks,  New 
York.  1871.  Poems  of  house  and  home,  Boston.  1878.  Idyls  and 
lyrics  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  Cin.  1881.  At  the  Holy  Well,  Dublin. 
1887.  Book  of  Gold.  1889.  Little  New  World  idyls.  1893.  The 
Ghost's  Entry  and  other  poems.  1895.  Poems  of  two  friends. 
(Piatt  and  W.   D.  Howells.)   1860. 

Piatt,  Sarah  Morgan  Bryan.  1836—:  Nests  at  Washington  and  other 
poems,  (with  Mr.  Piatt).  1864.  Children  out  of  doors.  Cin.  1885. 
A  Woman's  poems.  Boston.  1871.  A  Voyage  to  the  Fortunate 
Islands,  Boston.  1874.  That  New  World  and  other  poems,  Boston. 
1876,  Poems  in  company  with  children.  1877.  Dramatic  persons 
and  moods.  1880.  Irish  Garland.  1885.  Selected  poems.  1885.  In 
Primrose  time.  1886.  Child's  world  ballads.  1887.  The  W^itch  in 
the  glass.  1889.  Irish  wild  flowers.  1891.  The  Enchanted  Castle. 
1893.     Complete  poems.   1894. 

Pierce,  Thomas  :  Odes  of  Horace  in  Cincinnati,  Cin.  1822.  Muse  of 
Hesperia.     Cin.   1823. 

Plimpton,  Florus  B.  1830 — :  Poems.  (Illustrated  memorial  edition.) 
Cin.  1886. 

Pummill,  James.     1828 — :    Fugitive  poems.     Cin.     1846. 

Read,  Thomas  Buchanan.  1822-1872:  "Sheridan's  Ride,"  etc.  Cin. 
1861-7. 

Reid,  Peter  Fische:     Voices  of  the  wind.    Chicago.    1868. 

Rice,  Harvey.  1800—?  Mount  Vernon  and  other  poems.  1860.  Select 
Poems.    Boston.  1878. 

Roberts,  Anna  S  (Rickey).  1827-1858:  Forest  flowers  of  the  West. 
Phil.  1850. 

Ross,  Alex.  Coffman.    1812-1883:    Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too. 

Scrimpton,  Charles  :    The  Inebriate.     Cin.  1858. 

Sew  all,  Alice  Archer,  1870 — :  Ode  to  girlhood,  and  other  poems.  1899. 
Ballad  of  the  prince.     1900. 

Seymour,  Thomas  Day,  Ed.  1848 — :  Selected  odes  of  Pindar.  Boston. 
1882.     Homer's  Iliad.     Boston.    1887-90. 

Shade,  W.  H.  T.  :    Buckeyeland  and  Bohemia.     Hillsboro.    1895. 

Shannon,  Mrs.  M.  E.  (Fee).  1824-1855:  Buds,  blossoms  and  leaves. 
Poems  by  Eulalie.     Cin.     1854. 

Sharp,  Kate  Dooris  :    Eleanor's  Courtship.     1888. 

Sherwood,  Katharine  Margaret.  1841 — :  Camp-fire  and  Memorial- 
Day  poems.  Chicago.  1885.  Dreams  of  the  ages;  a  poem  of  Co- 
lumbia.  1893. 


Ohio  Centennial.  643 

Snider,  Denton  Jaques.  1841 — :  Delphic  days.  1878.  Agamemnon's 
daughter.  1885.  Prorsiis  Retrorsus.  1890.  Homer  in  Chios.  1891. 
Johnny  Appleseed's  rhymes.     1894. 

Sutliffe,  Albert.     1830 — :    Poems.     Boston  and  Cambridge.     1859. 

Symmes,  Frances   Newton  :     Brier  bloom.     Cin.   1893. 

Tait,  John  Robinson.     1834—:    Dolce  far  Niente.     1859. 

Taylor,  Archibald  A.  E.  1834-1903 :  Claudia  Procula  and  other  verses. 
1899. 

Taylor,  Mrs.  Enoch  :    Naughty  biography.     1878. 

Taylor,    Wm.    A.     1837 — :    Roses   and   rue.     1895.     Twilight   or    dawn? 

Thomas,  Edith  Matilda.  1854 — :  New  Year's  masque  and  other  poems. 
Boston.  1885.  Lyrics  and  sonnets.  Boston.  1887.  The  inverted 
torch.  Boston.  1890.  Fair  Shadowland.  Boston.  1895.  In  the 
young  world.  Boston.  1895.  A  winter  swallow  and  other  verse. 
1896. 

Thomas,  Frederick  W.    1811-1866 :    The  Emigrant.  Cin.    1833. 

Thomas,  Lewis  Foulke.  1815-1868 :  Osceola :  a  drama.  1838.  India : 
a  legend  of  the  lakes,  and  other  poems.     1842. 

Torrence,  F.  R.  :  The  house  of  a  hundred  lights.     1900. 

Truesdell,  Mrs.  Helen  :    Poems.     Cin.   1856. 

Tuttle,  Emma  Rood.  1839 — :  Blossoms  and  our  spring.  Gazelle.  From 
soul  to  soul.     Unseen  city.     Asphodel  blooms. 

Yenable,  William  H.  1836 — :  June  on  the  Miami.  Cin.  1872.  Melo- 
dies of  the  heart.  Cin.  1885.  The  teacher's  dream.  Illust.  New 
York.  1881.  Songs  of  school  days.  Cin.  1889.  The  last  flight. 
Cin.     1894. 

Wallace,  William  Ross.  1819-1881 :  Battle  of  Tippecanoe  and  other 
poems.  1837.  Alban;  a  metrical  romance.  1848.  Meditations  in 
America.     1851. 

Ward,  James  Warner.  1818 — :  Yorick  and  other  poems.  1838.  Home- 
made verses.     1857. 

Warden,  Robert  Bruce.    1824 — :    Ardvoirlich;    a  romantic  tragedy.    1857. 

Warren,  Manley  :     Rhymes,  1852. 

Welsh,  Joseph  S.  :    Harp  of  the  West.     1839. 

Wheeler,  Edward  Jewitt.     1859 — :    The  Dutchman. 

White,  John  W.  :  George  Seymour,  or  disappointed  revenge,  a  drama. 
Mt.  Vernon.     1858. 

Wilson,  John  M.  :    After  office  hours,  and  other  poems.    1898. 

Woodmansee,  James:     The  closing  scene;    a  vision.     Cin.  1857. 

Woolsey,  Sarah  Chauncey.  (Susan  Coolidge)  :  1845 — :  Verses.  1880. 
Ballads  of  romance  and  history.     1887.    A  few  more  verses.'    1888. 

Worth.  Gorham  A.:  American  bards;  a  modern  poem.  Cin.  1819. 
(First  book  of  original  verse  published  in  the  West.) 

Wright,    Frances.     1795-1852:  Altorf:  a  tragedy.     Phila.     1819. 


644  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

g  PROSE  WRITERS  —  SUPPLEMENTAL  LIST. 

The  following  list  of  prose  writers,  in  addition  to  the  one  already 
given,  has  been  submitted  by  State  Librarian  C.  B.  Galbreath.  Thf 
names  of  the  authors  and  their  works  are  taken  from  a  list  that  he  is  pre- 
paring  for  use  in   the   Ohio   State  Library. 

Adams,  Charles  Josiah.  1850 — :  Where  is  my  dog?  or  Is  man  alone 
immortal?     1892.     Does  man  alone  reason?     1901. 

Andrews,  Israel  Ward  :     1815-1888.    Manual  of  constitution.     1874. 

Albach,  J  AMES  R. :  Annals  of  the  west.     1857. 

Armstrong,  William  Jackson  :  Artist  historian.  1899.  Siberia  and  the 
Nihilists.     1890.    Greatest  living  man.     1902. 

Avery^  Elroy  McKendree.  1844  — :  Text  books  on  chemistry  and 
physics. 

Ballard,  Harland  Hoge.  1853 — :  Three  kingdoms.  The  world  of 
matter.     Open  sesame.     Re-open  sesame. 

(With  Barnes)  :     Barnes'   readers  and  American  plant-book. 

Barr,  Granville  Walter,  1860 — :  In  the  third  house.  1899.  The  ver- 
dict in  the  Rutherford  case.  1899.  The  woman  who  hesitated. 
1899.  Larry  McNoogan's  cow.  1900.  In  the  last  ditch.  1900. 
Shacklett.     1901.     Monograph  on  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.     1899 

Bates,  Margaret  Holmes.  1844 — :  Manitou.  1881.  The  chamber  over 
the  gate.  1886.  The  price  of  the  ring.  1892.  Shylock's  daughter. 
1894.    Jasper  Fairfax.     1897.     Six  school  speakers.     1887-1893. 

Beard,  Lina  and  Adelia  B.  :     American  girl's'  handy  book.     1890. 

Beard,  Thomas  Francis.     1842 — :     Blackboard  in  the  Sunday  School. 

Beecher,  Lyman.  1775-1863.  Plea  for  the  West.  1835.  Views  on 
theology.  1836.  Lectures  on  political  atheism,  etc.  1852.  Sermons 
on  various  occasions.     1852.     Views  on  theology.     1852. 

Beecher,  Willis  Judson.  1838 — :  Farmer  Tompkins  and  his  Bibles. 
1874. 

Benham,  George  Chittenden.     1836-1887 :     Year  of  wreck.     1880. 

Benham,  William  George.  1860 — :  Laws  of  scientific  hand  reading. 
190v. 

Bergen,  Fanny  Dickerson.  1846 — :  (With  husband)  The  development 
theory.  Glimpses  at  the  plant  world.  (Editor)  :  Current  supersti- 
tions ;     animal   and   plate   lore ;     etc. 

Bessey,  Charles  Edwin.  1845—:  Geography  of  Iowa.  1876.  Botany 
for  high  schools  and  colleges.  1880.  The  essentials  of  botany. 
1884.  Elementary  botanical  exercises.  1892.  (Editor)  :  American 
naturalist,  1880-97;  Science,  since  1897;  Johnson's  Cyclopedia, 
since  1893;  McNab's  Morphology,  physiology  and  classification  of 
plants. 

Bierce,  Ambrose.  1842—:  Cobwebs  from  an  empty  skull.  1874.  Black 
beetles  in  amber.  1892.  Can  such  a  thing  be?  1893.  In  the  midst 
of  life.     1898.     Fantastic  fables.     1899.     (With  Dr.  A.  Danziger)  : 


Ohio  Centennial.  645 

BiEKCE,  Ambrose.     1842  —  Concluded. 

The  Monk  and  the  hangman's  daughter.     1892.      (Editor)  :   Argo- 
naut and  wasp. 
BiTTiNGER,  Lucy  Forney.     1859—:     Memorials  of  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Bittin- 
g-er.     1891.     History  of  the  Forney  family  of  Hanover,   Pa.     1893. 
The  Germans  in  colonial  times.     1901. 
BcLTON.    Charles    Knowles.     1867—:     Saskia,    the    wife    of   Rembrandt. 
On  the  wooing  of  Martha  Pitkin.     Love  story  of  Ursula  Wolcott. 
The  private  soldier  under  Washington;  and  articles  on  library  ad- 
ministration. 
BoMPiANi,    Sophia   Van    Matre.      1835 — :      Italian   explorers    in    Africa. 

Short  history  of  the  Italian  Waldenses. 
BosvvoRTH,  Francke  Huntington.    1843 — :    Hand-book  of  diseases  of  the 
throat  and  nose.     1879.    Treatise  on  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat. 
1893.     Text-book  of  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat.     1896. 
Brinkerhoff.    Roeliff.      1828 — :      Supplement    to    the    'Tamily   of   Joris 

Dircksen  Brinkerhoff.     1892.     Recollections  of  a  life  time.     1900. 
Brock,  Sidney  G.     1837—:     Hawaiian  Islands,  their  history,  products  and 
commerce.     History  of  the  navigation,  commerce,  tonnage,  etc.,  of 
the   Great    Lakes.     History   of   the    Pacific    states   and   Alaska — ac- 
quisition, wealth,  products,  commerce,  etc.     Advance  of  the  United 
States  for  a  hundred  years,  from  1790  to  1890. 
Brooks.   William   Keith.     1848 — :     Handbook   of   invertebrate   zoology. 
Stomalopoda  of  H.   H.   S.   Challenger,  a  monograph  of  the  genus 
salpa.      Foundations   of   zoology.      Oyster. 
Burke,  Milo  Darwin.     1841—:     Brick  for  street  pavements.     1893. 
Burkett,  Charles  William.     1873—:     History  of  Ohio  Agriculture. 
Burnett,  Jacob.     1770-1853:     Notes  on  the  Northwestern  Territory.  1847. 
BuTTERFiELD,  CoNsuL  W.     1824-1899:     History  of  Seneca  County,  Ohio, 
1848.      Historical    account   of   expedition    against    Sandusky.      1873. 
Washington-Crawford  letters.     1877.     Discovery  of  the  Northwest 
by  J.   Nicolet.     1881.     History  of   the   Girtys.     1890.      Brule's   dis- 
coveries and  explorations.     1898. 
Burton,  Ernest  DeWitt      1856—:     Syntax  of  the  moods  and  tenses  in 
New  Testament  Greek.     1893.     Letters  and  records  of  the  apostolic 
age.     1895.     Handbook  of  the  life  of  Paul.     1899.     (With  W.   A. 
Stevens)  :      Harmony    of    the    gospels    for   historical    study.      1894. 
Handbook  of  the  life  of  Christ.     1894.     (With  Shailer  Mathews)  ; 
Constructive  studies  in  the  life  of  Christ.     1901.      (Editor)  :     Bib- 
lical world  since  1892  and  of  the  Am.  Jour,  of  Theology,  1897. 
Burton,  Theodore  Elijah.     1851—:     Financial  Crises.     1902. 
BusHEY,  L.  White.    1858—:    Battle  for  1900  (Republican). 
Byrne,    Thomas    Sebastian.     1842 — :     Man    from   a   Catholic   point  of 
view.     (Translator  with  Rev.  Dr.   Pabisch)  :     Dr.   Alzoy's  church 
history.     1874-8. 


646  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Cj\.ldwell,  Howard  Walter  1858 — :  History  of  the  United  States,  1815- 
*  1861.  1896.  Studies  in  history.  1897.  Survey  of  American  his- 
tory. 1898.  Some  great  American  legislators.  1899.  Life  of  Henry 
Clay.     1899.     Expansion  of  the  United  States.     1900. 

Campbell,,  William  Wallace.  1862 — :  Elements  of  practical  astronomy. 
1899. 

Carpenter,  Frank  George.  1855 — :  Carpenter's  geographical  readers — 
Asia,  1897;  North  America,  1898;  South  America,  1899;  Europe, 
1902.  Through  Asia  with  children.  1898.  Through  North  America 
with  children.  1898.  South  America— social,  industrial  and  politi- 
cal.    1900. 

Carson    R.  B.    Humorous  thoughts. 

Catherwood,  Mary  Hartwell.  1847 — :  Craque-o'-doom.  Old  caravan 
days.  Secret  at  Roseladies.  Romance  of  Dollard.  Bells  of  Ste. 
Anne.  Story  of  Tonty.  Lady  of  Fort  St.  John.  Old  Kaskaskia. 
White  islander.  Chase  of  St.  Castin  and  other  tales.  Spirit  of  an 
Illinois  town  and  the  little  Renault.  Days  of  Jeanne  d'Arc.  Bony 
and  Ban.    Mackinac  and  lake  stories.    Spanish  Peggy.    Lazarre ;  etc. 

Chambers,  Julius.  1850 — :  Mad  world  and  its  people.  On  a  margin. 
Lovers  four  and  maidens  five.  Chats  on  journalism.  Missing,  a 
romance  of  the  Sargasso  sea.     Rascal  club.     One  woman's  life. 

Cist,  Charles.  1793-1868:  Cincinnati  in  1841.  1841.  Sketches  and  sta- 
tistics of  Cincinnati  in  1851.  1851.  Sketches  and  statistics  of  Cin- 
cinnati in  1859.  1859.  Cincinnati  miscellany,  or  antiquities  of  the 
West.     1846. 

Cist,  Henry  Martyn.  1839—:  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  1882.  (With 
Col.  Donn  Piatt)  :    Life  of  Major-General  George  H.  Thomas. 

Coblentz,  Virgil  J.  1862 — :  Handbook  of  pharmacy.  Newer  reme- 
dies. (With  S.  P.  Sadtler)  :  Medical  and  pharmaceutical  chem- 
istry. 

Coggeshall,  William  T.  1824-1867.  Stories  of  frontier  adventure  in  the 
South  and  West.  1863.  Poets  and  poetry  of  the  West.  1860.  His- 
torical sketch  of  the  Ohio  State  Library,  Columbus.  1858.  An  ac- 
count of  newspapers  in  Ohio.  Lincoln  memorial.  1865.  Advan- 
tages of  local  literature.  1859.  Easy  Warren  and  his  contemp- 
oraries. 

CoMAN,  Katherine.  1857 — :  Growth  of  the  English  nation.  1895.  His- 
tory of  England.     1899.     History  of  England  for  beginners.  1901. 

Commons,  John  Rogers.  1862 — :  Distribution  of  wealth.  Social  re- 
form and  the  church.  Proportional  representation.  Municipal  elec- 
tric  lighting.      Representative    democracy. 

Conner,  Jacob  Elon  :     Uncle  Sam  abroad. 

Cooper,  Jacob  1830 — :  Eleusian  mysteries.  1854.  Loyalty  demanded  by 
the  present  crisis.  1862.  Biography  of  George  Duffield,  D.  D., 
1899.  Biography  of  President  T.  D.  Woolsey,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.  1899. 
Biography  of   President  William   Preston  Johnston,   LL.  D.     1900. 


Ohio  Centennial.  647 

Cooper,  Jacob.    1830  —  Concluded. 

Natural    right    to    make    a    will.      1894.      Creation,    a    transterer.^e 
of  power.     1899.     Passage  from  mind  to  matter.     1901. 

Corson,  Ella  May.    Glimpses  of  Longfellow.    1903. 

Cox,  Samuel  S.  1824-1889:  Arctic  sunbeams.  Isles  of  the  princes. 
Orient  sunbeams.  Why  we  laugh.  De  jure  and  de  facto.  1877. 
Eight  years  in  Congress,  1857-1865.  Our  revenues  and  their  treat- 
ment, etc.     1884.     Tariff  and  protection.     1884. 

Cox,  William  Van  Zandt.     1852—:     Settlement  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory  (monograph).     1896.     Historical  addresses  on  the  Northern 
section  of  the  District  of  Columbia.    1898.    When  Lincoln  was  under 
fire,  Success.     1900.     (With  H.  M.  Northrup)  :     Life  of  Samuel  S. 
Cox.     1899. 

Crew,   Henry.      1859 — :  Elements   of   physics.     1899.      (Asst.    Editor): 
Astrophysical  Journal. 

Crosry,  William  Otis.  1850 — :  Common  minerals  and  rocks.  Dyna- 
mical and  structural  geology.  Tables  for  the  determination  of 
common  minerals. 

Culbertson,  James  Coe.  1840 — :  Luke,  the  beloved  physician.  1899 
(Editor)  :  Cincinnati  Lancet-Clinic,  since  1873;  Journal  Am.  Med. 
Assoc.     1891-93. 

Curtis,  William  Eleroy.  1850 — :  Tibbalses  folks.  1875.  Summer 
scamper.  1881.  Life  of  Zachariah  Chandler,  .187Q  Children  of 
the  sun.  1882.  Capitals  of  Spanish  America.  1886.  Land  of  the 
Nihilist.  1887.  Trade  and  transportation.  1889.  Handbook  to 
the  American  republics.  1890.  Guatemala.  1891.  Costa  Rir-a. 
1891.  Ecuador,  1891.  Venezuela:  a  land  where  it  is  always  sum- 
mer. 1891.  United  States  and  foreign  powers.  1892,  1893.  Exist- 
ing autographs  of  Columbus.  1893.  Relics  of  Columbus.  1893. 
Recent  discoveries  concerning  the  early  settlement  of  Americ?  '' 
the  archives  of  the  Vatican.  1894.  Yankees  of  the  East.  1896  To- 
day in  France  and  Germany,  1897.  Between  the  Andes  and  the 
ocean.     1900. 

Custer,  George  Armstrong.     1839-1876.     My  life  on  the  plans.     1872. 

Daggett,  Mary  Stewart.    1856 — :    Mariposilla.    1895.   'Broad  isle.     1899. 
X-Ray  developments.     1900. 

Dahlgren,  Madai  jne  Vinton.  1835-1898 :  Etiquette  of  society  in  Wash- 
ington. 1873.  South  Sea  sketches.  1874.  Memoirs  of  Admiral 
Dahlgren.  1882.  South  mountain  magic.  1882.  Washington  win- 
ter. 1884.  Light  and  shadow  of  a  life.  1887.  Secret  directory. 
1896.  Woodley  Lane  ghost  and  other  stories.  1898.  Thoughts  on 
female  .'  jffrage.  1871.  Lost  name.  1886.  Divorced.  1887.  Chim : 
his  Washington  winter.     1892. 

Dana,  E.  :     Geographical  sketches  of  the  western  country.     1819. 

Daniels,  Winthrop  More.  1867 — :  Revision  and  continuation  of  Alex- 
ander Johnston's  History  of  the  United  States.  1897.  Elements 
of  public  finance.     1894. 


648  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Darrow^  Clarence  S.     1857 — :     Persian  pearl   (essays). 

Ha  VIE,  Oliver.  1857 — :  Nests  and  eggs  of  North  American  birds. 
Methods  in  art  of  taxidermy.  Reveries  and  recollections  of  a 
naturalist.    Life  histories  of  the  birds  of  Ohio.    Odds  and  ends,  1902. 

Davis,  Lemuel  Clark.     1835 — :     Stranded  ship. 

Dawes,  Charles  Gates.    1865 — :     Banking  systems  of  the  United  Sta^es. 

Dawson,  Moses  :  Historical  narrative  of  the  civil  and  military  services 
of  Major-General  William  H.   Harrison.     1824. 

Delafield,  John  Jr.  :  An  inquiry  into  the  origin  of  the  antiquities  of 
America.  1839.  Brief  topographical  description  of  the  County  of 
Washington,  in  the  State  of  Ohio.     1834. 

Dessar,  Leo  Charles  :     Royal  enchantress.     1900. 

Dick,  Samuel  Medary.  1857 — :  Short  talks  on  our  national  flag.  1895. 
Principle  of  synthetic  unity  in  Berkeley  and  Kant.     1898. 

Dillon,  John    B.  :     History   of   Indiana.      1859. 

Dolley,   Charles   Sumner      1856 — :  Biological   terms   in   Standard   Dic- 

~,  tionar}'.     Biological  department  of  Gould's  Illustrated  Dictionary  of 

Medicine  and  Biology. 

Drake,  Benjamin.  1794-1841 :  Cincinnati  at  the  close  of  1835.  Life 
and  adventures  of  Black  Hawk.  1838.  Tales  and  sketches  of  the 
Queen  City.  1839.  Life  of  Tecumseh  and  his  brother  the  prophet. 
1841.     (With  Mansfield)  :     Cincinnati  in  1826.     1827. 

\)rake,  Daniel.  1785-1852 :  Natural  and  statistical  view  of  Cincinnati. 
1815.  Geological  account  of  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.  1818.  The 
people's  doctors.  1830.  An  account  of  the  epidemic  of  cholera  in 
Cincinnati.     1832. 

Drone,  Eaton  Sylvester.  1842 — :  Law  of  property  in  intellectual  pro- 
ductions, embracing  copyright  and  playright.  (Editor):  New 
York  Herald. 

Dtt  Bois,  Augustus  Jay.  1849 — :  Elements  of  graphical  statistics.  187C. 
1883.  The  new  method  of  graphical  statistics.  1876.  Strains  in 
framed  structures.  1883.  Elements  of  mechanics.  1893-5.  (Trans- 
lator) :  Hydraulic  motors.  (Weisbach).  1877.  Calculation  of 
strength  and  dimensions  of  iron  and  steel  construction.  (Wey- 
ranch.)     1890.     Principles  of  thermodynamics.     (Rontgen.)     1889. 

Du  Bois,  Constance  Goddard  :  Martha  Corey :  a  Tale  of  the  Salem  witch- 
craft. 1890.  Columbus  and  Beatriz.  1892.  Modern  pagan.  1895. 
Shield  of  the  Fleur-de-Lys.     1895.     Soul  in  bronze.     1900. 

Dudley,  Lucy  Bronson.  1848 — :  Contributions  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
Semites.     1893.     Letters  to  Ruth.     1896.     Royal  journey.     1900. 

Dunbar,  Paul  Laurence.  1872 — :  Folks  from  Dixie.  1898.  The  un- 
called. 1898.  Strength  of  Gideon.  1900.  Love  of  Landry.  1900. 
Fanatics.     1901. 

Edgerton,  James  Arthur.  1869 — ;  Populist  hand-book  for  1894.  Pop- 
ulist hand-book  for  Nebraska.    1895. 

Edwards,  Samuel  E.  :    The  Ohio  hunter.    1866. 


Ohio  Centennial.  64?) 

Elliott,  Byron  K.  1835 — :  Work  of  the  advocate.  Appellate  procedure. 
Law  of  roads  and  streets.     Law  of  railroads. 

Elliott,  George.     1851—:     Abiding  Sabbath.     1884. 

Ellis,  Anna  M.  B.  :  Bermuda  romance.  Tragic  marriage.  Part  of  a 
summer.  New  Edinburgh  notes.  Actors  at  home.  Clubs  are 
trumps.     Sketches  in  Bermuda ;    etc. 

Ellis,  Edward  Sylvester.  1840 — :  Eclectic  primary  history  of  tlie 
United  States.  1885.  Youth's  history  of  the  United  States.  1887. 
Standard  arithmetics.  1887.  History  of  our  country.  1896.  Stand- 
ard history  of  the  United  States.  1898.  Deerfoot  series  of  juven- 
iles ;    etc. 

Elson,  Henry  William.  1857 — :  Side  lights  on  American  history. 
1899.  Four  historical  biographies  for  children :  Andrew  Jackson, 
U.  S.  Grant,  Daniel  Boone  and  Frances  Willard.  1899.  How  to 
teach  history.     1901.     Elson's  history  of  the  United  States. 

Ernst,  Harold  Clarence.  1856 — :  Infectiousness  of  milk.  1896.  In- 
fection and  immunity.  1898.  Prophylactic  hygiene.  (Editor)  : 
Jour.   Boston  Soc.   Med.   Science. 

Ernst,  Oswald  Herbert.    1842:     Manual  of  practical  military  engineering. 

Evans,  Lawrence  Boyd.  1870 — :  Civil  government  in  the  United  States. 
1901.     Federal   government.     1901. 

Evans,  Nelson  W.  1842 — :History  of  Scioto  county,  and  pioneer  rec- 
ord of  southern  Ohio.  1903.  (With  Stivers,  E.  B.)':  History  of 
Adams  county,   Ohio. 

EwiNG,  Hugh  BdvLE.     1826 — :  Castle  in  the  air.     Black  list. 

Fairchild,  George  Thompson.  1838 — :  Rural  wealth  and  welfare,  eco- 
nomic principles  illustrated  and  applied  in  farm  life.     1900. 

Farmer,  James  Eugene.  1867 — :  Essays  on  French  history.  1897.  The 
grenadier.     1898.     Grand  mademoiselle.     1899. 

Fassig.  Oliver  Lanard.  1860 :  Bibliography  of  meterology.  Report  of 
the  Chicago  Meteorological  Congress,  held  in  1893. 

FiNLEY,  James  B.  1781-1856 :  History  of  the  Wyandot  mission  at  Up- 
per Sandusky,  Ohio.  1840.  Sketches  of  western  methodism.  1854. 
Autobiography  of  James  B.  Finley.     1857. 

FiNLEY,  Martha.  1828—:  Elsie  Dinsmore.  1868.  Elsie's  holidays.  1869. 
Elsie's  girlhood.  1872.  Elsie's  womanhood.  1875.  Elsie's  mother- 
hood. 1876.  Elsie's  children.  1877.  Elsie's  widowhood.  1880. 
Grandmother  Elsie.  1882.  Elsie's  new  relatione.  1883.  Elsie  at 
Nantucket.  1884.  Two  Elsies.  1885.  Elsie's  kith  and  kin.  1886. 
Elsie's  friends  at  Woodburn.  1887.  Christmac  with  Grandma  Elsie. 
1888.  Elsie  and  the  Raymonds.  1889.  Elsie's  yachting  with  the 
Raymonds.  1890.  Elsie's  vacation.  1891.  Elsie  at  Viamede.  1892. 
Elsie  at  Ion.  1893.  Elsie  at  the  world's  fair.  1894.  Elsie's  jour- 
ney on  inland  waters.  1894.  Elsie  at  home.  1897.  Elsie  on  the  Hud- 
son. 1898.  Elsie  in  the  south.  1899.  Elsie's  young  folks.  1900.  Mil- 
dred Keith.  1878.  Mildred  at  Roselands  1879.  Mildred  and  Elsie 
1881.     Mildred's  married  life.     1882      Mildred  at  home.     1884.     Mii 


650  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

■-^iN  LEY,  Martha.    1828  —  Concluded. 
%     dred's  boys  and  girls.   1886.   Mildred's  new  daughter.   1894.    Cassella. 

3  807.     Old    fashioned   boy.     1870.      Our    Fred.     1874.      Wanted   a 

pedigree.     1870.      Signing   the    contract   and    what    it    cost.      1878. 

Thorn  and  the  nest.     1880.     Tragedy  of  Wild  River  Valley.     1893. 

Tiddledewit.     1898. 
Fletcher,    Robert    Howe.      1850 — :     Blind    bargain.      Johnstown    stage. 

Marjorie   and   her  papa. 
Flick,  Alexander  Clarence.     1869:—     Loyalism  in   New   York.     1901. 

History  of  New  York.     1901. 
Flickinger,    Daniel    Kumler.      1824—:      Offhand    sketches    in    Africa. 

Sermons.        Ethiopia,    or    twenty-six    years    of    missionary    life    in. 

Western  Africa.     Church's  marching  orders.     Our  missionary  work 

from  1853  to  1889. 
Flint,  Timothy.    1780-1840:     Letters  from  America.    1822.    Recollections 

of  the  last  ten  years.    1826.    A  condensed  geography  and  history  of 

the  western  states.     1828.     Indian  wars  of  the  West.     1833. 
FoOTE,  Edward  Bliss.    1829 — :     Medical  common  sense.    Plain  home  talk. 

Science    in    story.      Dr.    Foote's    home    cyclopedia    of    medical    and. 

social  science. 
Foraker.  Joseph   Benson.     1846 — :     Ohio  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 

States.     1903. 
Foster,  Randolph  Sinks.     1820 — :     Objections  to  Calvanism.     Christian 

purity.     Centenary   thoughts.     Beyond   the  grave.      Studies   in  the- 
ology.     Philosophy   of   Christian   experience.     Union   of   Episcopal 

Methodism. 
F'rechette,    Annie    Howells  :      On    grandfather's    farm.      Farm's    little 

people.     (With  Count  de  Premio-Neal)  :     Popular  sayings  from  old 

Iberia. 
Freedley,    Angelo   Tillinghast.      1850—:      General    corporation    law   of 

Pennsylvania.     1880.     Limited  partnerf'^ip  association  laws  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    1884. 
Funk,  Isaac  Kaufman.     1839 — :     Editor-in-chief;   Standard  Dictionary. 

(Editor)  :     Metropolitan  pulpit  (now  The  Homiletic  Review)  1876; 

The   Voice,    1880;     The    Missionary   Review,    1888;     The   Literary 

Digest,   1889. 
Gallagher,  William  D.     1808 — :     Facts  and  conditions  of  the  progress 

of  the  Northwest.    1850.    (Editor):    Backswoodsman,  1830;  Mirror, 

1831—;     Western    Literary    Journal    and    Monthly    Review,    1836;. 

The  Hesperian.  1838-1839;    Selections  from  the  Poetical  literature 

of  the  West.     1841. 
Garfield,  James   Abram.     1831-1881 — :Discovery  and   ownership   of  the 

Northwest  Territory.     1874. 
Gates,  Elmer.     1859 — :  Psychurgy,  or  the  art  of  using  the  mind.     Art 

and  mind-building ;    etc. 


Ohio  Centennial.  651 

Gates,  W.  Francis.  1865 — :  Musical  mosaics.  1889.  Anecdotes  of 
great  musicians.    1895.    Pipe  and  strings.    1894.    In  praise  of  music. 

1898.  Hand  gymnastics  for  piano  students.     1898.     Melodic  vocal- 
ises.    1901. 

GiDDiNGS,  Joshua  Reed.  1795-1864.  Exiles  of  Florida.  1858.  Speeches 
1853.     The  Rebellion :   its  authors  and  causes.     1804. 

Gladden,  Washington.  1836  —  :  Plain  thoughts  on  the  art  of  living. 
1868.  From  the  Hub  to  the  Hudson.  1869.  Working  men  and 
their  employers.  1876.  Being  a  Christian.  1876.  The  Christian 
way.  1877.  The  Lord's  prayer.  1880.  The  Christian  league  of 
Connecticut.  1883.  Things  new  and  old.  1884.  Young  men  and 
the  churches.  1885.  Applied  Christianity.  1887.  Parish  prob- 
lems. 1888.  Burning  questions  of  the  life  that  now  is  and  that  is 
to  come.  1889.  Tools  and  the  man.  1893.  Cosmopolic  city  club. 
1893.  Who  wrote  the  Bible?  1894.  Ruling  ideas  of  the  present 
age.  1895.  Seven  puzzling  Bible  books.  1897.  Social  facts  and 
forces.  1898.  The  Christian  pastor  and  the  working  church.  1898. 
Art  and  morality.     1898.     How  much  is  left  of  the  old  doctrines? 

1899.  Witnesses  of  light.     1903. 

Gordon,   Joseph    Clabaugh.      1842 — :     Education   of    the    deaf   children. 

Notes  and  observations  on  the  education  of  the  deaf,  etc. 
Granger,    Moses    Moorehead.      1831 — :      Washington    versus    Jeflferson. 


Grant,  Ulysses  S.     1822-1885 :     Personal  memoirs.     1885. 

Graves,  Henry  Solon.     1871 — :     White  pine.     1896. 

Gray,  William  C.     1830 — :     Campfire  musings.     Clear  creek,  etc. 

Grimsley,  George  Perry.  1868 — :  Study  of  granites  of  Cecil  Co.,  Md. 
Gypsum  deposits  of  Kansas.  Microscopical  study  of  limestones  of 
Ohio.  Mineral  resources  of  Kansas.  Gypsum  and  cement  plasters, 
1899;  etc.- 

Gunsaulus,  Frank  Wakeley.  1856 — :  Transfiguration  of  Christ. 
Monk  and  Knight.  Life  of  William  Edward  Gladstone.  Meta- 
morphosis of  a  creed.     November  at  Eastwood.     Man  of  Galilee. 

Hall,  Edward  Henry.  1831 — :  Orthodoxy  and  heresey  in  the  Christian 
church.  Lessons  on  the  life  of  St.  Paul.  Discourses.  Papais  and 
his  contemporaries.     1899. 

Hall,  James.  1793-1868:  Letters  from  the  West.  1828.  Western  sou- 
venir. 1829.  Legends  of  the  West.  1832.  Sketches  of  history,  life 
and  manners  in  the  West.  1835.  Memoirs  of  the  public  services  of 
William  Henry  Harrison  of  Ohio.  1836.  Statistics  of  the  West. 
1836.  Notes  on  the  western  states.  1838.  Reply  to  strictures  on 
sketches  of  the  West.  1838.  Wilderness  and  the  war-path.  1836. 
The  West;  its  commerce  and  navigation.  1848.  The  West;  its  soil, 
surface  and  productions.     1848.     Romance  of  western  history.     1857. 

Harper,  William  Rainey.  1856 — :  Elements  of  Hebrew.  Elements  of 
Hebrew  syntax.  Hebrew  vocabularies.  Prospects  of  the  small  col- 
lege.   1900.    (With  Weidner)  :    Introductory  New  Testament,  Greek 


652  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Harper,  William  Rainey.    1856  —  Concluded. 
A       method.     Teacher's  manual  for  an  inductive  Latin  primer.     (With 
Burgess)  :    Elements  of  Latin.     1900. 

Harrison,  Benjamin.  1833-1901 :  Speeches.  1892.  This  country  of  ours. 
1897. 

Harrison,  Jonathan  Baxter.  1835 — :  Certain  dangerous  tendencies  in 
American  life.     Latest  studies  in  Indian  reservations. 

Harrison,  William  Henry.  1773-1841 :  Discourse  on  the  aborigines  of 
the  valley  of  the  Ohio.     Reply  to  charges  against.     1830. 

Harvey,  Thomas  W.     1821-1892.    Harvey's  grammars. 

Hay,  John.  1838—:  Castilian  days.  1871.  .  Pike  county  ballads.  1871. 
Translations  of  Castelar's  Democracy  in  Europe.  1872.  Sir  Walter 
Scott:  An  address.  1897.  (With  Nicolay)  :  Abraham  Lincoln,  a 
history.     1890. 

Hayes.  Ellen.  1851 — :  Elementary  trigonometry.  1896.  Algebra.  1897. 
Calculus,  with  applications.     1900. 

Heckwelder,  John  G  E.  1743-1823:  History,  manners  and  customs  of 
the  Indian  nations,  etc.,  1818.  Narrative  of  the  mission  of  the 
United  Brethren,  etc.     1820. 

Heistand,  Henry  Olcot  Sheldon.  1856 — :  Alaska,  its  history  and  de- 
scrpition.     1898. 

Heitman,  Francis  Barnard.  1838 — :  Editor:  Historical  Register  Offi- 
cers U.  3  .Army  and  Volunteers.  1890.  Historical  Register  Offi- 
cers of  the  Continental  Army,  war  of  the  Revolution.     1893. 

Herrick,  Sophia  M'Ilvaine  Bledsoe.  1837 — :  Chapters  in  plant  life. 
Earth  in  past  ages.     Wonders  of  plant  life. 

Kervey,  Walter  Lowrie.     1862 — :     Picture  work.     1896. 

Hildreth,  S.  p.  1783-1863:  Pioneer  History.  1848.  Biographical  and 
historical  memoir  of  the  early  pioneer  settlers  of  Ohio.  1852.  Con- 
tributions to  the  early  history  of  the  North  West.  1864.  Original 
contributions  of  the  American  Pioneers.  Observations  on  the  salif- 
erous  rock  formation  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.  Observations  on 
bituminous  coal  deposits  of  the  valley  of  the  Ohio.  Results  of 
meteorological  observations  made  at   Marietta. 

Hinsdale.  Burke  Aaron.  1837-1900:  Schools  and  studies.  1884.  How 
to  study  and  teach  history.  1894.  Discovery  of  America.  1892. 
President  Garfield  and  education.  1895.  I^orace  Mann  and  the 
common  school  revival  in  the  U.  S.  1898.  Old  Northwest.  1899. 
(Editor)  :    Works  of  James  Abram  Garfield.     1883. 

Hinman.  Russel.  1853 — :  Eclectic  elementary  geography.  Eclectic  com- 
plete geography.  Eclectic  physical  geography.  (With  Redway,  J. 
W)  :  Natural  elementary  geography.  Natural  advanced  geography. 
(Editor)  :    School  and  college  text-books. 

"Hodder,  Alfred.  1866 — :  Specious  present;  a  metaphysical  treatise.  1901. 
(With  J.   F.  Williard)  :    Powers  that  prey.     1900. 

Hogue,    Addison.      1849 — :     Irregular    verbs    of   Attic    prose.      1889. 


Ohio  Centemiial.  65S 

HoLBROOK,  Martin  Luther.  1831 — :  Hygiene  of  the  brain  and  cure  of 
nervousness.  Eating  for  strength.  Parturition  without  pain.  Liver 
complaint.  Mental  dyspepsia  and  headache.  Chastity.  Marriage 
and  parentage.  Hygienic  treatment  of  consumption.  Stirpiculture, 
etc. 

Holmes,  William  Henry.  1846 — :  Archaeological  studies  among  the 
cities  of  Mexico.  1895.  Stone  implements  of  the  Potomac-Chesa- 
peake tidewater  province.  1897.  Preliminary  revision  of  the  evi- 
dence relating  to  auriferous  gravel  man  in  California. 

Howells,  William  Dean.  1837 — :  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  1860. 
Venetian  life.     1890.     Italian  journeys.      1894.     Suburban  sketches. 

Howell,  William  Dean.     1837  —  Concluded. 

1893.  No  love  lost.  1869.  Their  wedding  journey.  1894.  Chance 
acquaintance.  1894.  Foregone  conclusion.  1892.  Out  of  the  ques- 
tion. 1877.  Life  of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes.  1876.  Counterfeit  pre- 
sentment. 1877.  Lady  of  Aroostook.  1879.  Undiscovered  coun- 
try. 1893.  Fearful  responsibility  and  other  tales.  1893.  Dr. 
Breene's  practice.  1881.  Modern  instance.  1881.  Woman's  reason. 
1882.  Three  villages.  1884.  Rise  of  Silas  Lapham.  1884.  Tus- 
can cities.  1894.  Little  girl  among  the  old  masters.  1884.  Minis- 
ter's charge.  1887.  Indian  summer.  1885.  Modern  Italian  poets. 
1887.  April  hopes.  1888.  Annie  Kilburn.  1888.  Hazard  of  new 
fortunes.  1889.  Sleeping  car  and  other  farces.  1889.  Mouse-trap 
and  other  farces.  1889.  Shadow  of  a  dream.  1890.  Imperative 
duty.  1892.  Roy's  town.  1890.  Albany  depot.  1893.  Criticism 
and  fiction.  1893.  Quality  of  mercy.  1891.  Letter  of  Introduc- 
tion. 1892.  Little  Swiss  sojourn.  1893.  Christmas  every  day. 
1893.  Unexpected  guests.  1893.  World  of  chance.  1893.  Coast 
of  Bohemia.  1883.  My  year  in  a  log  cabin.  1893.  Traveler  from 
Altruria.  1894.  My  literary  passions.  1895.  Day  of  their  wed- 
ding. 1896.  Parting  and  Meeting.  1896.  Impressions  and  ex- 
periences. 1896.  Stops  of  various  quills.  1895.  Landlord  at 
Lion's  Head.  1877.  Open-eyed  conspiracy.  Stories  of  Ohio. 
1897.  Story  of  a  play.  1898.  Ragged  lady.  1899.  Pair  of  patient 
lovers.  1901.  Heroines  of  fiction.  1901.  Their  silver  wedding 
journey.  1902.  Literary  friends  and  acquaintance.  1902.  Ken- 
tons's.  1902.  Literature  and  life.  1902.  (Editor)  :  Choice  auto- 
bibographies  with  essays.     1877.     Library  of  universal  adventure. 

HoYT,  John  Wesley.  1831 — :  Resources  of  Wisconsin.  1860.  P..e- 
ports,  Wis.  State  Agr.  Comm'rs.  1874-5.  Progress  of  university 
education.     1870.     Studies  in  civil  service. 

HoYT,  Wayland.  1838 — :  Hints  and  helps  for  the  Christian  life.  Pres- 
ent lessons  from  distant  days.  Gleams  from  Paul's  prison.  Brook 
in  the  way.  Saturday  afternoon.  Light  on  life's  highway.  Along 
the  pilgrimage.     At  his  feet.     For  shine  and  shade. 

Hubbard,  Lucius  Lee.  1849 — :  Hubbard's  guide  to  Moosehead  Lake  and 
northern  Maine.     Woods  and  lakes  of  Maine.     1884. 


654  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Hudson,  James  Fairchild.  1846—:  Railways  and  the  republic.  1887. 
Silver  symposium.    1890. 

WuNTER,  William   H.  :     Pathfinders  of  Jefferson   County,  O.     1898. 

Huntington,  Webster  Perit.     1865  —  :     The  Signor.    1898. 

Huntley,  Florence  :    Dream  child.     1893.    Harmonics  of  evolution.    1899. 

Hyde,  Solon.    1838 — :   Captive  of  war. 

Hyslop,  James  Hervey.  1854—:  Elements  of  logic.  1892.  Ethics  of 
Hume.  1893.  Elements  of  ethics.  1895.  Democracy.  1899.  Logic 
and  argument.     1899.     Syllabus  of  psychology.     1899. 

Irish,  Frank  V.  American  and  British  authors.  Grammar  and  analysis 
by  diagrams.  Orthography  and  orthoepy.  (Compiler)  :  Treasured 
thoughts. 

Jackman,  Wilbur  Samuel.  1855 — :  Nature  study  for  the  common 
•schools.  1891.  Number  work  in  nature  study.  1894.  Field  work 
in  nature  study.  1894.  Nature  study  and  related  subjects.  1898. 
Nature  study  for  the  grammar  grades.  1898.  Nature  study  record. 
1895. 

Jefferson,  Charles  Edward.  1860 — :  Quiet  talks  with  earnest  people  in 
my  study. 

Johnson,  Elias  Finley.     1861—  :    Johnson  on  bills  and  notes. 

Johnson,  Franklin.  1836 — :  Dies  Irae.  1880.  Stabat  mater  Dolorosa 
and  the  Stabat  Mater  Speciosa.  i386.  Gospel  according  to  Mat- 
thew, with  notes.  1873.  Moses  and  Israel.  1874.  Heroes  and 
judges  from  the  law-givers  to  the  king.  1875.  True  womanhood — 
Hints  on  the  formation  of  womanly  character,.  1884.  Romance  in 
song — Heine's  lyrical  interlude.  1884.  New  psychic  studies  in 
their  relation  to  Christian  thought.  1886.  Quotations  of  the  New 
Testament,  from  the  Old,  considered  in  the  light  of  general  liter- 
ature.    1896.     Home  missionaries.     1899. 

Johnson,  John  Butler.  1850 — :  Theory  and  practice  of  surveying.  1886. 
Modern  framed  structures.  1893.  Engineering  contracts  and  speci- 
fications.    1895.     Materials  of  construction. 

Johnston,  Nathan  Robinson.  1820 — :  Looking  back  from  the  sunset 
land,  or,  People  worth  knowing.  (Editor)  :  Free  Press,  anti- 
slavery  paper,  New  Concord,  O.  1848-9.  Our  Banner  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

Jones,  Marcus.  1852 — :  Excursion  botanique.  1879.  Ferns  of  the  west. 
1883.      Salt  Lake   City.     1889.      Some  phases  of  mining  in  Utah. 

Kennan,  George.  1845 — :  Tent  life  in  Siberia.  1870.  Siberia  and  the 
exile  system.    1892.     Campaigning  in  Cuba,     1899*  etc, 

Keyser,  Leander  Sylvester.  1856: —  Only  way  out.  1888.  Birddom. 
1892,     In  bird  land.     1894.     News  from  the  birds.     1898. 

Kester,  Paul.  1869—:  Tales  of  the  real  gypsy.  Plays):  Countess 
Roudine  (with  Fiske).  Zamar,  Student  of  Salamanaca.  Nell 
Gwynne.  What  dreams  may  come.  Meg  Merrilles.  Eugene  Aram. 
Cousin  of  the  king  (with  V.  Kester),  Sweet  Nell  of  Old  Drury. 
When  knighthood  was  in  flower,  (dramatization). 


Ohio  Centennial.  655 

KiNGSLEY,  Florence  Morse.  1859 — :  Titus :  a  Comrade  of  the  cross. 
1894.  Stephen.  1896.  Paul.  1897.  Prisoners  of  the  sea.  1897. 
Cross  triumphant.     1899.     Transfiguration  of  Miss  .Philura.     1901. 

KiTCHELL,  Joseph  Gray,     1862 — :   American  supremacy.     1901, 

Ladd,  George  Trumbull.  1842 — :  Principles  of  church  polity.  1882. 
Doctrine  of  sacred  Scripture.  1884,  Lotze's  outlines  of  philosophy, 
transl.  1887.  Elements  of  physiological  psychology.  What  is  the 
Bible.  1888.  Introduction  to  philosophy,  1889.  Outlines  of 
physiological  psychology.  1890,  Philosophy  of  the  mind.  1891. 
Primer  of  psychology.  1894.  Psychology,  descriptive  and  explan- 
atory. 1894  Outlines  of  descriptive  psychology.  1898.  Philoso- 
phy of  knowledge.  1897.  Essays  on  higher  education,  1899. 
Theory  of  reality.  1899,  Lectures  to  teachers  on  educational  psy- 
chology. 

Lamptox,  WiLLiAivx  James  :     Yawps  and  other  things. 

JLaughlin,  James  Laurence.  1850 — :  Anglo-Saxon  legal  procedure  in 
Anglo-Saxon  laws.  1876.  J.  S.  Mill's  principles  of  political 
■economy.  1884.  Study  of  political  economy.  1885.  History  of 
bimetallism  in  U.  S.  1886.  Elements  of  political  economy.  1887. 
Gold  and  prices  since  1873.  1887.  Facts  about  money.  1895.  Re- 
port of  monetary  commission.     1898. 

Xee,  Alfred  Emory.  1838 — :  Battle  of  Gettysburg.  1888,  European 
days  and  ways,  1890.  History  of  the  city  of  Columbus.  1893, 
Silver  and  gold.     1893. 

Lee,  Elmer.  1856 — :  Treatise  on  Asiatic  cholera.  Medical  treatment 
of  appendicitis.     The  20th  century  health  book. 

Leonard,  Charles  Henry.  1860 — :  Pocket  anatomist.  Reference  and 
dose  book.  Manuai  of  bandaging.  Hair  and  its  diseases.  Materia 
medica  and   therapeutics.     Physicians'   account  books. 

Lesquereux,  Leo.     1806-1899:     Works  palentology,  botany,  etc. 

Lewis,  Charles  B.  1842 — :  Field,  fort  and  fleet:  Sketch  book  of  the 
civil  war.  Lime-kiln  club.  Sawed-off  sketches.  Mr,  and  Mrs, 
Bowser.     Quad's  odds. 

Lewis,  William  G.  W.  :     Biography  of  Samuel  Lewis.     1857, 

Locke,  David  Ross.  1833-1888 :  Divers  views,  opinions  and  prophesies 
of  yours  truly.  1865.  Swingin'  round  the  cirkle.  1866.  Echoes 
from  Kentucky.  Moral  history  of  America's  life  struggle.  1872. 
Struggle  of  P.  V.  Nasby.  1873.  The  morals  of  Abou  Ben  Adhem, 
or  eastern  fruit  in  western  dishes.  1875.  A  paper  city.  1878. 
Hannah  Jane  (poem).     1882.     Nasby  in  exile.     1882. 

Long,  John  Harper,  1856 — :  Elements  of  general  chemistry,  1898. 
Text  book  of  analytical  chemistry,  1898.  Text  book  of  the  urine 
analysis.  1900.  Laboratory  manual  of  physiological  chemistry. 
1894. 

Long,  Simon  Peter.     1860 — :     Prepare  to  meet  thy  God. 

LuccocK,  Naphthali  .  1858 : —  Christian  citizenship.  Living  words  from 
the    pulpit. 


666  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

McBride,  James:  Pioneer  biography.  1869-70.  Symmes'  theory  of  con- 
centric spheres.     1826. 

;N#Clain,  Emlin.  1851—:  McClain's  annotated  statutes  of  Iowa,  1880;. 
supplement,  1892.  Outlines  of  criminal  law  and  procedure.  1884. 
Digest  of  Iowa  Reports.  1886 ;  supplement,  1892.  Cases  on  the  law 
of  carriers.  1896.  Treatise  on  the  criminal  law  as  now  admin- 
istered in  the  United  States.  1897.  Selection  of  cases  on  constitu- 
tional law.     1900. 

McCooK,  Christopher.  1837 — :  Agricultural  ants  of  Texas.  Honey  and 
Occident  ants.  American  spiders  and  their  spinning  work.  Tenants, 
of  an  old  farm.  Old  farm  fairies.  Woman  friends  of  Jesus. 
Gospel  in  nature.  Object  and  outline  teachings.  Ecclesiastical 
emblems.  Latimers,  a  Scotch-Irish  historic  romance  of  western 
insurrection.  Martial  graves  of  our  fellow-heroes  in  Santiago  de- 
Cuba  ;    a  Record  of  the  Spanish-American  war. 

MacCkacken  Henry  Mitchell.  1840 — :  Tercentenary  of  Presbyter- 
anism.  Kant  and  Lotze.  Metropolitan  university.  Leaders  of 
the  church  universal.  Lives  of  church  leaders :  or,  Heroes  of  the 
cross.     1900,  etc. 

McCuRDY,  Stewart  LeRoy.  1859 — :  Manual  of  orthopaedic  surgery, 
1898.     Oral  surgery.     1901. 

MacDill,  David.  1826 — :  Bible  a  miracle.  Mosaic  authorship  of  the 
Bible.     Premillennialism   discussed. 

McDonald,  John  :  Biographical  sketches  of  General  Nathaniel  Massie, 
General  Duncan  McArthur,  Captain  William  Wells  and  General 
Simon   Kenton.     1838. 

Macgahan,  Januarius  Aloyssius.  1844-1878:  Campaigning  on  the 
Oxus.  '   1874.     Under  the  northern  lights.     1876. 

McGraw,  James  F.  :  Philip  Seymour,  or,  Pioneer  life  in  Richland 
county,  Ohio.     1830. 

McGuffey,  Alexander  Hamilton.    1816-1896:     McGuffey's  Fifth  Reader. 

McGuffey,  William  Holmes.  1800-1865.  McGuffey's  eclectic  spelling: 
book.     McGuffey's  readers,  1-4. 

McLean,  John  Patterson:  Examination  of  Norse  discovery  of  America. 
1892.  Scotch  Highlanders  in  America.  1900.  Indians,  their  man- 
ners and  customs.  1889.  Examination  of  Fingal's  Cave.  1890. 
Mastodon,   mammoth  and   man.     1880.     Mound-builders.     1879. 

McPiiERSON,  Logan  Grant.  1863 — :  Monetary  and  banking  problem. 
1896. 

Manatt,  James  Irving.     1845 — :  Mycenaean  age.     1897. 

Mansfield,  Edward  D.  1801-1880.  Memoirs  of  the  life  and  services  of 
Daniel  Drake.  1855.  Personal  memories.  1879.  Lives  of  U.  S. 
Grant  and  S.   Colfax.     1868.     Mexican  war.     1850. 

Martin,  Victoria  Claflin  Woodhull.  1838 — :  Origin,  tendencies  and 
principles  of  government.  Social  freedom.  Garden  of  Eden  sii||pi- 
culture.  Rapid  multiplication  of  the  unfit.  Human  body  the  temple 
of  God.     Argument  for  woman's  electorial  rights;    etc. 


Ohio  Centennial.  657 

Mather,  Frederick  Gregory.  1844 — :  (Editor  and  compiler)  :  New 
York  in  tlie  Revolution     1899. 

Mayo-Smith,  Richmond.  1854 — :  Emigration  and  immigration.  1890. 
Sociology  and  statistics.     1895.     Statistics  and  economics.     1899. 

Maxwell,  William.     (Editor)  :   Maxwell  Code.     1796. 

Mead,  George  Whitefield.  1865 — :  Modern  methods  in  church  work. 
1897. 

Mees,  Arthur.     1850 — :     Chorus  and  choral  music. 

Merrill,  Stephen  Mason.  1825 — :  Christian  baptism.  New  Testa- 
ment idea  of  hell.  Second  coming  of  Christ.  Aspects  of  Chris- 
tian experience.  Digest  of  Methodist  law.  Outline  thoughts  on 
prohibition.  Mary  of  Nazareth  and  her  family.  Union  of  Ameri- 
can  Methodism.     Crisis   of   this   world. 

Miller,  Walter.     1864 — :    Latin  prose  composition  for  college  use.    1890. 

Mills,  Job  Smith  1848 — :  Mission  work  in  West  Africa.  1898.  Man- 
ual   of    family   worship,      1900. 

Mitchel,  Frederick  Augustus.  1837 — :  Ormsby  MacKnight  Mitchel, 
astronomer  and  general. .  War  romances — Chattanooga ;  Chick- 
amauga ;    etc. 

Mitchel,  Ormsby  MacKnight.  1809-1862 :  Planetary  and  stellar  worlds. 
1848.  Concise  elementary  treatise  of  the  sun,  planets,  satellites 
and  comets.     1860.     Astronomy  of  the  Bible.     1863. 

Montgomery,   Edward  Emmet.     1849 — :  Practical   gynecology.     1900. 

Moody,  Helen  Watterson  :     Unquiet  sex.     1898. 

Morris,   B.   F.  :     Life  of  Thomas  Morris.     1856. 

Morrow.  Josi.\h  :  Life  and  speeches  of  Thomas  Corwin.  1896.  Cen- 
tennial sketch  of  Lebanon.     1902. 

Nash,  Henry  Sylvester.  1854 — :  Genesis  of  the  social  conscience.  Re- 
lation between  the  establishment  of  Christianity  in  Europe  and 
the  social  question.  1896.  Ethics  and  revelation.  1898.  History  of 
the  higher  criticism  of  the  New  Testament.     1900. 

Naylor,  James  Ball:  Ralph  Marlowe.  1901,  Sign  of  the  prophet. 
1901.     In  the  daysof  St.   Clair.     1902. 

Nettleton,   Alured  Bayard.     1838 — :     Trusts  or  competition.     1900. 

MuRDOCK,  James  Edward.  1811-1893:  Stage.  1880.  Plea  for  spoken 
language.  1883.  Analytic  elocution.  (With  William  Russell)  : 
Orthophony,  or  culture  of  the  voice.     1845. 

Nevin,  William  Channing.  1844 — :  History  of  all  religions.  Life 
of  Rev.  Albert  Barnes.  Blue  ray  of  sunlight.  Slight  misunder- 
standing. Wild  goose  chase.  In  the  nick  of  time.  Joshua  Whit- 
comb's  tribulations.  Summer  school  adventure.  Is  there  real 
danger?  etc. 

Newberry,  William  Belknap.  1867 : —  (With  brother)  :  Chemical 
constitution  of  Portland  cement. 

Norton,  William  Harmon.     1856 : —    Artesian  wells  of  Iowa. 
42    o.  c. 


668  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Oliver,  Charles  Augustus.  1856—:  Correlation  theory  of  color  per- 
^  eeption.  Opthalmic  methods  in  recognition  of  nerve  diseases. 
•        1896. 

NoRRis,  W.  F.:  Text  book  of  opthalmology.  (Ed.  with  Norris,  W. 
F.)  :  System  of  diseases  of  the  eye.  1897-1900.  Ocular  thera- 
peutics. 1900.  Summary  of  errors  of  refraction.  1900.  Injuries 
to  the  eye.  1900.  Annals  of  ophthalmology.  Annales  de  oftal- 
mologia. 

Opper,  Frederick   Burr.     1857—:     Folks  in   Funnyville. 

Orr,  Charles.  1858—:  (Editor)  :  Pequot  war.  1897.  Philobiblon. 
1899.     Bibliomania   in   the   middle   ages. 

OsMUN,  Thomas  Embley.  1834—:  Orthoepist.  1880.  Verbalist.  1881. 
Acting  and  actors.  1894.  Mentor.  1897.  Essentials  of  elocution. 
1897.     Some  ill-used  words.     1901. 

Ott,  Edward  Amherst,  1807—:  How  to  gesture.  1892.  How  to  use 
the  voice  in  reading  and  speaking.  1893.  Sour  grapes.  1897. 
Philip  Guard. 

Paine,  Halhert  Eleazer.     1826—:     Paine  on  elections.     1888. 

Palmer,  Arthur  Hubijell  1859—:  (Editor):  Riehl's  Burg  Neideck. 
1893.  Schiller's  Wilhelm  Tell,  with  introduction,  notes  and  vo- 
cabulairy..  1898.  Schiller's  Thirty  years'  war.  18D9.  Goethe's  Her- 
majirr  and  Dorothea. 

Parsons,  Albert  Ross.  1847 — :  Wagner's  Beethoven.  1870.  Science 
of  pianoforte  practice.  Parsifal,  or  the  Finding  of  Christ  through 
art.  New  light  from  the  great  pyramid.  1893.  Cornet  Joseph 
Parsons,  A.  D.  1636-55.  1901.  Garrard-Spenser  family  chart,  A. 
D.,   1000-1876.     1897. 

Paxson,  W.  a.  :     Buckeye  Baron.     1901. 

Pbake^   Elmore  Elliott.     1871 — :     Darlingtons.     1900. 

PEARSiCkN.  Francis  Ball.    1853^ — :    (Complete):   Ohio  history  sketches.    1903. 

Peet,  Stephen  Denison.  1830 — :  Ashtabula  disaster,  1876.  History  of  the 
the  Congregational  church,  CHnton,  Wis.  1812.  History  of  the  early 
missions  in  Wisconsin.  1898.  Religious  beliefs  of  the  aborigines  of 
North  America.  188().  Clan  centers  and  clan  habitat  of  the  effigy 
builders.     Explorations  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.     1896. 

JPkppek»  Charles  M.     I860—:     To-morrow  in  Cuba.     1899. 

Perkins,  James  H.  1810-1849.  Annals  of  the  west.  1850.  Channing, 
W.  H.     Memoirs  and  writings  of.     1851. 

PiCARD,  George  Henry.  1850 —  :  Matter  of  taste.  1887.  Mission  flower. 
1887.     Old  Boniface.     1888.     Madame   Noel.     1900. 

PlTTtNGER,  WiLLJA.M.  1840 — :  Daring  and  suffering.  1863.  Oratory, 
sacred  and  secular.  1867.  Capturing  a  locomotive.  1881.  Ex- 
tempore speaker.  1886.  Interwoven  gosepls.  1887.  Great  loco- 
motive chase.     1889.     Debater's  treasury.     1891.     Toasts.     1894. 

ItANDALL,  David  Austin.  1813-1844.  Handwriting  of  Ciod  in  Egypt, 
Sinai  and  the  Holy  Land.  1862.  Ham-mishkan,  the  wonderful  tent. 
1886. 


Ohio  Centennio  669 

Ray,  Joseph.     1807-1865.     Ray's  arithmetics.     Ray's  algebras. 

Raymond,  Rossiter  Worthington.  1840 — :  Mineral  resources  of  the 
United  States,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Glossary  of  min- 
ing and  metallurgical  terms.  Die  Leibgarde.  Brave  hearts.  Man 
in  the  moon.  Two  ghosts.  Life  of  Alix  L.  Holley.  Life  of  Peter 
Cooper.  (Editor)  :  Am.  Jour,  of  Mining,  1867-8;  Engineering 
and  Mining  Jour,  since  1868. 

Reed,  Verner  Z.  1863—:  Lo-To-Kah.  1897.  Tales  of  the  suniand. 
1897.     Adobeland   stories.     1899. 

Reid,  Whitelaw.  1837 — :  After  the  war,  a  southern  tour.  1867.  Ohio 
in  the  war.  1868.  Schools  of  journalism.  1870.  Newspaper  ten- 
dencies. 1874.  Town  hall  suggestions.  1881.  Two  speeches  at 
the  queen's  jubilee.  1897.  Some  consequences  of  the  last  treaty  of 
Paris.  1899.  Our  new  duties.  1899.  Later  aspects  of  our  new 
duties.  1899.  Continental  union.  1900.  Our  new  interests.  1900. 
Problems  of  expansion.     1900. 

Remsburg,  John  E.  1848 — :  Life  of  Thomas  Paine.  False  claims. 
Image  breaker.  Bible  morals.  Sabbath  breaking.  Fathers  of  our 
republic.  Was  Lincoln  a  Christian.  Six  historic  Americans.  The 
Bible.     The  Christ. 

Rennelson,  Clara  H.    1845 — :    Social  heroism.    1878.   Kinsmen  all.     1899. 

Rhodes,  James  Ford.  1848 — :  History  of  the  United  States  from  the 
compromise  of  1850-64. 

RiNGWALT,  Ralph  Curtis.  1874 — :  (Editor)  :  Briefs  for  debate.  1896. 
Modern  American  oratory.     1898. 

Roberts,  Charles  Humphrey.  1847 — :  Down  the  O-h-i-o,  a  novel  of 
Quaker  life.     1891. 

Rogers,  Willl\m  Allen.  1854 — :  Hits  at  politics.  1899.  (Assoc.  Ed- 
itor) :     Harper's   Weekly. 

Russell,  A.  P.  Half  Tints.  Literary  notes.  Characteristics.  Thomas 
Corwin.     A  club  of  one.     In  a  club  corner.     Sub-coelum. 

Ryan,  Daniel  J.  1855—:  Arbitration  between  capital  and  labor.  1885. 
Cuba  in  American  diplomacy.     History  of  Ohio.     1888. 

Safford,  James  Merrill.  1822—:  Geological  reconnoissance  of  Tennes- 
see.    Geology  of  Tennessee. 

Safford,  William  H.  1821— :  Life  of  Herman  Blennerhassett.  1850. 
Blennerhassett  papers.     1891. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur.  1734-1818:  A  Narrative  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  campaign  against  the   Indians     .     .     .     was   conducted.      1812. 

Schuyler  Aaron  1828—:  Complete  algebra.  Elements  of  geometry. 
Principles  of  logic.     Surveying  and  navigation. 

Scott,  John.  1824—:  Encarnacion,  or  the  prisoners  in  Mexico.  1848. 
Hugh  Scott  and  his  descendants.  History  of  the  thirty-second  Iowa 
Infantry. 


660  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Scott,   William  Berryman.     1858 — :    Introduction  to  geology.     1897. 

S|VERANCE,  Mark  Sibley.  1846 — :  Hammersmith :  his  Harvard  dsiys. 
1878. 

Seymour,  Thomas  Day..  .1848— :  (Editor  with  White,  J.  W.)  "Collie 
Series"  of  Greek  authors,  classical  review.  (Editor)  :  Selected  odes 
of  Pindar,  with  notes.  1882.  Homer's  Iliad,  books  I-VI  in  "Col- 
lege series."  1887-1890.  Introduction  and  vocabulary  to  school 
Odyssey,  8  books.  1897.  Homeric  vocabulary.  1889.  School  Iliad, 
books  I-VI.     1889. 

Shaw  Albert.  1857 — :  Icaria:  a  chapter  in  the  history  of  communism, 
1884.  Local  government  in  Illinois.  1883.  Co-operation  in  the 
Northwest.  1888.  Municipal  government  in  Great  Britain.  1895. 
Municipal  government  in  Continental  Europe.  1895.  (Editor): 
National  Revenues.     1888. 

Sheridan,  Philip  H.     1831-1888 :    Personal  memoirs.     1888. 

Sherman.  John.  1823-1901 :  Correspondence  with  W.  T.  Sherman. 
1891.     Select  speeches  on  finance.     1893.     Recollections.     1895. 

Sherman,  William  T.     1823-1891 :     Memoirs.     1892. 

Shields,  G.  O.  1846 — :  Big  game  of  North  America.  Cruising  in  the 
Cascades.  American  game  fishes.  Hunting  in  the  great  west. 
American  book  of  the  dog.  Camping  and  camping  outfits.  Battle 
of  the  Big  Hole. 

Shutter,  Marion  Daniel.  1853 — :  Wit  and  humor  of  the  Bible.  1892. 
Justice  and  mercy.  1894.  Child  of  nature.  1895.  Applied  evo- 
lution.    1900. 

Sloane,  William  Milligan.  1850 — :  Life  and  work  of  James  Renwick 
Wilson  Sloane.  Life  of  James  McCosh.  French  war  and  the  Revo- 
lution.    Napoleon  Bonaparte,  a  history;    etc. 

Smith,   Hariette   Knight.      1855 — :     History   of   the   Lowell    Institute. 
1898. 

Smith,  Henry  Preserved.  1847 — :  Inspiration  and  inerrancy.  1893. 
Bible  and  Islam.    1897.    Commentary  on  the  books  of  Samuel.    1899. 

Smith,  Joseph  Patterson  1856-1898:  (Compiler):.  Speeches  and  ad- 
dresses of  William  McKinley.  1893.  (Editor)  :  History  of  the 
Republican  party  in  Ohio.     1898. 

Smith,  William  Henry.  1833-1896.  The  St.  Clair  papers.  1882.  Biog- 
raphy of  Charles  Hammond.  Influence  of  journalism  on  men  of 
action.     1893.     Political  history  of   slavery.     1903. 

Snider,  Denton  Jaques.  1841 — :  Commentaries  on  the  literary  Bibles. 
1877-93.  Walk  in  Hellas.  1882.  Freeburgers.  1889.  World's  fair 
studies.  1895.  Commentaries  on  Froebel's  play-songs.  1895.  Psy- 
chology and  the  psychosis.  1896.  Will  and  its  word.  1899.  Psy- 
chology and  Froebel's  play-gifts.  1900.  Life  of  Frederick  Froebel. 
Father  of  history :    Herodotus. 

Snow,  Lorenzo.  1814 — :  Italian  mission.  Only  way  to  be  saved.  Voice 
of  Joseph.  Palestine  tourists.  (Translator)  :  Book  of  Mormon 
into  Italian. 


Ohio  Centennial.  661 

Spahr,  Charles  Barzillai.  1860 — :  Present  distribution  of  wealth. 
1896.     America's  working  people.     1900. 

Spkars,  John  Randolph  1850 — :  Gold  diggins  of  Cape  Horn.  1895, 
Port  of  missing  ships  and  other  stories  of  the  sea.  1896.  History 
of  our  navy.  1897.  Our  navy  in  the  war  with  Spain.  1898.  Fu- 
gitive.    1899.     History  of  the  American  slave  trade.     1900. 

Stevens.  William  Arnold.  1839 — :  Select  orations  of  Lysias.  1876. 
Commentary  on  the  epistles  of  the  Thessalonians.  1887.  (With 
Burton)  :  Outline  handbook  of  the  life  of  Christ.  1892.  Harmony 
of  the  gospels   for  historical  study.     1894. 

Stewart,  George  Black.     1854 — :     Life  of  Jesus  for  juniors.     1896. 

Stewart,  Harlon  L.     1861—:     Sioux  raid.     1882-99. 

Stoaks,  Charles  E.  1859 — :  Aaron  Burr;  or,  Kingdom  of  silver. 
Stoaks'   school  grade  system. 

Stockham,  Alice  Bunker.  1833 — :  Tokology,  a  book  of  maternity. 
1883.  Koradine.  1893.  Karezza.  1896.  Tolstoi,  a  man  of  peace. 
1900. 

Strohm,  Gertrude.  1843 — :  Compiler  and  author:  Social  fireside  games, 
calenders,  etc.  Word  pictures.  1875.  Flower  idylls.  1887.  Uni- 
versal cookery  book.     1887. 

Strom,  Isaac  :  Speeches  of  Thomas  Corwin,  with  sketch  of  his  life. 
1859. 

Symmes,  Americus  •     Symmes'  theory  of  concentric  spheres.     1878. 

Tait,  John  Robinson.  1834 — :  European  life,  legend  and  landscape. 
1859. 

Taylor,  Frederick  William.  1855 — :  Confession  of  our  Christian  faith, 
commonly  called  the  creed  of  St.  Athanasius,  with  brief  notes. 
1883. 

Taylor,  James  W.  1819—:  History  of  Ohio.  1854.  Manual  of  the 
Ohio  school  system.     1857.     Victim  of  intrigue.     1847. 

Taylor.  William  A. :  Intermere.  1901.  Ohio  Statesman  and  Hun- 
dred year  book.  1892.  Ohio  in  Congress.  1901.  Ohio  States- 
man  and   Annals  of   progress.      1899. 

Thilly.  Frank.  1865 — :  Leibnitz's  controversy  with  Locke,  Heidel- 
berg. 1891.  Introduction  to  ethics.  1900.  (Translator)  :  Paul- 
sen's introduction  to  philosophy.  1895.  (Editor  and  translator)  : 
Weber's  history  of  philosophy.  1896.  Paulsen's  system  of  ethics. 
1899. 

Thoburn,  James  Mills.  1836 — :  My  missionary  apprenticeship  in  New 
York.  Missionary  sermons.  India  and  Malaysia.  Light  of  the 
east.  Deaconess  and  her  vocation.  Christian  nations.  Church  of 
the  Pentecost.     1901. 

Thomas,  Edith  Matilda.     1854 — :     The  round  year.     1886. 

Thomas,  Frederick  W.     1811-1866:     East  and  West.     1836. 

Thruston,  Gates  Phillips  1835 — :  Antiquities  of  Tennessee  and  ad- 
jacent states.     1890. 


662  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

T»FANV,  l\iNA  Moore:  Pilgrims  and  Puritans.  Colony  to  common- 
wealth.    Samuel  E.  Sewall,  a  memoir. 

Todd,  James  Edward.  1846 — :  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  of 
South  Dakota.  1895.  Quarternary  deposits  of  Missouri.  1896. 
Moraines  of  the  Missouri  Cotteau.  1896.  Bulletin  144,  1st  and  2d 
biennial  reports  on  the  geology  of  South  Dakota.  1898.  Moraines 
of  southeastern  South  Dakota,  with  their  attendant  deposits.  1899. 
Geology  of  northwestern  Minnesota.  1899.  Geology  and  water 
resources  of  southeastern  South  Dakota.     1900. 

TouRGEE,  Albion  Winegar.  1838 — :  Royal  gentleman.  Figs  and  thistles. 
Fool's  errand.  Bricks  without  straw.  Hot  plow  shares.  Black  ice. 
Button's  inn.  With  gauge  and  swallow.  Pactolus  prime.  Mur- 
vale  Eastman.  John  Eax.  Hip-roof  house.  Son  of  old  Harry. 
Out  of  the  sunset  sea.  Man  who  outlived  himself.  Story  of  a 
thousand.  Outing  with  the  queen  of  hearts.  Appeal  to  Caesar.  Let- 
ters to  a  king.  War  of  the  standards.  Code  with  notes,  N.  C. 
Digest  of  cited  cases,  N.  C;    etc. 

Vallandingh.v.m,  James  L.  1836 — :  Life  of  Clement  L.  \"allanding- 
ham.      1872. 

Victor,  Orville  James.  1827 — :  History  of  the  southern  rebellion.  In- 
cidents and  anecdotes  of  the  war.  History  of  American  conspir- 
acies. Biographies  of  John  Paul  Jones,  Israel  Putnam.  Anthony 
W^ayne,  Ethan  Allen,  Winfield  Scott,  Garibaldi.  (Editor)  :  Cos- 
mopolitan Art  Jour.  1856-61 ;  U.  S.  Jour.,  1858-60,  in  N.  Y.  Bio- 
graphical  Library,    1862-70.,   etc. 

Vincent,  Thomas  McCurdy.  1832 — :  Military  power  of  the  United 
States  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion. 

Waldo,  Frank.  1857 — :  Modern  meteorology.  1893.  Elementary 
meteorology,   for  schools  and  colleges.     1896. 

Walker,  Charles  Manning.  1834 — :  History  of  Athens  County.  Ohio; 
First  settlement  of  Ohio  at  Marietta.  Life  of  Oliver  P.  Mor- 
ton. •  Life  of  Alvin  P.  Hovey ;    etc. 

Walker,  James  Barr.  1805-1887.  Living  questions  of  the  age.  1869. 
Doctrine  of  Holy   Spirit,   etc.     1870. 

Wallace,   James:     (Editor):     Harper-Wallace   Anabasis.     1892. 

Wallis,   Louis.     1876  — :     Examination  of  society.     1903. 

Wambaugh,  Eugene.  1856 — :  Study  of  cases.  1892.  Cases  for  analy- 
sis.    1894.     Cases  on  agency.     1896.     Cases  on  insurance.     1901. 

Ward,  May  Alden.  1853—:  Life  of  Dante.  1887.  Petrarch,  a  sketch 
of  his  life  and  works.  1891.  Old  colony  days.  1896.  Prophets 
of  the  nineteenth  century.     1900. 

Ward,  William  G.  1848 — :  Tennyson's  debt  to  environment.  1898. 
Poetry  of  Robert  Browning.  1898.  Art  for  schools.  1899.  Studies 
in   literature.     1901. 

Weed,  Clarence  Moores.  1864— :  Insects  and  insecticides.  1893.  Fungi 
and  fungicides.  1894.  Ten  New  England  blossoms  and  their  insect 
visitors.      1895.      Spraying   crops.      1895.      Life-histories    of    Amer- 


Ohio  Centennial.  663 

Weed,  Clarence  Moores.     1865  —  Concluded. 

ican  insects.    1897.    Stories  of  insect  life.    1899.    Insect  world,   1899v 

Wells,  Amos  Russell.    1862 — :     Numerous  religious  volumes  and  tracts^ 

Wetmore,  Claude  Hazeltine.     1862 — :     Sweepers  of  the  sea.     1900. 

Wheeler,  Edward  Jewett.  1859 — :  Prohibition:  the  principle,  the  policyt 
the  party.  (Editor) :  The  Voice,  1884-1898  ;   Literary  Dige.st  since  1895. 

WiiiTE,  John  Willl\ms.  1849 — :  Greek  and  Latin  at  sight.  First  les- 
sons in  Greek.  Beginner's  Greek  Book.  An  illustrated  dictionary 
to  Xenophon's  Anabasis   (with  Morgan). 

Whitlock,  Brand.     The  13th  di.strict.     1902.- 

Williams,  Miles  Evans.   1843 — :     (Editor):     Ohio  Farmer  since  1874 

Williams,  William  George.  1822 — :  Exposition  of  the  epistle  of  Paul 
to  the  Romans.     1902. 

Wilson,  Edward  S.  An  Oriental  outing.  1894.  Keynotes  of  Education. 
1898.     Political   development  of  Porto  Rico. 

Wood,  Charles  S.  :     On  the  frontier  with  St.  Clair.     1902. 

Wood- Allen,  Mary.  ,1841 — :  Man  wonderful  in  house  beautiful.  1883>. 
Teaching  truth.  1892.  Child  confidence  rewarded.  1893.  Marvek 
of  our  bodily  dwellings.  1896.  Almost  a  man.  1896.  Almost  a 
woman.  1897.  Baby's  first.  1898.  What  a  young  girl  ought  to 
know.     1897.     What  a  young  man  ought  to  know.     1898. 

WooLLEY,  Celia  Parker.  1848 — :  Love  and  theology.  1887.  Girl  grad- 
uate.    1889.     Roger  Hunt.     1893. 

WooLLEY,  John  Granville.  1850 — :  Seed:  the  Sower.  Civilization  by 
faith.     Christian  citizen.     1897-8.     Lion  hunter.     1900. 

Woolsey,  Sarah  Chauncey.  1845 — :  New  year's  bargain.  What  Katy 
did.  Guernsey  lily.  For  summer  afternoons.  In  the  high  valley. 
Short  history  of  Philadelphia.  Barberry  Bush,  etc.  Cross-patch  and 
other  stories.  Eyebright.  Just  sixteen.  Mischief's  Thanksgiving> 
What  Katy  did  at  school.     What  Katy  did  next. 

Worden,  James  Avery.  1841 — :  Westminster  normal  outlines.  Bible 
teachers'    guide.      Bible   correspondence    school. 

Wright,  Mary  Tappan.     1851 — :     Truce,  and  other   stories.     1895. 

Wright,  William  Burnet.  1888 — :  Ancient  cities  from  the  dawn  to 
the  daylight.  1887.  World  to  come.  1887.  Master  and  men. 
1894.      Sermon   on   the    Mountain   practiced   on    the   plain. 

Young,  Clark  Montgomery:  History  and  government  of  South  Dakota. 
Elements  of  pedagogy.     (With   Smith)  :     State  and  Nation. 

Zahm,  John  Augustus.  1851 :  Evolution  and  dogma.  Bible  science 
and  faith.  Sound  and  music.  Catholic  science,  and  Catholic  scien- 
tists. Scientific  theory  and  Catholic  doctrine.  Science  and  the  church. 

Zeisberger,  David.  1721-1808.  Delaware  and  English  spelling-bookv 
1776.  Collections  of  hymns  for  the  Christian  Indians.  1803.  Ser- 
mons for  children.  1803.  Dictionary  in  German  and  Delaware 
1887.     Essay  toward  an  Onondaga  gramniar.     1888. 


RELIGIOUS  INFLUENCES  IN  OHIO. 


BISHOP    C.    C.    M  CABE. 


It  would  not  take  much  argument  to  convince  me  that  Ohio 
is  a  favorite  of  Heaven.  If  God  has  favorites  among  the  nations, 
surely   Ohio  is  one  of  them.     And  why  should  he  not  have? 

The  Hebrew  bard  who  wrote  and 
sang  the  147  Psalm  said,  "He  hath 
not  dwelt  so  with  any  nation."  We 
who  were  born  and  reared  upon  her 
sacred  soil  are  proud  and  happy  to 
say  in  any  country  to  which  we  may 
wander,  *T  was  born  in  my  native 
land  and  my  native  land  is  Ohio." 
Paul  never  claimed  Roman  citizenship 
more  proudly  than  we,  the  sons  of 
Ohio,  claim  that  we  are  or  have  been 
her  citizens. 

Ohio  has  done  many  great  things 
in  these  hundred  years  that  are  passed 
since  her  admission  into  the  Union, 
but  her  greatest  achievement  is  this:  she  has  taught  the  world  a 
lesson  in  the  art  of  Nation  building  and  any  people  of  any  race 
which  will  follow  Ohio's  example  can  become  a  great,  free,  pros- 
perous and  happy  commonwealth.  Her  history  is  well  worthy  of 
universal  imitation.  There  are  some  things  that  came  to  her  at  the 
very  beginning  of  her  history  as  the  direct  gift  of  God  and  which 
marked  her  for  a  glorious  career.  These  blessings  came  to  her 
as  part  of  her  inheritance  from  New  and  Old  England.  Let  the 
historian  tell  of  the  rapid  increase  of  her  wealth.  Let  the  soldier 
tell  of  the  valor  of  her  sons  and  the  vastness  of  her  armies,  but 
the  underlying  reasons  for  her  greatness  and  prosperity  and  power 
are  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  her  soil  was  dedicated  to  Liberty 

from  her  verv  birth. 

064 


C.   C.   M  CABK. 


Ohio  Centennial.  Q^ti 

No  slave  could  breathe  her  air  and  remain  a  slave.  And 
then  there  came  the  adoption  of  her  constitution  which  gave  to 
her  people  religious  liberty  forever.  Mr.  Alfred  Mathews,  in  his 
history  of  Ohio  and  her  Western  Reserve,  tells  us  how  the  great 
Ordinance  of  1787  came  to  be  adopted.  The  account  is  to  me  of 
thrilling  interest.  ' 

It  seems  that  an  ordinance  had  been  before  Congress  for 
three  years  barring  out  slavery  from,  the  whole  Northwest  for- 
ever. 

The  bill  hung  fire.  It  was  a  critical  moment.  Even  Thomas 
Jefferson  failed  to  secure  its  passage.  There  was  a  band  of  in- 
tending settlers  in  New  England,  288  in  number,  waiting  for  the 
passage  of  that  bill  before  they  should  start  westward.  A  Con- 
gregational clergyman  by  name  Manasseh  Cutler  was  agent  of  the 
company. 

Mathews  says,  "Manasseh  Cutler  got  into  his  gig  and  rolled 
leisurely  down  to  New  York,  where  Congress  was  in  session  at 
that  time,  to  accomplish  in  one  week  what  had  baffled  others  for 
three  years."  He  secured  the  passage  of  the  immortal  ordinance 
on  July  13,  1787. 

Mathews  describes  Cutler  as  "a  prince  of  diplomats  and  a 
pioneer  of  lobbyists." 

Thus  a  mere  handful  of  intending  settlers  of  Ohio  dictated 
and  secured  the  fundamental  law  for  the  whole  Northwest 
Territory  and  made  her  soil  free  soil  forever.  Seldom  in  our 
history  has  so  momentous  a  result  proceeded  from  so  insignificant 
a  cause. 

All  honor  to  the  memory  of  Manasseh  Cutler.  Lofty  monu- 
ments have  been  built  to  men  who  have  accomplished  for  humanity 
far  less  than  he. 

I  would  like  to  see  a  splendid  picture  of  this  Congregational 
parson,  riding  to  New  York  in  his  old  gig,  hanging  on  the  walls 
of  the  Rotunda  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington. 

Another  great  event  soon  drew  national  attention  to  Ohio  — 
the  adoption  of  her  constitution. 

Article  8,  section  3,  reads  as  follows : 

That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  indefeasible  right  to  worship  Al- 
mighty  God   according  to   the   dictates   of   conscience.     That   no   human 


666  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

authority  can  in  any  case  whatever  control  or  interfere  with  the  rights- 
of(|ponscience.  That  no  man  shall  be  compelled  to  attend,  erect,  or  sup- 
port any  place  of  worship  or  maintain  any  minister  against  his  consent 
and  that  no  preference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  society 
or  mode  of  worship;  and  no  religious  test  shall  be  required  as  a  quali- 
fication to  any  office  of  trust  or  profit. 

With  what  wondering  eyes  the  slaves  of  ecclesiastical  des- 
potism in  the  old  world  must  have  read  these  words,  one  hun- 
dred years  ago.  Ohio  gave  religious  liberty  to  her  people  for- 
ever. Even  the  non-conformist  rate-payers  of  Great  Britain 
must  have  read  that  article  with  a  longing  to  break  for  Ohio  at 
once  to  found  new  homes  for  themselves  and  for  their  children. 

Here  then  were  two  reasons  why  such  a  sifted  population 
flowed  into  Ohio. 

Physical  liberty  was  guaranteed  to  all  her  citizens  by  the 
immortal  Ordinance  of  1787,  and  soul  liberty,  mind  liberty,  heart 
liberty,  liberty  of  conscience,  that  priceless  boon  for  the  attain- 
ment of  which  gallant  nations  like  the  Swiss  Republic  and  the 
Dutch  Republic  have  fought  even  to  the  verge  of  annihilation, 
was  given  to  the  people  of  Ohio  without  the  shedding  of  a  drop 
of  blood. 

I  have  looked  upon  580  instruments  of  torture  used,  every 
one  of  them,  to  coerce  the  human  conscience,  to  compel  men  to 
think  alike  upon  religious  subjects. 

I  have  wandered  through  the  Tower  of  London  and  have 
seen  the  axes  that  were  used  to  sever  heads  from  the  bodies  of 
those  of  whom  the  world  was  not  worthy  because  they  would 
rather  die  than  lie.  Those  terrible  blocks  upon  which  beautiful 
and  noble  heads  were  laid  in  the  far  away  past  are  there  still, 
to  teach  us  faith  in  God  and  in  the  resistless  march  of  humanity 
toward  that  better  day  so  sure  to  come  when  religious  liberty 
shall  be  proclaimed  throughout  the  whole  world. 

Think  what  it  would  mean  to  the  persecuted  Christians  of 
Turkey  and  the  persecuted  Jews  of  Russia  to  live  imder  such 
a  constitution  as  this. 

A  religion  that  denies  religious  liberty  to  others  may  be 
labelled  Christianity  but  it  is  not  Christianity.  It  needs  but  the 
testini^  time  to  show  to  the  world  that  it  is  only  veneered  sav- 


Ohio  Centennial.  66T 

agery.  Such  a  revelation  we  have  had  from  Russia  within  the 
past  few  days.  There  is  nothing  of  the  spirit  of  Christ  in  such 
a  rehgion  as  that. 

\\^hat  other  nations  secured  through  seas  of  blood  and  Geth- 
semanes  of  anguish,  Ohio  was  born  into. 

It  was  of  course  to  be  expected  that  all  denominations  of 
Christian  people  would  share  the  enthusiasm  for  the  young  state. 

The  Moravians  were  first  to  come.  Christian  Frederick 
Post  was  the  first  to  arrive  in  1761.  His  was  the  first  white 
man's  cabin  built  in  Ohio.  The  Moravians  built  the  first  house 
of  worship  in  1772  near  where  Marietta  now  stands,  and  here 
was  the  spot  where  the  first  colony  of  47  persons  came  from  New 
England  in  1788  and  founded  the  city  of  Marietta  and  there  they 
found  a  Christian  church  which  had  been  built  16  years  before. 

The  Roman  Catholics  came  in  the  early  years  of  the  century. 
Rev.  Edward  D.  Fenwick,  a  Marylander,  born  in  1786  —  a  Do- 
minican friar  educated  in  France  —  was  the  first  missionary  to- 
Ohio  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  He  came  from  Kentucky 
where  Roman  Catholicism  had  been  already  established  about 
1810,  to  visit  the  few  families  of  his  church  which  he  found 
along  the  frontiers.  In  182 1  the  Diocese  of  Cincinnati  was  cre- 
ated and  included  all  the  Northwest  Territory.  Mr.  Fenwick 
was  appointed  by  Pope  Pius  VIL  as  the  first  bishop.  He  then 
estimated  there  were  8,000  Roman  Catholics  in  his  jurisdiction,, 
but  about  the  year  1830  the  migration  from  Ireland  and  Germany 
very  greatly  increased  the  population  of  that  faith,  since  which 
time  its  growth  has  been  steady. 

The  planting  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Ohio^ 
was  done  by  faithful  laymen.  The  prayer  book  was  read  in  log- 
cabins  and  rude  school  houses.  Formal  organization  took  place 
in  September,  1809,  at  Boardman,  Trumbull  County.  Rev.  Phil- 
ander Chase  preached  the  first  sermon  in  Ohio  at  Covenant  Creek, 
March  16,  1817. 

Judge  Solomon  had  read  prayers  in  the  woods  for  several 
years  so  that  when  the  clergyman  came  he  found  fifty  persons 
ready  to  be  baptized. 

The  Evangelical  Lutherans  first  came  to  Ohio  with  the  waves- 
of  immigration  from  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and  North  Carolinai 


668  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

in  the  last  decade  of  the  eighteenth  century.  The  first  mission- 
ii|^  pastors  came  over  the  mountains  on  horseback,  baptized  and 
confirmed  the  children  of  these  pious  Germans  and  organized  the 
first  congregations  in  1802- 1806.  Soon  the  immigrants  from 
Germany  came  in  increasing  numbers  to  the  new  state  forming  a 
not  inconsiderable  element  of  our  religious  forces.  In  army  and 
legislative  hall  the  members  of  this  conservative  church  have 
ever  been  loyal  and  faithful  to  Buckeye  principles  of  liberty.  To- 
day Ohio  Lutherans  number  125,000  communicant  members  and 
support,  in  the  state,  three  colleges,  two  theological  seminaries, 
an  orphans'  home,  a  dozen  periodicals  and  report  over  six  hun- 
dred churches  with  a  valuation  of  three  million  dollars. 

The  Presbyterians  came  early  in  the  century  and  have  been 
a  mighty  force  for  good  in  Ohio.  They  have  been  lovers  of 
righteousness  and  haters  of  iniquity.  They  and  the  Methodists 
had  many  a  battle  for  years,  but  the  stern  creed  of  John  Calvin 
has  softened  a  little  with  passing  years  and  the  Arminian  and  the 
Calvinist  now  work  together  in  perfect  harmony. 

In  the  autumn  of  1789  a  number  of  Baptist  families  went 
down  the  Ohio  River  and  began  a  settlement  where  the  town  of 
Columbia  now  stands.  In  1790  the  Reverend  Stephen  Gano  or- 
ganized the  first  Baptist  church  and  baptized  three  persons. 
Ohio  has  fully  shared  in  the  vast  increase  of  the  Baptist  denomin- 
ation which  now  counts  upon  her  muster  rolls  in  the  whole  nation 
four  and  one-half  millions  of  communicants  and  nine  millions  of 
a  population. 

Puritanism  has  made  a  wonderful  contribution  to  the  relig- 
ious history  of  Ohio.  The  colonizing  of  the  Western  Reserve 
was  a  sublime  event.  These  colonists  were  the  descendants  of 
the  Puritans  of  whom  Macaulay  wrote,  "They  thought  so  intently 
on  one  subject  that  they  were  tranquil  on  every  other" ;  and  con- 
cerning whom  he  further  says,  "The  Puritans  brought  to  civil 
and  military  afifairs  a  coolness  of  judgment  and  an  immutability 
of  purpose  which  some  writers  have  thought  inconsistent  with 
religious  zeal,  but  which  were  in  fact  the  necessary  effects  of  it." 

Even  Hume  the  historian  though  a  scoffer  at  Christianity 
says,  "They,  the  Puritans,  alone  kindled  and  preserved  the  pre- 
cious spark  of  Liberty";  and  Hallam  says,  "The  Puritans  were 


Ohio  Centennial.  669 

depositories  of  the  sacred  fire  of  liberty  and  revived  its  smolder- 
ing embers." 

Carlyle  speaks  of  Puritanism  as  *'the  last  of  all  our  hero- 
isms which  was  in  all  verity  as  noble  a  heroism  as  ever  transacted 
itself  on  the  earth."  It  gave  England  constitutional  liberty  and 
America  political  freedom,  self-government  and  the  beginnings 
of  a  true  democracy. 

Puritanism  came  to  Ohio  with  the  stern  creed  of  John  Cal- 
vin, John  Knox  and  William  the  Silent  and  whatever  defects  that 
creed  may  have,  it  has  so  much  of  the  truth  of  God  and  of  his 
Gospel  in  it  that  it  can  build  nations  that  endure  and  conquer. 
There  is  iron  in  the  creed  and  there  was  iron  in  the  men  who 
believed  it. 

The  descendants  of  these  men  peopled  the  Western  Reserve. 
Their  children  of  to-day  illustrate  their  moral  fibre. 

Is  there  any  community  on  earth  more  law^  abiding,  more  true 
to  the  lofty  ideals  of  our  holy  Christianity  than  these  descendants 
of  the  Puritans? 

Time  would  fail  to  speak  of  all  the  denominations  which  were 
here  at  the  very  beginning,  but  there  is  one  more  to  which  I 
must  refer  —  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Puritanism  and  Methodism  have  very  much  in  common. 
Both  movements  were  protests  against  the  wickedness  of  the 
world  and  the  worldliness  of  the  Church.  Both  suffered  fearful 
persecutions  and  both  were  triumphant  at  the  last.  They  differed 
in  creed,  the  one  Calvinistic  and  the  other  Arminian,  but  they 
agreed  in  the  great  essentials.  They  believed  in  Christ  Jesus  as 
the  only  Savior.  They  believed  the  Bible  to  be  the  Word  of 
God  and  at  last  they  saw  that  their  objects  and  aims  were  one 
and  that  they  ought  to  work  together  in  perfect  harmony !  Meth- 
odism brought  with  her  from  England  the  itineracy,  which  was 
certainly  a  providential  scheme  for  preaching  the  Gospel  in  the 
western  world. 

How  wonderful  it  all  seems  as  we  look  back  upon  it  now. 
John  Wesley  was  denied  the  pulpits  of  the  established  church 
and  even  the  privilege  of  preaching  in  his  own  father's  pulpit. 
He  mounted  his  father's  tomb  and  there  he  preached  Jesus  and 
the  great  salvation  to  the  people.     He  was  hooted  at  and  scorned 


•670  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

and  stoned  and  mobbed,  but  he  went  up  and  down  through  the 
United  Kingdom  for  half  a  century  until  all  opposition  ceased 
-and  his  fame  grew  into  collossal  proportions  and  all  England 
joined  in  applause  as  he  approached  the  end  of  his  life-long  labors 
-and  declared  that  he  was  ready  to  "cease  at  once  to  work  and 
live."  Never  was  there  a  finer  illustration  of  the  truth  of  Paul's 
declaration  when  he  said,  "We  can  do  nothing  against  the  truth 
but  for  the  truth ;"  as  though  he  had  said,  "Every  blow  ye  strike 
will  be  for  the  furtherance  of  the  Gospel."  If  Wesley  had  been 
welcomed  to  the  churches  of  England,  we  should  never  have 
had  the  itineracy  of  Methodism,  that  ecclesiastical,  military  system 
which  enabled  him  even  before  he  died  to  reach  every  part  of 
-Great  Britain  and  that  emboldened  him  to  invade  America. 

That  was  a  great  day  for  Ohio  and  every  other  state  when 
John  Wesley  said  to  George  Shadford,  one  of  his  preachers, 
'"George,  1  turn  you  loose  on  the  continent  of  America.  Publish 
your  commission  in  the  face  of  the  sun."  I  have  before  me  the 
record  of  the  first  conference  of  these  itinerants  that  ever  met  in 
this  country.  It  was  held  in  Philadelphia  in  June,  1773,  just 
-one  hundred  and  thirty  yeais  ago.  It  was  composed  of  ten 
preachers.  After  several  days  deliberation  the  appointments  were 
read.  We  can  imagine  that  little  band  closing  their  session  with 
Charles  Wesley's  parting  hymn  which  has  been  sung  by  the 
Methodists  ever  since  it  was  written. 

And  let  our  bodies  part, 

To  different  climes  repair, 
Inseparably  joined  in  heart, 

The  friends  of  Jesus  are. 

Then  the  question  was  asked,  "How  are  the  preachers  sta- 
tioned?" 

New  York.  Thomas  Rankin,  to  change  in  four  months. 

Philadelphia,  George  Shadford,  to  change  in  four  months. 

New  Jersey,  John  King,  William  Watters. 

Baltimore,  Francis  Asbury,  Robert  Strawbridge,  Abraham 
Whitwork,  and  Joseph  Yearbay. 

Norfolk,  Richard  Wright. 

Petersburg,  Robert  Williams. 


Ohio  Centennial.  671 

And  then  they  mounted  their  horses  and  rode  away,  some  to 
the  north  and  some  to  the  south. 

Never  since  the  day  when  Jesus  spread  his  pierced  hands 
over  the  heads  of  his  disciples  at  the  Mount  of  OUves  and  sent 
them  out  to  preach  the  Gospel  has  there  been  witnessed  a  sub- 
limer  sight  than  that  little  band  going  out  to  preach  the  Gospel 
to  the  people,  literally  not  knowing  whither  they  went. 

They  were  men  of  great  abihty.  Francis  Asbury  would  have 
graced  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  he  would  have  graced 
the  supreme  bench  of  this  country  or  of  England,  but  these  men 
went  forth  on  a  salary  that  rarely  averaged  as  much  as  $64  a 
year.  The  people  showed  them  abounding  hospitality.  Their 
preaching,  their  prayers,  their  songs  made  them  welcome  every- 
where. Year  by  year,  they  kept  going  farther  west  as  their 
numbers  increased.  They  followed  the  settlers  into  the  valleys 
and  over  the  mountains  and  in  the  closing  years  of  the  century 
they  reached  Ohio.  The  Western  Conference  was  organized.  It 
took  in  all  the  great  West  from  the  summit  of  the  Alleghany 
Range  to  the  limits  of  civilization.  That  Western  Conference 
met  in  Chillicothe  in  1807.  The  state  of  Ohio  was  at  that  time 
one  great  district.  I  have  seen  the  minutes  of  that  conference. 
I.et  me  read  them  to  you. 

Ohio  District,  John  Sale,  presiding  elder. 

Miami,  Benjamin  Lakin,  John  Collins. 

Mad  River,  Agget  McGuire,  Isaac  Quinn. 

Scioto,  Anthony  Houston,  Milton  Ladd. 

Hock  Hockin,  Joseph  Hayes,  James  King. 

Muskingum,  Peter  Cartwright. 

Little  Kanawha,  William  Vermillion. 

Guyandotte,  John  Klingham. 

White  River,  John  Hellmuns,  Sela  Paine. 

Licking,  William  Ellington. 

A  band  of  twelve  men  from  whose  labors  came  Ohio  Meth- 
odism, as  it  stands  to-day.  with  its  five  great  conferences,  its 
6co,ooo  people,  its  $12,000,000  worth  of  church  property,  its 
schools  and  colleges  all  through  the  land. 

Other  denominations  adopted  the  itineracy  and  one  pastor 
was  often  given  charge  of  four  or  five  groups  of  believers.    These 


672  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

itinerant  preachers  were  strong  men.  It  would  be  a  delight  had 
vj^  time,  to  select  from  them  a  few  types  and  describe  them. 
Tneir  immediate  successors  were  such  men  as  Bigelow,  Christy, 
Raper  and  a  host  of  others.  Recently,  I  heard  Joseph  Parker,  a 
great  preacher  of  London,  preach  a  magnificent  sermon.  I  lis- 
tened to  him  with  delight  and  I  know  that  these  men  I  have  men- 
tioned would  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  him  if  they  were 
alive  to-day  and  in  the  pulpit.  They  were  scholarly  men.  What 
they  lacked  of  education  at  the  beginning,  they  gained  by  hard 
work.  They  studied  on  horseback.  They  studied  in  the  cabins 
of  the  poor.  Thousands  were  converted  under  their  ministry. 
Think  of  men  like  Russell  Bigelow  getting  a  salary  of  $300  a 
year  while  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  a  very  nice  man  and 
a  very  good  man,  but  judging  from  his  published  sermons  in 
no  sense  the  equal  of  Russell  Bigelow,  receiving  $75,000  a  year 
for  his  salary.  But  these  great  men  who  helped  to  make  Ohio 
what  it  is  have  received  their  reward  in  the  results  of  their  lives. 
They  wove  their  lives  into  the  destiny  of  Ohio  and  that  destiny 
is  to  brighten  forever  beneath  the  smile  of  God.  Therefore,  they 
have  found  their  reward.  They  had  the  strange  and  wonderful 
powder  to  cause  men  to  cry  out,  "What  must  I  do  to  be  saved?" 
and  the  story  of  their  triumphs  is  among  the  most  thrilling  and 
wonderful  in  the  history  of  the  Church  of  God. 

But  the  religious  influences  of  Ohio  did  not  altogether  pro- 
ceed from  the  ministry.  Christian  homes  abound,  homes  like 
that  where  Abraham  Lincoln  was  reared,  who  was  trained  by  his 
Baptist  mother  to  love  the  Bible  and  to  read  it  until  his  soul  was 
filled  with  its  great  thoughts  and  he  made  it  the  guide  of  his  life. 
No  wonder  that  when  he  stood  by  his  mother's  grave  he  said, 
"All  that  I  am  or  ever  hope  to  be  I  owe  to  my  angel  mother." 
If  you  will  look  carefully  into  the  lives  of  the  greatest  men  Ohio 
has  ever  produced,  you  will  find  that  they  came  from  such  homes 
as  this.  U.  S.  Grant,  who  was  incapable  of  an  unmanly  or  an 
unchristian  act,  came  from  a  Christian  home.  William  McKinley 
had  a  mother  who  was  devotedly  pious.  She  taught  her  boy  to 
believe  in  God  and  revere  his  commands.  He  showed  the  result 
of  her  teaching  and  as  he  was  dying  drew  the  whole  world  nearer 
to  God  when  he  sang,  ** Nearer  my  God  to  Thee,  nearer  to  Thee." 


Ohio  Centennial.  673 

Last  Sabbath  I  heard  Bishop  Joyce  preach.  He  told  the  fol- 
lowing incident.  In  one  of  his  great  congregations  far  out  in 
Montana,  he  called  upon  all  those  who  were  willing  to  give  their 
lives  TO  Jesus  Christ  from  that  day  forward  to  rise.  Many  re- 
sponded to  his  appeal  and  among  them  was  the  owner  of  the  mine 
in  which  most  of  his  congregation  were  employed.  When  the 
services  were  over,  the  mine  owner  came  to  the  bishop  and  said, 
'*!  have  not  been  inside  of  a  church  for  seven  long  years.  Why  I 
am  here  to-day  I  can  not  understand.  Your  appeal  brought  to 
me  sacred  memories.  When  I  bade  my  mother  goodbye  in  old 
Scotland,  she  said,  'I  want  to  say  three  things  to  you.  Don't 
forget  God.  Don't  forget  your  Bible.  Don't  forget  your 
mother,'  and  wdiile  you  were  talking,  my  mother's  face  glided 
before  me.  That  mine  owner  became  a  Christian.  Several  years 
after,  he  was  injured  in  his  mine  and  was  taken  home  to  die. 
Although  called  suddenly  away  from  earth,  he  was  ready.  He 
said  to  his  wife,  'I  am  glad  I  gave  my  heart  to  God  that  day 
when  the  bishop  asked  us  to  rise'." 

Volumes  might  be  written  of  such  instances  as  this  that 
came  to  the  knowledge  of  the  frontier  preachers,  and  they  were 
not  slow  to  appeal  to  the  holiest  and  most  sacred  impulses  of  the 
human  heart.  We  can  not  trace  the  religious  influences  that  made 
Ohio  w^ithout  taking  this  into  account.  Before  we  can  do  it  ac- 
curately, we  must  catch  the  holy  gleam  on  many  a  mother's  face 
as  she  sorrowfully  bids  her  boy  goodbye  and  sends  him  out  to 
seek  his  fortune  in  the  new  state.  Yea,  before  we  can  trace  ac- 
curately the  religious  influences  that  made  Ohio,  we  must  be 
gifted  w^ith  spiritual  insight  to  enable  us  to  tell  how  the  Holy 
Spirit  of  God,  who  convinces  men  of  sin  and  of  righteousness 
and  of  a  judgment  to  come,  calls  men  to  repentance,  awakens 
their  consciences  and  as  the  supreme  Teacher  leads  them  into 
conscious  fellowship  with  Jesus  Christ,  We  must  be  able  to  tell 
how  that  Spirit  dealt  with  each  individual  soul,  for  it  is  written 
that  "He  lighteneth  every  man  that  cometh  into  the  world." 

And  now  what  of  the  future?     Let  us  have  no  fears  but 
go  forward  to  meet  it  confident  that  all  will  be  well.     In  1857^. 
I  heard  George  D.  Prentiss,  the  editor  of  the  Louisville  Journal,'^^ 
deliver  a  lecture  on  American  Politics.     It  was  as  gloomy  a  lee- 
43    o.  c. 


674 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


ture  as  I  ever  heard.  He  spoke  of  the  Ship  of  State  driving 
ujAn  the  breakers  and  he  said,  "The  pilots  are  all  dead."  He 
referred  to  the  death  of  Clay  and  of  Webster ;  and  then  m  his 
beautifully  classic  way  he  said,  "Ulysses  has  gone  forth  to  his 
wanderings  and  there  is  no  one  left  at  Ithaca  strong  enough  to 
bend  his  bow.  Atlas  has  gone  to  the  shades  of  Erebus  and  there 
is  no  one  left  to  support  the  falling  skies"  and  he  sat  down  and 
left  us  in  the  darkness.  But  God  had  a  Ulysses  that  George 
D.  Prentiss  did  not  know  about.  He  was  in  a  tan-yard  in  Galena, 
Illinois.  He  had  been  trained  by  a  Christian  mother.  And  God 
had  ready  an  Atlas  in  a  law  office  in  Springfield,  Illinois,  whose 
character  had  been  moulded  and  fashioned  by  a  noble  Christian 
woman  who  taught  him  to  fear  God  and  nothing  else.  His  name 
was  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Let  us  go  forward  then  to  meet  the  future,  believing  that 
He  who  has  brought  us  thus  far  will  still  be  our  guard  and  guide 
through  all  the  coming  years,  and  furnish  us  leaders  in  every 
great  crisis. 


TENT   IN    WHICH    CKNTENNIAT.    EXERCISES   WERE    HELD. 


ADDRESS  OF  CHARLES  FOSTER. 


Mr.  President  and  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  have  no  manu- 
script, and  in  fact  until  about  ten  minutes  ago  I  did  not  know 
that  I  was  even  expected  to  talk,  and 
besides  that  my  landlady  notified  me 
that  I  must  be  home  to  dinner  at  half- 
past  twelve  or  I  would  not  get  any- 
thing to  eat.  (Laughter  and  cries  of 
"Its  past  half  after  twelve  now;  go 
on.") 

Its  past  half-past  twelve  now,  dinner 
is  gone,  and  perhaps  for  that  reason  I 
may  detain  you  a  little  longer  than  T 
otherwise  would.     (Laughter.) 

Egotism  as  a  rule  is  intolerable,  but 
when  fully  justified  it  may  be  tolerated 
as  is  the  case  in  the  state  of  Ohio. 
(More  laughter.) 

We  care  but  little  to-day  about  the  precise  date  on  which  the 
state  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  or  whether  Thomas  Jefferson 
and  his  political  associates  performed  the  high  political  finan- 
ciering, so-to-speak  —  I  don't  want  to  use  any  harsher  term  — 
to  secure  the  admission  of  the  state  without  submitting  to  a  vote 
of  the  people.  What  do  these  things  matter  when  noM%  to-day, 
we  have  four  and  one-half  millions  of  people,  happy  and  con- 
tented, every  one  of  them. 

A  condition  exists  in  Ohio  and  in  the  whole  country  for  that 
matter  which  does  not  exist  anywhere  else  in  the  world.  There 
is  not  a  man  in  all  this  broad  state  and  country  in  good  health, 
who  to-day  can  not  make  a  living  for  himself,  secure  a  home  and 
lay  up  something  besides. 

*  Stenographer's  Report, 


CHARLES  FOSTER. 


675 


676  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

A  Our  friend,  General  Cowen,  in  his  most  charming  paper 
undertakes  to  show  and  I  think  does  show  some  reason  for  the 
extraordinary  success  of  the  people  of  this  state  of  Ohio ;  for  it  is 
extraordinary.  It  does  not  happen  to  other  states,  and  there  must 
be  some  reason  for  it.  He  shows  that  the  liberty-loving  and  best 
people  of  Western  Europe,  through  Virginia  and  Massachusetts, 
were  the'  first  settlers  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  the  mingling  of 
the  blood  of  these  people  has  produced  this  magnificent  type  of 
people  that  we  now  possess  in  this  state.  I  have  no  doubt  that 
that  is  one  reason  and  a  very  potent  reason,  but  it  strikes  me,  my 
fellow-citizen,  that  there  is  another  reason.  Conditions  exist 
in  Ohio  that  do  not  exist  in  any  other  state  in  this  Union.  The 
great  mineral,  manufacturing,  mercantile  and  farming  interests 
exist  in  Ohio  in  about  equal  proportions.  In  other  states  one 
or  the  other  of  these  great  interests  predominate ;  hence  it  is  that 
these  great  interests  operating  upon  the  minds  of  our  people  so 
equally  produce  a  level-headed  sort  of  people  (applause  and 
laughter)  while  in  other  states  one  factor  being  potential  makes 
the  people  of  that  state  just  a  little  lop-sided  compared  with  the 
people  of  Ohio.     (More  applause  and  laughter.) 

My  fellow-citiens,  I  think  perhaps  if  I  stop  I  can  yet  get 
that  dinner,  and  you  have  had  this  centennial  discussion  from  all 
points  and  had  many  very  able  papers,  and  I  do  not  care  about 
continuing  my  speech  because  it  won't  get  into  that  book  of  six- 
teen volumes. 

Having  said  this  much  I  desire  to  express  my  great  gratifi- 
cation at  meeting  you  and  to  compliment  the  officers  of  the  Ohio 
State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  upon  the  success  of 
their  enterprise.     (Great  applause.) 


ADDRESS  OF  BISHOP  B.  W,  ARNETT.- 


Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  (Cries  of  "What 
shall  we  do  with  the  Colored  Race?"    "Hear  him."    "Hear  him.") 

I  am  more  than  pleased  to  be  here,  pleased  because  of  the 
occasion  that  brings  us  together  in  the  reception  vestibule  of  the 
twentieth  century.  I  am  here  to  rep- 
resent in  part  ninety-six  thousand 
Buckeyes  of  the  buckeye  color. 
(Laughter  and  applause.)  We  are 
not  painted  buckeyes,  but  are  buck- 
eyes (more  laughter)  ;  every  one  of 
us.  You  see  it  is  our  buckeye;  you 
have  adopted  it ;  we  have  the  color 
and  you  have  the  buckeye.  (Laugh- 
ter.) 

If  it  were  not  so  late  I  would  like 
to  go  back  one  hundred  years  and 
speak  of  the  grand  work  of  the  pio- 
neer fathers,  but  I  know  it  is  too  late 
for  that. 

My  dear  friends,  in  this  grand  work 
of  laying  the  foundation  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  no  class  of 
people  in  this  land  was  more  interested  and  had  a  deeper  interest 
in  its  consummation  than  the  race  with  whom  I  am  identified, 
by  blood,  by  history  and  by  destiny,  for  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory was  the  first  gift  to  posterity,  from  the  fathers  that  fought 
for  the  establishment  of  a  country  here  whose  cornerstone  was 
that  "God  has  created  all  men  equal  and  endowed  them  with 
certain  inalienable  rights,  among  which  are  life,  liberty  and  the 
pursuit  of  happiness." 

The  Northwest  Territory  was  the  Ten  Commandments;  the 
Northwest  Territory  was  the  Golden  Rule;  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory to  us  was  the  land  of  Canaan,  the  promise  of  liberty,  of 
honey,  and  milk,  and  wine.     (Laughter  and  applause.) 

*  Stenographer's  Report.  (577 


BISHOP   B.     W  ARNETT. 


678  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

We  have  not  always  received  the  wine;  we  don't  want  it;  as 
Doctor  Thompson  says,  we  can  do  without  it;  but  there  is  this 
ahftut  it :  In  the  organization  of  the  Northwest  Territory  our 
fathers  were  in  harmony  with  the  spirit  that  laid  the  foundation 
of  our  republic.  They  believed  what  they  said ;  they  believed  in 
the  doctrine  of  the  fatherhood  of  God  and  the  brotherhood  of 
man.  But  the  subject  with  them  was  how  to  supply  that;  how 
to  take  the  power  of  the  strong  and  give  it  to  the  weakest;  how 
to  take  the  wealth  of  the  wealthiest  and  distribute  it  among  the 
poor ;  how  to  take  a  race  that  was  down  and  lift  it  up.  For  our 
fathers  in  the  past  hundred  years  their  sons  have  solved  that 
mysterious  problem-  and  to-day  we  stand  in  Ohio. 

In  1802  my  race  was  denied  the  oath  in  the  courts ;  we  were 
denied  the  right  to  carry  a  gun;  we  were  denied  the  jury  box; 
we  were  denied  the  cartridge  box ;  and  we  were  denied  everything 
that  was  in  those  two  boxes.  But  we  have  lived  to  see  the  chil- 
dren of  the  fathers  who  laid  the  foundation  of  this  government, 
come  up  to  the  point  where  we  are  this  day.  There  is  not  a 
statute  on  the  books  of  the  great  state  of  Ohio  that  discriminates 
against  any  man  or  woman  on  account  of  race,  color  of  previous 
condition  (applause)  ;  we  stand  to-day  equal  before  the  law.  A 
hundred  years  ago  my  race  was  standing  with  not  a  star  appear- 
ing above  the  horizon ;  no  stars  appeared  above  the  horizon  of  our 
civilization  except  the  two  stars  that  guide  the  pilgrims  of  all 
nations — the  Star  of  Bethlehem  and  the  Star  of  Hope.  For 
American  citizens  they  are  the  brightest  stars  in  the  firmament  of 
our  civilization. 

To  the  Negro  there  was  no  star,  but  thank  God  we  have 
lived  to  see  the  day  when  our  sons  —  every  one  —  have  the  oppor- 
tunity to  make  of  themselves  men ;  to  take  upon  themselves  the 
responsibilities  of  citizenship,  and  we  have  come  to  you,  not  to 
criticise  the  past,  but  to  gird  ourselves  for  the  duty  of  an 
American  citizen ;  to,  in  the  future,  increase  the  wealth,  the  intel- 
ligence and  the  virtue  of  this  grand  republic  of  ours.  (Applause.) 
We  hope  that  the  coming  century  may  be  broader  even  than  the 
past,  and  we  want  to  assure  you,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  one  hundred 
years  ago  when  the  state  was  organized  there  was  not  a  Negro 


Ohio  Centennial.  679 

who  owned  a  house  in  this  great  territory,  but  to-day  twenty- 
seven  thousand  homes  belong  to  our  race. 

In  eighteen  hundred  when  the  census  was  taken  there  were 
only  one  thousand  five  hundred  negroes  in  all  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory ;  but  to-day  there  are  two  million  five  hundred  and  seventy- 
six  thousand,  five  hundred  and  forty  negroes  —  I  think  there  has 
been  some  addition  since  that  (laughter),  since  the  census  was 
taken,  but  we  will  let  those  figures  stand.  (Applause  and  laughter.) 

But  we  are  here  to  take  our  part ;  our  soldiers  in,  the  past 
have  fought  in  the  war;  we  have  fought  for  our  country,  as  a 
race  we  have  fought;  our  soldiers  went  out  and  fought  for  the 
union  and  the  constitution.  Why  it  is  said  we  fought  like  de- 
mons upon  the  battle-field.  Both  slave  and  valiant  freemen  faced 
the  glittering  steel;  our  blood,  beneath  the  banner,  mingled  with 
the  whites;  beneath  its  folds  we  now  have  received  justice  and 
equal  rights, — let  it  wave.  (Applause,)  Let  the  glorious  banner 
wave,  let  it  wave,  but  never  over  a  slave.  (Great  applause.) 
That  is  the  message  we  have  for  you,  my  fellow-countrymen. 

Fellow-citizens,  let  us  adopt  for  the  coming  century  the  motto 
of  Kentucky.  Kentucky  has  two  white  men  standing  —  they 
made  a  mistake  —  and  holding  each  other's  hands,  and  above 
them  is  written  "United  we  stand,  divided  we  fall."  So  I  say 
to  this  audience,  to  this  congregation  and  all  the  state  of  Ohio, 
let  us  stand  as  the  motto  says.  United  the  Negro  and  the  White 
stand. 

We  know  that  one  hundred  years  ago  the  Indians  outnum- 
bered us,  but  the  Indian  is  passing  away  and  the  Negroes  have 
increased.  The  Indians  rejected  your  Bible;  they  rejected  your 
civilization;  they  rejected  your  coat;  they  rejected  your  pants; 
they  rejected  your  shoes;  they  rejected  all  of  these;  the  Negro, 
he  has  appropriated  your  shoes  (laughter),  appropriated  your 
coat  (more  laughter)  — when  the  weather  is  stormy  he  had  to 
have  it,  if  you  didn't  give  it  to  him  he  would  take  it  anyhow 
(great  laughter),  because  in  our  civilization  to-day  we  must  have 
a  coat.  And  the  reason  we  have  appropriated  the  best  of  your 
civilization  is  the  reason  we  are  here  to-day,  and  where  are  the 
Indians?  It  has  come  to  be  as  General  Cowen  said  last  night, 
when  he  was  talking  about  the  Clifif  Dwellers,  the  Mound  Build- 


t)80  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

ers  and  the  Tent  Dwellers  who  had  inhabited  this  country,  com- 
ina  to  the  people  who  had  dwelling  houses,  school  houses,  court 
houses  and  watch  houses.     (Laughter.) 

Now,  who  own  the  dwelling  houses  of  this  country  ?  —  The 
negro  and  the  white  man.  Who  own  the  school  houses  of  this 
country  ?  —  The  negro  and  the  white  man.  Who  own  the  court 
houses  of  this  country  ?  —  The  negro  and  the  white  man.  You 
furnish  the  judge  and  we  furnish  the  prisoner.  (More  laughter.) 

The  sixteen  million  families  of  this  country  live  in  fourteen 
million  houses,  and  of  the  fourteen  million  houses  more  than  two 
million  of  them  belong  to  us  —  we  are  the  only  people  in  this 
country  that  own  houses.  -We  have  our  titles  clear  to  the  houses 
on  earth  as  w^e  have  to  the  mansions  in  the  sky. 

And  that  is  the  reason  why  we  are  here.  Talk  about  the 
Negro  going  away.  We  can't  get  away  if  we  wanted  -to,  and  we 
wouldn't  go  if  you  did  want  us  to.  Your  fathers  supported  us 
when  we  were  slaves ;  your  fathers  educated  us  when  we  were 
ignorant ;  your  fathers  helped  us  when  we  had  nothing ;  now  we 
are  enlightened,  now  the  school  houses  are  open  to  us,  now  we 
are  doing  our  duty,  and  we  are  going  to  with  your  help.  The 
Negroes  of  this  country,  the  nine  million  Negroes  of  this  country 
have  been  in  a  normal  school  —  America  is  a  normal  school  teach- 
ing some  how  to  teach  the  rest,  teaching  others  how  to  realize 
the  best. 

Why  the  Negro  and  the  white  man  are  the  ones  who  know 
how  to  get  things !  Do  you  know  that  there  is  not  a  statute  on 
the  books  of  the  nation  or  state  that  was  put  there  except  by  us 
two?     Show  me  an  instance. 

The  Indians,  there  are  only  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand of  them ;  the  other  colored  peoples,  there  are  about  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  thousand  of  them  ;  but  there  are  nine  millions 
of  us  and  sixty-six  millions  of  you,  and  every  statute  on  the  books 
of  this  nation  is  there,  proposed  and  put  there  by  you  or  us. 

Do  you  know^  that  the  only  people  ever  sitting  in  the  speak- 
er's chair  of  the  House  of  Representatives  .of  the  United  States 
are  us  two  ?  Nobody  ever  got  there  but  the  Negro  and  the  white 
man.  (Laughter.)  And  do  you  know  that  the  first  colored  man 
who  ever  occupied  the  chair  of  the  House  of  Representatives  was 


Ohio  Centennial.  681 

invited  there  by  an  Ohio  man?  (Applause.)  When  General  J. 
Warren  Keifer  was  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  on 
one  occasion  the  house  was  turbulent  —  you  know  how  it  is  when 
they  are  going"  to  close  up,  the  spirit  was  on  them  and  the  spirit 
was  in  them  —  he  looked  over  the  house  to  find  a  man  with  a 
level  head  and  the  only  man  he  saw  with  a  level  head  was  Mr. 
Rainey,  of  South  Carolina,  and  J.  Warren  Keifer,  when  he  pre- 
sided in  the  House  of  Representatives,  has  the  distinction  of  in- 
viting Mr.  Rainey  to  come  up  and  take  the  chair  for  the  first  time 
in  the  history  of  the  world.  Nobody  ever  got  there  before  us  and 
we  would  not  have  gotten  there  if  it  had  not  been  for  an  Ohio 
man  (laughter  and  applause),  and  I  would  not  move  out  of  Ohio 
if  I  could.  (Applause.)  All  honor  to  J.  Warren  Keifer.  (More 
applause.) 

And  you  know  the  Speaker's  chair  of  the  Senate.  Nobody 
was  ever  in  that  but  us  two.  It  is  a  fact.  I  am  not  telling  you 
anything  new,  anything  that  you  didn't  yourselves  all  know.  B. 
K.  Bruce  was  a  senator  from  Mississippi,  he  was  elected  senator 
from  Mississippi,  and  he  went  there,  and  the  vice-president  of 
the  United  States  asked  Mr.  Bruce  to  come  up  —  you  know  it  is 
a  senatorial  courtesy  to  invite  them  —  when  the  time  came  he 
shut  his  eyes  and  said,  *'Mr.  Bruce,  come  up  and  take  the  chair" ; 
he  didn't  say,  "The  gentleman  from  Mississippi  will  please  take 
the  chair,"  and  Mr.  Bruce  came  up  and  took  the  chair  and  he 
presided  over  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  Nobody  has  been 
there  but  us  two,  and  do  you  suppose  I  am  going  to  leave  you 
now?  There  is  only  one  more  chair  for  us  to  fill.  We  have  been 
constable;  we  have  been  justice  of  the  peace;  we  have  been  in- 
justice of  the  peace;  we  have  been  representative;  w^e  have  been 
misrepresentative ;  we  have  been  in  Congress,  and  the  only  other 
chair  is  over  at  the  White  House,  and  as  long  as  there  is  an  Ohio 
man  in  the  White  House  we  don't  want  it.     (Applause.) 

And  when  an  Ohio  man  was  elected  to  that  we  furnished 
him  the  Bible  on  which  he  took  the  oath  of  office  (applause),  so 
while  we  have  not  the  president  we  have  the  Bible. 

My  friends,  I  must  stop.  All  I  ask  of  you  in  the  future,  all 
I  ask  in  the  name  of  the  ninety-six  thousand  negroes  of  this  state 
is  that  you  give  us  your  sympathy  in  our  struggle ;  give  us  your 


682  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

prayers ;  and  we  ask  the  press  to  be  fair  to  us  and  to  record  our 
virtues  as  well  as  our  vices.  (Applause.)  If  a  negro  is  lynched, 
tell  why  he  is  lynched,  but  if  the  negro  does  a  good  deed  put  it 
in  your  paper.     That  is  all  we  ask. 

If  you  find  a  negro  man  going  to  jail,  let  him  go  on  like  any 
other  man,  and  hang  him  like  any  other  man  but  don't  hang  the 
wrong  man  and  try  him  after  he  is  hung.  We  ask  justice  for 
the  children  of  the  fathers,  as  true  to  the  principle  as  their  fathers. 

We  start  out  in  the  new  century,  standing  with  the  motto  of 
Kentucky,  "United  we  stand  but  divided  we  fall." 

In  the  future  you  may  expect  us  to  do  our  duty  every  time. 
If  our  nation  is  in  danger,  call  upon  us;  if  there  is  any  danger 
call  upon  us. 

We  are  the  oldest  daughter  in  this  state  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  and  my  Church  happens  to  have  the  distinction  of  being 
the  oldest  daughter  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  so  he 
C referring  to  Bishop  McCabe)  is  the  bishop  of  the  mother  and  I 
am  a  bishop  of  the  daughter,  both  one  in  religion,  equal  in  re- 
sponsibility. 

Let  the  work  of  educating  the  negro  go  on  with  Wilberforce 
the  light  of  the  race  in  this  state.  When  we  educate  the  hand, 
we  educate  the  heart  and  the  head.  We  are  educating  for  the 
duties  of  American  citizenship,  and  when  we  march  on  and  are 
celebrating  the  coming  bi-centennial  they  will  look  back  into 
the  record  of  this  day,  and  the  first  will  be  that  rendered  by  the 
African  Methodist  Church.  (Loud  and  long  continued  ap- 
plause.) 


THE  OHIO  CENTURY. 


AUSTIN    MATLACK    COURTENAY. 


A  Spirit  high  and  nobly  wise, 
^    Who  saw  creation's  dawn  of  old, 
And  watched  with  musing,  wondering 
eyes 
The  great  world-drama  slow  unfold, 
Led  Abram's  faith,  and  thrilled  afar 
From  David's  heart  the  shepherd's 
song. 
Swung   from   his   hand  bright   Beth- 
I'hem's  star 
And  wept  for  Calv'ry's  holy  wrong  ; 

Then,  and  thence,  for  many  an  age 
He   scanned   this   heart   of   all   the 
world 
Unknown,  unsought  of  King  or  Sage, 

No  flag  its  wildness  o'er  unfurled  ; 
God  kept  its  maiden  beauty  fast 

From  old  world  lust,  and  greed,  and  hate 
Until  a  worthy  race  at  last 

He  chose  for  her  love-wedded  mate. 

Earth's  heart,  of  fairest  soil  and  sky, 
From  Alleghany's  laureled  height 
To  far  Sierra's  snow-crown  high, 

Lay  sleeping  yet  in  undreamed  might. 
All  draped  in  lustrous  robe  of  green, 

Wrought  whole  in  Nature's  mystic  loom, 
Stream-broidered  with  a  silver  sheen, 

And  clasped  with  jewelled-prairie  bloom. 


M.   COURTENAY. 


683 


684  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

The  sentinel  Angel  sagely  saw 
^  The  tide-like  torrent  of  a  race 

Which  Freedom  loved,  yet  reverenced  Law, 

And  gave  Religion  temple  space. 
Blown  landwise  over  seas  appears  j 

By  trackless  forest,  mountain  crest, 
Through  years,  wars,  treaties,  blood  and  tears, 

This  Winner  of  God's  virgin  West.  I 

And  firstborn  of  their  mighty  brood,  I 

Begotten  of  the  Land  and  Race,  t 

Ohio,  like  Minerva  stood  -  f 

Full-armed,  brain-born,  with  heart  of  grace;  | 

The  Century  struck  to  chime  this  birth  J 

Of  its  incarnate  inmost  self  f 

Where  Labor,  Learning,  Native  Worth,  I 

Faith,  Freedom,  make  the  Commonwealth.  I 


Had  waited  long  to  take  his  task  | 

This  guardian  Genius  of  our  Age, 

Compact  of  all  the  vital  past,  | 

Inheritor  of  Saint  and  Sage;  ^ 

At  last  he  guides  her  destiny,  I 

And  shapes  the  fashion  of  her  fate,  I 

Then  crowns  with  Immortality  I 

The  splendid  myriad  of  her  great.  f 

Her  pondering  brow  is  Science'  throne,  '• 

Her  lips  breathe  sweetest  poesy, 
Her  bounty  stills  pale  famine's  moan,  i 

Her  will  doth  order  Liberty ;  ^ 

About  her  feet  lie  shattered  crowns, 

And  trampling  them  in  reasoned  rage 
The  mass  of  men,  whose  shouting  drowns 

The  droning  lies  of  privilege. 

Her  strong  right  hand  hath  knighted  toil, 
Her  heart-arm  jjathers  to  her  breast 


Ohio  Centennial.  686* 

Woman  and  Childhood,  from  the  coil 

Of  ancient  wrong,  so  sore  oppressed; 
She  shelters  on  her  affluent  lap 

The  maimed  of  body  and  of  mind — 
The  martyrs  of  mankind's  mishap — 

And  nurtures  at  her  bosom  kind. 

She  teacheth  Law  the  grace  of  Love, 

And  bids  sweet  Charity  be  wise ; 
She  wooeth  wisdom  from  above 

And  marrieth  our  Earth  and  Skies ; 
She  loveth  Earth  and  yet  her  eyes, 

Serene,  profound,  most  gently  bright, 
With  lowly  reverence  seek  the  skies 

Adoring  God  who  gave  her  might. 

O  !  great,  immortal  Era,  rise  ! 

Thou  latest  born  of  Time,  ascend! 
And  in  the  Court  of  Centuries,  * 

Before  thee  all  the  Ages  bend; 
While  stands  Ohio  proudly  by  — 

First,  fairest  offspring  of  thy  state  — 
With  image,  stature,  spirit  nigh 

Thine  own,  O !   Mother  of  the  Great. 

Then  hail !  Ohio,  Hail  to  thee ! 

Be  holy-wise  and  generous-strong, 
Law-true,  home-pure  and  bravely  free, 

Yet  patient  while  thou  curbest  wrong, 
Then  hail,  heart's  hail,  dear  land  we  love ! 

Thine  Elders  pray,  while  Childhood  sings, 
Thy  dead  acclaim  thee  from  above ; 

Grace!  Peace!  beneath  God's  sheltering  wings t 


OHIO  CENTENNIAIv  COMMISSION. 


rushIr.  sloane. 

DAVID  S.  GRAY. 


R.  W.  MANLY. 

J.  WARREN  KEIFER. 

JAMES  BARNETT. 


BENJ.  R.  COWEN. 
C^iAS.  M.  ANDERSON. 


(686) 


PERSONAL  SKETCHES  OF  THE  SPEAKERS, 

COMMISSION  AND  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  OHIO  STATE 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 


Anderson,  Charles  M.  Born  in  Juniata  county,  Pa.,  January  5, 
1845.  Son  of  James  and  Ruth  (McCahan)  Anderson,  the  former  born 
in  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  April,  1792,  the  latter  in  January,  1800.  His 
paternal  grandparents  were  Irish  and  lived  about  twenty  miles  from  Dub- 
lin, emigrated  to  America  in  1791.  Parents  of  Chas.  M.  were  married  in 
November,  1820.  Family  came  to  Ohio  in  1855.  Boyhood  and  youth  of 
Chas.  M.  spent  on  a  farm.  Later  taught  school.  Served  as  private  in  Co. 
B.,  seventy-first  Regiment,  Ohio  Vol.,  and  was  honorably  discharged  Jan- 
uary 6,  186G,  at  twenty-one  years  of  age.  Attended  Normal  school  at 
Lebanon,  Ohio,  and  also  engaged  in  teaching.  Studied  law  under  direc- 
tion of  Judge  D.  L.  Meeker,  of  Greenville,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  May 
21,  1868.  Opened  an  office  at  once  and  gradually  rose  to  a  position  as  a 
leader  of  the  bar.  Democratic  candidate  for  nomination  to  congress  in 
1878.  Defeated  in  convention  by  only  one-fourth  of  a  vote.  Candidate 
August  7,  1884,  in  Dayton  district.  Nominated  on  first  ballot.  Elected  in 
following  October.  Appointed  one  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  at  West 
Point.  In  January  1884,  commissioned  Judge-Advocate  General  of  Ohio 
by  Governor  Ho^dley.  Second  in  command  of  Ohio  troops  during  Cin- 
cinnati riot.  In  1890  appointed  by  Governor  Campbell  one  of  Ohio's  com- 
missioners at  the  World's  Fair  (Chicago).  In  1894  chosen  by  congress 
as  one  of  the  board  of  managers  for  the  National  Home  of  Disabled  Vol- 
teer  Soldiers.  Re-appointed  April  1900.  Member  Red  Men,  K.  of  P., 
and  Masonic  orders.  Gen.  Anderson  is  an  orator  of  great  power  and 
has  been  heard  by  audiences  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Married  June 
7,  1870,  to  Miss  Ella  Hart,  daughter  of  Moses  Hart,  of  Greenville.  Two 
sons,  William  H.,  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  Robert  T.,  a  law  partner 
with  his  father.  Appointed  by  Gov.  Nash  a  member  of  the  Ohio  Cen- 
tennial Commission. 

Andeksox,  James  II.,  son  of  Judge  Thomas  Jefferson  and 
Nancy  Dunlevy  Anderson;  born  March  16,  1833,  in  Marion,  Ohio;  edu- 
cated in  the  select  schools,  in  the  Marion  Academy,  and  Wesleyan 
University  at  Delaware,  Ohio.  Graduate  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  Cincinnati  College ;  admitted  to  the  bar.  Delegate  to  the  first 
republican  state  convention  in  Ohio,  July  13,  1855.  Elected  mayor  of 
Marion   and   prosecuting   attorney   of   Marion   county.     Married   to   Miss 

(6871 


688  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Princess  A.  Miller.  Appointed^  (March  16,  1861)  by  President  Lincoln- 
U.  JS.  Consul  at  Hamburg;  Mr.  Anderson's  official  duties  were  those  of 
botn  Minister  and  Consul.  He  remained  abroad  five  and  a  half  years. 
Elected  a  member  of  the  American  Geographical  and  Statistical  Society ; 
also  corresponding  member  of  the  American  Institute;  on  May  30,  1863^ 
he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  represent  the  American  Institute  at  In- 
ternational Agricultural  Exhibition  at  Hamburg.  In  1866,  Mr.  Ander- 
son tendered  his  resignation  as  consul.  On  his  return  home  he  wa.s^ 
sent  as  a  delegate  from  the  eighth  congressional  district  of  Ohio,  to 
the  National  Union  convention  at  Philadelphia.  In  1866  President  John- 
son appointed  him  territorial  judge,  but  declining  that  judicial  position 
he  accepted  the  office  of  collector  of  internal  revenue  for  same  district.  ' 
In  1878  appointed  by  Governor  Bishop,  trustee  of  the  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity. The  year  that  Gen.  Thomas  Ewing  ran  for  governor  of  Ohio, 
Mr.  Anderson  served  as  a  member  of  the  state  executive  committee,  and 
as  its  secretary.  President  of  the  Old  North  West  Genealogical  Society, 
and  was  an  active  member  for  years  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Vir- 
ginia. Member  Ohio  State  Bar  Association  and  American  Bar  As- 
sociation. Went  to  Columbus  in  1873,  and  has  since  that  time  been 
identified  with  the  business  interests  .and  growth  of  the  capital  city. 
Married  to  Miss  Princess  A.  Miller ;  children  (now  living)  are  Mary 
Princess,  wife  of  Professor  Edward  Orton,  Jr.,  of  the  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity ;  Lieut.  James  T.  Anderson,  U.  S.  A. ;  and  Charles  Finley  of 
Paducah,  Ky.  Life  member  and  trustee  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Society. 

Anderson,  Thomas  McArthur.  Was  born  near  Chillicothe, 
Ohio,  January  22,  1836.  Son  of  W.  Marshall  and  Eliza  McArthur; 
grandfather  was  Governor  Duncan  McArthur.  Gen.  Anderson  naturally 
adopted  the  military  profession,  for  his  paternal  grandfather  was  a 
colonel  in  the  Continental  Army.  Major  Robert  Anderson,  the  hero  of 
Fort  Sumter,  George  Rogers  Clark,  and  a  lot  of  fighting  Marshalls, 
Croghans  and  McDonalds  were  blood  relatives,  taking  part  in  nearly 
all  our  wars  from  those  of  the  French  and  Indian  war  to  the  last  fight 
in  the  Philippines.  General  Anderson  graduated  at  Mt.  St.  Mary's 
College,  Md.,  1885  and  Cincinnati  Law  College,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Ohio  bar  in  1858.  On  opening  of  the  Rebellion  enlisted  as  a  private 
soldier  in  the  Sixth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry ;  transferred  to  the  reg- 
ular army,  and  recruited  a  company  in  Fairfield,  Pickaway  and  Fayette 
counties;  served  through  the  Civil  War,  commanding  a  battalion  of 
the  twelfth  infantry;  took  part  in  eighteen  battles  in  that  war,  and 
was  twice  wounded,  and  twice  brevetted  for  bravery  in  action.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  mustered  out  our  Andersonville  prisoners  who- 
had  been  collected  at  Camp  Chase,  Columbus.  Subsequently  he  was  a 
reconstructing  officer  in  the  South.  After  the  close  of  that  duty,  he- 
served  on  the  extreme  western  frontier,  having  his  full  share 'of  Indian 


Ohio  Centennial.  689 

campaigns. "  He  served  twelve  years  as  colonel  of  the  fourteenth  infantry. 
In  winter  of  1898  commanded  Columbia  district  in  Alaska,  during  the 
Klondike  excitement.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Spanish  War  he  was 
made  a  brigadier  general  of  volunteers,  and  commanded  the  first  detach- 
ment to  the  Philippines ;  the  first  military  expedition  from  this  country 
which  ever  crossed  an  ocean.  After  the  arrival  of  General  Merritt  a 
month  later,  he  was  second  in  command ;  landed  and  organized  the 
forces  sent  to  Luzon,  and  commanded  the  division  of  the  eighth  army 
corps  which  attacked  and  took  Manila.  On  return  home'  was  placed  'v\ 
command  Department  of  the  Lakes  at  Chicago.  Is  a  member  of  the  G. 
A.  R. ;  a  thirty-third  degree  Mason ;  Past  Commander  of  the  Oregon 
Loyal  Legion  and  was  seven  times  Vice-President  General  of  the  S.  A. 
R.  He  married  Elizabeth  Van  Winkle  (N.  J.)  Commandant  of  State 
Soldiers  and  Sailors  Home,  Sandusky,  Ohio.  Life  member  Ohio  State 
Archaeological    and    Historical    Society. 

Andrews,  Martin  Register,  born  near  Meigs,  Morgan  county,  Ohio, 
April  6,  1842;  is  a  descendant  of  John  Andrews,  who  settled  in  Dan- 
bury,  Conn.,  about  1640.  In  the  same  family  were  E.  A.  Andrews, 
the  author  of  the  well  known  Latin  grammar,  President  Lorin  Andrews, 
of  Kenyon  College,  and  many  other  teachers.  Martin  R.  Andrews 
learned  to  read  and  write  in  a  little  log  school  house,  and  he  soon 
supplemented  that  instruction  by  devouring  all  the  volumes  of  the 
"Ohio  School  Library"  to  be  found  in  his  own  and  adjacent  dis- 
tricts. Graduated  from  the  McConnellsville  High  School  in  1859 ;  from 
the  Marietta  College  in  1869.  A  long  interval  between  high  school 
and  college  was  spent  in  teaching  a  district  school  and  in  following 
the  Stars  and  Stripes  through  Dixie ;  served  in  the  sixty-second  Ohio 
for  sixteen  months,  was  in  the  Signal  Corps  nearly  two  years,  and  for  a 
few  months  was  adjutant  of  the  43d  battalion  O.  V.  M.  Principal  of  the 
Harmar  public  schools  for  three  years,  and  superintendent  of  schools  at 
Steubenville  from  1870  to  1879;  Since  that  time  he  has  been  in  the 
employ  of  the  trustees  of  Marietta  College  for  fifteen  years,  as  principal 
of  the  academy ;  for  a  short  time  as  instructor ;  and,  more  recently  as 
Putnam  Professor  of  History  and  Political  Science.  Published  and  edited 
the  Ohio  Teacher  from  1899  to  1902.  On  November  13,  1903,  Governor 
Nash  appointed  Prof.  Andrews  trustee  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological 
and  Historical  Society. 

Arnett,  Benjamin  William,  born  Brownsville,  Pa.,  March  16,  1838 ; 
son  of  Samuel  G.  and  Mary  Louisa  Arnett;  educated  in  the  common 
schools  of  Bridgeport,  Pa.,  and  graduate  of  Wilberforce  University  (Ohio) 
with  degrees  of  D.  D.  and  LL.D. ;  special  course  in  divinity  at  Lane  Sem- 
inary, Cincinnati.  He  was  married  at  Uniontown,  Pa.,  May  25,  1858,  to 
Miss  Mary  L.  Gorden.  Ordained  to  ministry  in  the  A.  M.  E.  Church  in 
44    o.  c. 


6P0  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Societv  Publicatio 


ns. 


1868;  bishop  since  1888.  Elected  by  the  Sunday-school  Union  of  Ohio  to 
repftsent  it  at  the  Robert  Raikes  Centennial,  London,  England,  1880. 
Elected  to  represent  the  Inter-Denominational  Sunday-school  Union  of 
South  Carolina  at  the  World's  convention,  London,  England,  July  2,  1889. 
Member  of  the  Ohio  Legislature  from  Green  County,  1886-7.  Author  of 
the  bill  abolishing  the  "Black  Laws"  of  the  state,  and  to  provide  for 
teaching  scientific  temperance  in  all  the  schools.  Delivered  address  at 
the  centennial  celebration  of  the  first  settlement  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, 1888,  Marietta,  Ohio;  delivered  address  at  the  Jubilee  of  Freedom, 
Columbus,  Ohio,  1888.  Chaplain  of  the  National  Republican  convention 
at  St.  Louis  in  1896.  Presided,  over  Parliament  of  religions  at  Chicago 
September  15,  1903;  presided  at  Ecumenical  Conference  of  Methodists, 
London,  September  7,  1901.  Life  member  and  trustee  Ohio  State 
Archceological  and  Historical   Society. 

Avery,  Elroy  McKendree,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  at  Erie,  Mon- 
roe county.  Michigan,  July  14,  1844,  the  son  of  Caspar  Hugh  and  Dor- 
othy (Putnam)  Avery.  He  served  as  a  soldier  during  the  Civil  War, 
and  was  mustered  out  at  its  close  as  sergeant-major  of  the  eleventh  Mich- 
igan Volunteer  Cavalry.  Married  Catherine  Hitchcock  Tildcn,  daugh- 
ter of  Judge  Junius  Tilden,  of  Monroe,  Michigan,  July  2,  1870.  Gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1871.  Principal  high  school  at 
Battle  Creek,  Michigan,  and  East  High  School,  and  City  Normal  School 
at  Cleveland.  Member  Cleveland  City  Council,  1891  to  1892,  and  of  the 
6hio  State  Senate,  1893  to  1897.  Fellow  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  and  a  member  of  many  other  historical  and 
economic  societies.  Member  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  Thirty-second  degree  Mason,  Knight 
Templar,  etc.  Author  series  of  high-school  text-books  on  physics  and 
chemistry,  published  by  the  American  Book  Co.,  and  of  many  other  pub- 
lished works.  His  "History  of  the  United  States  and  Its  People,"  an 
illustrated  work  of  twelve  royal  octavo  volumes,  is  now  in  press.  Life 
member  and  trustee  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical   Society. 

Bareis,  George  F.,  son  of  George  and  Ernestina  (Finkbiner)  Bareis, 
born  July  23,  1852,  near  Bremen,  Fairfield  County,  Ohio.  Father  native 
of  Wittenberg,  Germany,  as  were  also  his  grandparents  on  his  maternal 
side.  Was  educated  in  the  district  schools  and  attended  the  high  schools 
in  Logan  and  Canal  Winchester,  Ohio.  In  1871  began  an  apprenticeship 
at  the  carpenter  trade,  in  the  meantime  studying  architecture;  in  1880  he 
entered  upon  the  lumber  business,  which  he  has  since  conducted.  Mar- 
ried March  17,  1875,  to  Miss  Amanda  J.  Schock.  President  Board  of 
Regents  of  Heidelberg  University;  member  executive  committee  Ohio 
State  Sunday-school  Association.  Active  in  local  school  and  village 
affairs.  Superintendent  of  his  (Reformed)  Sunday-school  for  more  than 
.twenty-five  years.     Author  and  publisher  of  a  "History  of  Madison  Town- 


Ohio  Ccntciuual.  591 

ship.    Franklin    County,"    Ohio    (1902).     Life    member,   trustee   and   vice- 
president  Ohio  State   Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

Barnett,  James,  was  born  June  20,  1821,  at  Cherry  Valley,  Otsego 
county,  New  York,  the  son  of  Melancton  and  Mary  C.  Barnett.  Came 
to  Cleveland  in  1825,  and  learned  the  hardware  business.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  the  RebelHon  entered  military  service  and  was  given  command  of 
the  First  Regiment  Ohio  Volunteer  Light  Artillery.  Took  the  field  in 
April,  1861,  participated  in  the  campaign  in  Western  Virginia,  and  the 
affairs  at  Phillipi,  Bealington,  Carrick's  Ford,  and  elsewhere.  On  'Sep- 
tember 8,  18()1,  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  First  Ohio  Light  Ar- 
tillery (three  years).  General  Buell  placed  him  in  command  of  the  Ar- 
tillery reserve  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio.  Afterwards  he  was  appointed 
Chief  of  Artillery  on  staff  of  General  C.  C.  Gilbert,  commanding  the 
,  Third  corps.  Army  of  the  Ohio,  and  later  appointed  chief  of  artillery  on 
the  Staff  of  General  A.  McD.  McCook,  commanding  the  right  wing  of 
the  Fourteenth  Army  Corps,  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  Assigned  to  duty 
hy  General  W.  S.  Rosecrans  as  chief  of  artillery.  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, November  24,  1862,  and  participated  in  all  its  movements  and 
battles.  Was  honorably  mustered  out  of  service  October  1864.  On  re- 
turn to  civil  life,  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailor f' 
Home,  Xenia,  Ohio,  which  office  he  filled  until  1870,  when  he  was  aj. 
pointed  one  of  its  trustees.  Trustee  of  Cleveland  Asylum  for  Insane  for 
seven  years.  In  1875  was  appointed  police  commissioner  by  Governor 
Hayes.  President  First  National  Bank,  Cleveland,  from  1876  to  present 
time.  Member  Cleveland  City  Council,  1873.  Trustee  and  life  member 
of  Case  Library  for  twenty  years;  member  of  G.  A.  R.  since  its  oi- 
ganization.  A  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  conventions  at 
Chicago,  1880,  and  at  Philadelphia,  1900.  In  1881  was  appointed  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  National  Home  Disabled  Volunteer  Sol- 
diers. Member  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  President  Cleveland  Humane 
Society,  and  Cleveland  Associated  Charities ;  member  Western  Reserve 
Historical  Society;  Cuyahoga  Monument  Committee  for  Soldiers  and 
Sailors.  Member  of  the  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  Union 
Club.  By  act  of  congress  was  brevetted  as  Brigadier  General  of  Volun- 
teers, which  promotion  was  afterwards  advanced  to  Major  General  of 
Volunteers.  Appointed  by  Gov.  Nash  member  of  the  Ohio  Centennial 
Commission. 

BoNEBRAKE,  Lewis  D.  ;  bom  in  Westerville,  Franklin  County,  Ohio, 
August  23,  1859 ;  father  was  Rev.  Daniel  Bonebrake,  and  a  great-grand- 
father served  in  the  Revolutionary  War ;  his  mother  was  Esther  Ann 
Bishop,  daughter  of  Captain  John  Bishop,  who  served  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  came  from  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  to  Franklin  County, 
Ohio,  in  1818.  Attended  the  district  school ;  graduated  from  Westerville 
high  school,  and  also  from  Otterbein  University  in  1882 ;  degree  of  LL.  D. 


TRUSTEES  OF  THE  OHIO  ARCH^OLOGICAL  AND 
HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 


M.   D.   FOLLETT. 
E.  M.  AVERY. 
D.  J.  RYAN. 


R.    BRINKERHOFF. 


(692) 


a.  F.  BAREIS. 
S.  S.  RICKLY. 
E.   O.   RANDALL. 


Ohio  Centennial.  693 

from  his  alma  mater,  and  also  from  Ohio  University  at  Athens.  Has 
served  as  school  examiner  of  his  city  and  county ;  superintendent  of 
schools  at  Sparta.  Elmore,  Athens  and  Mt.  Vernon,  serving  in  the  latter 
place  for  eight  years.  Elected  state  commissioner  of  common  schools  at 
the  November  election,  1897,  for  three  years,  reelected  fall  of  1900.  Has 
delivered  educational  addresses  in  every  county  of  the  state.  Also  deliv- 
ered institute  lectures  extensively  in  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Michigan  and  other  states.  In  1884  Mr.  Bonebrake  was  married  to 
Miss  Mary  F.  Beal,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio ;  they  have  one  daughter.  Mr. 
Bonebrake  is  a  Mason,  member  of  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  Maccabees. 

.  Brinkerhoff^  Roeliff.  born  Ovvasco,  Cayuga  county,  New  York, 
June  28,  1828,  of  Holland  ancestry ;  educated  common  schools  and  Auburn 
and  Homer  (N.  Y.)  academies;  began  teaching  at  age  of  sixteen; 
went  South  at  eighteen,  and  was  for  three  years  tutor  of  family  in 
Hermitage,  home  of  General  Andrew  Jackson :  returned  North  at  twenty- 
one ;  studied  law  with  kinsman.  Judge  Jacob  Brinkerhoff.  Mansfield.  Ohio; 
began  practice,  1852 ;  editor  and  proprietor  Mansfield  Herald.  1855-9 ;  mar- 
ried Mary,  granddaughter  of  Gen.  Robert  Bently  of  Ohio.  Entered  army 
as  first  lieutenant  and  quarter" master  04th  Ohio  Vol.  Infantry;  served  five 
years,  and  attained  rank  of  colonel  in  quartermaster's  department,  and 
brevetted  brigadier  general  for  meritorious  service.  Resumed  law  prac- 
tice until  1873,  when  he  became  cashier  of  the  Alansfield  Savings  Bank, 
of  which  he  is  now  president ;  since  1878  member  of  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties, and  for  several  years  past  its  chairman.  President  National  Con- 
ference of  Charities  and  Correction  in  1880 ;  vice-president  of  the  Inter- 
national Prison  Congress,  Paris,  France,  1895,  and  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican delegation ;  for  ten  years',  from  1884,  vice-president  of  the  American 
National  Prison  Congress,  with  Gen.  R.  B.  Hayes  as  president,  becoming 
president  at  latter's  death.  Organized  (in  1875)  the  Ohio  State  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Society ;  in  1893  succeeded  Gen.  Hayes  as  president 
of  that  society,  and  has  been  retained  in  said  office  to  present  time. 
Author :  "The  Volunteer  Quartermaster,"  "Recollections  of  a  Lifetime," 
1900.     Life  member  of  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical   Society. 

Campbell,  James  Edwin,  born  at  Middletown,  Butler  County,  Ohio, 
July  7,  1843.  His  father,  Andrew  Campbell,  was  a  physician  of  promi- 
nence., and  his  uncle,  Lewis  D.  Campbell,  a  statesman  of  note.  One  of 
his  maternal  ancestors  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  one  of 
his  paternal  ancestors  was  with  Montgomery  at  the  assault  on  Quebec. 
Both  of  his  grandfathers  were  soldiers  in  the  War  of  1812.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  served  in  the  navy  upon  the  Mississippi  and  tributary 
rivers;  was  discharged  for  serious  physical  disability,  but  recovered; 
studied  law,  and  began  practicing  at  Hamilton  in  1867.  He  was  prose- 
cuting attorney  of  Butler  county  from  1876  to  1880.  In  1882  he  was 
elected  to  congress  as  a  democrat  in  a  strongly  republican  district;  was' 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Piihlications. 

re-elected  in  1884.  and  again  in  188G,  gaining  the  last  victory  by  the 
me^re  plurality  of  two  votes  in  a  total  of  more  than  thirty-two  thou- 
sand. In  1889  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Ohio  over  J.  B.  Foraker,  now 
U.  S.  Senator,  receiving  a  larger  vote  than  ever  cast  before  for  any  guber- 
natorial candidate ;  and  while  in  the  governor's  office  was  noted  for  an 
inflexible  adherence  to  that  which  he  deemed  to  be  right.  In  1891  he  was 
defeated  for  governor  by  Wm.  McKinley  (late  president  of  the  United 
States),  and  in  1895  was  again  defeated  by  Asa  S.  Bushnell. 

Claypool,  Horatio  C.  ;  born  at  McArthnr.  Ohio,  February  9,  1858; 
father,  John  Claypool,  was  born  at  Morefield,  Va. ;  mother  was  Rose 
Peterson,  born  in  Augusta,  Me.  Attended  country  and  village  school 
until  seventeen  years  of  age.  Engaged  in  teaching  and  then  pursued 
studies  in  school  at  Normal,  111.,  and  Lebanon,  Ohio.  Subsequently  again 
taught  in  tiie  villages  of  Sciotoville,  Kingston  and  Bainbridge ;  at  the  same 
tim.e  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882.  Began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  1884,  and  was  elected  prosecutor  of  Ross  County  in  1898 
and  again  in   1901. 

CouRTENAY,  AusTiN  Matlack,  pastor  of  Walnut  Street  Church,. 
Chillicothe,  Ohio,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  of  Irish  and  Scotch 
ancestry;  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  birthplace,  at  a  private 
academy  in  Maryland,  and  in  England ;  has  served  pastorates  in  the  state 
of  Maryland,  and  the  cities  of  Baltimore,  Allegheny  and  Meadville;  has 
written  occasionally  in  prose  and  verse  for  the  current  reviews,  magazines 
and  papers. 

CowEN,  Benjamin  Rush,  was  born  in  ]\Ioorficld,  Harrison  county, 
Ohio,  August  15,  1831.  His  father,  Benjamin  Sprague  Cowen,  a  native 
of  Washington  county,  N.  Y..  (son  of  revolutionary  soldier)  was  a  sol- 
dier in  the  War  of  1812,  member  of  congress,  1841-2;  of  the  Ohio  House 
of  Representatives  1845-6,  and  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas 
1848-57.  Removed  to  St.  Clair sville,  1832,  where  Benjamin  R.,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  resided  until  1857.  Was  educated  at  the  public  schools 
and  St.  Clairsville  Classical  Institute;  learned  the  trade  of  printer,  and 
was  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Belmont  Chronicle,  1848  to  1857.  Mar- 
ried September  19,  1854,  to  Ellen  Thoburn,  St.  Clairsville,  Ohio.  Chief 
clerk  Ohio  House  of  Representatives  1860  and  1861 :  elected  Secretary  of 
State,  1861,  resigned  in  May,  1862.  Private  soldier,  1st  lieutenant,  major, 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  and  brigadier  general  of  Volunteers,  1861-5,  and 
adjutant  general  of  Ohio,  1864-8;  supervisor  of  internal  revenue  for  Cali- 
fornia, Arizona,  Nevada  and  Utah,  1869-70;  assistant  secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, 1871-7;  editor  Ohio  State  Journal  1883-4;  clerk  U.  S.  circuit  and 
district  courts  since  1884.  Special  commissioner  to  treat  with  Sitting- 
Bull  in  1872;  to  remove  the  Modoc  Indians  in  California  in  1873;  to  in- 
vestigate the  New  Orleans  White  League  troubles  in  1874,  with  Admiral 
Rodgers,    and,    in    1875,    to    investigate    the    Mormon    troubles    in    Utah. 


Ohio  Centennial.  .      695 

Past  Commander  Ohio  Commandery  of  Loyal  Legion ;  Past  Colonel  Union 
Veteran  Legion ;  member  of  G.  A.  R. ;  ex-president  Ohio  Society  Sons  of 
Revolution;  member  Society  of  Colonial  Wars;  of  the  War  of  1812;  of 
American  Wars ;  the  New  England  Society ;  Cincinnati  Literary  Club ; 
Young  Men's  Blaine  Club;  32d  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason;  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  Appointed  by  Gov.  Nash  member  of  the 
Ohio  Centennial  Commission. 

EwiNG,  Thomas,  Jr.,  was  born  in  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  May  21, 
18G2;  father  Gen.  Thomas  Ewing,  at  that  time  chief  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Kansas,  later  member  of  congress  from  Ohio,  1877  to 
1881,  and  candidate  for  the  democratic  (Ohio)  party  for  governor  in  1879. 
His  grandfather,  the  famous  lawyer  and  Whig  statesman,  served  twice 
in  the  U.  S.  Senate  from  Ohio,  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  under  Gen- 
eral Wm.  Henry  Harrison,  and  secretary  of  the  interior  under  General 
Taylor.  On  the  side  of  his  mother,  who  was  the  daughter  of  the  Rever- 
end Wm.  Cox  of  Piqua,  Ohio,  Mr.  Ewing  is  the  great-grandson  of  Gen. 
Reasin  Beall  of  Wooster,  Ohio.  After  two  years  attendance  at  Wooster 
University,  Thomas  Ewing,  Jr.,  entered  Columbia  University  in  New  York 
City,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1885,  receiving  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  in  1886.  After  three  years  of  post  graduate  study  of  the  natural 
sciences,  he  entered  the  U.  S.  patent  office  and  served  as  an  assistant 
examiner  from  1888  to  1890.  He  was  graduated  from  the  law  school  of 
the  Georgetown  University  in  1890,  and,  removing  to  New  York,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1891.  He  has  made  a  specialty  of  the  law  of  pat- 
ents since  1892.  Mr.  Ewing,  when  not  in  Washington,  has  resided  in 
Yonkers,  a  suburb  of  New  Yory  City,  where  he  was  twice  the  candidate 
of  the  democratic  party  for  mayor,  and  served  for  five  years  as  a  member 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  public  schools.  In  1894  he  was  married 
to  Miss  Anna  Phillips  Cochran,  daughter,  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wm.  F. 
Cochran,  of  Yonkers.  They  have  four  children,  Alexandra,  Thomas, 
William  Francis  Cochran,  and  Sherman.  Author  of  drama  in  blank  verse, 
entitled  "Jonathan,  a  Tragedy,"  (Funk  and  Wagnalls,  1902).  It  is 
founded  upon  the  Bible  story  of  the  first  Prince  of  Israel.  Mr.  Ewing 
is  a  vice-president  of  the  Ohio  Society  of  New  York,  of  which  his  father 
was  one  of  the  founders  and  the  first  president. 

FoLLETT,  Martin  Dewey;  born  at  Enosburg,  Vermont,  1826;  son  o£ 
John  Fasset  and  Sarah  Lemira  (Woodworth)  Follett ;  great-grandfather 
killed  at  Wyoming  Massacre,  grandfather  a  soldier  with  Stark  in  the 
Revolution ;  graduate  of  Marietta  College  with  highest  honors,  1853,  A. 
M.,  1856;  married  first,  1856,  Harriet  L.  Shipman,  Marietta,  Ohio,  second, 
1875,  Abbie  M.  Bailey,  Lowell,  Mass. ;  admitted  to  bar,  1859 ;  elected  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  1883,  served,  till  1888;  delegate.  Democratic 
National  Convention,  1864 ;  Democratic  nominee  for  congress,  1866,  1868 ; 
delegate  to   the  International   Prison  Congress   at  Brussels,   1900 ;    mem- 


696  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

befj^the  American  Bar  Association ;  National  and  International  Prison 
Associations ;  State  Board  of  Charities ;  Ohio  National  Society  of 
Charities  and  Correction ;  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution ;  life  member 
and  trustee  of  the  Ohio  State  Archseological  and  Historical  Society. 

FoRAKEK,  Joseph  Benson,  born  July  5,  1846,  near  Rainsboro,  High- 
land county,  Ohio.  Enlisted  July  14,  1862,  at  age  of  sixteen,  private  in 
89th  O.  V.  I.,  and  served  to  end  of  war,  becoming  first  lieutenant  and 
brevet  captain;  entered  Wesleyan  University,  Delaware,  1866;  graduated, 
Cornell  University  1869 ;  married  October  4,  1870,  Julia,  daughter  of  Hon. 
H.  S.  Bundy,  Jackson  county,  Ohio.  Admitted  to  bar  and  began  practice 
at  Cincinnati,  1871.  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  Cincinnati  from  1879  to 
1882 ;  resigned  on  account  of  ill-health.  Republican  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio  in  1883 ;  was  defeated  by  George  Hoadley  but  was  elected 
governor  in  1885  over  George  Hoadley  and  in  1887  over  Thomas  E. 
Powell ;  again  defeated  in  1889  by  James  E.  Campbell  for  the  same  office. 
In  the  Republican  national  conventions  of  1884,  1892,  1896  and  1900  Mr. 
Foraker  was  a  delegate  at  large  from  Ohio  in  the  "Big  Four."  Placed 
William  McKinley  in  nomination  at  St.  Louis,  1896,  and  at  Philadelphia, 
1900.  Brilliant  orator  and  wise  statesman.  Elected  by  the  Ohio  Legisla- 
ture United  States  Senator  from  Ohio,  January  15,  1896,  for  the  term  from 
March  4,  1897,  to  March  3,  1903 ;  re-elected  January  14,  1902  for  the  term 
from  March  4,  1903,  to  March  3,  1909.  Life  member  Ohio  State  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Society. 

Foster,  Charles;  born  near  Tiffin,  Ohio,  April  12,  1828;  educated 
in  public  schools,  Norwalk,  Ohio  Academy,  and  private  studies.  Partner 
in  father's  general  store  at  eighteeen ;  entire  charge  at  nineteen.  Mem- 
ber of  congress.  Ninth  Ohio  District,  1871-3,  Tenth  District,  1873-9; 
served  on  committee  to  make  examination  of  Louisiana  aflfairs,  1874, 
visiting  New  Orleans  as  chairman  of  sub-committee ;  governor  of  Ohio, 
1880-4;  appointed  by  President  Harrison  chairman  of  the  commission  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  Sioux  Indians;  Republican  nominee  for 
U.  S.  Senator,  1890 ;  candidate  for  congress,  1890 ;  member  of  President 
Benjamin  Harrison's  cabinet  as  Secretary  of  the  U.  S.  Treasury,  1891-3. 
Long  identified  with  business  interests  of  town  of  Fostoria,  founded  by 
his  father.  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  State  Hospital,  Toledo, 
since  1887;  President  of  the  Association  of  Trustees  and  Officers  of  Hos- 
pitals for  the  Insane  since  1895;  life  member,  Ohio  State  Archaeological 
and  Historical  Society. 

Granger  Moses  M.,  born  in  Zanesville,  Ohio,  October  22,  1831 ;  ed- 
ucated in  Zanesville  schools  and  Kenyon  College,  Ohio;  graduated  1850; 
studied  law  under  Judge  Charles  C.  Convers,  and  was  admitted  to  Ohio 
bar  at  Columbus,  January  3,  1853.  Was  city  solicitor  of  Zanesville, 
1865-6 ;  prosecuting  attorney  of  Muskingum  county   1866 ;  Judge  of  com- 


Ohio  Centennial.  697 

mon  pleas  eighth  judicial  district  of  Ohio,  18t>G-1871  ;  Reporter  to  Ohio 
Supreme  court  1872-3 ;  Chief  Judge  of  Second  Ohio  Supreme  Court  Com- 
mission. 1883-5.  Was  Captain  18th  U.  S.  Infantry  18()l-2 ;  major  and  lieu- 
tenant colonel  122d  Ohio  Vol.  Infantrj-,  18l)2-4 ;  brevet  colonel  U:  S. 
Volunteers,  October  19,  1864.  His  army  service  was  in  Kentucky,  Ten- 
nessee and  Mississippi,  in  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas's  division,  in  1861-2 ; 
in  Maryland  and  Virginia  in  1862-4,  in  the  8th,  3d,  and  6th  corps;  in 
Grant's  campaign  from  the  Rapidan  to  Petersburg,  and  Sheridan's  Shen- 
andoah battles.  His  father,  James  Granger,  was  of  the  Suffield,  Con- 
necticut family;  his  mother.  Matilda  Vance  Morehead,  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia  ancestry;  his  wife,  Mary  Hoyt  Reese,  a  grand-daughter  of 
Judge  Charles  Robert  Sherman.  Since  April,.  1865,  he  has  been  the 
managing  "administrator  of  the  educational  trust  created  by  the  will  of 
John  Mclntire,  the  founder  of  Zanesville.  x\uthor  "Washington  vs. 
Jeflferson ;  the  Case  Tried  by  Battle  in  1861-5."  (Houghton,  Mififlin  & 
Co.,  1898).  The  battle  of  Cedar  Creek  in  Vol.  3,  Ohio  Commandery 
War  Papers.  His  eldest  son,  Alfred  Hoyt  Granger,  is  an  architect 
in  Chicago ;  his  second  son,  Sherman  Morehead  Granger,  is  his 
partner  in  law  practice ;  his  only  daughter,  Ethel,  is  wife  of  Wm.  Darl- 
ington Schultz  of  Zanesville. 

Gray,  David  Simpson;  born  in  Sussex  county,  Delaware,  February  8, 
1829 ;  brought  to  Ohio  by  his  parents  when  three  months  old ;  his  father 
was  a  Methodist  circuit  rider  of  pioneer  days.  David  Gray's  education 
was  that  of  the  district  schools  of  his  time,  except  two  years  at  the  Nor- 
walk,  Ohio  Seminary  under  the  principalship  of  Dr.  Edward  Thomson. 
Mr.  Gray  entered  the  railway  service  as  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  C.  C.  & 
C  R'y-  Co.  at  Wellington,  in  1849,  and  has  been  engaged  in  the  railroad 
business  continuously  since  that  time.  Was  transferred  to  Columbus 
about  1850,  and  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  1852,  where  he  was  appointed  general 
freight  and  ticket  agent.  In  1853  returned  to  Columbus,  and  appointed 
general  agent  of  the  Central  Ohio  Railway ;  during  the  Civil  War,  1861- 
65  was  general  agent  in  Chicago  of  traffic  jointly  of  several  main  rail- 
roads leading  west  from  Chicago ;  in  January,  1864,  was  appointed  gen- 
eral superintendent  of  the  Union  Railway  and  Transportation  Company, 
the  through  freight  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  system ;  in  February  1869 
elected  second  vice-president  and  general  manager  of  the  P.  C.  &  C.  Ry. 
In  1873,  manager  of  the  Union  Line  through  freight  traffic  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania .  system ;  January,  1896,;  elected  representative  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railway  arid  its  affiliated  lines  in  the  Joint  Traffic  Association,  which 
held  its  sessions  continuously  in  New  York  City.  Continued  with  this 
association  in  that  position  until  its  dissolution,  January,  1900.  After  over ; 
fifty  years  of  active  railway  service  Mr.  Gray  retired ;  trustee  and  director 
of  various  public  educational  and  charitable  institutions.  Is  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  of  which  he  was 
president  for  thirteen  years ;   a  life  member  of  the   Ohio  State   Archaeo- 


TRUSTEES  OF  THE  OHIO   ARCH^OLOGICAlv  AND 
HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 


JAMES    KILBOURNE. 
N.    B.    C.    LOVE. 
J.    H.    ANDERSON. 


GEO.    B.    WRIGHJ 


(698) 


W.  H.  HUNTER. 
.■.  W,  HARPER. 
R.     E.     HILLS. 


Ohio  Centennial.  699' 

logical  and   Historical   Society,   and  was  appointed  by  Governor  Nash  a 
member  of  the  Ohio  Centennial  Commission. 

Grosvenok,  Charles  H.,  born  at  Pomfret,  Connecticut,  September  20, 
1833.  His  grandfather  was  colonel  Thomas  Grosvenor  of  the  Revolution 
and  his  father  was  Peter  Grosvenor,  major  in  the  Connecticut  militia,  and 
who  served  in  the  war  of  1812.  His  mother  was  Ann  Chase,  born  in  Mas- 
sachusetts and  educated  in  Providence,  R.  I.  Peter  Grosvenor  with  his 
family,  came  to  Ohio  in  1838,  and  settled  in  Rome  Township,  Athens 
county,  Ohio,  on  a  portion  of  a  section  of  land  which  had  fallen  to 
Col.  Thomas  Grosvenor  as  a  part  of  his  share  in  the  Ohio  Company's 
purchase.  Charles  attended  three  short  winter  terms  in  a  log  school- 
house,  which  was  constructed  (1844)  by  voluntary  contributions  of  labor 
and  material  by  the  settlers,  who  had  made  homes  within  a  radius  of  three 
or  four  miles.  Extreme  poverty  made  it  impossible  for  the  family  to 
send  their  children  away,  or  to  buy  suitable  books  for  their  education. 
But  Charles  was  sent  for  a  single  brief  term  to  a  country  school  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Marietta.  He  taught  school  in  Athens  County  three 
winters.  Went  to  Indiana  in  the  spring  of  1854,  intending  make  it  his 
home.  Returned  to  Athens  County,  and  has  lived  there  ever  since.  He 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1857.  Elected  to  the  Ohio 
Legislature  in  1873,  and  again  in  1875.  Speaker  of  the  house  of  (Ohio) 
representatives  in  1876-1877.  He  was  el-ected  to  congress  in  1884,  and 
with  a  single  exception  caused  by  the  change  in  the  congressional  district, 
he  has  retained  his  seat  in  congress  ever  since,  and  was  nominated  on  each 
occasion  bj'  acclamation.  Chosen  presidential  elector  in  1872,  and  carried 
the  vote  of  Ohio  to  Washington.  Elector  at  large  in  Ohio  in  1880,  and 
the  spokesman  of  the  Ohio  electoral  college  when  it  visited  Mentor  to 
notify  Mr.  Garfield  of  his  election.  Delegate  at  large  from  Ohio  to  the 
republican  national  conventions  in  1896  and  1900.  General  Grosvenor 
served  in  the  Union  army  from  July,  1861,  to  October,  1865,  in  the 
18th  Ohio  Infantry.  Governor  Dennison  appointed  him  major  of  that 
regiment.  Later  lieutenant  colonel,  and  colonel  of  that  regiment.  Bre- 
vetted  by  President  Lincoln,  first  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  then  rank 
of  brigadier  general. 

Hanna,  Marcus  Alonzo;  born  New  Lisbon  (now  Lisbon),  Ohio, 
September  24,  1837;  son  of  Dr.  Leonard  and  Samantha  Converse  Hanna; 
residence  in  Cleveland  since  1852 ;  educated  in  common  schools  of  Cleve- 
land, and  Western  Reserve  College,  from  which  he  graduated ;  LL.  D., 
Kenyon  College,  1900;  married  September  27,  1864,  C.  Augusta,  daughter 
of  Daniel  P.  Rhodes,  Cleveland.  Enlisted  May  5,  1864,  in  150th  O.  V.  I., 
was  first  lieutenant  of  Company  C ;  Governor  Nash  was  member  of  Com- 
pany K;  became  employe  and  later  partner  in  wholesale  grocery  house 
(Cleveland,  Ohio)  until  1867;  now  head  of  M.  A.  Hanna  &  Co.,  coal; 
director   Globe   Ship    Mfg.   Co. ;    president   Union    National    Bank ;   presi- 


700  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

dent  Cleveland  City  Railway  Co.,  all  at  Cleveland ;  president  Chapin  Min- 
in^Co.,  Lake  Superior.  Directed  campaign  which  secured  nomination 
and  election  and  re-election  of  William  McKinley  as  President.  Governor 
Bushnell  appointed  Mr.  Hanna  U.  S.  Senator  March  2,  1897,  vacancy 
-caused  by  resignation  of  John  Sherman ;  in  January,  1898,  Mr.  Hanna 
was  elected  (by  majority  of  two  votes)  over  Robert  McKisson  to  the 
U.  S.  Senate  for  the  unexpired  term  of  Senator  Sherman  and  for  the  full 
term  ending  March  3,  1905 ;  candidate  for  re-election  to  Senate  for  second 
term,  and  will  undoubtedly  be  chosen  (by  largest  legislative  majority  evei 
given  a  U.  S.  Senator)  to  succeed  himself  to  March  3,  1911;  one  of  the 
"Big  Four"  delegates  from  Ohio  to  Republican  National  conventions  of 
1884,  1892,  1896  and  1900 ;  chairman,  National  Republican  Committee 
since  1896 ;  life  member  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

Harper,  John  W.  ;  ancestors  of  British  origin;  emigrated  to  America 
about  the  year  1675,  settling  in  Snow  Hill,  Maryland,  where  they  resided 
until  the  year  1808,  when  the  family  moved  to  Ohio  and  settled  near  Chil- 
licothe,  whence  they  moved  in  1816  to  Indiana.  John  W.  Harper  was 
born  February  11,  1830,  in  Indianapolis ;  educated  in  private  schools,  and 
went  to  Cincinnati  in  1862.  Engaged  in  mercantile  business  and  fire  in- 
surance. For  many  years  a  member  of  the  council  and  school  board  of 
Avondale.  He  was  aide  de  camp  on  Governor  Hoadley's  staff  with  rank 
of  colonel,  and  rendered  faithful  service  in  the  memorable  Cincinnati 
riot,  receiving  special  praise  from  the  Governor ;  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Foraker  Trustee  of  the  Central  Insane  Asylum  at  Columbus ;  re- 
appointed by  Governor  Campbell.  On  the  Board  of  Supervisors  at  Cin- 
cinnati for  one  term,  appointed  by  Mayor  Mosby.  A  member  of  the 
State  Decennial  Board  of  Equalization  in  1890 ;  member  of  the  Cincinnati 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  great  Dramatic  Fes- 
tival in  1883  and  1884.  Mr.  Harper's  grandfather  was  a  private  in  the 
Maryland  Line  during  the  American  Revolution,  was  in  the  battle  of 
Brandy  wine,  and  with  Washington  at  Valley  Forge.  A  member  of  the 
^ons  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  was  president  (1900)  of  the  Ohio 
"Society;  a  member  of  the  Ohio  Senate  in  the  year  1898  and  1899  from 
Hamilton  county.  Though  a  democrat,  he  recalls  with  pleasure  the  fact 
that  he  voted  twice  for  Abraham  Lincoln  and  once  for  General  Grant. 
Has  been  a  Mason  for  forty-five  years.  For  many  years  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  Unitarian  church.  He  was  married  in  1860  to  Miss 
Jennie  Ellis  of  LaFayette,  Indiana.  They  have  three  children  and  seven 
grandchildren.  Appointed  by  Governor  Nash  trustee  Ohio  State  Arch- 
aeological Historical   Society,   February  18,  1903. 

Halstead,  Murat  ;  born  on  Paddy's  Run,  Ross  Township,  Butler 
-county,  Ohio,  September  2,  1829;  son  of  Griffin  and  Clarissa  (Willets) 
Halstead ;  reared  on  farm,  attending  school  winters ;  attended  select  school 
one   term ;   taught   school   two   terms :    graduated,    Farmers    College   near 


Ohio  Centennial.  701 

Cincinnati  (1851)  ;  married  March  2,  1857,  Mary  Banks,  Cincinnati.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Murat  Halstead  are  parents  of  twelve  children,  nine  sons  and 
three  daughters.  Began  newspaper  work  on  a  literary  weekly;  joined  staff 
of  Cincinnati  Commercial  March  8,  1853,  bought  interest  1854 ;  head  of 
firm,  18G5;  later  consolidated  with  Gazette,  as  Commercial  Gazette,  of 
which  he  became  editor-in-chief.  Nominated,  1889,  by  President  Harrison 
as  Minister  to  Germany;  rejected  by  Senate  because  of  articles  he  had 
written  about  the  purchase  of  senatorial  seats.  Later  edited  Brooklyn 
Standard  Union;  during  past  few  years  special  correspondent  and  mag- 
azine writer.  Went  to  Philippine  Islands  during  war  with  Spain.  Au- 
thor: The  Convention  of  1860;  The  White  Dollar;  The  Story  of  Cuba; 
Life  of  William  McKinley ;  The  Story  of  the  Philippines ;  The  History  of 
American  Expansion  ;  Our  Country  in  War ;  Official  History  of  the  War 
with  Spain;  Life  of  Admiral  Dewey;  The  Great  Century;  The  Boer  and 
British  War ;  The  Galveston  Tragedy ;  etc.  He  has  written  six  volumes 
of  American  Wars  and  over  twenty  books  in  all.  Has  traveled  the  world 
over  and  visited  and  written  about  nearly  every  country. 

Harmon,  Judson,  was  born  in  Hamilton  county,  Ohio,  February  3,. 
1846.  His  father  was  Reverend  B.  F.  Harmon,  a  Baptist  minister ;  his 
mother,  Julia  Brunson,  both  from  the  state  of  New  York.  After  a  pre- 
paratory education  by  his  father  at  home,  graduated  Denison  college  at 
Granville,  Ohio  1866 ;  and  soon  after  entered  the  office  of  George  Hoadley 
as  a  law  student ;  graduated  Cincinnati  Law  School,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  March,  1869.  He  at  once  began  practice  in  Cincinnati.  In 
October,  1876,  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  Court,  but 
after  a  service  of  a  few  months  was  unseated  by  a  contest  in  the  Ohio 
Senate.  In  April,  1878,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of 
Cincinnati.  He  was  re-elected  April,  1883,  and  served  until  March, 
1887,  when  he  resigned  to  join  the  firm  of  Harmon,  Colston,  Goldsmith 
&  Hoadley.  In  June,  1895,  he  was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland, 
Attorney-General  of  the  United  States,  and  served  until  the  close  of 
Mr.  Cleveland's  term,  March,  1897,  when  he  resumed  his  practice  at 
Cincinnati.  He  was  president  of  the  Ohio  Bar  Association  in  1898,  and 
is  one  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Cincinnati  Law  School. 

Hills.  Reuben  E.,  born  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  1853;  grandfather  Dr. 
James  Harvey  Hills,  emigrated  from  Connecticut  to  Ohio  in  1807,  set- 
tling in  Worthington ;  father,  Reuben  E.  Hills,  was  born  at  Worthington, 
Ohio,  1812,  subsequently  lived  at  Oxford  and  Delaware,  Ohio;  Reuben 
E.,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  spent  his  early  life  in  Delaware,  and  grad- 
uated Ohio  Wesleyan  University  in  1873 ;  entered  the  real  estate 
business  in  Chicago,  but  returned  in  1874  to  Delaware  where  he  has  since 
been  associated  with  his  two  brothers  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business. 
Served  two  terms  as  president  of  the  Delaware  city  council;,  since  1887 
has  been  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 


702  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

general  assembly  of  1901,  which  adopted  the  revision  of  the  Westminister 
Confession  of  Faith.  In  1885,  married  to  Miss  Ida  Worline,  Sidney, 
Ohio ;  has  two  daughters.  Member  since  1891  of  The  Ohio  State  Arch- 
aeological and  Historical  Society ;  twice  elected  trustee  by  the  Society ;  and 
is  now  trustee  by  appointment  by  Governor  Nash. 

HoPLEY,  Elizabeth  Sheppard,  (Mrs.  James  R.  Hopley)  ;  born  Gran- 
ville, Ohio,  December  11,  1870;  daughter  of  Thomas  J.  and  Margaret 
(Collins)  Sheppard;  descendant  of  Huguenot  and  revolutionary  ancentry; 
father  Baptist  clergyman  well-known  as  the  "Andersonville  chaplain;" 
•educated  at  Shepardson  College,  Granville,  and  graduated  later  in  Bucy- 
rus,  where  her  father  was  then  pastor;  graduated  Armour  Institute,  Chi- 
■cago,  and  studied  under  Wm.  L.  Tomlins,  Central  Music  Hall,  Chicago, 
.and  Edmund  Russell ;  post-graduate  in  kindergarten  system,  Armour  In- 
stitute ;  taught  in  Chicago  Mission  kindergartens  two  and  a  half  years ; 
married,  Granville,  Ohio,  November  15,  1893,  James  R.  Hopley,  manager 
of  the  Bucyrus  Evening  Telegraph  and  the  Bucyrus  Journal;  president 
(1900-2)  Ohio  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs;  member  from  Ohio  of 
Library  Committee,  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs ;  chairman 
•Conference  Committee,  Ohio  College  AlumncC ;  only  woman  speaker  at 
the   Ohio   Centennial   Celebration   at   Chillicothe. 

Hunter,  William  H.  ;  born  at  Cadiz,  Harrison  county,  Ohio,  May 
26,  1852;  son  of  Joseph  R.  and  Letitia  McFadden  Hunter;  grandfathers, 
James  Hunter  and  John  Sloan,  Scotch  Presbyterians  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
soldiers  in  the  American  Revolution;  a  great-grandfather  (Thomas 
Hunter),  equipped  and  led  a  company  in  the  French-English  War;  his 
father,  Joseph  R.,  emigrated  from  Pennsylvania  to  Cadiz  in  1830  and 
studied  law  in  the  office  with  Edwin  M.  Stanton.  William  H.  Hunter 
Avas  educated  in  the  public  and  private  schools  of  Cadiz,  and  engaged  in 
wood  carving  and  the  production  of  artistic  pottery,  originating  the  ware 
known  as  "Lonhuda."  Mr.  Hunter  early  entered  the  office  of  the  Cadis 
Sentinel,  and  before  the  age  of  eighteen  was  in  charge  of  the  editorial 
<lepartment.  In  1874  with  H.  H.  McFadden,  purchased  the  Steubenville 
Daily  Gazette.  Mr.  Hunter  became  a  widely-known  writer  on  historical 
art,  literary  and  economic  subjects;  author  of  "The  Pathfinders  of  Jeffer- 
son County."  Some  years  ago,  with  his  brother,  George  F.  Hunter, 
purchased  the  Chillicothe  Advertiser  and  Chillicothe  Nezvs,  moving  to 
Chillicothe  to  conduct  the  paper  resulting  from  the  merger.  Married  to 
Harriet  Rosemond  Brown ;  two  sons,  Philip  C.  and  W.  J. ;  historian  of 
the  Society  of  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution ;  vice-president  of  the 
Scotch-Irish  Society  of  America ;  and  life  member  and  trustee  of  the  Ohio 
State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

Keifer,  Joseph  Wakken  ;  born  in  Clark  county,  Ohio,  January  30, 
1836;  son  of  Joseph  Keifer:  educated  Antioch  College;  since  1858  in  law 


Ohio  Centennial.  703 

practice  at  Springfield,  Ohio ;  married,  1860,  Eliza  Stout.  Served  in 
Ohio  Volunteers  in  field,  1801-5,  as  major,  lieutenant-colonel,  colonel,  and 
brevet  brigadier  and  major-general;  four  times  wounded;  declined  ap- 
pointment as  lieutenant-colonel  26th  United  States  Infantry  in  1866 ; 
member  of  the  Ohio  Senate  in  1868-9 ;  department  commander 
Ohio  G.  A.  R.,  1868-70;  vice-commander-in-chief,  G.  A.  R.,  1871-2; 
delegate  to  Republican  National  convention,  1876 ;  member  of  con- 
gress, 1877-85  (Speaker,  1881-5),  Republican.  President  of  the  La- 
gonda  National  Bank,  Springfield,  Ohio,  since  1873.  Appointed  and 
served,  1898-9  as  major-  general  volunteers  in  war  against  Spain.  Au- 
thor :  "Slavery  and  Four  Years  of  War,"  1900 ;  life  member  and  trustee 
Ohio  State  Archaeological  Society ;  appointed  by  Gov.  Nash  member  Ohio 
Centennial   Commission. 

Kri.nouKNK.  James;  l)orn,  Columbus,  Ohio,  October  9,  1842;  son  of 
Lincoln  Kilbourne,  grandson  of  Col.  James  Kilbourne,  one  of  pioneer 
settlers  of  Ohio ;  graduate  Columbus  high  school  in  1857 ;  Kenyon  Col- 
lege, 1862  (A.  M.)  ;  entered  army  as  private  84th  Ohio  Volunteers; 
served  in  Maryland  and  West  Virginia  until  August,  1862 ;  discharged  to 
•accept  commission  as  2d  lieutenant,  95th  O.  V.  I. ;  promoted  1st  lieutenant 
and  captain :  served  till  close  of  war.  On  staff  of  Gen.  J.  M.  Tuttle,  com- 
manding 3d  division  15th  army  corps ;  later  on  staff  of  Gen.  John  McAr- 
thur,  commanding  1st  division  16th  army  corps,  army  of  the  Tennessee; 
breveted  major,  lieutenant-colonel,  colonel  of  U.  S.  Volunteers.  Mustered 
out  at  close  of  Civil  War.  Graduate  of  Harvard  law  school,  1868;  ad- 
mitted Ohio  Bar.  Founded  (president  and  manager)  Kilbourne  &  Jacobs 
Manfg.  Co.;  president  Columbus  Board  of  Trade  1891-2.  One  of  or- 
ganizers and  directors  Columbus  Club  (four  times  pres.)  ;  president 
Board  Trustees  Columbus  Public  Library  and  of  Children's  Hospital ; 
member  G.  .A.  R. ;  Soc,  Army  of  the  Tenn. ;  Union  Vet.  Legion ;  Loyal 
Legion  :  president  Oliio  Soc.  S.  A.  R.,  1903.  Chairman  Ohio  delegation. 
National  Dcnujcraiic  Convention  1900;  nominee  for  governor  of  Ohio. 
1901  ;  defeated  by  George  K.  Nash ;  married,  October  5,  1869,  to  Anna 
B.  Wright,  daughter  of  Gen.  Geo.  B.  Wright;  life  member  and  trustee 
Ohio   State   Archaeological   and   Historical    Society. 

Knai;e.\sciiue,  Samuel  S.  ;  born  jiear  Lancaster,  Ohio,  November  1. 
1845;  son  of  Joseph  M.  and  Nancy  (Prentice)  Knabenschue  educated  com- 
mon schools,  followed  by  private  study;  married  1871  Salome  Matlack, 
Lancaster,  Ohio  ;  began  learning  printing  trade  in  fourteenth  year ;  worked 
at  case  at  Cincinnati;  health  broke  down  from  confinement;  returned  to 
Lancaster,    taught    country    school,    then    was    for    ten    years    principal    of 

'Grammar  School ;  editor  and  part  proprietor  the  Republican,  Mt.  Vernon. 
Ohio,   1876-78.     Returned  to  school  work  as  principal  at  Lancaster;  night 

•editor,  Ohio  State  Journal,  1881-3;  political  writer,  Toledo  Blade  since 
1884;   life  member   Ohio   State   Archseological  and   Historical   Society. 


TRUSTEES  OF  THE  OHIO  ARCH^OLOGICAL  AND 
HISTORICAI.  SOCIETY. 


B.  F.    PRINCE. 

C.  L.    MARTZOLFF. 
A.    R.    M<^INTIRE. 


FRED.   WRIGHT. 


(704) 


B.    W.    ARNETT. 
H.    A.    THOMPSON. 

J.  F.  Maclean. 


Ohio  Centennial.  705 

LovE^  Natijakiel  Barrett  Coulson  ;  born  in  Riishville,  Ohio,  Octo- 
ber 29,  1830 ;  father,  WilHam  Love,  was  Scotch-Irish ;  mother,  Susannah 
Force,  of  EngHsh  and  Scotch-Irish  descent.  N.  B.  C.  Love  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools,  and  privately  taught  by  his  father;  united  with 
the  Northern  Ohio  Annual  Conference,  M.  E.  Church,  1853;  in  1856 
transferred  to  the  Central  Ohio  Conference.  Has  held  pastorates  in 
many  of  the  leading  cities  of  northern  Ohio.  For  twenty-seven  years 
lecturer  at  various  Chautauqua  assemblies  in  Ohio  and  other  states. 
Author  of  a  work  on  "Object  Teaching,"  many  articles  in  papers  and 
leading  magazines  on  church  and  secular  history.  Mr.  Love  is  also  art 
artist  "con  amore,"  and  producer  of  many  works  upon  the  canvas  ;  student 
and  critic  in  art  matters.  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Grant  Uni- 
versity, Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  1892 ;  member  of  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows. 
Life  member  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  and  a 
trustee  by  appointment  and  re-appointment  by  Governor  Nash. 

McCade,  Charles  Caldwell  ;  born,  Athens,  Ohio,  October  11, 
1830;  son  of  Robert  and  Sarah  (Robinson)  McCabe ;  educated  at 
Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  Delaware,  Ohio ;  entered  Ohio  con- 
ference, M.  E.  Church,  1860.  Pastor  M.  E.  Church  Putnam,  Ohio. 
Became,  in  autumn  of  1862,  chaplain  122d  Ohio  Infantry ;  captured  at 
battle  of  Winchester ;  was  in  Libby  prison  four  months ;  rejoined  his  reg- 
iment, but  soon  after  went  into  the  service  of  the  Christian  Commission 
eloquently  pleading  for  the  Union  cause  and  raising  large  sums  of  money 
in  aid  of  sick  and  wounded  soldiers;  after  war,  became  pastor  at  Ports- 
mouth, Ohio,  and  financial  agent,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University ;  in  1868, 
agent  and  later  assistant  correspondent  and  secretary  Board  of  Church, 
extension,  M.  E.  church ;  in  1884,  secretary  Missionary  Society  of  the  M. 
E.  church.  Elected  chancellor  of  the  American  University,  Washington,. 
September  10,  1902;  elected  Bishop  M.  E.  Church,  at  Cleveland,  in  1896. 
Famous  throughout  the  country  for  his  power  in  song  and  speech,  and 
for  his  lecture  "The  Bright  Side  of  Life  in  Libby  Prison." 

McClintick,  William  TrtmbLe;  born  in  Chillicothe,  February  20,. 
1819;  educated  in  public  schools  and  academy  of  native  town;  attended 
college  at  Ohio  University,  Athens,  and  later  graduated  from  the  college 
at  Augusta,  Ky.,  in  1837;  received  degree  of  M.  A.,  1840;  studied  law  and 
admitted  to  the  bar,  1843 ;  practiced  continuously  in  his  county  until  near 
the  time  of  his  death,  a  period  of  over  fifty  years ;  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Ross  county,  1849-50 ;  a  Whig  and  Republican  in  Politics ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  fourth  regiment  of  Ross  County  militia  in  the  John  Mor- 
gan raid.  One  of  the  organizers  of  the  American  Bar  Association  at 
Saratoga  in  1878.  Married  at  Howellsburg,  .  Ky.,  October  11,  1845,  to 
Miss  Elizabeth  Mary  Atwood ;  several  children,  two  of  whom  are  still 
living,   Miss   Mary   Petrea  and   Mrs.    Edward   W.    Strong.     Life   member 

45    o.  c. 


706  OJiio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 

Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society.  Mr.  McClintick  died 
at  1^  home  in  Chill icothc,  October  28,  1903. 

McIntike,  Alfred  R.  ;  born  in  Holmes  county,  Ohio,  July  14,  1840,  of 
Scotch-Irish  lineage;  attended  school  at  Fredericktown,  and  in  the  early 
years  taught  school ;  prepared  himself  for  college,  entering  the  Ohio  Wes- 
leyan  University  at  Delaware,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1865.  In 
August,  1862,  enlisted  in  Company  A,  96th  O.  V.  I. ;  also  served  as  first 
lieutenant  of  Company  H,  142d,  summer  of  1864 ;  began  the  study  of 
law  with  Judge  R.  C.  Hurd  at  Mt.  Vernon,  in  April,  1867;  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  June,  1869 ;  became  a  most  successful  prac- 
titioner in  his  profession ;  member  of  the  city  board  of  education ; 
republican  candidate  for  state  Senator  1879;  in  1896  became  affiliated  with 
the  Union  Reform  movement,  and  was  the  candidate  of  that  party  for 
attorney  general,  and  later  for  supreme  judge.  Married  September  28, 
1869.  to  Miss  Helen  Richards  of  Frederickstown ;  two  sons,  Rollin  R. 
and  Hebcr  Mclntire :  member  G.  A.  R.  and  K.  of  P.  Mr.  Mclntirc  died^ 
on  Monday,  September  21.  1903,  near  North  Platte,  Nebraska,  while  en 
route  from  Idaho  to  his  home  at  Mt.  Vernon.  He  was  a  life  member. 
and  for  the  past  six  years  was  a  trustee  of  the  Ohio  State  Arch?eological 
vind  Historical  Society. 

^  MAcLEA^^  John  P. ;  born  in  Franklin,  Warren  county,  Ohio.  March 

12,  1848;  descendant  from  Scotch-Irish  ancestry;  at  the  age  of  four  with 
his  parents  settled  upon  a  farm  three  miles  south-east  of  Franklin,  upon 
which  he  now  resides.  Early  education  in  the  country  schools ;  in  18t>7 
graduated  from  the  National  Normal  University,  receiving  Ph.  D.  degree 
in  1894;  graduated  from  the  divinity  department  of  St.  Lawrence  Uni- 
versity, 1869;  completed  a  course  in  medicine  and  surgery  in  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Institute,  Cincirfnati,  1873;  specialist  in  comparative  anatomy; 
student  in  archaeology,  and  in  1886  had  charge  of  the  mound  explorations 
in  southwestern  Ohio  for  the  Government  Bureau  of  Ethnology;  in  18ST 
visited  Scotland  in  search  of  material  for  his  "History  of  the  Clan  Mc- 
Lean." Made  an  examination  of  Fingal's  Cave  by  request  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  under  direction  of  Professor  G. 
Frederick  Wright  made  a  glacial  survey  of  Butler  County,  Ohio :  for  threq 
years  in  charge  of  the  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society  at  Cleveland; 
for  fifteen  years  lecturer  on  archaeology  and  kindred  subjects,  from  Main? 
to  Minnesota;  published  books  are:  History  of  Clan  McLean;  Antiquity 
of  Man;  The  Mound  Builders;  Mastodon;  Mammoth  and  Man;  Norse 
Discovery  of  America's  Fingal  Cave:  Introduction  Study  St.  John's  Gos- 
pel; Jewish  Nature  Worship;  The  Scotch  Highlanders  in  America;  The 
Journal  of  Michael  Walters.  Contributor  to  leading  historical  and  archae- 
ological periodicals,  American.  English  and  Scotch,  and  government  re- 
ports, and  to  official  reports  of  Smithsonian  Institution.     In  1896  Repub- 

.  lican  candidate   for  congress  in   the   fourth  district.     Life  member   Gaelic 


Ohio  Centennial.  ^  707 

Society  of  Glasgow,  and  Clan  MacLean  Association  of  Glasgow ;  corre- 
sponding member  Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  Western  Reserve' 
Historical  Society ;  life  member  and  trustee  Ohio  State  Archaeological 
and  Historical  Society. 

Manly,  Robert  Woolf  ;  son  of  Robert  Woolf  and  Mary  Cook  Manly, 
and  grandson  of  Governor  Tiffin ;  born  Portsmouth,  Ohio,  June  19,  1873 ; 
father,  Robert  Woolf,  was  a  minister  in  the  M.  E,  Church,  and  died  in 
1883  while  stationed  in  Denver,  Colo. ;  since  the  death  of  his  father  Rob- 

-el^t  Manly  has  made  his  home  with  his  mother  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio;  at- 
tended preparatory  schools  and  college,  and  graduated  from  the  law  school 

•of  the-Uftjyersity  of  Michigan  in  1896:  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Ohio,  1897. 
Engaged  m  law  practice  in  Chillicothe.  Married  at  Chillicothe,  April  22, 
1902,  to  Miss  Helen  Entrekin,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  John  C.  and^Mary  F. 
Entrekin.     Appointed  by  Governor  Nash  member  of  the  Ohio  Centennial 

■Commission. 

Maktzoi.ff.  Clement  L.  ;  born  in  Monday  Creek  Tp.,  Perry  county, 
■O.,  November  25,  1809;  German  descent,  grandparents  came  from 
Alsace  in  1834,  and  were  among  the  pioneers  of  Perry  county ;  spent  his 
boyhood  bn  the  farm ;  attended  district  school  till  nineteen  ye'ars  of  age. 
Engaged  in  the  vocation  of  teaching  from  then  until  now,  excepting  one 
year,  when  he  was  a  student  at  Capital  University,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Has 
taught  all  grades  of  public  school  work ;  is  now  superintendent  of  schools 
-at  New  Lexington,  Ohio ;  lecturer  at  teachers'  institutes,  schools  and  col- 
leges: author  of  a  history  of  Perry  county;  life  member  and  trustee  Ohio 
State  ArchcTological  and  Historical  Society. 

Massie,  David  Meade;  son  of  Henry  Massie,  the  youngest  child  of 
General  Nathaniel  Massie,  founder  of  Chillicothe;  born  in  that  city  in 
1859 ;  graduated  at  Princeton  and  Cincinnati  Law  School ;  elected  to  the 
sitate  senate  of  Ohio  in  1887,  and  re-elected  in  1889;  trustee  of  the  Ohio 
State  U.niversity  since  1888;  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion in  1890;  since  July  1,  1902  has  been  Commissioner  to  take  testimony  in 
Cuba,  in  causes  pending  before  the  Spanish  Treaty  Claims  Commission; 
life  member  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

Mayo,  Archibald;  born  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  June  11,  1839.  Spent 
most  of  his  youth  at  home  of  his  grandparents  in  Philadelphia,  where 
he  prepared  for  college.  Obtained  college  education  at  Miami  University; 
three  months'  service  in  company  of  college  companions  in  Civil  War; 
studied  law  and  admitted  to  the  bar;  elected  to  Ohio  State  Legislature, 
1864;  prosecuting  attorney  of  Vinton  County  and  later  of  Ross  County 
(1870-2)  ;  father  was  Herman  Boseman  Mayo,  distinguished  lawyer  of 
Philadelphia.  New  Orleans,  Cincinnati,  and  later  resided  with  his  son  in 
Vinton  County,  of  which  he  was  the  probate  judge  for  six  years. 


CHAIRMEN  OF  CHILLICOTHE  COMMITTEES  OF 
ARRANGEMENTS. 


W.  D.  YAPLE. 
A.  R.  WOLFE. 
W.    H.     HUNTER. 


B.    E.    STEVENSON. 
RICHARD    ENDERLIN. 


(708) 


W.    B.    MILLS. 
W.     H.    BRIMSON. 

K.    S.   WENIS. 


Ohio  Centennial. 


709 


Mills,  William  C.  ;  born  in  18G0,  Pyrmont,  Montgomery  county, 
Ohio;  attended  public  schools  of  his  native  place; 
taught  four  years ;  entered  Ohio  State  University 
in  1881;  at  the  close  of  his  junior  year  took  the 
regular  course  in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Phar- 
macy and  Cincinnati,  Ohio  Medical  College ;  re- 
entered Ohio  State  University,  1897 ;  graduated, 
1898,  degree  of  B.  Sc. ;  in  1902  received  degree  of 
M.  Sc. ;  appointed  Curator  of  the  Archaeological 
Museum,  Ohio  State  University,  and  elected  Cura- 
tor and  Librarian  of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological 
and  Historical  Society,  1898.  Lecturer  on  An- 
thropology. Librarian,  Ohio  zA.cademy  of  Science ; 
president  Wheaton  Ornithological  Club ;  associate 
editor  Ohio  Naturalist ;  member  American  Asso- 
ciation Advancement  of  Science  and  American  Ornithologists'  Union. 


Nash,  George  Kilbon  ;  born  York  Township,  Medina  county,  Ohio, 
August  14,  1842;  parents,  Asa  Nash  and  Electa  (Branch)  Nash  of  New 
England  stock;  they  came  to  Ohio  from  Massachusetts;  educated 
Western  Reserve  University  and  Oberlin  College;  left  latter  institution  as 
sophomore  to  enter  army,  enlisting  as  private  in  150th  O.  V.  I.,  served 
with  honor  till  close  of  war;  soon  after  discharge  from  army  came  to 
Columbus;  taught  school;  studied  law  with  Judge  Robert  B.  Warden;  ad- 
mitted to  bar  18(i7;  edited  Ohio  State  Journal  Jthirteen  months;  became 
chief  clerk  in  office  of  Secretary  of  State  of  Ohio ;  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Franklin  county,  1871-5;  in  1876  defeated  for  congress  by  Hon.  Thomas 
Ewing ;  attorney  general  for  state  of  Ohio,  1879-1883;  member.  Supreme 
Court  Commission,  1883-5 ;  chairman  of  the  state  Republican  Committee 
several  years ;  elected  Governor  of  Ohio  for  terms  1900-2,  defeating  John 
R.  McLean,  and  1902-4,  defeating  James  Kilbourne.  Married,  April, 
1882,  to  Mrs.  Wm.  K.  Deshler,  who  died  October,  1886.  Life  member 
Ohio    State    Archaeological    and   Historical    Society. 

Pkince.  Benjamin  F.  ;  born  December,  1840,  near  Urbana,  Champaign 
County,  Ohio ;  descendant  of  first  settlers  in  western  Ohio ;  maternal 
grandparents  settled  in  Champaign  County,  Ohio,  in  1805,  and  his  paternal 
grandparents  in  1809;  grandfather  participated  in  the  War  of  1812.  Ben- 
jamin was  raised  upon  a  farm,  and  received  the  usual  education  in  the 
country  schools ;  in  1860  entered  the  preparatory  department  of  Wittenberg 
College  (Springfield)  and  graduated  from  that  institution  in  1865;  entered 
upon  the  study  of  theology,  but  was  appointed  instructor  in  his  alma  mater 
in  the  spring  of  1866 ;  been  connected  with  that  institution  since  that 
date,  serving  for  more  than  twenty  years  as  professor  of  Greek  and  His- 
tory, and  now  occupying  the  professorship  of  History  and  Political  Sci- 
ence;    ex-president    Clark    County    Historical    Society;    life    member   and 


710  Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


ernir   Nash,   of  the   Ohio   State   Archgeological   and   Historical    Society. 

Randall,  Emilius  Oviatt;  born  Richfield,  Summit  county,  Ohio, 
October  28,  1850;  son  of  Rev.  D.  A.  Randall,  D.  D.,  and  Harriett,  O.  Ran- 
dall (three  great-grandfathers  fought  in  American  Revolution)  ;  educated 
Columbus  High  School,  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  1869-70 ;  grad- 
uated Cornell,  Ph.  B.,  1874 ;  graduate  College  of  Law,  Ohio  State  Univers- 
ity, LL.  B.,  1892,  (LL.  M.,  same,  1892)  ;  married,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  October 
28,  1874,  Mary  A.  Coy.  Admitted  to  the  bar,  Ohio  Supreme  Court,  1890 ; 
official  reporter  Ohio  Supreme  Court  since  1895 ;  Professor  of  Law  Ohio 
State  University  since  18^3 ;  secretary  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  His- 
torical Society  since  1894 ; .  member  American  Bar  xA.ss'n ;  American  His- 
torical Ass'n ;  and  American  Library  Ass'n ;  Society  of  American  Authors 
and  Sons  American  Revolution ;  member  Columbus  Board  of  Education, 
188*^-9;  president  Columbus  Board  of  Trade,  1889;  trustee  Columbus  Pub- 
lic Library  since  1887.  Author:  History  of  Blennerhasset  (1889);  His- 
tory of  the  Separatist  Society  of  Zoar  (1899)  ;  associate  editor  "Bench  and 
Bar"  of  Ohio,  two  vols.  (Chicago,  1897)  ;  editor  nine  volumes  historical 
publications  Ohio  State  Historical  Society.  Edited  seventeen  volumes 
Ohio  State  Reports  of  Supreme  Court  Decisions.  Editor  Ohio  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Society  Quarterly,  since  1897;  life  member  Ohio 
State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society;  appointed  trustee  of  the 
society  by   Governors    McKinley,    Bushnell  and   Nash. 

Rickly  (Rickli),  Samuel  Strasser;  born  January  2,  1819,  at  Buetz- 
burg,  Canton  Berne,  Switzerland ;  only  survivor  of  family  of  eighteen 
children ;  parents  emigrated  to  America  in  1834,  locating  at  Baltimore,, 
Fairfield  county,  Ohio.  Spent  his  boyhood  as  carpenter  and  clerk,  de- 
pending entirely  upon  his  own  efforts.  Entered  Marshall  College,  Mer- 
cersburg.  Pa.,  in  1839,  graduated,  1843 ;  studied  theology  and  taught ;  mar- 
ried in  1845 ;  came  to  Columbus  in  1847  as  educator,  and  in  1848  was 
principal  of  the  Columbus  high  school.  In  1849  established  an  academy 
at  Tarleton,  Pickaway  county,  Ohio,  which  school  was,  in  the  spring  of 
1850,  adopted  by  the  synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  as  the  nucleus  of  a 
church  institution  called  Heidelberg  College,  of  which  Mr.  Rickly  was 
made  president.  The  same  year  this  institution  was  re-located  at  Tiffin, 
Ohio,  where  it  now  exists  as  one  of  the  leading  colleges  of  the  state ; 
superintendent  of  schools  at  Tiffin,  Ohio,  1851,  and  professor  of  pedagogy 
in  Heidelberg  College;  journal  clerk  Ohio  House  of  Representatives 
1854 ;  member  Columbus  Board  of  Education,  1863  and  City  Council,  1874 ; 
organizer  Franklin  County  Teachers'  Association  (1848)  and  Ohio  Teach- 
ers' Association  (1849) — of  which  he  was  secretary  —  and  the  National 
Teachers'  Association  at  Cleveland  in  1852;  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Ohio  Sunday-school  Teachers'  Association  at  Cincinnati,  1858,  and  Na- 
tional   Sunday-school   Teachers'   Association  at   Philadelphia,   1858.     Mer- 


Ohio  Centennial.  711 

chant,  manufacturer  and  banker  until  1875,  when  he  organized  the  Capital 
City  Bank,  of  which  he  has  since  been  president :  January  6,  1885,  sub- 
mitted to  Board  of  Trade  plan  that  the  City  of  Columbus,  in  1892,  com- 
memorate the  fourth  centennial  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Christo- 
pher Columbus.  This  idea  was  subseqtiently  carried  out  by  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  at  Chicago.  Trustee  Columbus  public  library;  director 
Columbus  Board  of  Trade  and  chief  promoter  in  the  erection  of  Board 
of  Trade  building.  Regent  of  Heidelberg  University,  and  regent  of  Otter- 
'bein  University.  Westerville,  Ohio;  life  member,  trustee  and  treasurer 
of  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

RvAN,  Daniel  Joseph;  born,  Cincinnati,  January  1,  1855;  son  of  John 
and  Honora  (Ryan)  Ryan;  graduated  Portsmouth,  Ohio  high  school; 
studied  law,  1875-77;  married,  Delaware,  Ohio,  January  10,  1884,  Myra  L. 
Kerr.  Admitted  lo  bar  of  Ohio  1877;  practiced  at  Portsmouth;  City  So- 
licitor of  Portsmouth  two  terms ;  member  of  the  sixty-sixth  and  sixty- 
seventh  general  assemblies  of  Ohio,  (speaker  pro  tem,  sixty-seventh)  ; 
first  president,  the  Ohio  Republican  League,  two  terms ;  temporary  chair- 
man first  National  Convention  of  Republican  Clubs,  New  York,  1887; 
Secretary  of  Slate  of  Ohio,  1888-91 ;  executi\e  commissioner  of  Ohio  at 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  organized  Ohio  exhibit ;  member  ex- 
ecutive committee  Association  of  American  Exhibitors,  1893.  and  its  com- 
missioner to  Antwerp  Exposition,  1893 :  delegate  from  Ohio  to  Western 
Water-ways  convention  at  Vicksburg ;  president  Columbus,  New  Albany 
&  Johnstown  Traction  Co.,  Columbus  Lithograph  Co..  Homeopathic  Hos- 
pital Association;  director  and  counsel  Miami  &  Erie  Canal  Transporta- 
tion Co.  Author :  A  History  of  Ohio ;  Arbitration  between  Capital  and 
Labor;  contributor  to  North  American  Review  and  other  magazines;  life 
member  and  trustee  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society. 

Sloaxe,  Rush  Richard;  born  Sandusky,  Ohio,  Septeml)er  18,  1828; 
son  of  John  Nelson  and  Cynthia  (Strong)  Sloane  ;  grandfather,  William 
Sloane  who  located  at  Lyme,  N.  H.  in  17(14  was  an  officer  in  the  American 
revolution.  Educated  in  private  schools  and  at  Wesleyan  Academy,  Nor- 
walk,  Ohio;  married,  Elyria,  Ohio,  Helen  F.  Ilall ;  City  Clerk  two  terms; 
Probate  Judge  two  terms ;  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  as  General 
Agent  of  the  Postoffice  Department.  March,  1801 ;  was  delegate  to  Pitts- 
burg convention,  1856,  which  organized  the  republican  party,  and  was  an 
invited  guest  at  Philadelphia  National  Republican  Convention,  June,  1900. 
Aided  in  organizing  the  "Cassius  M.  Clay  brigade."  April,  1861,  to  pro- 
tect city  of  Washington,  was  a  member  of  the  brigade;  chairman.  Republi- 
can State  Committee  of  Ohio,  1865-6;  candidate  of  Liberal  (Greely)  party 
for  congress,  1872;  mayor  of  Sandusky,  1879-81.  In  1852  was  sued  for 
$6,000.00  damages  in  U.  S.  Court  for  professional  services  as  a  lawyer  in 
defending  six  slaves,  escaping  to  Canada,  under  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act 
of  1850;  was  mulcted  in  damages  and  paid  the  judgment.     Was  Railroad 


CHAIRMEN  OF  CHILLICOTHE  COMMITTEES  OF 
ARRANGEMENTS. 


E.    R.    MCKEE. 
JOSEPH    GERBER. 
H.    H.    BENNETT. 


MRS.    JOHN    A.    NIPGEN. 

WM.    POLAND. 

MISS    ALICE    BENNETT. 


(712) 


ALBKRT  DOUGLAS. 
FERD.  MARZLUFF. 
F.  C.  ARBENZ. 


Ohio  Centennial.  713 

president  ten  years.  President  of  the  Firelands  Historical  Society;  mem- 
ber Sons  of  the  American  Revolution ;  life  member  and  trustee  of  the 
Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society ;  appointed  by  Gov. 
Nash  a  member  Ohio  State  Centennial  Commission. 

Thompson^  Henry  Adams  ;  born,  Stormstown,  Centre  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, March  23,  1837 ;  son  of  John  and  Lydia  Thompson ;  graduate  of 
Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  1858 ;  studied  theology.  Western  The- 
ological Seminary,  Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  (Hon.  D.  D.,  Jefiferson  College, 
1873;  LL.  D.  Westfield  College,  111.,  1886)  married  Galena,  Ohio,  August 
7,  1862,  Harriet  E.  Copeland.  Taught  select  school  at  Marion  and  Nobles- 
■ville,  Ind.,  1861;  professor  of  mathematics.  Western  College,  Iowa,  1861-2; 
5ame,  Otterbein  University,  Ohio,  1862-7 ;  superintendent  public  schools, 
Troy,  O.,  1867-71 ;  professor  of  mathematics,  Westfield  College,  111.,  1871-2; 
president  Otterbein  University  Ohio,  1872-86 ;  candidate  for  congress, 
prohibition  ticket,  1874 ;  for  Lieutenant-governor  of  Ohio,  1875 ;  for  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio,  1877 ;  chairman,  National  Prohibition  convention,  1876 ; 
nominated  for  vice-president  on  ticket  with  Neal  Dow,  1880 ;  delegate  to 
Ecumenical  conference,  London.  1881 ;  commissioner,  department  of  sci- 
ence and  education  at  Ohio  Centennial  Exposition  at  Columbus,  1889; 
■associate  editor,  editor-in-chief  Sunday-school  literature,  U.  B.  Church, 
1893-1901;  editor  United  Brethren  Review  since  1901.  Author:  Schools 
of  the  Prophets ;  Power  of  the  Invisible ;  Our  Bishops ;  Biography  of 
Bishop  J.  Wearer.  Life  and  charter  member  and  trustee  Ohio  State 
Archaeological   and   Historical   Socitey. 

Thompson,  Wtlli.km  Oxley;  born  Cambridge,  Ohio,  November  5, 
1855;  son  of  David  Glenn  and  Agnes  Miranda  (Oxley)  Thompson;  boy- 
hood on  farm ;  from  age  of  twelve  supported  himself ;  attended  and  taught 
country  schools ;  graduated  Muskingum  College,  1878 ;  taught  school  at 
Lawn  Ridge,  111.;  graduated  Western  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny 
City,  Pa..  1882;  A.  M.,  1881;  D.  D.,  1891,  Muskingum  College;  LL.  D., 
Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1897 ;  ordained  to  Presbyterian  min- 
istry, 1882 ;  pastorate  at  Odebolt,  Iowa,  1882-5 ;  president,  Longmont  Col- 
lege, Colorado;  president  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio,  1891-99;  pres- 
ident, Ohio  State  University,  1899 ;  married,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  June  28, 
1894,  Estella  Godfrey  Clark;  life  member  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Society. 

Venable,  William  Henry;  born,  Warren  county.  Ohio,  April  29, 
1836;  son  of  William  and  Hannah  (Baird)  Venable;  graduated  National 
Normal  School,  Lebanon,  Ohio,  1860  (A.  M.,  De  Pauw  University,  1864; 
LL.  D.,  Ohio  University,  1886)  married,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  1860,  Mary 
Vater.  Taught  in  Lebanon  Normal  School  and  later  principal  Jennings 
Academy,  Vernon,  Indiana ;  professor  natural  sciences,  1862-81,  principal 
and   proprietor  1881-6,    Chickering   Institution ;   professor  English   Litera- 


714 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Public ations. 


ture,  Hughes  High  School  1889-95;  Walnut  Hills  high  school,  Cincinnati,, 
siime  1895.  Member  Literary  Club  of  Cincinnati,  Historical  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Ohio ;  A.  A.  A.  S. ;  National  Educational  Association. 
Organized  and  was  president  of  Cincinnati  Society  for  Political  Edu- 
cation ;  first  president  Teachers'  Club,  Cincinnati ;  president.  Western  As- 
sociation of  Writers.  Author:  A  History  of  United  States  1872;  June 
on  the  Miami,  etc. ;  1872 ;  The  Teacher's  Dream,  1881 :  Melodies  of  the 
Heart,  1865 ;  Footprints  of  the  Pioneers,  1888 ;  Beginnings  of  Literary 
Culture  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  1891;  John  Hancock,  Educator,  1892;  The 
Last  Flight,  1894;  Life  of  General  William  Haines  Little,  1894;  Let  Him 
First  be  a  Man,  1894;  Tales  from  Ohio  History,  1896;  Selections  from 
Burns,  Byron  and  Wadsworth,  1898 ;  Santa  Claus  and  The  Black  Cat,  1898 ; 
Dream  of  Empire,  or  the  House  of  Blennerhasset,   1901 ;  Tom  Tad,  1902.. 


Wood,  Edwin  Forest;  born  in  Bradford  County.  Pa.,  October  3, 
1863;  parents.  Earl  P.  and  Maritta  J.  Wood.  When  Edwin  was  two 
years  of  age  his  parents  moved  to  Ohio,  settling 
in  the  little  village  of  Jersey,  Licking  County. 
The're  Edwin  attended  the  district  school,  and- 
later  the  Presbyterian  Academy  at  Central  Col- 
lege, Franklin  County.  Came  to  Columbus  in 
1879,  and  in  1884  entered  the  Capital  City  Bank,, 
with  which  institution  he  has  since  been  con- 
nected, serving  for  many  years  past  as  assist- 
ant cashier.  April  15,  1886,  married  at  Colum- 
bus to  Miss  Jesse  B.  McKim.  Have  three  sons. 
From  early  manhood  Mr.  Wood  has  been  an  en- 
thusiastic and  efficient  worker  in  his  church 
E.  F.  WOOD.  (Congregational),    and     Sunday-school.     Is     treas- 

urer of  the  Congregational  Club  of  Columbus  and  also  of  the  Columbus 
and  Franklin  County  Sunday-school  Associations.  In  1890  he  became 
identified  with  the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society,  and 
for  the  past  ten  years  has  been  its  assistant  treasurer,  having  practical, 
charge  of  its  funds  and  financial  afifairs. 


Wright.  George  Bohan  :  born  near  Granville,  Ohio,  December  11,. 
1815;  son  of  Spencer  and  Abbie  (Cooley)  Wright;  educated  Western  Re- 
serve University,  and  Ohio  University,  class  of  1840;  left  in  senior  year; 
married  in  1846,  Hetta  A.  Taylor  (died  January  25,  1888).  Admitted  to 
bar  April,  1843 ;  practiced  at  Newark,  O.,  until  1856 ;  after  that  devoted  to 
railway  business;  until  1861.  Served  in  quarter-master's  department  of 
Ohio  equipping  Ohio  soldiers  for  service ;  assistant  quarter-master  and 
quarter-master  general  until  January,  1864;  appointed  military  storekeeper 
by  President  Lincoln ;  appointed  colonel  106th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry, 
but   Secretarv   Stanton   objected  to  his   leaving  the   service   at    Columbus 


Ohio  Centennial.  715 

and  detailed  him  to  that  place;  first  state  commissioner  of  railroads  and 
telegraphs,  Ohio,  1867-71 ;  vice-president  Atlantic  &  Great  Western  R.  R. 
Co.,  1870;  later  receiver,  Indianapolis,  Bloomington  &  Western  R.  R.  Co. 
until  1887;  member  military  order  Loyal  Legion;  G.  A.  R. ;  Sons  of 
American  Revolution;  life  member,  trustee  and  vice-president  Ohio  State 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Society.  General  Wright  died  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  September  11,  1903. 

Wright,  George  Frederick  ;  born  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  January  22,  1838 ; 
son  of  Walter  and  Mary  Peabody  (Colburn)  Wright;  graduate  of  Ober- 
lin  1859  (A.  M.  1862),  Oberlin  Theological  Seminary,  1862  (D.  D.,  Brown 
University,  1887;  LL.  D.,  Drury" College,  1887)  ;  F.  G.  S.  A.,  1890;  soldier 
in  U.  S.  Army  five  months  in  1861 ;  married  August  28,  1862,  Huldah  Maria 
Day  (died  1899).  Pastor,  Congregational  Church,  Bakersfield,  Vt.,  1862- 
72,  Andover,  Mass.,  1872-81.  Professor  of  Langauge  and  Literature  New 
Testament,  Oberlin  Theological  Seminary,  1881-92 ;  of  the  harmony  of  sci- 
ence and  religion  since  1892.  Assistant  geologist  Pennsylvania  survey, 
1881-2 ;  U.  S.  survey  1884-92.  Deliverer  of  popular  and  scientific  lec- 
tures in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Author:  Logic  of  Christian  Evidences, 
1880 ;  Studies  in  Science  and  Religion,  1882 ;  The  Relation  of  Death  to 
Probation,  1882 ;  the  Divine  Authority  of  the  Bible,  1884 ;  Glacial  Boundary 
in  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Kentucky ;  Ice  Age  in  North  America,  1889 ;  Charles 
Grandison  Finney,  1891 ;  Man  and  the  Glacial  Period,  1892 ;  Greenland  Ice 
Fields  and  Life  in  the  North  Atlantic,  1896 ;  Scientific  Aspects  of  Chris- 
tian Evidences,  1898;  Asiatic  Russia  (2  vols.),  1902;  etc.  Editor  Bibli- 
otheca  Sacra  since  1884.  Life  member  and  trustee  Ohio  State  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Society. 

Yaple,  Wallace  D.  ;  born  in  Eagle  Township,  Vinton  County,  Ohio, 
May  2,  1870;  parents  were  William  Ross  Yaple  and  Elizabeth  (McDonald) 
Yaple ;  great-grandfather,  John  Yaple,  was  a  soldier  in  the  American 
Revolution,  and  with  four  other  associates,  at  the  end  of  that  war,  founded 
the  city  of  Ithaca,  New  York.  John  Yaple  left  Ithaca  1813,  and  settled 
in  Ross  County,  Ohio.  William  Ross  Yaple,  father  of  Wallace,  was 
born  in  Ross  County  in  October,  1833.  Wallace  D.  was  the  eldest  son 
of  his  parents ;  educated  in  the  public  schools,  and  after  the  death  of  his 
father,  in  1887,  taught  school  several  years.  Read  law  with  his  uncle. 
Judge  Alfred  Yaple,  of  Cincinnati,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  December  6, 
1894.  Practitioner  in  Chillicothe  ever  since.  Defeated  as  Democratic 
candidate  for  probate  judge  of  Ross  County,  1896;  elected  city  solicitor 
of  Chillicothe,  1897;  re-elected,  1899;  in  April,  1901,  elected  mayor  of 
Chillicothe,  and  re-elected  in  April,  1908.  Member  of  the  Masons,  I.  O. 
R.  M.  and  B.  P.  O.  E. 


INDEX, 


Abolition  —  Chase,  a  believer,  in,  251; 
Ohio,   in,   179,   299. 

"Achievements  of  Ohio  in  the  care  of  her 
unfortunate  classes,"   Brinkerhoi?,  490. 

Adams,  John,  represents  U.  S.  in  West- 
eern  Boundary  Controversy,   66. 

Addresses  (Ohio  Centennial)  —  Andrews, 
71;  Anderson,  147;  Arnett,  677;  Bone- 
brake,  389;  BrinkerhoflF,  490;  Camp- 
bell, 249;  Claypool,  45;  Courtenay 
(Poem),  683;  Cowen,  536;  Ewing,  510; 
Foraker,  273;  Foster,  675;  Granger, 
318;  Grosvenor,  292;  Halstead,  207; 
Hanna,  382;  Harmon,  59;  Hopley,  550; 
Keifer,  50.  165;  Knabenshue,  565; 
Manley,  2;  Massie,  238;  Mayo,  28; 
M'Cabe,  664;  McClintick,  8;  Nash, 
50,  53;  Randall,  120;  Ryan,  13;  Sloane, 
90;  Thompson,  426;  Venable,  582; 
Yaple,   3,   48. 

Allen,  William^ — descendants  of,  5,  7; 
Mention  of,  46,  51,  148,  275;  Sketch 
of,  261;  U.  S.  Senator  from  Ohio, 
283. 

Anderson,  Charles  —  goes  to  England  in 
Civil  War,  257;  sketch  of,  256;  personal 
sketch,   687. 

Anderson,  Thomas  M.  —  "Militory  his- 
tory of  Ohio,  including  War  of  1812," 
147;  portrait  of,  147;  personal  sketch, 
688. 

Anderson,  James,  H.,  personal  sketch, 
687. 

Andrews,  Martin  R. — "History  of  North- 
west Territory  from  Marietta  settle- 
ment to  organization  of  State,"  71; 
portrait    of,    71;    personal    sketch,    689. 

Anti-slavery,  Gov.  Andrews  advocates, 
257.     (See    Abolition.) 

Armstrong,  Gen.  criticizes  Gen.  Harri- 
son,   160. 

Arnett,  B.  W.  —  address  of,  677;  por- 
trait of,   677;   personal   sketch,   689. 

Anbury    Francis,    671. 

Athens,   "Log  Cabin"   Campaign  at,   526. 

Atwater,  Caleb,  discusses  date  of  Ohio's 
admission,  95. 


Authors  (Ohio)  —  list  of  poetical,  639-643; 
list  of  recent,  631-639;  prose  writers, 
list   of,    644-663. 

Avery,  Elroy  McKendree,  personal 
sketch,    690. 

Baldwin,  Michael,  appointed  on  Ohio  Ju- 
diciary,  101,   104. 

Bank,    U.   S.,   mention  of,   480. 

Bar,    Chillicothe's,    in   1840,    12. 

Bareis,    George   F,    personal   sketch,    690. 

Barnett,    James,    personal    sketch,    691. 

Bartley,    Mordecai,    sketch   of,    246. 

Bartley,    Thomas  W.,   sketch  of,   240. 

Barton,    Mary   C,    Civil   War,    in,    195. 

Battles  (Civil  War)  —  Ohio  soldiers  in, 
184;  Fallen  Timbers,  156;  l^ort  Meigs, 
154;  Lake  Erie,  160;  Malcolm's  Mills, 
161;  Opequon,  187;  Point  Pleasant, 
153;   Raisin,   154;   Thames,   160. 

Bebb,    William,    sketch   of,   246. 

Beecher,    Henry   Ward,    mention   of,   611, 

Bennett,  H.  H.  —  designs  memorial  tab- 
let,  1;   portrait  of,    7. 

iBennett,  John,  suggests  erection  of 
memorial    tablet,    1. 

Bingham,  John,  A.  —  Congress,  in,  303; 
mention  of,  432. 

Bishop,    Richard   M.,    sketch   of,    264. 

"Black    Laws,"    247. 

Boats,    Early,   on   Ohio   River,   75. 

Bonebrake,  L.  D.  —  portrait  of,  389; 
"The  Public  Schools  of  Ohio,"  389. 

Bond,  Col.  Wm.  Key,  recollections  of, 
McClintick,    9. 

Boone,    Daniel,    mention   of,   129. 

Bouquet,    Indian    expedition    of,    150. 

Bowman,  Capt.  John,  campaign  against 
Indians,    127. 

Bradford,    Indian   expedition   of,    150. 

Brant,  Joseph,   mention  of,  138,  142,  143. 

Brice,   Calvin  S.,   U.   S.   Senator,  288. 

Brinkerhoff,  Gen.  R.  —  book  by,  596; 
"The  achievements  of  Ohio  in  the 
care  of  her  unfortunate  classes,"  490; 
personal   sketch,    693;    portrait   of,   490- 


(7L7) 


718 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


aUks    of, 
12T:    Indi 


British  —  aid  Indiaias,  156,  157;  esti- 
mate of  Geti.  Wayne,  141;  Indian 
at  Battle  Point  Pleasant, 
Indians  supported  by,  134,  136, 
137,  138,  142;  invade  Nortriwest  Terri- 
tory, 128,  132;  posts  of  Northwest  held 
by,  134;  surrender  forts  in  Ohio,  80. 

Borebrake  Lewis  D.,  personal  sketch, 
691. 

Brough,  John,    sketch  of,   255. 

Brown,  Ethan  Allen  —  mention  of,  8; 
recommends  new  Constitution,  24; 
sketch  of,   244. 

Buell,  Gen.  D.  C,  Mexican  War,  in, 
174. 

Burgoyne's    surrender,    St.    Clair    at,    57. 

Burnet,  Jacob  —  Burr-Smith,  account  of, 
by,  281;  opposes  slavery,  33;  recollec- 
tion of,  McClintick,  H;  supports  St. 
,  Clair,    21. 

Burr,  Aaron  —  Influences  Senator  Smith, 
281;   Tiffin   counteracts,    43. 

Bushnell,    Asa    S.,    sketch    of,    271. 

Byrd,  Charles  —  appointed  on  Ohio  Ju- 
diciary, 101,  104;  mention  of,  44;  suc- 
ceeds   St.    Clair,    104. 

Campbell,  James  E.  —  "(iovernor  of  Ohio 
under  the  Second  Constitution,"  249; 
portrait  of,  24!t;  sketch  of,  269;  perso- 
nal  sketch,   693. 

Cass,    Gen.,    mention  of,    157. 

Claypool,  Horatio  C,  personal  sketch, 
694. 

Centennial  Celebration  (Ohio's  Admis- 
sion) —  Addresses  at,  (See  "Addres- 
ses at  Centennial");  beginning  of,  48; 
distinguished  visitors  at,  48,  52; 
Nash's  address  at,  53;  opening  ad- 
dress, 53;  opening  of,  26;  school  music 
at,    58;    Society   at,    48,    51. 

Centennial  Celebration  (First  Constitu- 
tion), 1-47,  (see  Tablet);  distinguished 
visitors  at,  7;  Memorial  Hall,  exer- 
cises at,  7;  Memorial  Tablet  unveiled 
at,    1-7. 

Century  Club  take  initiative  in  erection 
of  Memorial   Tablet,   1.   3,   5. 

Charitable  Institutions.  (See  Reforma- 
tories.)—  Dependent  children,  492; 
epileptics,  494;  feeble-minded  youth, 
492;  insane  hospitals,  493;  State  Board 
of  Charities,  500. 

Chase,  Bishop,  Kenyon  College  founded 
by,    450. 

Chase,  Salmon  P.  —  discusses  date  of 
Ohio's  admission,  94;  opposes  slavery. 


179;  sketch  of,  251;  U.  S.  Senator  from 
Ohio,    284. 

Chatham,  Earl  of  —  opposes  Indians  as 
allies,    123;   opposes   Quebec  Act,    121. 

Chiefs  —  Blue  Jacket,  speech  of,  137; 
Cornstalk,  153,  154,  Battle  Point 
Pleasant  at,  122;  Little  Turtle,  154; 
Tecumseh,   154,  157,    death  of,   160. 

Chillicothians  oppose   St.    Clair,   239,   240. 

Chillicothe  —  beginnings  of,  16;  Capital 
of  Ohio,  90;  Capital  of  Territory,  ,83; 
Court  House,  new  at,  13;  distin- 
guished sons  of,  5;  early  political 
ascendency  of,  84,  85;  first  newspaper 
at,  565;  founder  of,  9;  historic  associa- 
tions of,  208;  Indian  habitations  near, 
50;  location  of,  213;  "Log  Cabin  Cam- 
paign at,"  523;  Mt.  Logan  at,  view  of, 
70;  part  taken  in  making  Ohio  a 
State,  49,  50,  51;  political  scenes  in, 
87,  88;  prominent  citizens  of,  57;  pro- 
verbial hospitality  of,    50. 

Churches    (Ohio)  —  Afro-Methodist-Epis- 
copal, 466;  Baptist,  .668;  Catholic,  477, 
667;      Christian       (Campbellite),      461; 
Church    of    God,    476;    Dunkard,    475; 
Free  Will  Baptist,  474;  Lutheran,  464, 
477,    667;    Methodist,    4f>8,    669;   missio- 
naries of,  671;  Moravians,  667;  pioneer 
ministers    of,    670;    Presbyterian,    468 
668; Protestant-Episcopal,  667;  Puritan 
668;    Reformed,    4^3;    Reformed    Pres 
byterian,      478;      Swedenborgian,      463 
Universalist,  471. 

Cincinnati  —  pioneer  newspapers  of,  567 
"School  of  literature  and  arts,"  in 
588. 

Civil  War  —  battles  of,    Ohio  soldiers  in 
184;    cause    of,    177;    Garfield    in,    181 
Generals    (Ohio)    in,    195,    197;    Hayes 
in,    181;    McKinley    in,    181;    Ohio    in 
55,    176-199,    253,    254;    Ohio   men    sup- 
port, 179,  180,  181;  contributed  to,  182 
Ohio's  human  sacrifice  in,  192;  Ohio's 
infantry  in,   183;  Ohio's  quota  in,  183 
Ohio's    specific    part    in,    178;    Ohio's 
volunteer  army  in,  1S2;  political  effect 
of,   285;   women   in,   182,   195,   556;  ser- 
vice  of  Ohio   soldiers   in,    184;    Union 
loss   of  men   in,    193. 

Clark,  George  Rogers  —  campaign  of,  in 
Northwest,  124;  conquest  of  North- 
west by,  63,  64,  65;  holds  Kaskaskia 
and  Vincennes,  152,  154;  Indian  expe- 
dition of,  151,  154;  repels  British  in- 
vasion of  U.  S.,  12s,  1.32;  result  of 
conquest   of,    163. 


Index. 


719 


Claypool,  Horatio  C.  —  accepts  Tiffin 
medallioti,    45;   portrait  of,   45. 

Colleges  — Adelbert,  433;  Antioch,  445; 
Ashland  University,  475;  Baldwin, 
456;  Buchtel,  471;  Capital  University, 
464;  Case  School,  448;  Cedarville,  478; 
Cincinnati,  University  of,  478;  Cleve- 
land Medical,  435;  Co-education  in, 
483;  Defiance,  470;  Dennison  Univer- 
sity, 452;  Denuininational  Universi- 
ties, 44!);  educational  influence  of, 
485;  Findlay,  476;  Franklin,  432; 
growth  of,  489;  Heidelberg,  463;  Hi- 
ram, 4til;  Kenyon,  449;  Lake  Erie 
College  and  Seminary,  444;  Lima,  477; 
local  services  of,  486;  Marietta,  441; 
Miami  University,  429,  land  grants 
for,  429;  Mt.  Union,  458;  Muskingum, 
453;  National  Normal,  447;  Oberlin, 
487,  co-education  at,  439,  slavery  at- 
titude of,  440;  Ohio  Northern  Uni- 
versity, 470;  (Jhio  State  University, 
481;  Ohio  University,  growth  of,  427, 
•origin  of,  .':93,  revenue  of,  428;  Ohio 
Wesleyan,  454;  (Jtterbein,  459;  Oxford 
Western  College  for  Women,  446;  re- 
ligious intiuence  of,  487;  Rio  Grande, 
474;  Scio,  467;  St.  Ignatius,  477;  St. 
Xavier's,  451;  Urhana  University,  463; 
Western  Reserve,  433,  College  for 
Women,  435,  Dental  School,  436, 
Graduate  School,  437;  "Backus"  Law 
School.  436;  Wilberforce,  466;  Wil- 
mington, 472;  Wittenberg,  457;  Woos- 
ter   University,   468. 

Colonial  Charters,  boundaries  fixed  by, 
59. 

Congress,  act  of,  for  relief  of  officers  of 
Northwest    Territory,    108. 

Connecticut  cedes  land  claims  to  North- 
west  Territory,    67,    215. 

Constitutional  Convention  (First)  — 
meeting  of,  32;  Tiffin,  president  of,  21. 

Constitutional  Convention  (Second), 
president   of,    250. 

Constitution,  (Ohio's  First)  —  address, 
Ryan,  13;  character  of,  240,  241;  con- 
vention for,  90;  courts  under,  318; 
criminal  jurisprudence  of,  497;  duties 
of  governor  of,  238,  240;  Jefferson's 
opinion  of,  23;  liberties  provided  in, 
46;  not  ratified  by  people,  21,  22,  84; 
objections  to,  24;  power  given  to 
legislature,  23;  refuses  veto  power, 
•23;  religious  element  in,  666;  school 
prorision   in,   393;    stability   of,   23,    24; 


veto  clause  of,  40;  Western  Reserve 
opposes,  25. 

Constitution  (Ohio's  Second)  —  courts 
under,  319;  governor  under,  249; 
school  provision  in,  395. 

Continental  Congress,  St.  Clair  President 
of,    57. 

Corwin,  Thomas  —  compromises  on 
slavery,  180;  "Log  Cabin"  campaign 
in,  526;  mention  of,  148;  military  re- 
cord of,  202;  opposes  Mexican  War, 
284;  resigns  as  U.  S.  Representative, 
297;  sketch  of,  246;  Tod  debates  with, 
255;    U.    S.    Senator    from    Ohio,    283. 

Counties  —  Northwest  Territory,  of,  in 
1798,   81;   Trumbull  organized,   572. 

Courtenay,  A.  M.  —  Invocation  at  Cen- 
tennial by,  48;  portrait  of,  683;  "The 
Ohio  Century,"  683;  personal  sketch, 
094. 

Courts  (See  Judiciary)  —  character  of 
judges  in,  352;  Circuit,  320;  common 
laws  in,  326;  Common  Pleas,  319; 
conflict  of  jurisdiction  of,  334,  336; 
election  of  judges,  318;  federal  judges 
in  Ohio  Circuit  District,  354;  federal 
jurisdiction  of,  335;  first  constitution's, 
318;  first  judges  of,  322;  judges  of, 
320;  judges  in  U.  S.  District  Court  of 
Ohio,  354;  judges'  offices  vacated, 
328;  judges  of  Ohio  Common  Pleas, 
360;  judges  of  Ohio  Circuit,  357,  359: 
judges  of  Ohio  Supreme,  .355;  judges 
of  Superior,  in  Ohio,  380;  jurisdiction 
of,  325;  jurisdiction  of  in  slavery 
cases,  337,  338;  justice's,  established, 
324;  Lincoln  on  jurisdiction  of,  338; 
Ohio,  318;  Ohio,  in  U.  S.  Supreme, 
381;  Ohio  Senators  served  in,  276; 
order  of  precedence  of  judges,  320; 
organization  of,  in  Ohio,  215;  place 
of  holding  Supreme,  321;  room  for, 
in  Old  State  House,  11;  Second  Con- 
stitution's, 319;  St.  Clair  appoints,  2; 
Supreme,  319,  321;  Supreme  appellate 
jurisdiction  of,  333;  Supreme  jurisdic- 
tion,  332;   territorial  judges,   354. 

Covven,  B,  R.  —  "Ethnological  History 
of  Ohio,"  536;  portrait  of,  536;  per- 
sonal  sketch,   694. 

Cox,    Jacob    D.,    sketch    of,    258. 

Cox,    S.   S.,    mention   of,   571. 

Crawford  —  Indian  expedition  of,  130; 
execution    of,    149. 

Creighton,  William,  Jr.,  recollections  of, 
McClintick,    9. 

Croghan,  George,  Ft.  Stephenson  de- 
fended  by,    159. 


720 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


Crook,    Gen.,    in    Civil    War,    189. 
Cutler,    Ephraim,    mention    of,    22. 
Cu^r,      Manasseh  —  mention      of,      427; 
^dinance    of    17S7,    secured    by,    665; 
supports   St.    Clair,   21. 
I>ana,    VVm.    H.,    in    navy,    220. 
Day,    Wm.   R.,   mention  of,   202. 
Daughters  of  American  Revolution  assist 
in    erecting    Memorial   Tablet,    1,    3,    5. 
Daughters  of   Revolution   assist  in   erect- 
ing  Memorial   Tablet,   1,   3,   5. 
Democracy    and    education,    390,    391. 
Democracy,     Ohio,     in,     82;     St.     Clair's 

ideas   of,    34. 
Democratic    Party  —  slavery    attitude    of, 
300;   slavery's  influence  on,  37;  "States 
Rights""  influence  on,   37. 
Dennison,    William,    sketch   of,   252. 
Detroit  —  campaign   against,    125;    surren- 
der of,    158. 
Doughty,   Major,  erects  Fts.  Harmar  and 

Washington,   153. 
Douglas,  J.  C.  —  mention  of,  13;  presides 
at    Memorial    Hall    exercises,    7;    pre- 
sides   at    session    of    Centennial,    26. 
Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  Ohio's  vote  for,  179. 
Dunmore,    Lord  —  campaign   of,    153;   re- 
solutions of  officers  of,   at   Ft.   Gower, 
122. 
Dunmore's   War,    cause   of,   121. 
Edison,    Thomas,    mention   of,    148. 
Education   and   Democracy,    390,    391. 
Education  (See  Schools),   (See  Colleges), 
(See  Universities) ;   French   Revolution 
influences,     390;    necessity    of    public, 
.391;      Northwest      Territory,      in,      54; 
Ohio's   encouragement   for,    91;    Ohio's 
growth  in,   389;   Ordinance  of  1787  on, 
41,  392;  progress  of,  385;  Tiffin  on,  41; 
"Universities    of     Ohio,"     Thompson, 
426;    Washington    on,    301. 
Electoral   College  of  1800,   279. 
Enabling  Act,   Ohio's  education,   97,   102. 
Enactments  for  Ohio's  seal,  109,  110,  111, 

113. 
England  cedes  claims  in   Western   Boun- 
dary   Controversy,    66;    Florida    ceded 
to,   65. 
"Ethnological  History  of  Ohio,"  Cowen, 

536. 
Ewing,  Thomas,  Sr. — "Log  Cabin"  Cam- 
paign, in,  528;  mention  of,  148,  511; 
U.  S.  Senator  from  Ohio,  282. 
Ewing,  Thos. ,  Jr.  —  Supports  Civil  War, 
283;  portrait  of,  510;  "The  Ohio  Presi- 
dents," 510;   personal   sketch,   695. 


Expansion     territorial,    167. 
Fallen  Timbers,   battle  of,  79,   144. 
Fearing,   Paul,  Northwest  Territorial  del- 
egate,   106. 
Federalists— -  early,     in    (Jhio,     20;     ideas 
of,    35,    37,    38;    part    taken    in    Ohio's 
admission,   21.   40 
Fiction    (Ohio)  —  Ballard,    Julia    P.,    617; 
Bates,  Margaret  H.,  618;  Beatty,John, 
017;    Bennett,    Emerson,   613;    Bennett, 
John,      619;      Bierce,      Ambrose,      617; 
Buntline,    Ned,   614;   Gary,   Alice,   612; 
Catherwood,       Mary      H.,      614,      618; 
Charles,  Humphrey  R.,  617;  Chesnutt, 
Chas.  W.,  621;  Clarke,  Alexander,  617; 
Dumont,   Julia   L.,   611;   Dunbar,   Paul 
L.,  621;   Ewing,    Hugh   B.,   617;   Flint, 
Timothy,  610;   Gage,    Francis  D.,   611; 
(toss,    Charles    F.,'620;    Hall,    James, 
610;   Henderson,   Howard,   A.   M.,  621; 
Howells,    Wm.    D.,   615;   Jewett,   John 
B.,    621;   Judson,    E.    C;    613;    Keeler, 
Ralph,     618;     Lesser    productions     of, 
612,    614,    622;    Lloyd,    John    Uri,    620; 
"Martha    Farquharson,"    617;    Naylor, 
James    Ball,    620;    Pickard,    Geo.    H., 
619;  Riddle,  Albert  G.,615;  Severence, 
Mark     S.,     618;     Sprague,     Mary     A., 
618;   Stephenson,    Nathaniel,    620;   Ste- 
venson,   Burton  E.,  619;   Stowe,    Har- 
riet   Beecher,    611;    Thompson,    Adele 
E.,     619;    Tourgee,     Albion    W.,     616; 
Victor,      Metta      V,,      617;      Woolsey, 
Sarah    C,    618. 
Filson,    Charles   P.,   Tiffin   Medallion   by, 

26. 
Filson,    John,    mention   of,    26. 
Finley,    Gen.,    mention   of,   157. 
"Firelands,"   grant   of,    105. 
Florida,    Spain  cedes   to   England,    65. 
Follett,   Martin  D.,   personal  sketch,  695. 
Foraker,   J.   B.  —  mention  of,   202;   "Ohio 
in  U.  S.  Senate,"  273;  portrait  of,  273; 
sketch   of,   268;   personal   sktech,    096. 
Ford,    Seabury,    sketch    of,    247. 
Forts  —  erected   by   Wayne,    141;    Gower, 
resolutions    of    Dunmore's    officers    at, 
122;     Greenville,     Wayne    erects,     153; 
Hamilton  erected,   153;   Harmar,   erec- 
tion   of,    152,    view    of,    248;    Jefferson 
erected,     153;     Laurens     erected,     125, 
151;   Mc Arthur  erected,  153;   Mcintosh 
erected,   135;    Meigs   erected,   153,   159; 
Meigs,      battle      of,      154;      Recovery, 
Wayne   erects,    153;    St.    Clair   erected, 
153;      Stephenson,      153;      Stephenson, 


Index. 


721 


Croghan's  defense  of,  159;  Washing- 
ton  erected,    152. 

Foster,  Charles  —  address  of,  675;  Con- 
gre'Js,  in,  303,  304,  305;  portrait  of, 
675;  sketch  of,  265;  personal  sketch, 
696. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  represents  U.  S.  in 
boundary    dispute,    65. 

French  and  Indian  War  —  Colonies'  part 
in,    121;   St.   Clair  in,   5i. 

French   Grant,    76. 

French  —  claims  in  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, 60;  explorations  of,  60;  Iroquois 
enemies  to,  60;  Northwest  Territory 
lost  by,  61. 

Fugitive    Slave     Law,     Passage    of,     280. 

Funston  Frederick,  Aguinaldo  captured 
by,  205. 

Gallatin,  Albert,  letter  of,  indicating 
Ohio's  admission,   107. 

Gallipolis,   settlement  of,   70. 

Garfield,  Jas.  A.  —  Civil  War,  in,  181; 
Congress,  in,  298,  302,  303,  304;  men- 
tion of,  275;  President,  513;  "Works" 
of,  395. 

Garretson,  Geo.  A.  —  Spanish-American 
War,   in,  2(i8. 

Generals  (Ohio)  —  Civil  War,  in,  195; 
died  in  Civil  War,  192,  193;  list  of,  in 
Civil  War,  197;  Mexican  War.  in,  174. 

Generals,  Brigadier  (Ohio),  list  of,  in 
Civil    War,    197. 

Generals,    Major   (Ohio),    list   of,    197. 

Germans  in   Ohio,   41. 

Gibson,  Col.  John,  commands  Fort  at 
Pittsburg,   125. 

Giddings,  Joshua  R.  —  Abolition  record 
of,  299;  congressional  services  of,  298; 
opposes  slavery,  179;  resigns  U.  S. 
representation,   297. 

Gilmore,  Quincy  A.,  military  record  of, 
196. 

Gist,  Christopher  —  descendants  of,  219; 
explores  Ohio  valley,  217,  220;  ex- 
tracts from  journal  of,   218. 

"Governors  of  Ohio  under  the  First  Con- 
stitution," Massie,   238. 

"Governors  of  Ohio  under  the  Second 
Constitution,"    Campbell,    249. 

Governors  (Ohio)  — AUen,  William,  261; 
ancestry  of,  245,  249;  Anderson, 
Charles,  256;  Bartley,  Mordecai,  246; 
Hartley,  T.  W.,  246;  Bishop,  K.  M., 
264;  Brough,  John,  255;  Brown,  Ethan 
Allen,  244;  Bushtiell,'  A.  S.,  271; 
Campbell,  James  E.,  269;  Chase,  S. 
P.,    251;   (Zorwin,   Thomas,   246;   coun- 

*46    o.  c. 


ties  furnishing,  247;  Cox,  J.  D.,  258; 
Denmore,  Wm.,  252;  duties  of,  under 
First  Constitution,  240;  Foraker,  J. 
B.,  268;  Ford,  Seabury,  247;  Foster, 
Charles,  265;  Hayes,  R.  B.,  259;  Hoad- 
ley,  Geo.,  266;  Huntington,  Samuel, 
243;  Kirker,  Thomas,  243;  Lucas,  Ro- 
bert, 245;  McArthur,  Duncan,  245; 
McKinley,  William,  269;  Medill,  Wil^ 
Ham,  250;  Meigs,  R.  J.,  242,  243; 
Nash,  Geo.  K.,  271;  Noyes,  Edward 
F.,  260;  Shannon,  Wilson,  246;  Tiffin, 
E.,  241;  Tod,  David,  254;  Trimble, 
Allen,  245;  Vance,  Joseph,  246;  Wood, 
Reuben,  247,  346;  Worthington,  Tho- 
mas,  243;  Young,  Thomas  L.,  263. 

Granger,  Moses  M.  —  Civil  VVar,  189; 
portrait  of,  318;  "The  Ohio  Judici- 
ary," 318;  personal   sketch,   696. 

Grant,  U.  S.  —  Civil  War,  in,  185;  me- 
moirs of,  594;  mention  of,  072,  074; 
Mexican  War,  in,- 175;  military  char- 
acter  of,    195;    President,    514. 

Gray,    David    S.,    personal    sketch,    GdJ,. 

Greenville,    treaty  of,    80,   144. 

Crosvenor,  Chas.  H.  —  mention  of,  202, 
256;  "Ohio  in  National  JJouse  of  Rep- 
resentatives," 292;  portrait  of,  292; 
personal    sketch,    099. 

Halstead,  Murat  —  ancestry  of,  307; 
"Ohio  in  the   Navy,"  207;   portrait  of, 

•    207;    personal    sketch,    700. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  mention  of,  34, 
35,   57. 

Hancock,    John,    mention   of,   56. 

Hanna,  M.  A.  —  "Industrial  I*rogress  of 
Ohio,"  382;  mention  of,  202;  portrait; 
of,   ;is2;   personal  sketch,   699. 

Harmar,  Gen.  Josiah  —  invades  Indiatn 
territory,  77,  i:?8, 154;  mention  of,  72. 

Harmon,  Judson  —  "History  of  Norths 
west  Territory  to  Marietta  Settle- 
ment," 59;  personal  sketch,  701;  por- 
trait of,   59. 

Harper,    John   W.,    personal   sketch,    700. 

Harrison,  W.  H.  —  cabinet  of,  532;  com- 
mander of  troops  against  Indians,  152, 
153;  Governor  Indiana  Territory,  83^ 
mention  of,  148,  154,  103,  181;  mili- 
tary services  of,  513;  presidential  cam- 
paign of,  516,  517;  President,  513,  514; 
recollections  of,  (McClintick's),  9;  re- 
signs in  War  of  1812,  161;  territorial 
delegate,  31.  81;  War  Department  cen- 
sures. 160;  War  of  1812,  in,  158; 
Wayne's  Army,  in,  145;  Webster  on 
election  of,   530. 


722 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


% 


Harris  "Tour"  (of  Ohio),  date  of  Ohio's 
admission  discussed  by,  94. 

Hay^  R.  B.  —  anecdote  of,  534;  charac- 
ter of,  260;  Civil  War,  in,  181,  188 
Congress,  in,  302,  303;  President,  514 
resigns  as  U.  S.  Representative,  298 
sketch  of,  259;  Hayes-Tilden  dispute, 
287,   288. 

Hay,  John,   mention  of,   202. 

Heer,  Fred.  J.,  present  at  unveiling 
Memorial  Tablet,   7. 

Henry,  Patrick  —  commissions  G.  R. 
dark,  124;  Governor  of  Virginia,  63, 
15L 

Hildreth,  Dr.,  manuscript  collection  of, 
86. 

Hills,  Reuben  E. ,  personal  sketch  of, 
701. 

Historical  Society,  Ross  County,  assist 
in    securing   tablet,    1. 

Historians  (Ohio)  —  Bancroft,  H.  H., 
i599;  Bliss,  Eugetie  F.,  598;  Brinker- 
hofr.  Gen.  R.,  596;  Cist,  Henry  M., 
595;  Coffin,  Levi,  596;  Cox,  Jacob  D., 
-595;  Finley,  James  B.,  596;  Force, 
Manning  F.,  595;  Garfield,  James  A., 
-595;  Giddings,  Joshua  R.,  594;  Gil- 
more,  Wm.  E.,  596;  Grant's  Memoirs, 
594;  Hinsdale,  B.  A,,  595;  Howells, 
Wm,  C,  596;  Keifer,  J.  Warren,  596; 
local  and  general,  list  of,  597;  Meline, 
James  F.,  598;  Myers,  Philip  Van 
Ness,  598;  Randall,  E.  O.,  598; 
Rhodes,  James  F,  599;  Sheridan, 
Philip  H.,  505;  Sherman,  Wm.  T., 
595;   Sloane,    Wm.   M.,   599. 

Historical   Societies,    Ohio's,   599. 

"History    of    Northwest    Territory    from 
N  Marietta  Settlement  to  organization  of 
State,"    Andrews,    71. 

Hoadly,  George  —  mention  of,  501,  504; 
sketch  of,   266. 

Holy  Grail,   reference  to,   44. 

Hopley,  Mrs.  James  R.  —  "Part  taken 
by  Women  in  the  history  and  devel- 
opment of  Ohio,"  550;  portrait  of, 
550;   personal    sketch,    702. 

Howells,  Wm.  D.  —  estimate  of  Kinney 
by,    628;    writings   of,    615. 

Hull,  Gen.  —  court-martial  of,  158;  War 
cf  1812,    in,    158. 

Humorous  Writers  (Ohio)  —  Cox,  S.  S., 
622;  Locke,  David  R.,  623;  Thomp- 
son, William  T.,  622;  Ward,  Artemus, 
623. 

Hunter,  W.  H.  —  Mayo's  tribute  to,  28; 
mention   of,    45;   portrait   of,   26;   Tiffin 


Memorial  Medallion  presented  by,  26; 
personal  sketch,  702. 

Huntington,  Samuel  —  death  of,  8;  des- 
cendants of,  7;  impeachment  of,  24; 
sketch   of,   243. 

Illustrations  —  Anderson,  Thomas  M., 
147;  Andrews,  Martin  R.,  74;  Arnett, 
B.  W.,  677;  Bennett,  H.  H.,  7; 
Bonebrake,  L.  D.,  3S9;  BrinkerhofT, 
Gen.  R.,  490;  Campbell,  James,  E., 
249;  Campus  Martins,  388;  Claypool, 
H.  C,  45;  Courtenay,  A.  M.,  683; 
Cowan,  B.  R.,  536;  Ewing,  Thomas, 
Jr.,  510;  Foraker,  J.  B.,  273;  Fort 
Harmar,  248;  Foster,  Charles,  675; 
Granger,  Moses  M.,  318;  Grosvenor, 
Charles  H.,  292;  Halstead,  Murat, 
207;  Hanna,  M.  A.,  382;  Harmon, 
Judson,  59;  Hopley,  ^Irs.  James  R., 
550;  Hunter,  W.  H.,  26;  Keifer,  J. 
Warren,  165;  Knabenshue,  S.  S.,  565; 
Manley,  Robert  W. ,  2;  Massie,  David 
Meade,  238;  Mayo,  Archibald,  28; 
M'Cabe,  Bishop  C.  C,  664;  Mc- 
Clintock,  Wm.  T.,  8;  Mt.  Logan, 
Chillicothe,  70;  Randall,  E.  O.,  120; 
Ryan,  Daniel,  J.,  13;  Sloane,  Rush 
R.,  90;  Tablet,  6;  Thompson,  W.  O., 
426;  Tiffin's  Medallion,  27;  Yaple,  W. 
D.,    4. 

Impeachment   of   Ohio   Judges,    24. 

Indiana  —  organization  of  Territory  of, 
83;  suspension  of  anti-slavery  clause 
asked   for,    by,    33. 

Indians  —  allies  of  British  in  Revolution, 
122,  123,  125,  126;  Bouquet's  expedi- 
tion against,  150;  Bowman's  campaign 
against,  127,  154;  Bradford's  expedi- 
tion against,  150,  151;  British  influence 
over,  79;  British  support,  134,  136, 
137,  138,  142,  156,  157;  Captain  Pipe, 
72;  character  of,  150;  Clark  attacks  at 
Piqua,  129;  Clark's  expedition  against, 
151,  154;  Crawford's  expedition 
against,  130;  Harmar's  expedition 
against,  77,  138;  Harrison's  dealings 
with,  514,  515;  Iroquois,  enemies  to 
France,  60;  Logan's  expedition 
against,  153,  154;  massacre  of  the  Mo- 
ravian, 130;  military  prowess  of,  150; 
national  army  against,  152,  157;  north- 
west, 218;  Northwest  Territory,  of, 
59;  wars  with,  165;  wars  with,  last, 
in  Ohio,  245;  Wayne's  expedition 
against,  141,  156;  Wayne's  expedition 
against,  from  Hildreth  MSS.,  86; 
white  leaders  of,   73;    Wilkinson's   ex- 


Index. 


723 


pedition  against,  139;  Ohio,  71,  537; 
Ohio,  Revolution  in,  126;  Ordinance 
of  1787,  regarding,  69;  pioneer  con- 
flicts with,  77,  149,  150,  154;  Scott's 
expedition  against,  139;  St.  Clair's  ex- 
pedition against,  78,  139;  Todd's  expe- 
dition against,  ISi;  treaty  with,  in  War 
of  1812,  162;  trouble  with  in  North- 
west,   140. 

•'Industrial  Progress  of  Ohio,"  Hanna, 
382. 

Internal  Improvements  —  progress  in, 
247;  Tiffin  supports,  278;  Worthington 
favors,   244. 

Jay,  John,  represents  U.  S.  in  Western 
Boundary  Controversy,   65. 

Jesuits,    explorations   of,    60. 

Jefferson,  Thomas  —  commends  Tiffin  in 
Burr  episode,  43;  ideas  of,  concerning 
Judiciary,  38;  interested  in  Ohio's  ad- 
mission, 296;  mention  of,  46,  47;  offi- 
cial act  of,  indicating  date  of  Ohio's 
admission,  99;  Ohio's  admission  in- 
fluenced by,  104;  opinion  of  Ohio's 
Constitution,  23;  political  ideas  of, 
S5;  result  of  election  of,  38;  slavery, 
opposition  to,  33;  successors  to  ideas 
of,   38. 

"Jewels,  These  are  my,"  148. 

Journalists  (Ohio)  —  Boynton,  Henry 
Van  Ness,  592;  Curtis,  William  E. . 
594;  Halstead,  Murat,  585,  591;  Ham- 
mond, Charles,  590;  Kennan,  George, 
593;  MacGahan,  Janarius  Aloysius, 
593;  Mansfield,  Edward  Deering,  591; 
Piatt,  Colonel  Don,  592;  Reid,  White- 
law,  592;  Shaw.  Albert,  594;  Victor, 
Orville   James,    591. 

Judiciary  —  conflict  of,  with  Legislature, 
24;  Dartmouth  College  decision,  338; 
impeachment  cases  of,  24;  Jefiferson 
appoints  for  Ohio,  101,  103,  104;  Jeffer- 
son in  Ohio's,  23;  Jefferson's  ideas 
concerning,  38;  Ohio,  318;  seal  for 
Ohio  Supreme  Court,  110,  111,  118, 
115;  territorial  compensation  of,  89; 
under    First    Constitution,    24. 

Judges,  320;  (See  Courts),  (See  Judi- 
ciary); associates,  330;  Bartley,  Tho- 
mas W.,  335;  character  of  Ohio,  352; 
circuits  of  early,  323;  Common  Pleas 
of  Ohio,  360-380;  election  of,  318; 
federal,  in  Ohio's  Circuit  District,  354, 
355;  first,  in  Ohio,  322;  Frazier,  Wil- 
liam Hugh,  351;  Hitchcock,  Peter, 
344;  Huntington,  Samuel,  326,  327, 
829;      McLean,     John,     323;      Morris, 


Thomas,  328;  Ohio  Circuit,  357-359; 
Ohio  Supreme  Court,  355;  order  of 
precedence  of,  320;  Pearl,  Calvin,  328, 
329;  Peck,  William  R.,  342;  Peters, 
327;  public  services  of  Ohio's,  352; 
Ranney,  Rufus  Putnam,  346;  salary 
of,  322;  Scott,  Josiah,  337,  341;  Sher- 
man, Charles  Robert,  342;  Supreme 
Court,  in  Ohio,  380;  Swan,  Joseph  R., 
337,  338;  law  publications  of,  340; 
terms  of  service  of,  352;  territorial, 
354;  Tod,  George,  325,  327,  328,  32!) ; 
U.  S.  District  Court,  of  Ohio,  354, 
355;  U.  S.  Supreme,  from  Ohio,  381; 
White  William,  348;  Wood,  Reuben, 
345. 

Ivaskaskia,   Clark  captures,  63. 

Iveifer,  J.  Warren  —  book  by,  596;  Civil 
War,  in,  190;  Congress,  in,  303,  30.'); 
introduces  Gov.  Nash,  52;  mention 
of,  081;  "Military  History  of  Ohio 
from  War  of  1812  including  Civil  and 
Spanish  Wars,"  165;  portrait  of,  165; 
present  at  unveiling  of  Memorial  Tab- 
let, 7;  presides  at  Centennial,  48;  re- 
sponds to  address  of  welcome,  50; 
Spanish-American  War,  in,  203;  per- 
sonal  sketch,   703. 

Kenton,    Simon,    mention    of,    129,    148. 

Kentucky,  pioneers  of,  in  Revolutionary 
War,   in  Ohio,   127. 

King,  Rufus,  Ohio's  First  Constitution, 
on,   238. 

Kirker,  Thomas  —  descendants  of,  7; 
sketch   of,    243. 

Knabenshue,  S.  S.  —  portrait  of,  .565; 
present  at  unveiling  of  tablet,  7;  "The 
Press   of  Ohio";   personal   sketch,   703. 

Knox,    Gen.,    Secretary   of   War,    152. 

Land  Grants  (Ohio),  74;  College,  480; 
"Firelands,"  105;  Moravian  Indians, 
77;  Scioto  Company,  76;  Scioto  Pur- 
chase, 76;  uncertair  ./  of  Indian  titles 
to,  72;  Virginia  Military  Lands,  105; 
Western   Reserve,   77,    105. 

La   Fayette,    mention   of,    57. 

La   Salle,   explorations  of,   GO. 

Laurens,    Fort,    capture    of,    126. 

Laurens,    Gen.   Henry,    builds   Fort,  •125. 

Laws  —  Congressional  Act  recognizing 
Ohio,  214;  poor,  491;  reformatory,  494, 
507. 

Legislature  (Ohio)  —  Constitution  gives 
power  to,  23;  judiciary  conflicts  with, 
24;  powers  under  First  Constitution, 
240,  241;  "Sweeping  Resolutions,"  of, 
328. 


724 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


Letters— Haskell,      Major,      to     Griffin, 
Gr^ne,    86;    Oliver,    Col.    Robert,    to 
Grmn,    Grene,   87;   St.    Clair  to   Fear- 
ing,     87;      Symmes      to      Meigs,      89; 
Symmes  to  Griffin,   89. 
Lewis,   Gen.  Andrew,   commands  at  Bat- 
tle  Point  Pleasant,   122. 
Libraries,    first,    in    Ohio,    587. 
Lincoln,      A.  —  mention      of,      672,      674; 

Ohio's  vote  for,  179. 
Literary  Men  and  Women  of  Ohio,  582. 
Literature  (Ohio),  689.  (See  Fiction). 
(See  Poetry.)  (See  Historians.)  — 
Authors,  list  of  recent,  631,  639;  Bol- 
ton, Sarah  Knowles,  606;  cities  pro- 
ducing, 584;  Civil  War,  influence  on, 
590;  Drake,  Dr.  Daniel,  587;  "Early 
Literary  Periodicals,"  589;  early  liter- 
'ary  periodicals,  589;  first  book  of,  587; 
Gallagher,  Wrn.  D.,  589;  geographical 
influence  on,  585;  histories  and  me- 
rnoirs,  594,  (see  Historians);  his- 
tories, local  aijd  general,  597;  .his- 
torical writers,  622,  (see  Humorous 
Writers);,.  journalistSji  590;  law  and 
medicine,  603;  law  bookg,  583;  mis- 
cellaneous, 604,  608;,  Murdock,  James 
E.,  609;  Philipson,  David,  608;  pio- 
neer books,  587;.pi9neer  writers,  588; 
poetry,  623,  (see  Poetry);  prose  writ- 
ers, list  of,  644,  663;  Russell,  Addi- 
son P.,  607;  scientific,  599,  (see  Sci- 
ence); school  books,  583;  Shakes- 
pearian Controversy  in,  608;  theology. 
604,  (see  Theology) ;  Thwing,  Chas. 
F.,  607;  Ward,  May  Alden,  607. 
Logan,  Capt.  Benjamin,  in  Clark's  army. 

129,    133. 
Logan,  (Jen.  John,   Indian  expedition  of. 

153. 

"Log   Cabin"   Campaign,   518-526. 

Looker,    Othtiiel,    sketch   of,   243. 

Love,    N.    B.   C,    personal   sketch,    705. 

Lucas,    Robert,   sketch  of,    245. 

MacLean,  John  B.,  personal  sketch,  706. 

Manly,  Robert  W.  —  portrait  of,  2;  pre- 
sents Memorial  Tablet,  2;  personal 
sketch,  707. 

Manufacturing  in  Ohio,   53. 

Marietta  —  Campus  Martius  at,  388;  first 
newspaper  in,  565;  first  summer  at, 
74;  Hildreth  collection  of  MSS.  from, 
86;  newspapers  at,  567;  settlement  at, 
73,    152,    216. 

Marquette,  mention  of,  60. 

Martzolfif,    C.   L.,   personal   sketch,    707. 

Maryland,  claims  of,  in  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory,   67. 


Massachusetts  cedes  claim  to  Northwest 
Territory,    67.  ; 

Massie,  David  Meade  —  "Governor,  of 
Ohio  under  First  Constitution,"  238; 
portrait   of,    238;    personal   sketch,    707. 

Massie,  Nathaniel  —  comes  to  Ohio,  14; 
Chillicothe  founded  by,  29;  mention 
of,  20,  44,  47.  49,  81,  85,  148;  re- 
collections   of,     McClintick's,    9. 

Mayo,  Archibald  —  address  at  unveiling 
of  Tiffin  Medallion,  28;  portrait  of,  28; 
personal    sketch,    707.      . 

McArthur,  Duncan  —  descendant  of,  6, 
7;  mention  of,  44,  46,  148,  157,  159; 
recollection  of,  McClintick's,  9;  sketch 
of,    245;    War   of   1812,    in,    161. 

M'Cabe,  Bishop  C.  C.  —  portrait  of,  664; 
"Religious  influences  in  Ohio,"  664; 
personal  sketch,   705. 

McClintfck,  William  T.  — Address  at 
Centennial  (First  Constitution),  8;  Old 
State  House  purchased  by,  12;  por- 
trait   of,    8;    personal    sketch,    705. 

"McCooks,"  The  —  military  record  of, 
193.  ::<';«. 

McDonald,  John  — mention  of,  44,  51; 
""Sketches"    of,'  14.     ' 

McDowell,  Gen.  Irvin,  in  Mexican  War, 
174. 

McKinley,  William  —  Civir  War  in,  ISli 
189;  estimate  of,  547;  mention  of, 
148,  163,  201,  672;  personal  newspaper 
of,  574;  President,  512,  sketch  of, 
269. 

Mcintosh,  Gen.  —  campaign  of,  against 
Indians,  125;  commandant  at  Fort 
Pitt,    152. 

Mclntire,  Alfred  R,  personal  sketch,  706. 

Mcpherson,    Gen.    J.    I'..,    death    of,    m'J. 

Medill,    W^illiam,    sketch   of,   250. 

Meigs,  Return  J.  —  death  of,  8;  mention 
of,  20,  44;  postmaster  at  Marietta,  75; 
reports  on  claims  indicating  Ohio's 
admission,  107;  sketch  of,  242,  243; 
Symmes   letter   to,    89. 

Mexican  War  —  cause  of,  167;  Corwin 
opposes,  284;  Fifteenth  U.  S.  Infantry 
in,  173;  First  Ohio  Volunteer  In- 
fantry in,  168;  Fourth  Ohio  Volunteer 
Infantry  in,  170;  independent  com- 
panies in,  172;  justification  of,  167; 
Ohio  in,  167,  168;  Ohio  officers  and 
regiments  in,  168-176;  Ohio's  naval 
men  in,  75;  regular  officers  in,  from 
Ohio,  174;  results  of,  167;  Second 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  in,  169,  171; 
Third  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  in, 
17.0;    U.    S.   forces  in,   168. 


Index. 


725 


Mianiiti,    the,   210. 

Michigan-Ohio    boundary    dispute,    246. 

Military  History  of  Ohio,  including  War 
of  1812,    Anderson,   147. 

Military  History  of  Ohio,  including  Civil 
and  Spanish  Wars,  Keifer,  165. 

Military  service,"  kinds  of,   in  U.   S.,   155. 

Militia,    military    services    of,    155. 

Mills,  W.  C,  personal  sketch,  709. 

Mining   in   Ohio,    53. 

Missionaries  — Heckenwelder,  John,  77; 
pioneer,    670;    Zeisberger,    David,    77; 

Mississippi  River,  western  boundary  U. 
S.,   65. 

Moravian    Massacre,    130-149. 

Moravians  — Ohio,  in,  213;  settlements 
by,   77. 

Morgan's  Raid,  183. 

Morrow,  Jeremiah  —  character  of,  282; 
mention  of,  20,  23,  44,  148;  Ohio's 
first    representative,    296. 

Mound  Builders  — Ohio,  in,  .537;  Scioto 
Valley,    in,   16. 

Mt.   Logan,    Chillicothe,    view  of,   70. 

Nash,  George  K.  —  Keifer  introduces, 
52;  mention  of,  g;  opening  address  at 
Centennial  Celbration,  53;  sketch  of, 
52,  271;  St.  Clair  monument  suggested 
by,   58;   personal   sketch,   709. 

National  Government,  Ohio  settlements 
made    by,    74. 

Nationality,    spirit   of,    55. 

Naval    Academy,    organization    of,    234. 

Navy  — Ammen,  Daniel,  in,  231,  inven- 
tions of,  236;  Blake,  Homer  C,  in, 
233;  Cornwell,  John  J.,  in,  233;  Febi- 
ger,  John  C,  in,  233;  Fitzhugh,  Wm. 
E.,  in,  225;  Folger,  Wm.  M.,  in,  221; 
Franklin,  Charles  L.,  in,  228;  Tyflfee, 
Joseph,  in,  222;  Gilmore,  Ferdinand 
P.,  in,  221;  Greer,  James  A.,  in,  223; 
Hemphill,  Joseph  N.,  in,  222;  Hun- 
ker, John  J.,  in,  221;  Impey,  Robert 
E.,  in,  232;  importance  of,  209;  Ide, 
George  E.,  in,  228;  Kautz,  Albert, 
in,  223;  Logan,  Leavitt  C,  in,  232; 
Lowe,  John,  in,  227;  Marvin,  Joseph 
D.,  in,  228;  McCook,  Roderick  S., 
in,  232;  Mexican  War,  in,  175;  Miller, 
Joseph  N.,  in,  231;  Miller,  Merril, 
in,  226;  Ohio  in,  207,  220,  234,  237, 
Dana,  Wm.  H.,.220,  Day,  Benjamin 
F.,  221,  Tyfee,  Joseph  S.,  character- 
istics of,  235,  Werden,  Reed,  in,  221; 
Ohio  supports,  209;  Porter,  Admiral, 
reports  naval  battle,  236;  Ranson,  Geo. 
M.,  in,  225;  Rowan,  Stephen  C,  224; 
Schenck,  James  F.,   in,  229;   Skerrett, 


Joseph  A.,  in,  226;  Stembel,  Roger N., 

■  in,    229;    Taylor,    Henry    C,    in,    228; 

Walker,      Henry,      in,     230;     Weaver, 

.  Aaron  W.,  in,  229;  Wilson,  ■  Byron, 
231;    Wood,    Edward    P.,    in,    233. 

Negroes  —  Civil  War,  in,  from  Ohio, 
183;  Ohio,  in,  677,  679;  progress  of, 
678;    Wilberforce    University    for,    466. 

Newspapers.     (See   Press  of   Ohio.) 

New  York  cedes  claim  to  Northwest 
Territory,    67. 

Northwest  —  building  of,  135;  British 
support  of  Indians  in,   142. 

Northwest  Territory  —  beginning  of,  70; 
British  hold  forts  in,  134;  British  in- 
vade in  Revolution,  128,  132;  Clark's 
conques^t  of,  63,  64,  65;  Colonial 
claims  to,  59,  67;  Colonies  cede  claims 
to,  67;  Connecticut  cession  of,  215; 
counties  of,  in  1798,  81;  county  of 
"Illinois,"  63;  development  of,  512; 
early  French  government  in,  64;  early 
politics  of,  81;  English  policy  toward, 
61;  extracts  from  Gist's  Journal  on, 
218;  French  claims  to,  60;  French 
occupation  of,  61,  216,  220;  Gist  ex- 
plores, 217,  220;  government  for,  68, 
81;  history  of,  from  Marietta  settle- 
ment to  organization  of  State,  71;  his- 
tory of  to  Marietta  settlement,  Har- 
mon, 59;  Indians  of,  69,  218;  lands 
surveyed  in,  68;  pioneer  settlers  of', 
63;  post  revolutionary  conflicts  in, 
136;  prehistoric  races  of,  59;  rival 
claims  for,  61;  slavery  forbidden  in, 
69;  slavery  in,  54;  Spain  gedes  to 
England  rights  of,  65;  "Squatters" 
ordered  from,  68;  St.  Clair,  Gover- 
nor of,  19,  57;  Virginia,  act  of  cession 
of,  215;  Virginia  control  of,  63,  64; 
Washington   visits,    63. 

Noyes,   Edward  F. ,   sketch  of,  260. 

Ohioans  —  noted,  148;  other  states,  in, 
582. 

Ohio  —  a  century's  change  in,  10;  a  cen- 
tury's progress  in,  292;  act  of  Con- 
gress indicating  date  of  admission  of, 
106;  act  of  Congress  recognizing  the 
state,  214;  admission  of,  294;  Atwater 
on  admission  of,  95;  authorities  on 
date  of  admission,  94,  95;  boundaries 
of,  214;  census  of  1800  of,  80;  Chase 
on  admission  of,  94;  Civil  War,  in, 
176-199;  Civil  War  record  of,  183;  con- 
test on  admission  of,  83,  88;  Clark's 
campaign  in,  125;  cosmopolitanism  of 
people  of,  41,  71,  293,  540,  543,  676; 
date  of  admission  of,  94;  development 


726 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


of,  ^42,    664;    early    distinguished   men 
of,  "  eminent  men  from,  546;  enabling 
act   for   admission,    21;   ethnologgy   of, 
536;    federalists    in    admission    of,    40; 
first  American   fort  .in,    125;    Gallatin's 
letter    indicating    date    of    admission, 
107;     genral     summary    of    record    of, 
in     war,     206;     geographical     influence 
of,    586;    governors    of,    8;    growth    of 
early    settlements    of,    80;    Harris,    on 
admission  of,  94;  history  of  admission, 
92;   honorable   position   of,    5;   Indians 
in,     71;     Industrial    progress    of,    382; 
in    1860,    176;    Magazine    of    American 
History     on     date     of    admission,     96; 
making,   the,   of,   212;   material  growth 
of,  53;  military  character  of  the  people 
of,     163;     mineral     resources    of,     383; 
natural     advantages     of,     384;     natural 
conditions  of,  211;  navy,  in,  234;  noted 
sons  of,   5;  plans  for  boundary  of,   84; 
politics     in     admission     of,     104,     296; 
pre-pioneer   days   of,    211;    presidential 
election  of  1860,   in,   179;   race  location 
in,  83;  real  date  of  admission  of,   101; 
religious  liberty  in,  666;  representatives 
of,  alphabetically  arranged,  306;  Revo- 
lutionary   War    scenes    in,    123,     125; 
settlement    of,    135;  .Sloane    discusses 
date  of  admission   of,   97;    social  com- 
munities    in,     213;     Spanish-American 
War,    in,    199;    St.     Clair's    plans    for 
admission   of,   34;   transition  of  a  cen- 
tury,   91;    War    of   1812,    in,    157,    544. 

Ohio   Company,   reference  to,    152. 

"Ohio  in  American  Revolution,"  Randall, 
120. 

"Ohio    in    Congress,"    extract   from,    293. 

"Ohio  Jn  the  National  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives,"   Grosvenor,    292. 

"Ohio  in   the   Navy,"   Halstead,   207. 

"Ohio  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States,"    Foraker,    273. 

Ohio  Journalists,   590. 

"Ohio    Judiciary,"    Granger,    318. 

"Ohio  Literary  Men  and  Women,"  Ven- 
able,   582. 

"Ohio    Residents,"    Civil    War,    in,    181. 

"Ohio  Presidents,"  Ewing,  Thomas  Jr., 
510. 

Ohio   University,    origin   of,    393. 

Old  State  House,  purchase  and  dis- 
mantling of,   12. 

Ordinance  of  1785,   reference  to,  295. 

Ordinance  of  1787,  81;  continuance  of, 
105;  educational  influence  of,  392;  edu- 
cation   in,    54;    Indian    clause    of,    64; 


national    idea    of,    54;    passage   of,    1&, 
68;    reference   to,    54;    religious   clause 
in,    54. 
"Organization    and    Admission    of    Ohio 
into  the  Union  and  the  Great  Seal  of 
the    State,"    Sloane,    90. 
Paris,    treaty    of,    1783,    133. 
Payne,    Henry    B..    U.    S,    Senator,    28a 
Pendleton,     George    H.  —  Congress,     in, 

301,    302;    U.    S.    Senator,    288. 
Perry,    Oliver   H.,    Battle   of   Lake   Erie, 

160. 
Pioneers  —  conflicts    with    Indians,     149, 
150,  154;  home  products  of,  75;  indus- 
tries of,   382;    Northwest  Territory  of, 
63;    Ohio's,    149,    543,    548;    tribute    to, 
47;   women   among,   554. 
Pitt,    Wm.     (See    Chatham.) 
Poetry  (Ohio)  —  authors,  list  of,  639-643 
Cary,    Alice,   626;   Cary,    Phoebe,    627 
Crawford,    John    M.,   631;    Curry,    Ot- 
way,    624;    Ewing,    Thomas,    Jr.,    631 
Fosdick,    W.    W.,   625;    CJallagher,    W 
D.,    623;    Kinney,    Coates,    627;    Lytle, 
W.   H.,   626;    Perkins,   James   H.,   624; 
Piatt,   John  J.,   628;    Piatt,    Sarah   M., 
629;    Plimpton,    Florus   P.,    625;   Read, 
Thomas     Buchanan,     626;     Sherwood, 
Kate    W.,    630;    "The   Ohio    Century," 
Courtenay,    6n8;    Thomas,    Edith    N., 
630. 
Point  Pleasant.    Battle  of,  79,  122. 
Poor  Laws,   490. 

Porter,     Admiral,     naval    fight    on    Mis- 
sissippi   River   reported    by,    236. 
Post  office.   Marietta,  at,   established,  76. 
Post  roads,   first  in  Ohio,   75. 
Prehistoric     races     in     Northwest     Terri- 
tory,   59. 
Prentiss,    tJeo.   D.,   quotations  from,   673. 
Presidents — Garfield,     James     A.,     513; 
Grant,    U.    S. ,    514;    Harrison,    Benja- 
min,    513;     Harrison,      W.     H.,     514; 
Hayes,    R.    B.,    514;    McKinley,    Wil- 
liam,    510;     military     antecedents     of, 
613;   Ohio's,   510;   Van   Buren,   Martin, 
532;    Virginia's,    510. 
Press  of  Ohio  —  Belmont  Chronicle,  573; 
Canton     newspapers,     574;     Cincinnati 
Commercial    Tribune,    578;    Cincinnati 
Enquirer,  577;  Cincinnati  Newspapers, 
567;    Cincinnati    Times-Star,    578;    Cir- 
cleville    newspapers,    574;    Cleveland's 
newspapers,       572;       Cleveland      Plain 
Dealer,   578;  Columbus  Westbote,  570; 
contents    of   pioneer   newspapers,    569; 
Cox,    Ezekial    T.,    571;    Delaware    Ga- 
zette,  574;  early  newspapers,   590,  591 


Index. 


72T 


592;  editors  of  Ohio  State  Journal,  572; 
first  German  newspaper,  570;  Gallia 
county  newspapers,  575;  German  news- 
papers, 580;  Guernsey  Times,  576; 
Harrison  county  newspapers,  575; 
Hillsboro  Gazette,  575;  Howells,  W. 
D.,  572;  Kilbourne's  Col.  Jas.,  paper 
at  Worthington,  571;  Lancaster  Eagle, 
569;  Lebanon  Western  Star,  568;  Lis- 
bon Ohio  Patriot,  570;  Locke,  David 
R.,  579;  Mansfield  Shield,  576;  Ma- 
rietta newspapers,  567;  newspaper  of 
Northwestern  Ohio,  579;  Ohio  State 
Journal,  572;  recent  growth  of,  580; 
Scioto  Gazette,  566;  Springfield  Re- 
publican, 575;  Toledo  Blade,  579;  To- 
ledo newspapers,  579;  Willis,  Na- 
thaniel, 566;  Zanesville  newspapers, 
571. 

"Press  of  Ohio,'  Knabenshue,  565. 

Prince,    Benj.   F. ,   personal  sketch,   709. 

Printer^    first    Ohio    State,    214. 

Proctor,  Gen.,   War  of  1812,  in,  160. 

Puritans  in  Ohio,  551,  668;  influence  of, 
669. 

Putnam,  Gen.  Rufus  —  Marietta  settle- 
ment by,  73;  mention  of,  148;  sup- 
ports St.  Clair,  21;  visits  Gallipolis, 
76. 

Quebec  Act,   121;   passage  of,  64. 

Quebec,  St.  Clair  at  Battle  of,  56. 

Railroads,    Ohio,    53. 

Randall,  E.  O.  —  editorial  note  on  Kei- 
fer,  181,  190;  "Ohio  in  the  American 
Revolution,"  120;  portrait  of,  120; 
present  at  unveiling  of  tablet,  7;  writ- 
ings  of,    598;   personal   sketch,   710. 

Ray,   Joseph,    jnention  of,   432. 

Reformatories,  tsee  Brinkerhoflf)  —  clas- 
sification and  parole,  502;  county  jails, 
507;  cumulative  sentence,  501;  good 
time  law,  504;  indeterminate  sentence, 
502;  intermediate  penitentiary,  505; 
laws  providing  for,  494;  Mettray  sys- 
tem of,  499;  Ohio  Penitentiary,  497; 
prisoners'  earnings,  504;  prison  labor, 
501;  Reemelin,  commissioner,  499; 
school  for  boys,  498;  school  for  girls, 
500;  workhouses,   506. 

Religion  —  clause  of,  in  ordinance  of 
1787,    54;    college   influence  on,    487. 

"Religious  Influences  in  Ohio,"  M'Cabe, 
C64. 

Representatives  (Ohio's)  —  alphabetical 
list  of,  306-317:  become  president,  298; 
Bingham,  John  A.,  303;  Butterworth, 
305;    character    of,    294;    Cox,    Samuel 


S.,  301,  302;  Danford,  Lorenzo,  303; 
Delano,  Columbus,  300,  3a3,  304;  died 
in  office,  297;  Foster,  Charles,  303, 
304,  305;  Garfield,  James  A.,  298,  302, 
303,  304;  Giddings,  Joshua  R.,  298; 
Hayes,  R.  B.,  302,  303;  Hutchins, 
Wells  A.,  301,.  302;  Keifer,  J.  Warren, 
303,  305;  Martin,  Chas.  D.,  301;  Mc- 
Kinley,  William,  298,  304,  305;  mem- 
bers of  long  experience,  298;  Morrow, 
Jeremiah,  296;  Ohio  in  House  of,  292; 
Ohio's  present  corps  of,  306;  Ohio's 
record  in  House  of,  299;  Outhwaite, 
Joseph  H.,  305;  Pendleton,  George 
H.,  301,  ^02;  resignation  of,  297; 
Schenck,  Robert  C,  300,  303,  304; 
Shellabarger,  Samuel,  302,  303;  Sher- 
man, John,  300,  301;  Vallandingham,. 
301;    Vinton,    Samuel    F.,    298,    299. 

Republican   party,    organization  of,   300. 

Revolutionary  War  —  British  invade 
Northwest  Territory,  128,  132;  disas- 
trous year  of,  1780,  in,  127;  Dun- 
more's  War,  a  prelude  to,  127;  loss 
of  men  in,  194;  militia  in,  155;  Ohio 
in,  120,  129,  145;  scenes  in  Ohio  Valley 
during,  123;  St.  C'lair  in,  56;  veterans, 
of,    settle   Ohio,    135. 

Rickley,    S.    S.,    personal   sketch,   710. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  "Winning  of  the 
West,"  by,   150. 

Rosecrans,   Gen.,   military  record  of,   19C. 

Ross,   Senator,  mention  of,  26,  28. 

Ryan,  Daniel  J.  — pays  tribute  to  Tiffin,. 
40;  portrait  of,  13;  "The  First  Con- 
stitution," ]3;  Tiffin,  on,  242;  perso- 
nal  sketch,   711. 

Sandusky,    Crawford   burned  at,   132. 

Schenck,  Robert  C,  supports  Civil  War,. 
180. 

Schools  (see  Education)  —  buildings  for,. 
422;  centralization  of  rural  schools,. 
418;  century's  progress  in,  424;  chil- 
dren from,  at  Centennial,  48;  commer- 
cial studies  in  High  School,  415;  com- 
pulsory attendance  in,  400;  congres- 
sional enactments  for,  392;  Constitu- 
tion's (First)  provisions  for,  393;  Con- 
stitution's (Second)  provisions  for,. 
395;  curriculum  for  the  High  School, 
410;  definition  of  a  High  School,  409; 
development  of,  389;  development  of 
the  High  School,  408;  disbursement 
of  money  for,  399;  elementary  curri- 
culum for,  406;  English  in  the  High 
School,  412;  enumeration  of  youth  for, 
400;   examination   of   teachers  for,   401; 


728 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His.  Society  Publications. 


Gove 

gi^Puation  from  the  High  School,  415; 
history  in  the  High  School,  412; 
irreducible  state  debt  for,  398; 
land  endowments  for,  393;  lan- 
guages in  the  High  School,  412;  libra- 
ries for,  423;  list  of  State  Commis- 
sioners for,  404;  mathematics  in  the 
High  School,  413;  music  by,  at  Cen- 
tennial Celebration,  58;  Ohio,  of,  54; 
Ohio  system  a  national  policy,  391; 
origin  of  Ohio's,  392;  pioneer  curri- 
culum for,  407;  public,  of  Ohio,  Bone 
brake  on,  389;  revenues  for,  397;  sci- 
ence in  the  High  School,  414;  State 
Board  of  Examiners,  402;  State  Com- 
missioners of,  403;  State  Normal 
School,  419;  style  of  districts,  399; 
suspension  of,  402;  Teachers'  Insti- 
tutes,   405;    terms    of,    400;    text   books 

f  for,  5S3;  text  books  and  apparatus  for, 
421;  township  graduation  from,  416; 
urban    and    rural,    416. 

School    System,    Oiiio's,    founded,    42. 

Science  (Ohio)— books  of,  601;  Gladden, 
Washington,  602;  Mitchell,  Ormsby 
M.,  00^;  noted  men  of,  599;  Rarey, 
John  S.,  602;  Stallo.  Johan  B.,  600; 
\'aughan,    Daniel,    600. 

Scioto    Company,    organization   of,    76. 

Scioto  County,  historic  association  of, 
•207,   213. 

Scioto     Valley  —  Indians     of,     16;      Mc- 
Donald's     description      of,      14;      pre- 
,  historic  man  in,  16;  prominent  men  of 
■  46.      :- 

Scotch-Irish    in   Ohio,    41. 

Scott,  Gen.  Chas.,  expedition  of, 
against   Indians,    139. 

Scott,   Miss   Effic,   Tablet  unveiled  by,   3. 

Seal  —  change  in  Ohio's,  111;  different, 
in  Ohio,  117;  engravings  on  Ohio's, 
109;  first  enactment  for  in  Ohio,  109; 
Ohio's,  109;  Ohio's  Great,  90;  required 
for  various  offices,  113,  115;  symboliza- 
tion  of  Ohio's,  110;  uses  of,  109. 

Senators  (Ohio)  273  291;  Allen,  William, 
283;  Brice.  Calvin  S.,  288;  Burnet,  Ja- 
cob, 282;  Campbell,  282;  character  of, 
277;  Chase,  Salmon  P.,  284;  Corwin, 
Thomas,  283;  counties  furnishing,  275; 
Ewing,  Thomas,  282;  lawyers  among, 
276;  list  of,  274;  Morris,  Thomas,  282; 
Morrow,  Jeremiah,  282;  nativity  of, 
277;  Payne,  Henry  B.,  288;  Pendleton, 
Geo,  H.,  288;  political  services  of, 
275;  politics  of,  276;  Pugh,  George  E., 


284;  Ruggles,  Benjamin,  282;  Sker- 
man,  John,  288,  289;  Smith,  John, 
280;  Thurman,  Allen  G.,  286;  Wade, 
Ben.,  284,  286;  Worthington,  Thomas, 
280. 

Settlements,    slow   growth   of,    80. 

Shannon,    Wilson,    sketch    of,    246. 

Shawn ees  in   Northwest  Territory,   70. 

Shellabarger,  Samuel  —  Congress,  in, 
302,   303;   supports  Civil   War,  180. 

Sheridan,  P.  H.  —  Civil  War,  in,  186, 
188;  first  great  victory  of,  191;  me- 
moirs of,  595;  military  character  of, 
195. 

Sherman,  John  —  Congress,  in,  300,  301; 
mention  of,  202;  opposes  slavery,  179; 
public  services  of,  291;  resigns  as  U. 
S.  Representative,  297;  U.  S.  Senator, 
288,    289. 

Sherman,  Wm.  T.  —  Civil  War,  in,  185; 
memoirs  of,  595;  Mexican  War,  in, 
174;   military   character  of,    195. 

Skerrett,  Admiral,  anecdote  concerning, 
235.  ' 

Slaves  — Tiffin  frees,  17,  30,  242;  Worth- 
ington frees,  30. 

Slavery  —  character  of  institution  of,  176; 
Democratic  party  on,  299;  forbidden 
in  Northwest  Territory,  33,  69;  Fugi- 
tive Slave  Law,  337;  Indiana  asks  for 
suppression  of  anti-slavery  clause,  33; 
influence  on  Democratic  party,  37; 
Jefferson  opposes,  33;  Mexican  acqui- 
sitions, in,  167;  Northwest  Territory, 
in,  54;  Oberlin  College  on,  440,  Ohio, 
in,  665;  Ohio's  position  on,  179;  re- 
sults of,  aoO;  Tiffin's  opposition  to, 
33. 

Sloane,  Rush  R.  —  Ohio's  Great  Seal, 
109;  "Organization  and  admission  of 
Ohio  into  the  Union  and  the  Great 
Seal  of  the  State*,"  90;  portrait  of, 
90;  present  at  unveiling  of  Tablet,  7; 
personal    sketch,   711. 

Smith,  John  —  Burr  implicates,  281;  first 
U.    S.    Senator   from   Ohio,    280. 

Society    at    Centennial,    48,    51. 

Spain   cedes    Florida   to   English,    65. 

Spain  connives  with  England  concerning 
U.   S.  boundary,  65. 

Spanish-American  War  —  cause  of,  199; 
colonels  and  regiments  of,  from 
Ohio,  204;  Ohio  soldiers  in,  199,  202, 
203;  Ohio's  death  record  in,  205;  re- 
sults of,  201. 

"Squatters"  —  Ohio,  in,  72;  ordered 
from    Northwest   Territory,    68. 


Index. 


729 


"'Squatter  Sovereignty,"  Ohio  Senator 
endorses,    285. 

"Squirrel    Hunters,"    183. 

Stanton,     Edwin    M.,     mention    of,     181. 

State  House  (Old)  —  description  of,  10, 
11;  erection  of,  3;  historic  interest  of, 
2;  recollections  of,  McClintick's,  10; 
Tablet  erected  on   site  of,   1. 

State  rights,  influence  of,  on  Democra- 
tic party,    37. 

5t.  Clair,  Arthur  —  American  Revolu- 
tion, in,  56;  ancestry  of,  19;  Court 
of  Quarter  Sessions  appointed  by,  2; 
defeat  of,  78,  154,  156;  early  life  of, 
56;  expedition  of,  against  Indians, 
139;  Governor  of  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, 57;^  Jefferson  removes,  84,  104; 
letter  of,  concerning  Ohio's  admis- 
sion, 87;  Legislature  conflicts  witii, 
31,  34;  military  and  political  career 
of,  36;  military  services  of,  56;  mili- 
tary record  of,  19;  militia  in  defeat  of, 
155;  Nash  suggests  monument  for, 
58;  nation's  ingratitude  to,  oi  ;  ohl 
age  of,  57;  opposes  popular  govern- 
ment, 34;  opposition  to,  82,  239;  plans 
-  for  Ohio's  admission,  34;  political 
ideas  of,  37;  political  life  of,  57;  state- 
hood of  Ohio  opposed  by,  49;  sup- 
•  porters  of,  21;  Symmes  arraigns,  89; 
Tiffin  opposes,  20;  veto,  abuse  of,  by, 
39;  veto  habit  of,  20;  Washington, 
friend  of,  56;  Washington  recom- 
mends Tiffin  to,   30. 

Symmes,  John  Cleves  —  letters  of,  89; 
settlements    made    by,    73. 

Tablet  (Memorial) — acceptance  of,  3; 
appropriateness  of  erection  of,  4; 
ceremonies  attending  unveiling  of,  2; 
Chillicothe  citizens  decide  on  erec- 
tion of,  1;  description  of,  1;  design- 
ing of,  1;  distinguished  visitors  at  un- 
veiling of,  7;  inscription  on,  2;  Mr. 
Bennett  suggests,  1;  presentation  of, 
2;    unveiling   of,    3;    view   of,   6. 

Tariff,  Ohio's  position  on,  in  Congress, 
303. 

Taylor,    William   A.,    reference   to,    292. 

Tecumseh  —  birthplace  of,  129,  219;  con- 
tention  of,    157;    death   of,    160. 

Terry,    Ellen    P.,    Civil    War,    in,    195. 

Thompson,    H.   A.,   personal  sketch,   713. 

Thompson,  W.  O.  —  portrait  of,  426; 
"Universities  of  Ohio,"  426;  personal 
sketch,   713. 

Thurman,  Allen  G.  —  Hayes-Tilden  elec- 
toral commission  in,   287;  mention  of. 


5,  12,  51,  148,  180;  political  services 
of,   287;   U.   S.   Senator,   286. 

Tiffin,  Edward  —  birthplace  of,  44;  came 
to  Chillicothe,  16;  came  to  Ohio,  29; 
character  of,  30,  32;  Claypool  accepts 
medallion  of,  45;  constitutional  con- 
vention, 32;  counteracts  Burr  episode, 
43;  descendants  of,  5,  7,  20,  44;  do- 
mestic life  of,  43;  educational  ideas 
of,  41;  enters  politics,  31;  fights  for 
Ohio's  admission,  21;  Jeffersonian 
ideas  of,  36,  40;  letter  indicating  date 
Ohio's  admission,  99;  liberty's  expo- 
nent, 46;  manumits  slaves,  17,  30; 
medallion  to,  26,  27;  mention  of,  51, 
81,  85,  148,  239,  279,  282;  opposes  slav- 
ery, 33;  opposes  St.  Clair,  32,  33;  po- 
litical associates  of,  20;  political  ideas 
of,  40;  political  services  of,  32;  pub- 
lic services  of,  17;  recollections  of, 
McClintick's,  S;  religious  life  of,  42;' 
Ryan's  tribute  to,  40;  sketch  of,  241; 
St.  Clair  opposes,  20;  supports  "In- 
ternal Improvements,"  278;  versatility 
of,  17;  Washington  recommends  to 
St.  Clair,  30;  Washington's  personal 
friend,    35. 

Tod,  David—  mention  of,  482;  sketch 
of,    254. 

Todd,    Gen.,    Indian    expedition   of,    153. 

Tories,   126. 

Transportation,    early  means  of,   75,   76. 

Treaties,    Greenville,   156. 

Trimble,  Allen  —  mention  of,  148;  sketch 
of,    245. 

United  States  —  population,  of,  in  1860. 
178;   western   boundary   of,    65. 

Universities  (see  Colleges)  —  congres- 
sional endowments  for,  426;  founded 
by  close  corporations,  431;  Ohio  Uni- 
versity, origin  of,  427,  revenue  of, 
428. 

"Universities   of   Ohio,"   Thompson,    426. 

Vallandingham,  Clement  L.  —  account 
of,  256;  Congress,  in,  301;  mention 
of,    180. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  campaign  of  1840, 
518,   519. 

Vance,  Joseph,  sketch  of,  246. 

Venable,  W.  H.,  "Ohio  Literary  Men 
and  Women,"  582;  personal  sketch. 
714. 

Veto  —  power  of,  denied  in  Ohio,  23: 
St.  Clair  uses,  20,  39;  wisdom  of 
Ohio's    Constitution   on    power   of,    39, 

Vincennes,    Clark   captures,   63. 


730 


Ohio  Arch,  and  His,  Society  Publications. 


Vinton,  Samuel  F. ,  congressional  ser- 
vi^   of,    298. 

Virginia  —  cedes  claim  to  Northwest 
Territory,  67,  215;  third  charter  of, 
212. 

Virginians  in  Ohio,  41. 

Wade,  Benjamin  —  mention  of,  148;  op- 
poses slavery,  179;  U.  S.  Senator,  284, 
285. 

War  of  1812  — history  of,  147;  Ohio  in, 
157,   ICl,    544;   principles  of,    157. 

War  —  general  summary  of  Ohio,  in, 
206;  Mexican,  167;  governors,  Ohio's, 
181;  Spanish-American,  Ohio  in,  199; 
United    States   participate    in,    166. 

Washington,  George  —  French  mission 
of,  212;  opinion  of,  on  Ohio  Valley, 
216;  political  ideas  of,  35;  St.  Clair 
friend  of,  56;  Tiffin  personal  friend 
of,  35;  Tiffin  recommended  to  St. 
Clair  by,  30;  visits  Northwest  Terri- 
tory,  63. 

Wayne,  Gen.  —  British  estimate  of,  141  : 
death  of,  80;  defeats  Indians,  78,  144; 
forts  erected  by,  153;  Hildreth  MSS. 
on  Indian  expeditioti  of,  86;  Indian 
expedition  of,  141;  mention  of,  29, 
72. 

Western  Reserve,  105;  opposes  Ohio's 
Constitution,    25;    slow   growth   of,    77. 

Whig  Party,   mention  of,  37. 

Whigs,    prominent    Ohio,    300. 

Whipple,  Commodore,  commands  ship 
to  West  Indies,  76. 

Wilkinson,  Gen.  James  —  buries  slaiti 
'  of  St.  Clair's  army,  140;  expedition  of, 
against    Indians,    139. 

Willis,  N,  P.  —  father  of,  state  printer, 
214;   founder  of  Scioto  Gazette,   566. 


Wirt,  William,  date  of  Ohio's  admis- 
sion   indicated    by,    103. 

Wolfe,    Gen.,   mention  of,   62. 

Women  —  actresses  among,  561;  artists 
among,  560;  Bailey,  Ann,  555;  club 
workers,  503;  colonial  dames,  557; 
Daughters  of  American  Revolution, 
557;  journalism  among,  559;  Ohio's 
first  teacher,  558;  Ohio's  literary,  558, 
559;  Ohio's  production  of,  556;  pa- 
triotism of,  556;  pioneer,  554;  Rouse, 
Bathsheba,  558;  temperance  work  of, 
561;    Zane,    Elizabeth,    555. 

"Women  in  the  history  and  development 
of   Ohio,"   Hopley,   550. 

Wood,    E.    F.,    personal    sketch,    714. 

Wood,    Reuben,    sketch    of,    247. 

Worthington,  Thomas  —  comes  to  Ohio, 
29;  descendant  of,  7;  letter  of,  con- 
cerning Ohio's  admission,  98;  men- 
tion of,  5,  44,  46,  49,  51,  81,  85,  88, 
89,  148,  279,  280,  282;  political  ideas 
of,  40;  recollections  of,  McClintick's, 
8,  recommends  new  Constitution,  24; 
sketch  of,  243;  slaves  manumitted  by, 
30. 

\Vright,    G.    B.,   personal  sketch,    714. 

Wright,    Geo.    F.,    personal    sketch,    714. 

Vaple,  W.  D.  —  accepts  "Tablet,"  3; 
portrait  of,  4;  "Welcome"  address 
at  Centennial,  48;  personal  sketch, 
714. 

Young,    Thomas    L. ,    sketch    of,    263. 

Zane's  Trace  —  laying  out  of,  569;  post 
road   over,    75. 

Zanesville,  "Log  Cabin"  campaign  at, 
526. 

Zeisberger,  David,  Moravian  missionary, 
77. 


14  DAY  USE 

LOAN  DlPi. 


— »i8ie5s*wf — 


-DfC-«-1957 


44AR— Z^e^-^^^^ 


LiD  21-100m-6,'56 
(B931l8l0)476 


678018 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


